Grade 8 social science global problems. Report “Global problems of mankind. global environmental problem
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Slides captions:
Global problems of the present.
The concept of "global problems". 2nd floor 20th century problems of human survival - prevention of the 3rd World War, - overcoming the ecological crisis, - reduction of the difference in the level of development between developed countries and countries of the "3rd world", - stabilization of the demographic situation. , - fight against drug addiction, AIDS, etc. , - the fight against international terrorism, - the revival of cultural and moral values.
The concept of "global problems". causes of global problems The planet is a single home local conflicts and contradictions global nature Human activity = Destructive forces of nature But! Low level: - public organization, - political thinking, morality, ecological thinking.
The threat of an ecological crisis. Scientific and technological revolution Violation of the ecological balance Depletion of natural resources (40 years) Depletion of the fertile layer Deforestation
The threat of an ecological crisis. Scientific and technical revolution Violation of the ecological balance Air pollution Pollution of the waters of the oceans
Scientific and technological progress and ecological alternative. STP Violation of the ecological balance Private human activity Society must regulate Problem! Green Closure of important industrial facilities
Scientific and technological progress and ecological alternative. Scientific and technical progress Violation of ecological balance Exit Closed cycle Ecologically saving technologies Wasteless technologies Development of nature restoration technologies Ecological expertise of projects
Problems of war and peace in modern conditions. Sh. Fourier Wars - a constant companion of mankind 4500 years -300 years of peace XX century - 2 world wars 3 world - death of mankind Nuclear winter Continuation of the arms race
Problems of war and peace in modern conditions. conditions for preventing nuclear war -recognition of the priority of universal human values, -renunciation of war as a means of resolving conflicts, -recognition of the right of peoples to independently and freely choose their own destiny, -understanding of the interconnectedness of the modern world.
North-South problem. North-South Developed countries Developing countries -50-60-liberation, -70-rapid economic growth, -80-slowdown, foreign borrowing. A.D. 60 26:1 Ser.90 40:1
North-South problem. North-South Causes -Rapid population growth in the South, -North's policy - "The South is a resource appendage". Ways to overcome - a reasonable demographic policy, - reduction of the arms race and the direction of funds to the countries of the "third world".
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Interdisciplinary project "Global problems of our time"
Interdisciplinary project "Global problems of our time
The purpose of the lesson. To characterize the essence of the concept of "global problems of our time", analyze the causes of problems and reveal the main ways to solve them. Lesson objectives: Educational ...
Lesson in social studies in grade 8. Subject: Modern world. Global problems of our time
Humanity has entered a new era of its development. Today in the lesson we will consider the diversity of the modern world of people, as well as the important problems facing society. In modern conditions, about ...
Open social studies lesson in grade 8 on the topic:
"Global Problems of the Present"
"Our first duty is the self-preservation of the human species, together with its planetary-universal environment"
G. Parsons, American scientist
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"An open social science lesson in the 8th grade on the topic: "Global problems of our time""
GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY
LESSON ON SOCIAL STUDIES in grade 8
"Our first duty is the self-preservation of the human species, together with its planetary-universal environment"
G. Parsons,
American scientist
What is a "problem"?
- problem [gr. problēma - task, task] - the subject's awareness of the impossibility of resolving the difficulties and contradictions that have arisen in a given situation by means of available knowledge and experience. P., like a task, originates in a problem situation.
From the big encyclopedic
dictionary
What problems do today's high school graduates face?
Continuing education
Relationship with parents
Relationships with peers
Passing final exams
The problem of spending free time
material problem
Other (health problem)
Global - from lat. globes - ball
1) Covering the entire globe, worldwide;
2) Comprehensive, complete, universal.
Students' wording
Scientific formulation
Task: match correctly
political
economic
social
ecological
Peculiarities global problems
Global
Problems
Require
collective
efforts of the world
communities
Threaten
death
everything
humanity
wear
planetary
character
Who will solve the problems?
Government
social movements
Personally, each
Your suggestions: _________________________
"...Our first duty is the self-preservation of the human species, together with its planetary-universal environment."
G. Parsons
What got you interested?
What surprised you?
What problem would you like to discuss in the future?
House. the task:
Prepare a report on one of the problems discussed in today's lesson.
Topic: Global problems of our time.Developed by social studies teacher
Prokina Tatyana Nikolaevna
The purpose of the lesson: identify the main aspects of the global problems of mankind, be able to analyze and characterize the global problems of mankind.
Lesson objectives:
personal: understand that among the duties of a citizen of Russia
the obligation to protect one's land, peace on this land is associated with patriotic feelings and
the moral duty of every person;
to develop in students a conscious need to be a full-fledged participant in the life process, to be responsible for their activities;
metasubject: learn to set goals, formulate your own
opinion and position, argue your point of view, analyze
additional literature, draw conclusions, work with the text.
subject: know the main provisions of the lesson, terms: globalization,
global problems of our time, environmental problem, demographic problem, the threat of a third world war, the problem of "North and South"
Educational and methodological support:
Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Social science, textbook for grade 7 educational institutions
edited by L.N. Bogolyubov, L.F. Ivanova, Moscow, Enlightenment, 2013,
Information resources (El. Library named after B.N. Yeltsin)
Type of lesson: mastering new knowledge and concepts.
Teaching methods:
verbal, visual, practical;
problematic, partially exploratory (vristic conversation) - system
logically related tasks and questions, the purpose of which is to solve a new problem for students, create a situation of alternativeness and surprise;
analytical, summarizing - analysis of documents and sources on
problem, identifying the main ideas, searching for arguments, compiling generalizing
conclusions.
Equipment for the lesson: computer, projector, whiteboard
During the classes.
Student activitiesOrg. moment.
1. "Introduction to the topic" - 7 min.
There are many of us - people in the world.
Serious minds toil:
In this life, in this whirlwind, Crazy, we have bred!
Population explosions are hitting
The rivers dry up, and the crust turns black,
Cities enter like boils.
Too many, too many of us!
A lot of us.
