Amundsen discovered the south pole. South Pole

Once man managed to conquer the North Pole, sooner or later he had to reach the South Pole, located in the center of the icy continent of Antarctica.
It's even colder here than in the Arctic. In addition, the fierce hurricane winds almost never subside... But the South Pole also surrendered, and the history of the conquest of the two extreme points of the Earth was curiously linked together. The fact is that in 1909, like Piri, the famous polar explorer Roald Amundsen intended to set out to conquer the North Pole - the same one who, several years earlier, managed to navigate his ship from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean by the northwest sea route. Having learned that Piri had achieved success first, the ambitious Amundsen, without hesitation, sent his expedition ship "Fram" to the shores of Antarctica. He decided that he would be the first to the South Pole!
They have tried to get to the southernmost point of the Earth before. In 1902, Captain Robert Scott of the English Royal Navy, together with two companions, managed to reach 82 degrees 17 minutes south latitude. But then I had to retreat. Having lost all the sled dogs with which they began the journey, the three brave souls were barely able to return to the coast of Antarctica, where the expedition ship Discovery was moored.

In 1908, another Englishman made a new attempt - Ernst Shackleton. And again, failure: despite the fact that only 179 kilometers remained to the goal, Shackleton turned back, unable to withstand the hardships of the journey. Amundsen actually achieved success the first time, having thought through literally every little detail.
His journey to the Pole was played out like clockwork. Between 80 and 85 degrees south latitude, at every degree, the Norwegians had pre-arranged warehouses with food and fuel. Amundsen set off on October 20, 1911, with four Norwegian companions: Hansen, Wisting, Hassel, Bjoland. The travelers traveled on sleighs pulled by sled dogs.

The costumes for the participants in the hike were made... from old blankets. Amundsen's idea, unexpected at first glance, fully justified itself - the costumes were light and at the same time very warm. But the Norwegians also faced many difficulties. The blows of the blizzard cut the faces of Hansen, Wisting and Amundsen himself until they bled; These wounds did not heal for a long time. But seasoned, courageous people did not pay attention to such trifles.
On December 14, 1911, at 3 pm, the Norwegians reached the South Pole.
They stayed here for three days, making astronomical determinations of the exact location to eliminate the slightest possibility of error. At the southernmost point of the Earth, a tall pole with the Norwegian flag and the Fram pennant was erected. All five left their names on a board nailed to the pole.
The return journey took the Norwegians 40 days. Nothing unexpected happened. And early in the morning of January 26, 1912, Amundsen and his companions returned to the shore of the icy continent, where the expedition ship Fram was waiting for him in Whale Bay.

Alas, Amundsen's victory was overshadowed by the tragedy of another expedition. Also in 1911, Robert Scott made a new attempt to reach the South Pole. This time she was successful. But on January 18, 1912, Scott and four of his companions found a Norwegian flag at the South Pole, left by Amundsen back in December. The disappointment of the British, who arrived only second to the goal, turned out to be so great that they no longer had the strength to withstand the return journey.
A few months later, British search parties, concerned about Scott’s long absence, found a tent in the Antarctic ice with the frozen bodies of the captain and his companions. In addition to pitiful crumbs of food, they found 16 kilograms of rare geological samples from Antarctica, collected during the trip to the pole. As it turned out, the rescue camp, where food was stored, was only twenty kilometers away from this tent...

Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) Norwegian polar traveler and explorer. He was the first to navigate the Northwest Passage on the ship Joa from Greenland to Alaska (1903-1906). He led an expedition to Antarctica on the ship Fram (1910-1912). He was the first to reach the South Pole (December 14, 1911). In 1918-1920 he sailed along the northern shores of Eurasia on the ship Maud. In 1926, he led the first flight over the North Pole on the airship Norway. He died in the Barents Sea during the search for the Italian expedition of U. Nobile. Years later, Fridtjof Nansen would say about his younger colleague: Some kind of explosive force lived in him. Amundsen was not a scientist, and did not want to be one. He was attracted by exploits. Amundsen himself said that he decided to become a polar traveler at the age of fifteen, when he read a book by John Franklin. This Englishman in 1819-1822 tried to find the Northwest Passage, a route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean around the northern shores of North America. The participants of his expedition had to starve, eat lichens and their own leather shoes. It’s amazing, Amundsen recalled, that... what most attracted my attention was the description of these hardships experienced by Franklin and his companions. A strange desire arose within me to someday endure the same suffering. As a child, he was a sickly and weak boy. Preparing himself for future challenges, he began to train daily and make long ski trips in the winter. To the horror of his mother, he opened the windows in his room and slept on a rug near the bed, covering himself with only a coat, or even just newspapers. And when the time came to serve military service, the old army doctor was incredibly surprised and even called officers from the next room: Young man, how did you manage to develop such muscles? Life turned out in such a way that only at the age of twenty-two Amundsen first stepped on board a ship. At twenty-two he was a cabin boy, at twenty-four a navigator, at twenty-six he spent the first winter in high latitudes. Roald Amundsen was a member of the Belgian Antarctic expedition. The forced, unprepared wintering lasted 13 months. Almost everyone suffered from scurvy. Two went crazy, one died. The reason for all the troubles of the expedition was the lack of experience. Amundsen remembered this lesson for the rest of his life. He re-read all the polar literature, trying to study the advantages and disadvantages of various diets, different types of clothing, and equipment. Returning to Europe in 1899, he passed the captain's exam, then enlisted the help of Nansen, bought the small yacht Gjoa and began preparing his own expedition.

Any person can only do so much, Amundsen said, and each new skill can be useful to him. He studied meteorology and oceanology, learned to conduct magnetic observations. He was an excellent skier and drove a dog sled. Characteristically: later, at the age of forty-two, he learned to fly and became the first civilian pilot in Norway. He wanted to accomplish what Franklin had failed to do, what no one had managed so far, to pass the Northwest Passage. And I carefully prepared for this journey for three years. Nothing justifies itself more than spending time selecting participants for a polar expedition, Amundsen liked to say. He did not invite people under thirty years of age on his travels, and each of those who went with him knew and was able to do a lot. There were seven of them on Gjoa, and in 1903-1906 they accomplished in three years what mankind had dreamed of for three centuries. Fifty years after the so-called discovery of the Northwest Passage by McClure, in 1903-1906, Roald Amundsen was the first to circumnavigate North America on a yacht. From Western Greenland, he, following the instructions of McClintock's book, first repeated the path of Franklin's unfortunate expedition. From Barrow Strait he headed south through the Peel and Franklin Straits to the northern tip of King William Island. But, taking into account Franklin’s disastrous mistake, Amundsen circled the island not from the western, but from the eastern side by the James Ross and Rey Straits and spent two winters in the harbor of Gjoa, off the south-eastern coast of King William Island. From there, in the fall of 1904, he explored the narrowest part of Simpson Strait by boat, and in the late summer of 1905 he moved due west along the mainland coast, leaving the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to the north. He passed a series of shallow, island-studded straits and bays and finally encountered whaling ships; arrived from the Pacific Ocean to the northwestern shores of Canada. Having wintered here for the third time, Amundsen in the summer of 1906 sailed through the Bering Strait into the Pacific Ocean and ended his voyage in San Francisco, delivering significant material on the geography, meteorology and ethnography of the surveyed shores. So, it took more than four hundred years from Cabot to Amundsen for one small ship to finally follow the Northwest Sea Route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Amundsen considered his next task to be the conquest of the North Pole. He wanted to enter the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait and repeat, only at higher latitudes, the famous drift of the frame. Nansen lent him his ship, but the money had to be collected bit by bit.