The scientist praises the bomb.
A lot of us.
The destroyer breaks the wave.
Many!.. But still not enough
Us - the people for a new war.
R. Rozhdestvensky
What is the phrase in the poem
Robert Rozhdestvensky is repeated most often?
Rozhdestvensky places particular emphasis on the growth of the human race and its role on planet earth.
Before you is the globe - everyone considers this concept differently (define the relationship of the globe and man)
What concept in the post-industrial society is seen in our characteristics?
Question?
Why did I start the lesson with a tough poem by Rozhdestvensky and from there we come to the concept of globalization?
Try to set a goal
our lesson
Right!
Mankind has come a long way from savagery and barbarism to a civilization in which a powerful birth of science took place - its unification with technical progress the role of man elevated him to the top of the pyramid (at the base of which was nature as a workshop, and man was the master in it). "Economic activity" and led to the emergence of global problems in the second half of the 20th century, which we will now get acquainted with.
many of us
One student at the blackboard
Uniting all people on the planet
human civilization
Peace
Interdependence
Cooperation
Controversy (rivalry)
Globalization - the process of rapprochement and growth of the interconnection of nations and states of the world, accompanied by the development of common political, economic, cultural and value standards
Today we will talk about the processes directly related to globalization - the global problems of mankind.
The purpose of the lesson: To get acquainted with the concept of global problems, be able to analyze them and give a description
2. Acquaintance with new material.
Teamwork.
Target: Through the practical activities of students to form an idea of the concept of global problems
The teacher acts as a consultant.
l . The class is divided into teams (4
person). Every team member
receives a range of tasks
Tasks: 1. Allocate work to
Team. (select a moderator who will determine the tasks of each team member)
2. Familiarize yourself with the tasks
team member
3. 1 task number 1 in each team - Work with Internet resources (El. Library named after B.N. Yeltsin)
Target: Collection of additional information about the Defenders of the Fatherland through inf. resource (El. Library named after B.N. Yeltsin)
Working with Internet resources:
Define the terms debt
duty.
Organize the disclosure of the topic in the team
3 .2 task number 2 in each team - Create a scheme of social institutions designed to solve global problems, explain to the team the role of these institutions.
3.3 task number 3 in each team - Analyze a fragment of the text that characterizes one of the global problems. Highlight the main features.
Prepare a brief analysis for team members.
Analyze Art. CRF
3.4 task number 4 in each team - collects information and prepares a model of a person called to solve global problems
The result of the team's work - Create a model of a modern person
Working with Internet resources: students give definitions of the global problems of mankind, find a brief description, full name of people, the name of organizations most involved in the process of solving global problems.
Global Problems modernity -this set of socio-naturalproblems on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization depend.
Global Problems These are global issues.
At the present stage of development of the world community, the following types of global problems are distinguished:
I. Socio-environmental - environmental pollution, lack of energy, raw materials, the need to explore outer space and the resources of the oceans.
II. Socio-demographic - population growth, poverty and backwardness of developing countries, food shortages, diseases.
III. Intersocial - security, arms race, prevention of nuclear war, fight against terrorism, observance of human rights, etc.
Students work with the proposed texts and, based on them, create a scheme of social institutions:
Developed countries are individual states
Public organizations – research institutes –
Analysis of textual information, analysis of Art. CRF
Moderator organizes team discussion and model creation a person called to solve global problems
(the stencil of the image of a person is endowed with verbal and written characteristics).
3. Protection of the practical work of teams. Generalization of the result of the work. External evaluation of the work of the performing teams is entered by students in a special evaluation form
Team performance. Each characteristic is drawn up on 1/4 of the puzzle, which is combined into a single integral characteristic of Global problems and a person capable of solving these problems.
A globe created from puzzles and stencils of people appear on the board
member of the global community
participant in interpersonal relationships
defender of nature
humanist
frugal owner (of natural resources)
lives for the benefit of future generations
aims at reasonable progressive development
4. Updating the lesson:
We have created a model of modern people designed to solve global problems
Faced with the growth of external and the emergence of internal threats, Russia should be able to actively participate in solving global problems
5. Reflection
Rate our
lesson. What happened?
What did you like?
The internal assessment of the work of the performing teams is entered by students in a special assessment form.
I think that the expression: "We did not inherit the Earth from our ancestors. We borrow it from our descendants" very well emphasizes the importance and necessity of solving global problems.
Work with the proposed table and oral assessment of the lesson by students.
6. Homework.
Creative essay.
The generations of the future depend on the generation of the present!
Application No. 1
3.1
"Club of Rome" and its contribution to solving global problems
3.1.1 Goals and objectives of the Club of Rome
Global problems are closely related to each other and have common sources of occurrence and development, therefore it is important to classify and systematize them in a certain way, to understand the reasons for their occurrence and the conditions under which they can be solved by society.
The noted facts of the theory of global problems - the exhaustibility of natural resources, the danger of self-destruction of mankind - formed the basis of the method of studying global problems, called global modeling. A special role in the development and application of global modeling belongs to the Club of Rome - an organization of Western scientists, businessmen, politicians and public figures concerned with the development of measures to prevent global threats. The Club of Rome was created in 1968. Since then, with the moral and material support of this organization, a whole series of studies on global issues has been carried out. Many of them have become widely known and have found a response in the circles of the world community, in the leadership of Western countries.
The Club of Rome organizes large-scale research on a wide range of topics, but mainly in the socio-economic field.
The theoretical activity of the Club of Rome is ambiguous: it includes a wide range of specific scientific developments that served as an impetus for the emergence of such a new area of scientific research as global modeling and general philosophical reasoning about human existence in the modern world, the values of life and the prospects for the development of mankind. Works in the field of global modeling, building the first computer models of the world, criticizing the negative trends of Western civilization, debunking the technocratic myth about economic growth as the most effective means of solving all problems, searching for ways to humanize man and the world, condemning the arms race, calling on the world community to join forces, stop interethnic strife, preserve the environment, improve the well-being of people and improve the environment, increase the well-being of people and improve the quality of life - all these are the positive aspects of the activities of the Club of Rome, which have attracted the attention of progressive scientists, politicians, statesmen.