While preparations were underway for the expedition, Cook and Peary announced that the North Pole had already been conquered... To maintain my prestige as a polar explorer, Roald Amundsen recalled, I needed to achieve some other sensational success as soon as possible. I decided to take a risky step... Our route from Norway to the Bering Strait went past Cape Horn, but first we had to go to the island of Madeira. Here I informed my comrades that since the North Pole was open, I decided to go to the South Pole. Everyone agreed with delight... On a spring day, October 19, 1911, a pole party of five people on four sleighs pulled by 52 dogs set off. They easily found the former warehouses and then left food warehouses at every degree of latitude. Initially, the route passed along the snowy, hilly plain of the Ross Ice Shelf. But even here, travelers often found themselves in a labyrinth of glacial crevasses. In the south, in clear weather, an unknown mountainous country with dark cone-shaped peaks, with patches of snow on the steep slopes and sparkling glaciers between them, began to loom before the eyes of the Norwegians. At the 85th parallel the surface went steeply upward and the ice shelf ended. The ascent began along steep snow-covered slopes. At the beginning of the ascent, the travelers set up the main food warehouse with a supply of 30 days. For the entire further journey, Amundsen left food for 60 days. During this period, he planned to reach the South Pole and return back to the main warehouse. In search of passages through the maze of mountain peaks and ridges, travelers had to repeatedly climb and descend back, and then climb again. Finally they found themselves on a large glacier, which, like a frozen icy river, cascaded down from above between the mountains. This glacier was named after Axel Heiberg, the patron of the expedition, who donated a large sum. The glacier was riddled with cracks. At the stops, while the dogs were resting, the travelers, tied together with ropes, scouted the path on skis. At an altitude of about 3,000 meters above sea level, 24 dogs were killed. This was not an act of vandalism, for which Amundsen was often reproached, it was a sad necessity, planned in advance. The meat of these dogs was supposed to serve as food for their relatives and people. This place was called the Slaughterhouse. 16 dog carcasses and one sleigh were left here. 24 of our worthy companions and faithful helpers were doomed to death! It was cruel, but it had to be that way. We all unanimously decided not to be embarrassed by anything to achieve our goal. The higher the travelers climbed, the worse the weather became.

Sometimes they climbed in the snowy darkness and fog, distinguishing the path only under their feet. They called the mountain peaks that appeared before their eyes in rare clear hours after Norwegians: friends, relatives, patrons. The highest mountain was named after Fridtjof Nansen. And one of the glaciers descending from it received the name of Nansen’s daughter Liv. It was a strange journey. We passed through completely unknown places, new mountains, glaciers and ridges, but saw nothing. But the path was dangerous. It is not for nothing that certain places received such gloomy names: the Gates of Hell, the Devil's Glacier, the Devil's Dancing Ass. Finally the mountains ended, and the travelers came out onto a high-mountain plateau. Beyond stretched frozen white waves of snowy sastrugi. On December 7, 1911, the weather became sunny. The midday altitude of the sun was determined using two sextants. Determinations showed that the travelers were at 88° 16 south latitude. There were 193 kilometers left to the pole. Between astronomical determinations of their place, they kept the direction south by compass, and the distance was determined by a bicycle wheel counter with a meter in circumference and an odometer tied to the back of the sleigh. On the same day, they passed the southernmost point reached before them: three years ago, the party of the Englishman Ernest Shackleton reached latitude 88°23, but, facing the threat of starvation, was forced to turn back, only 180 kilometers short of reaching the Pole. The Norwegians easily skied forward to the pole, and the sledges with food and equipment were carried by quite strong dogs, four per team. On December 16, 1911, taking the midnight altitude of the sun, Amundsen determined that they were approximately 89°56 south latitude, that is, seventy kilometers from the pole. Then, splitting into two groups, the Norwegians dispersed to all four cardinal directions, within a radius of 10 kilometers, in order to more accurately explore the polar region. On December 17, they reached the point where, according to their calculations, the South Pole should be located. Here they set up a tent and, dividing into two groups, took turns observing the height of the sun with a sextant every hour around the clock. The instruments said that they were located directly at the pole point. But so as not to be accused of not reaching the pole itself, Hansen and Bjoland walked another seven kilometers further. At the South Pole they left a small gray-brown tent, above the tent they hung a Norwegian flag on a pole, and under it a pennant with the inscription Fram. In the tent, Amundsen left a letter to the Norwegian king with a brief report on the campaign and a laconic message to his rival Scott.

On December 18, the Norwegians set off on the return journey following the old tracks and after 39 days they safely returned to Framheim. Despite poor visibility, they easily found food warehouses: when arranging them, they prudently laid gurias out of snow bricks perpendicular to the path on both sides of the warehouses and marked them with bamboo poles. The entire journey of Amundsen and his comrades to the South Pole and back took 99 days. Here are the names of the discoverers of the South Pole: Oscar Wisting, Helmer Hansen, Sverre Hassel, Olaf Bjaland, Roald Amundsen. A month later, on January 18, 1912, Robert Scott's pole party approached the Norwegian tent at the South Pole. On the way back, Scott and four of his comrades died in the icy desert from exhaustion and cold. Amundsen subsequently wrote: I would sacrifice fame, absolutely everything, to bring him back to life. My triumph is overshadowed by the thought of his tragedy, it haunts me! When Scott reached the South Pole, Amundsen was already completing the return route. His recording sounds like a sharp contrast; it seems that we are talking about a picnic, about a Sunday walk: on January 17 we reached the food warehouse under the 82nd parallel... The chocolate cake served by Wisting is still fresh in our memory... I can give you the recipe... Fridtjof Nansen: When a real person comes, all difficulties disappear, since each one is separately foreseen and mentally experienced in advance. And let no one come talking about happiness, about favorable circumstances. Amundsen's happiness is the happiness of the strong, the happiness of wise foresight. Amudsen built his base on the Ross Ice Shelf. The very possibility of wintering on a glacier was considered very dangerous, since every glacier is in constant motion and huge pieces of it break off and float into the ocean. However, the Norwegian, reading the reports of Antarctic sailors, became convinced that in the area of ​​Whale Bay the glacier configuration has remained virtually unchanged for 70 years. There could be one explanation for this: the glacier rests on the motionless foundation of some subglacial island. This means you can spend the winter on a glacier. In preparation for the polar campaign, Amundsen laid out several food warehouses in the fall. He wrote: ...The success of our entire battle for the Pole depended on this work... Amundsen threw more than 700 kilograms at 80 degrees, 560 at 81, and 620 at 82. Amundsen used Eskimo dogs. And not only as a draft force. He was devoid of sentimentality, and is it even appropriate to talk about it when in the fight against polar nature the immeasurably more valuable human life is at stake?

His plan can amaze with both cold cruelty and wise forethought. Since the Eskimo dog produces about 25 kilograms of edible meat, it was easy to calculate that each dog we took to the South meant a reduction of 25 kilograms of food both on the sleds and in the warehouses. In the calculation drawn up before the final departure to the Pole, I established the exact day when each dog should be shot, that is, the moment when it ceased to serve us as a means of transportation and began to serve as food. The choice of wintering site, the preliminary loading of warehouses, the use of skis, lighter, more reliable equipment than Scott’s all played a role in the final success of the Norwegians. Amundsen himself called his polar travels work. But years later, one of the articles dedicated to his memory would be entitled quite unexpectedly: The Art of Polar Exploration. By the time the Norwegians returned to the coastal base, Fram had already arrived at Whale Bay and took away the entire wintering party. On March 7, 1912, from the city of Hobart on the island of Tasmania, Amundsen informed the world of his victory and the safe return of the expedition. And so... having completed his plan, writes Liv Nansen-Heyer, Amundsen first of all came to his father. Helland, who was in Pylhögd at that time, vividly remembers how they met: Amundsen, somewhat embarrassed and unsure, looking steadily at his father, quickly entered the hall, and his father naturally extended his hand to him and cordially greeted him: Happy return, and congratulations on a perfect feat! . For almost two decades after the expedition of Amundsen and Scott, no one was in the South Pole area. In 1925, Amundsen decided to make a test flight by plane to the North Pole from Spitsbergen. If the flight was successful, then he planned to organize a trans-Arctic flight. The son of American millionaire Lincoln Ellsworth volunteered to finance the expedition. Subsequently, Ellsworth not only financed the air expeditions of the famous Norwegian, but also participated in them himself. Two seaplanes of the Dornier-Val type were purchased. Famous Norwegian pilots Riiser-Larsen and Dietrichson were invited as pilots. mechanics Feucht and Omdahl. Amundsen and Ellsworth took on the duties of navigators. In April 1925, expedition members, aircraft and equipment arrived by ship at Kingsbay on Spitsbergen. On May 21, 1925, both planes took off and headed for the North Pole. On one plane were Ellsworth, Dietrichson and Omdahl, on the other Amundsen, Riiser-Larsen and Voigt.