The first report to the Club of Rome, published in 1972, was called The Limits to Growth. The team of authors, headed by D. Meadows, set the task of identifying the limits of the growth of world civilization, due to the finite size of the planet and the limited ability of it to endure anthropogenic loads. Five parameters were taken as a basis: environmental pollution, the use of non-renewable resources, the volume of investment, population growth, food security.
3.1.2 Aurelio Peccei and his theory of the origins of global problems
Of particular interest is the concept of solving global environmental problems, put forward by the Club of Rome - a representative world organization that brings together famous scientists, cultural figures, entrepreneurs, statesmen from different countries. For a number of years it was headed by a major Italian businessman and economist, Aurelio Peccei (1908–1984). In his well-known book "Human Qualities" A. Peccei states that the ecological situation in the world that had developed by the beginning of the 70s was a crisis. He emphasizes that a man whose material power has reached its apogee has turned the planet into his empire, which is already turning into an ecological disaster. Man develops more and more an insatiable appetite for consumption, completely unaware of the consequences of his growing aspirations and needs. The diverse artificial world created by man is increasingly crowding nature.
A. Peccei notes that a person is connected with other people by thousands of threads, his present predetermines the future, there is no and cannot be ecological independence. We emphasize this idea especially, because no matter how one or another country protects its natural environment, no matter how sophisticated measures it takes in this regard, it is impossible to exclude the destruction of this environment by neighboring countries. The Chernobyl accident is a convincing proof of this.
The main thing, at the same time, is to reduce the gap between the highest income of rich countries and the lowest for the poorest. To do this, all efforts should be directed to change a person and thereby change civilization.
From the point of view of A. Peccei, a new humanism is needed, based and aimed at a significant improvement in the human qualities of all the inhabitants of the planet. In other words, A. Peccei proposes to make the focus of attention on a person, his way of existence and way of life, because the fate of the new world order will depend on his qualities and abilities. The progressive development of man, A. Peccei believes, and the parallel improvement of his human qualities will bring with it a radical revision of a person's perception of himself and a person in general, his role and responsibility. And this is the only way not only to satisfy the growing needs of mankind, but also to give a person a certain opportunity to reasonably plan your future.
3.1.3 Solving global problems
The Western Organization for the Solution of Global Problems The Club of Rome believes that a one world state or a one world government would be able to assume the responsibility of solving and controlling all of today's global problems.
The theorists of the Club of Rome focus on solving global problems on strengthening international cooperation of all countries. Naturally, following the path of development and strengthening of international cooperation is the most realistic way of practical implementation, solving the problems facing modern humanity. However, such international cooperation must preclude the imperial policy of the more developed countries towards the less developed ones. It is no secret that even today international trade redistributes world resources in such a way that the primacy of countries becomes especially noticeable. Often, under the guise of aid, unprofitable industries are transferred to less developed countries, energy resources are pumped out of them, and weapons are offered in return at a very high price. There is also such a form of exploitation of lagging countries as the disposal of hazardous waste from the chemical and nuclear industries on their territory in exchange for financial assistance. Control should be entrusted to the entire human community, states, public organizations, to each person.
Based on the developments of the Club of Rome for solving modern global environmental problems, it is necessary to conduct a constant targeted search for new options for the harmonious development of man and the biosphere. build your civilization. We need to understand what this civilization should be like - a reality that meets the growing needs of man and the limited possibilities of nature.
Solving the issue of harmonizing the relationship of society with nature, people must realize that a person, like all life on Earth, is inseparable from its biosphere. The biosphere is the necessary natural gaps of human existence, his life and health. Therefore, not only the production and reproduction of the immediate life of people, but also the production and reproduction of the natural environment itself, the conscious control of natural processes and natural complexes, becomes an urgent need. Any violations of the basic processes in the ecosystem should be excluded as much as possible.
Evidence that there is a broad awareness of urgent environmental problems is the unfolding environmental movement (green parties), which has become essentially a powerful stream of social protest against all inconsistencies in the conduct of state environmental policy. It is characteristic that the green movement is now building its activities in accordance with three most important principles:
– from the concept of inexhaustibility, one should move to the concept of the finiteness of natural resources;
– the pace of development of nature in society should be comparable;
– people should focus not on artificial, but on the natural conditions of their existence.
3.1.4. Concepts of the further destiny of mankind
The power of man becomes a factor that determines the inadmissibility of a predatory attitude towards nature. Man must learn to regard what happens to nature as what happens to himself.
Within the framework of the philosophy of global problems, the concept put forward by one of the greatest sociologists of the 20th century, P.A. Sorokin.
P.A. Sorokin believes that demoralization and its disastrous consequences in society can be stopped only through unselfish love for man and humanity. In his opinion, the main historical mission of mankind is unlimited creation: accumulation and improvement. Truth, Beauty and Goodness in the very nature of man, in the human mind and behavior, in public life and outside it, in relation to the world and to each other. This mission (goal), emphasizes P.A. Sorokin, is set and achieved by the people themselves, and it is a true measure of human progress. And only such creation by people of themselves will help to increase production and neutralize egoism in society. P.A. Sorokin argues that unselfish creative love is a tremendous force. It is this kind of love that can put an end to the aggressiveness of people towards each other, since love generates love Unegoistic and wise love, which is cultivated in relations between people in society, manifests itself as a life-giving force, for it becomes the strongest antidote against the tendencies of crime, hatred, fear. Such love is an effective means for the enlightenment and moral ennoblement of mankind.
It is difficult to disagree with these arguments and I really want to believe with P.A. Sorokin that if an increase in non-egoistic creative and wise love prevails in society, i.e. if humanity takes this task seriously, then the extremely dangerous crisis of our age can be overcome and - harmony, happiness and peace - will be welcomed by future generations. The role of progressive scientists, politicians, statesmen is very great. The culture of human community should take shape in a global culture that will not allow a person to perish.