About 1000 kilometers from Spitsbergen, the engine of Amundsen’s plane began to malfunction. Fortunately, in this place there were polynyas among the ice. I had to go to land. We landed relatively safely, except that the seaplane stuck its nose into the ice at the end of the hole. What saved us was the fact that the hole was covered with thin ice, which slowed down the speed of the plane during landing. The second seaplane also landed not far from the first, but during landing it was severely damaged and failed. But the Norwegians were unable to take off. Over the course of several days, they made three attempts to take off, but all ended in failure. The situation seemed hopeless. Walk south on ice? But there was too little food left; they would inevitably die of hunger on the way. They left Spitsbergen with enough food for one month. Immediately after the accident, Amundsen carefully counted everything they had and established hard rations. Days passed, all participants in the flight worked tirelessly. But more and more often, the expedition leader cut the food allowance. A cup of chocolate and three oat biscuits for breakfast, 300 grams of pemmican soup for lunch, a cup of hot water flavored with a pinch of chocolate, and the same three biscuits for dinner. That's the entire daily diet for healthy people engaged in hard work almost around the clock. Then the amount of pemmican had to be reduced to 250 grams. Finally, on June 15, on the 24th day after the accident, it froze and they decided to take off. For takeoff, at least 1,500 meters of open water was required. But they managed to level a strip of ice only a little over 500 meters long. Behind this strip there was a hole about 5 meters wide, and then a flat 150-meter ice floe. It ended with a high hummock. Thus, the take-off strip was only about 700 meters long. Everything was thrown out of the plane except the essentials. Riiser-Larsen took the pilot's seat. The other five barely fit in the cabin. The engine was started and the plane took off. The next seconds were the most exciting of my entire life. Rieser-Larsen immediately gave full throttle. As the speed increased, the unevenness of the ice affected itself more and more, and the entire seaplane tilted so terribly from side to side that I was more than once afraid that it would somersault and break its wing. We were quickly approaching the end of the starting track, but the bumps and jolts showed that we were still not off the ice. With increasing speed, but still not separating from the ice, we approached a small slope leading into the wormwood. We were transported across the ice hole, fell onto a flat ice floe on the other side and suddenly rose into the air... The return flight began. They flew, as Amundsen put it, with death as their closest neighbor.

In the event of a forced landing on the ice, even if they had survived, they would have starved to death. After 8 hours and 35 minutes of flight, the rudder drives jammed. But, fortunately, the plane was already flying over open water near the northern shores of Spitsbergen, and the pilot confidently landed the car on the water and drove it like a motor boat. The travelers continued to be lucky: soon a small fishing boat approached them, the captain of which agreed to tow the plane to Kingsbay... The expedition ended. From Spitsbergen, its participants traveled by boat along with the plane. The meeting in Norway was solemn. In Oslofjord, in the port of Horten, Amundsen's plane was launched, the members of the air expedition boarded it, took off and landed in Oslo harbor. They were met by crowds of thousands of cheering people. It was July 5, 1925. It seemed that all Amundsen's troubles were a thing of the past. He again became a national hero. In 1925, after lengthy negotiations, Ellsworth bought an airship called Norge (Norway). The leaders of the expedition were Amundsen and Ellsworth. The creator of the airship, Italian Umberto Nobile, was invited to the position of captain. The team was formed from Italians and Norwegians. In April 1926, Amundsen and Ellsworth arrived by ship in Spitsbergen to take delivery of the hangar and mooring mast, built over the winter, and generally prepare everything for the reception of the airship. On May 8, 1926, Americans set off to the North Pole. The plane, named Josephine Ford, probably in honor of Ford's wife, who financed the expedition, carried only two people: Floyd Bennett as pilot and Richard Byrd as navigator. After 15 hours they returned safely, having flown to the Pole and back. Amundsen congratulated the Americans on the happy completion of the flight. At 9:55 a.m. on May 11, 1926, in calm, clear weather, Norge headed north toward the Pole. There were 16 people on board. Everyone was doing their own thing. The motors ran smoothly. Amundsen observed the ice conditions. He saw endless ice fields with ridges of hummocks under the airship and recalled his last year’s flight, which ended with a landing at 88° north latitude. After 15 hours and 30 minutes of flight, at 1 hour and 20 minutes on May 12, 1926, the airship was over the North Pole. First, Amundsen and Wisting dropped the Norwegian flag onto the ice. And at that moment Amundsen remembered how he and Wisting planted the flag at the South Pole on December 14, 1911. For almost fifteen years, Amundsen strived for this cherished point. Following the Norwegians, American Ellsworth and Italian Nobile dropped the flags of their countries. Further the path ran through the Pole of Inaccessibility, a point equidistant from the shores of the continents surrounding the Arctic Ocean and located almost 400 miles from the North Geographic Pole towards Alaska.