Application №2
3.2.1
The problem of world thermonuclear war. The search for ways to prevent world conflicts began almost immediately after the end of World War II and the victory over Nazism. At the same time, a decision was made to create the UN, a universal international organization whose main goal was to develop interstate cooperation and, in the event of a conflict between countries, to assist the opposing parties in resolving disputes peacefully. However, the division of the world into two systems, capitalist and socialist, which soon followed, as well as the beginning of the Cold War and the arms race, more than once brought the world to the brink of a nuclear catastrophe. A particularly real threat of the start of a third world war was during the so-called Caribbean crisis of 1962, caused by the deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. But thanks to the reasonable position of the leaders of the USSR and the USA, the crisis was resolved peacefully. In the following decades, a number of nuclear arms limitation agreements were signed by the world's leading nuclear powers, and some of the nuclear powers committed themselves to ending nuclear testing. The decisions of governments were influenced by the public movement for peace, as well as the speeches of such an authoritative interstate association of scientists for general and complete disarmament as the Pugwash Movement.
Researchers from different countries came to a unanimous assessment that the third world war, if it breaks out, will be the tragic finale of the entire history of human civilization; the most disastrous consequence of the possible use of nuclear weapons, as well as global accidents as a result of the use of atomic energy, will be the death of all life and the onset of "nuclear winter"; 5 percent of accumulated nuclear stockpiles is enough to plunge the planet into an ecological catastrophe.
Scientists, using scientific models, have convincingly proved that the main consequence of a nuclear war will be an ecological catastrophe, as a result of which climate change will occur on Earth. The latter can lead to genetic changes in human nature and, possibly, to the complete extinction of mankind. Today we can state the fact that the likelihood of conflict between the leading powers of the world is much less than before. However, there is a possibility of nuclear weapons falling into the hands of totalitarian reactionary regimes or into the hands of individual terrorists. After the events in New York on September 11, 2001, the problem of combating international terrorism sharply escalated.
3.2.2.
The ecological problem arose as a result of the interaction of society and nature, which leads to a global environmental catastrophe. These are the problems of global climate change: changes in the composition of the atmosphere (consumption of 02 exceeds its natural formation; violation of the density of the ozone screen (a hole over Antarctica); a huge amount of waste (81% of hazardous waste enters the atmosphere); soil erosion and desertification (10 million km2 ); pollution of the World Ocean (the ocean level rises by 2 mm per year), fresh water, land. In developing countries, 80% of diseases and 1/3 of deaths are caused by the consumption of polluted water; problems of forest conservation and biological diversity (180 million hectares forests over the current decade), an increase in the consumption of natural resources, for example, 8 billion tons of fuel were consumed in 1997. According to scientists, the biosphere can fully compensate for anthropogenic disturbances of natural processes if humanity consumes no more than 1% of primary biological production. The current share of its consumption is approaching 10% The compensatory possibilities of the biosphere have already been undermined, and l development of a global ecological catastrophe. The environmentally acceptable threshold for energy consumption is 1 TW/year (1 TW = 1000000000000 W). This threshold has already been passed. Consequently, the destruction of the favorable properties of the environment began. Consumer civilization has crossed the line beyond which the destruction of the habitat occurs. In fact, the third world war has begun, and it is being waged against nature. This war may be the last, because it will kill the nature of the Earth. The global environmental crisis is also associated with the growth of the world's population. But in order to meet the needs of the world's population, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of natural resources in developed countries by three times and improve the well-being of the population of individual countries. If the world's population goes over the upper limit - 12 billion - then all ecosystems will be destroyed, and from 3 to 5 billion people will slowly die of hunger and thirst. Ways to solve the environmental problem 1. Legislative definition of the norms of nature management. 2. Application of centralized environmental protection measures, for example, common international norms and rules for the protection of the World Ocean, protection of the atmosphere, climate, forests, etc. 3. Centralized planning, for example, a comprehensive plan to restore the natural conditions of the river valley. Tennessee (USA), in the Netherlands - "Delta Plan"; the goal is to drain the lands flooded by the sea. 4. Education of ecological consciousness and moral development of the individual.
3.2.3
Over the past millennium, the population of the Earth has increased 18 times. The first doubling took 600 years, the second 230, the third 100, and the last 38 years. From 1975 to 1985, the population increased by 77 million annually, i.e. by an average of 1.8%, in developed countries - by 0.5%, in developing countries - by 2.1%, and in Africa - 3%. Such growth rates have never been seen before in the history of mankind. In 1999, more than half of earthlings were under 25 years old. Acceleration of the growth rate of the world population in the second half of the 20th century. often referred to as a population explosion. The population explosion was caused by the rise of the economy, the liberation of the third world countries, the improvement of medical care after the Second World War, the illiteracy of the population, especially women, and the lack of social security for the elderly in developing countries. Under these conditions, children (and their work) are the life support of parents. Young children provide physical assistance to mothers in their hard domestic work and fathers in agriculture. Due to the lack of social (pension) security, 2-3 adult sons must support elderly parents. It's hard for one to do it. And in order for 2-3 men to be born in a family, the spouses must have at least 4-6 children. High infant mortality in the absence of essential health care has also traditionally been a contributing factor to high birth rates. Population growth among countries and regions is highly uneven. Less developed countries account for 95% of the world's population growth. So, for example, in Kenya, the birth rate (the number of children born per 1000 population, divided by 1000 and multiplied by 100), rose to 5.8% and approached the biologically possible limit. At the same time, the birth rate in Germany, Denmark, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland and a number of other countries is less than 1.2%. Every second the population is increasing by 3 people. In the second half of the 1990s, the growth was 80 million per year (1.4%). "Population explosion" and uneven population growth leads to an aggravation of a number of other problems: an increase in the burden on the environment (the factor of "demographic pressure"); ethnic issues; the problem of refugees; the problem of urbanization, etc. Demographic pressure complicates the food and environmental situation. The development of a modern economy requires territorial and fuel and raw materials resources. The severity of the problems is due not so much to limited resources as to the impact of the nature of their use on the state of the environment. The increase in the population of the poorest countries has begun to have an irreversible impact on the environment. In the 1990s, changes reached critical proportions. They include the incessant growth of cities, the degradation of land and water resources, intensive deforestation, and the development of the greenhouse effect. Decisive action is needed to curb population growth, fight poverty and protect nature. Ethnic and refugee problems are caused by disproportionate population growth in developing countries and the ability to meet their social needs. For example, the rapid growth of the population does not allow stabilizing the problem of unemployment, makes it difficult to solve the problems of education, health care, social security, and others. In other words, any socio-economic problem includes a demographic one.
3.2.4.
North-South problem - ϶ᴛᴏ the problem of economic relations between developed countries and developing ones.
Its essence lies in the fact that in order to overcome the gap in the levels of socio-economic development between developed and developing countries, the latter require various concessions from developed countries, in particular, expanding access for their goods to the markets of developed countries, increasing the influx of knowledge and capital (especially in the form of assistance), debt relief, etc.
The backwardness of developing countries is potentially dangerous not only at the local, regional and interregional levels, but also for the global economic system as a whole. The backward South will be an integral part of it and, therefore, its economic, political and social problems will inevitably find and are already finding manifestation outside. Concrete evidence of this can, for example, be large-scale forced migration from developing countries to developed ones, as well as the spread of both new and previously considered infectious diseases in the world. That is why the North-South problem can be legitimately interpreted as one of the global problems of our time.
New international economic order
The North-South problem began to receive international resonance in the second half of60s 20th century . after a broad wave of decolonization, which led to the developmentconcepts of a new international economic order and the movement among the developing countries for the establishment of the ϶ᴛᴏth order.
The key ideas of the ϶ᴛᴏth concept were:
firstly, the creation of a preferential regime for developing countries to participate in
international economic relations
secondly, the provision of assistance by developed countries to developing countries on
on a stable, predictable basis and in volumes that match the scale of the socio-economic problems of these countries, as well as alleviate their debt burden.
The idea of creating a preferential regime for participation in international economic relations for developing countries arose as a reaction to the dissatisfaction of developing countries with the international trade system, at which the income from the export of processed goods exceeded (due to the presence of greater value added in these goods) the income from the export of raw materials, and developing countries interpreted ϶ᴛᴏ asmanifestation of unequal exchange in North-South trade relations .
By the mid 80s. 20th century The movement for the establishment of a new international economic order has achieved a number of positive results. Developing countries have approved their sovereignty over national natural resources and achieved its international recognition, which in some cases (for example, in the case of energy resources) has contributed to an increase in the export earnings of developing countries. By the beginning of the 21st century, the problems are again aggravated for 2 reasons: First - a serious weakening of the unity of the developing countries themselves in defending their demands, the emergence of such subgroups as new industrial countries and oil exporting countries.
The second is the deterioration in the negotiating positions of developing states: with the entry of developed countries into the post-industrial stage, the possibility for developing states to use the raw material factor as an argument in the North-South dialogue has significantly narrowed.
As a result, the movement for the establishment of a new international economic order was defeated,North-South problem remains .
Application №3
External evaluationInternal evaluation
What happened?
What
liked?
Grade
(according to 5 point system)
№1
№2
№3
№4
№5
External evaluation(according to 5 point system) Evaluation of performance by members of other teams
Internal evaluation
Evaluation of the team's activities by the moderator
What happened?
What
liked?
Grade
(according to 5 point system)
№1
№2
№3
№4
№5
External evaluation(according to 5 point system) Evaluation of performance by members of other teams
Internal evaluation
Evaluation of the team's activities by the moderator
What happened?
What
liked?
Grade
(according to 5 point system)
№1
№2
№3
№4
№5
External evaluation(according to 5 point system) Evaluation of performance by members of other teams
Internal evaluation
Evaluation of the team's activities by the moderator
What happened?
What
liked?
Grade
(according to 5 point system)
№1
№2
№3
№4
№5
Global problems of mankind
and global economy
Teacher of history and social studies Klepikova Lyudmila Nikolaevna
- Essence, origin and nature of global problems.
- Objective prerequisites for the emergence of global problems.
- Problems of population growth.
- Global environmental problem.
- global food problem.
- The problem of military spending.
- Global goals of mankind.
Essence, origin and nature of global problems
At the present stage of the development of civilization, as never before, questions arose, without the solution of which the further progressive movement of mankind along the path of economic progress is impossible. Despite the fact that the economy is only a part of universal human activity, from its development in the XXI century. the problems of security and preservation of peace, the natural and human environment, as well as moral, religious and philosophical values depend to a greater extent.
Classification
global problems
Exceptional difficulties and high costs for solving global problems require their reasonable classification.
According to their origin, nature and ways of solving global problems, according to the classification adopted by international organizations, they are divided into three groups.
1 . Preservation of peace, cessation of the arms race and disarmament, non-militarization of outer space, creation of favorable conditions for world social progress, overcoming the backlog in the development of countries with low per capita incomes.
Main global problems:
- Ecological.
2. Keeping the peace and disarmament.
3. Demographic.
4. Fuel and raw materials.
The environmental problem has now come to the fore, although until recently the struggle for the preservation of peace and disarmament had taken its place. Changes are also taking place within global problems: some of their components lose their former significance and new ones appear.
Thus, in the problem of the struggle for peace and disarmament, the main emphasis began to be placed on the reduction of means of mass destruction, the non-proliferation of mass weapons, the development and implementation of measures for the conversion of military production; in the fuel and raw material problem, a real possibility of the exhaustibility of a number of non-renewable natural resources has appeared, and in the demographic problem, new tasks have arisen associated with a significant expansion of international migration of the population, labor resources, etc.
It is obvious that global problems are closely interconnected. For example, the severity of the food problem is exacerbated by the outpacing growth of population compared to the growth of agricultural production in many developing countries. To solve the food problem, it is necessary to use the resource potential of industrialized countries or international organizations that develop and implement special assistance programs. Consideration of the impact of global problems on the formation of the world economy requires their detailed analysis and assessment from the standpoint of both individual countries and the world community as a whole. Features of world development in the second half of the twentieth century. consist in the fact that the scientific and technological revolution has become a constant factor influencing all spheres of economic activity. Economic activity has spread to such territories and to such spheres that were previously not accessible to man (the World Ocean, the polar zones, outer space, etc.).
The accelerated development of productive forces, the planned nature and global scale of technical progress, if not supported by a perfect management mechanism, can lead to irreversible negative consequences.
In particular, the unevenness in economic development between countries will increase even more, the gap between the levels of material and spiritual culture of mankind will increase, there will be an imbalance in the biosphere, environmental degradation can lead to the impossibility of life on Earth.
The world economy is constantly developing, which is reflected in the change in the alignment of the main economic forces between states and subsystems of the world economy. Therefore, developing countries face big problems: inflation, unemployment, external debt, etc., the gap in the levels of economic development of industrialized and developing countries is constantly increasing. And this leads to the fact that global problems create great complications in developing countries.
Objective prerequisites for the emergence of global problems
An objective prerequisite for the emergence of global problems is the internationalization of economic activity. The worldwide development of labor has led to the interconnectedness of all states. The scale and degree of involvement of various countries and peoples in world economic relations has acquired unprecedented proportions, which contributed to the development of local, specific problems of the development of countries and regions into the category of global ones. All this indicates the presence of objective reasons for the emergence in the modern world of such problems that affect the interests of all countries. There are contradictions on a global scale, affecting the foundations of the existence of life on earth.
Founded in 1945 The United Nations is calling on all countries that if we are to get the best of globalization and avoid the worst, we must learn to govern better and learn to govern how to govern better together.
population growth problems
1. Rapid population growth.
2. Population aging.
3. Unemployment.
global environmental problem
Currently, one of the most acute and intractable is the question of how to change the already dangerous environmental situation. It is important at least not to worsen the existing state of the environment. It is necessary not only to love nature, to strive to preserve the environment, but also to be able to do this.
The main directions of the aggravation of the ecological crisis include the withdrawal from land use of saline soils subject to wind and water erosion; excessive use of chemical fertilizers, etc.; increasing chemical impact on food, water, human environment; destruction of forests, i.e., everything that in one way or another affects the life and health of people; the growing emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, leading to the gradual destruction of the protective ozone layer; the rapid growth of waste, the proximity to dumps of various industrial and domestic waste from the human environment.
Global
food problem
Food is unevenly distributed across individual countries. There are countries with a surplus of high-quality food, and countries where the bulk of the population today lacks the most essential foodstuffs. The first group includes industrialized countries, and the second - the poorest developing countries. FAO estimates that the total number of people suffering from acute hunger and malnutrition is over 1 billion people.
The lack of essential nutrients negatively affects people's health, and this reduces the quality of the labor force and, as a result, does not allow achieving high rates of economic growth.
The problem of military spending
Since the end of World War II, the world community has been making gigantic efforts to maintain peace and disarmament. However, humanity still spends huge amounts of money on weapons. Military spending hinders economic and technological development, increases the budget deficit, promotes inflation, diverts human and natural resources from solving pressing social problems, increases external debt, and has a negative impact on international relations and their stability.
The negative impact of military spending on the economic development of the country can be long-term. Excessive military spending of the past years is a heavy burden on countries with a low level of development of the economic space, which at the present stage of the world economy include many developing countries.
Disposal
radioactive
The problem of radioactive waste disposal has been in the focus of attention of specialists and the whole society for more than 50 years, but during this time not only an acceptable way to solve it has not been found, but on the contrary, today it seems more and more insoluble. If at the dawn of the atomic era the main body of radioactive waste consisted of products of production, operation and recycling of working materials of nuclear installations for research, energy and military purposes, then at present their range has significantly expanded due to these technical devices themselves, the infrastructure and territories serving them, on which they are located, including the people living there. The nuclear industry, drowning in its waste, has already turned into one common radioactive "waste" of nuclear fusion-decay reactions, which live their own, uncontrolled physical life in the depths of the crystals of atomic reactors, a deadly substance, while "sleeping", nuclear and thermonuclear warheads and in earth strata of numerous radioactive burial grounds. The situation is so serious that the further development of such a barbarous form of exploitation of nuclear technologies becomes ecologically impossible, economically unprofitable and even technically meaningless.
Global goals of humanity
- In the political sphere - reducing the likelihood and in the long term the complete exclusion of military conflicts, the prevention of violence in international relations;
2 . IN economic and environmental spheres - development and implementation of resource- and energy-saving technologies, transition to non-traditional energy sources, development and widespread use of environmental technologies;
3. In the social sphere - improving the standard of living, global efforts to preserve people's health, the creation of a world food supply system;
4. In the cultural and spiritual sphere - restructuring of the mass moral consciousness in accordance with modern realities.
taking measures towards the realization of these goals
makes a strategy for the survival of mankind
Used
materials
- http://www.bestreferat.ru
- http://vpnews.ru
- http://www.grandars.ru
- http://otherreferats.allbest.ru
- http://en.wikipedia.org
- http://www.freesession.ru
- http://festival.1september.ru
Tasks
Educational: learn information about globalization, update students' knowledge of global
problems of the present on the basis of the previously studied material in other training courses; to focus students' attention on the importance of solving global problems by the entire human community due to their planetary nature; highlight the features of global problems and ways to solve them;
Developing: further development of students' skills of scientific thinking: the ability to analyze, generalize, argue their point of view; development of students' abilities to draw the necessary conclusions and give reasonable assessments of social events and processes; development of skills to formulate problems, offer ways to solve them;
Educational: the development of communication culture skills, the ability to work in a group, the education of humanism, tolerance, environmental culture, the expansion of social horizons, the expansion of the social experience of students in the analysis and discussion of global problems of our time.
Lesson type:learning new material.
During the classes
1. Teacher greeting:
Teacher:Let's smile at each other and start the lesson. I am sure that we will succeed today.
Today at the lesson we will work information Center. I think we will need his help more than once.
For the information center, a card with a task is to reveal the concepts: globalization, anti-globalists, problems, global problems.
2. Motivation
slide 1
Each person is responsible to all people for all people and for everything.
F.M. Dostoevsky
Teacher:As an epigraph to our lesson, I chose these words of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. Think about them now - how do you understand them, do you agree or not with the words of the writer? And at the end of the lesson, we will return to them and exchange opinions.
in my hands clock And Orange. Which of these items do you think characterizes the modern world, can serve as its model, and why?
The clock is a system, modern society is a supersystem, parts, the spheres of which are in close interaction with each other. The success and stability of the development of society as a whole depends on their well-coordinated work. ( slide 2- a picture of the global world).
The world of the 21st century is the unification of continents, states and peoples of the planet Earth into an inseparable whole with various interconnections. What are they?
Can you give me examples of this mutual influence, the unification of countries?
Who can imagine the modern world without TV, mobile phone? How many of you are ready to give up the Internet? How many of you are ready to lose the opportunity to travel to other countries as a tourist, student, or work? Are you ready to stop wearing jeans, listen to foreign music, watch Hollywood movies, agree to drive only domestic cars, forget about McDonald's, not eat pizza, sushi, not drink Pepsi and coffee?
3. Work on the topic of the lesson
What do we make the world one?
modern means of communication,
Transnational corporations,
Transport change,
Achievements of NTR,
International organizations.
Teacher:All this is called globalization.
Let's see, what definitions of globalization does the Internet give us, textbook.
And I offer you such a definition ( Slide #3 concept) and choose the most optimal one.
Recording the definition in a notebook.
Teacher:What examples of the unity of the world can you give?
Brainstorm.
Teacheradds and sums up: Today, every producer of goods and services is included (even if he himself does not know it) in the system of the global market. Produced goods can be delivered anywhere in the world. Electronic money and modern transport communications greatly facilitate these processes.
There is a movement of people - labor migration to work in other countries, tourism. Now any person has the opportunity to visit any corner of the Earth.
The development of mobile communications and the global Internet have opened up the opportunity for people of the 21st century to almost instantly learn about what is happening in any, the most remote corner of the planet. Millions and billions of people at the touch of a button on the remote get simultaneously into a single information space.
Film festivals and art exhibitions, theatrical tours and music film festivals, sports competitions (especially the summer and winter Olympic Games) - all this and much more makes our world closer, more accessible and more familiar. And this unity is manifested even in such exceptional cases as wars. Today, no war can be considered a private affair of one or two states.
This gives rise to the need to create supranational organizations (WTO, UN, EU, Red Cross, etc.) to develop rules governing relations between countries. A person today is not only a citizen of a certain state, but also citizen of the world.
Question:Think guys, is globalization a positive or negative phenomenon of modern reality?
Group work:
Groups 1 and 2: Discuss this in groups and give arguments its position (cluster on the board, red - positive, blue - negative).
Group 3 searches on the Internet for who they are anti-globalists.
Indeed, the phenomenon is ambiguous. It is no coincidence that we know about such people who call themselves anti-globalists. ( Slide 4 - photo of anti-globalists).
What did the information center find about them?
Supporters of anti-globalism advocate the search for alternative models of global development. The struggle is going on mainly under the slogans of opposing global inequality and the formation of a unipolar world, environmental pollution, and so on. Anti-globalists regularly hold actions in different countries of the world.
Today there are about 3,000 anti-globalization organizations in the world, uniting up to 35 million people from more than 50 countries.
Global problems
Globalization has given rise to problems that the world has called global. What do you think these problems are?
Reading various definitions and writing one of the definitions (slide 5).
Compilation of the cluster "Global problems"
Question:What are the signs of global problems, what makes them global?
signs (slide 5 - features of global problems).
1. Affect the activities of all mankind
2. Urgently demand a decision, and the fate of mankind depends on their decision
3. They can be solved only by joining the efforts of all countries.
What are the causes of global problems? Slide 7
What global problems can you name? "Brainstorm"
Brief description of each of the problems
Slides 8, 9, 10, 11 - the problem of war and peace, terrorism, underdevelopment and poverty in developing countries, AIDS and drug addiction.
1. The problem of war and peace relevant with the invention of nuclear weapons. 5% of the nuclear weapons on earth are enough to destroy the entire world.
2. Terrorism (examples).
3. North South(the facts are given by the teacher, including from the slide).
4. The spread of AIDS and drug addiction.
5.Exhaustibility of natural resources. The scale of human activity raises the question of resource endowment. In the next 25 years, the world economy will live under the constant threat of energy shortages.
6.demographic problem- the population is growing exponentially, the Earth is not able to feed this mass.
7. Ecological problem.
Let's watch the video and think about what the problem is ? (Slide 12 - video). What did the participants of this video applaud? What would you do, which group would you be in?
Two problems - household garbage and indifference.
A) From the beginning of the 70s to the end of the 80s, household waste in Russia doubled. These are millions of tons. The current situation appears to be the following. Since 1987, the amount of garbage in the country has doubled and amounted to 120 billion tons per year, including industry. Today, only Moscow throws out 10 million tons of industrial waste, approximately 1 ton for each inhabitant! As can be seen from the above examples, the scale of environmental pollution by urban waste is such that the severity of the problem is growing every day. Even simple disposal of waste is costly. From 1980 to 1987, the cost of waste disposal in the United States increased from $20 to $90 per 1 ton. The upward trend continues today. In densely populated areas of Europe, the method of waste disposal, as requiring too large areas and contributing to the pollution of groundwater, was preferred to another - incineration. Many cities that used these stoves soon abandoned them due to the deterioration of the air composition. Waste disposal remains among the most popular methods for solving this problem. The most promising way to solve the problem is the recycling of urban waste.
Example- Toyota (car seat padding is completely made from plastic waste, noise protection layer - from x-ray film waste), bag, bottle - demonstration.
B) I want to draw your attention to the results of a survey conducted among your peers. They were asked the question “What do they do with wrappers from various tasty things?” (Slide 13)
60% of students throw trash in bins
30% of students litter on the street
10% found it difficult to answer
I would like you to reflect on these results and information.
Slide 14 - You need to know this!
Teacher:Guys, there has been a practice in Europe for a long time - household waste is sorted and recycled. You have on the walls sets of pictures with the names of types of household waste. I have trash boxes on my desk. I propose to sort the garbage and quickly and accurately put it in boxes. Who will do it faster and correctly?
Well done. Everyone did well.
The environmental problem also includes the situation associated with the disappearance of some animals.
Slide 15 - photo of the disappeared animal.
Information about animals.
River dolphin. Baiji dolphins were declared extinct in 2006.
Western Black Rhinoceros, species became extinct in 2011. Rhino, lived mainly in Cameroon. The animal fell victim to rampant poaching, even after the start of official black rhinoceros protection in 1930. There are only three subspecies of rhinoceros left on earth, which are already endangered.
The Canarian shorebird was officially declared extinct in 1994. This species of waders lived in the Canary Islands off the coast of West Africa. The Canarian oystercatcher died out due to the depletion of shellfish, their main source of food. This is a consequence of commercial fishing on an industrial scale.
The white-billed king woodpecker lived in the southern United States in marshy areas. After draining the swamps, the last of this species of woodpecker was seen in 1940. But officially the white-billed king woodpecker was declared extinct in 1994.
The Java tiger was officially declared extinct in 1994. Loss of habitat due to agricultural development.
The Pyrenean Ibex was officially declared extinct in 2000.
The Mariana mallard was officially declared extinct in 2004.
Slide 16 - A BUTTERFLY that flaps its wings.
R. Bradbury has a wonderful story "And Thunder Crashed." 2 half of the 21st century, mankind has invented a time machine. An extreme service is becoming popular - hunting for dinosaurs in the past. All precautionary rules are observed - they kill only those animals that must die in the near future and can no longer leave offspring. But one day it all went wrong...
“Eckels slowly inhaled the air - something happened to the air, some kind of chemical change, so insignificant, elusive that only a faint voice of the subconscious spoke to Eckels about the change. And the colors - white, gray, blue, orange, on the walls, furniture, in the sky outside the window - they ... they ... yes: what happened to them? And then there's that feeling. Goosebumps ran across the skin. Hands twitched. All the pores of the body, he caught something strange, alien. It was as if somewhere someone had blown a whistle that only dogs can hear. And his body silently responded. Outside the window, behind the walls of this room, behind the person (who was the wrong person) at the partition (which was the wrong partition) is a whole world of streets and people. But how to determine from here what kind of world it is now, what kind of people? What was immediately noticeable, however, was the sign on the wall, the sign he'd already read today when he first walked in.
There was something wrong with him. Even the words were spelled with a lot of mistakes.
A/O SOFARI AT TIME
WE ORGANIZE SOFARI FOR ANY YEAR OF THE PAST
YOU CHOOSE YOUR PRODUCTION
WE GIVE YOU A LOCATION
YOU KILL HER
Eckels felt himself sinking into a chair. He began to feverishly scrape the dirt on his shoes. His trembling hand lifted the sticky lump.
No, it can not be! Because of such smallness... No!
On the wad there was a stain of green, gold and black - a butterfly, very beautiful ... dead.
Because of such smallness! Because of the butterfly! Eckels shouted.
She fell to the floor, a graceful little creature capable of breaking the balance, little dominoes fell... big dominoes... huge dominoes, connected by a chain of innumerable years that make up Time. Eckels' thoughts shifted. It can't be that she changed something. Dead butterfly - and such consequences? Impossible!
Eckels groaned. He fell to his knees. Trembling fingers reached for the golden butterfly.
Is it really impossible, he implored the whole world, himself, the employee, the Machine, to return it there, to revive it? Can't you just start over? May be...".
One butterfly. Which changed the world.
stress training:
Take small pieces of paper, write down on them what is especially valuable to you, what you value very much and are afraid to lose. Then crush these leaves ... Now smooth out.
What feelings did you experience, did you want to crush the leaves, why?
Now you were threatened with the loss of everything that is most precious and significant not in reality, but if humanity does not find a way to solve global problems, we may lose our family, health, freedom, life.
The philosopher Francis Bacon said, “The best way to get rid of a problem is to solve it.” What solutions can you suggest?
Group work: ways to solve global problems .
Checking the assignment and summarizing the teacher.
4. Reflection:
A) Make a lesson memory map - work in groups.
The song "How beautiful this world" sounds
Checking the job.
B) Working with the epigraph - slide 18.
B) Conversation:
- What did we learn at the lesson today?
What were they working on?
What competencies have been developed?
What seemed easy?
What was the most difficult?
What was the most interesting?
What didn't work?
Homework: read Bradbury's story and rewrite its end.
Homework options:
1. Paragraph 3 (pp. 23-27), "Test yourself" task or "In the classroom and at home" questions.
2. Task (increased complexity): draw up a project - a solution to a global problem (optional).
Project work plan:
1. Provide a clear definition of the problem.
2. Why did you choose this topic, why is it important for society and for you personally?
3. What steps are being taken to solve this problem today?
4. What (methods) methods of research do you offer?
5. Predict your possible personal participation in solving the chosen problem.
Final lesson
A) My memory card: globe - house - butterfly.
Why?
I want to give it to you!
B) And in conclusion - attention to the screen! Let's watch and listen!
Slide 19 - video "Forgive me, earth!".
Teacher:On that optimistic note, the lesson is over! Thanks guys for your work!
Marina Samuylenko , teacher of history, social studies, local history, Dyatkovo secondary school No. 2, Bryansk region
Materials for the lesson - in the attached files.
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