Amundsen peered down carefully. They flew over places that no one had seen before. Many geographers predicted land here. But before the eyes of the balloonists passed endless ice fields. If between Spitsbergen and the Pole and further beyond the Pole to 86° north latitude, there were sometimes polynyas and clearings, then in the area of ​​the Pole of Inaccessibility there was solid ice with powerful ridges of hummocks. To his surprise, even at this point farthest from the coast, Amundsen saw bear tracks. At 8:30 a.m. the airship entered dense fog. Icing of external metal parts has begun. Plates of ice, torn off by a stream of air from the propellers, pierced the shell of the apparatus. The holes had to be repaired right there, on the fly. On May 13, on the left along the course, travelers saw land. This was the coast of Alaska, approximately in the area of ​​Cape Barrow. From here the airship turned southwest, towards the Bering Strait. Amundsen recognized the familiar surroundings of the Eskimo village of Wenrait, from where he and Omdahl were planning to fly across the pole in 1923. He saw the buildings, the people, and even the house they had built here. Soon the airship entered thick fog. A stormy wind blew from the north. The navigators are off course. Having risen above the strip of fog, they determined that they were in the area of ​​​​Cape Serdtse-Kamen on the Chukotka Peninsula. After this, we turned east again towards Alaska and, seeing the coast, headed south along it. We passed Cape Prince of Wales, the westernmost point of North America. The flight over the ice was calm and smooth. And here, over the open stormy sea, the airship was thrown like a ball, up and down. Amundsen decided to end the flight and gave the order to land. The return of the travelers was triumphant. They crossed the United States from west to east on the transcontinental express. At the stations they were greeted with flowers by crowds of people. In New York, the solemn meeting was led by Richard Bard, who had just returned from Spitsbergen to his homeland. On July 12, 1926, Amundsen and his friends arrived by ship in Norway, in Bergen. Here they were greeted with a salute from the fortress guns. Like winners, they drove through the streets of Bergen under the rain of flowers, to the enthusiastic applause of the townspeople. From Bergen to Oslo, along the entire coast, the steamer on which they sailed was greeted by flotillas of decorated ships. Arriving in Oslo, they drove through crowded streets to the royal palace, where they were given a grand reception. On May 24, 1928, Nobile reached the North Pole on the airship Italia and spent two hours above it. On the way back he crashed. On June 18, Roald Amundsen flew from Bergen to rescue the Italian crew.

After June 20, his plane went missing. So, trying to save the polar explorers, Amundsen, the greatest polar explorer in terms of the scope of his research, died. He was the first to reach the South Pole and the first to fly from Europe to America (Svalbard Alaska); He was the first to go around America from the north on the yacht Joa and the first to follow along the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean, after he went around Europe and Asia from the north on the ship Maud in 1918-1920.

The discovery of the South Pole - a centuries-old dream of polar explorers - at its final stage in the summer of 1912 took on the character of an intense competition between the expeditions of two countries - Norway and Great Britain. For the first it ended in triumph, for others - in tragedy. But, despite this, Roald Amundsen and Robert Scott, who led them, forever went down in the history of the exploration of the sixth continent.

The first explorers of the southern polar latitudes

The conquest of the South Pole began back in those years when people only vaguely realized that somewhere on the edge of the Southern Hemisphere there should be land. The first of the navigators who managed to approach it was sailing in the South Atlantic and in 1501 reached the fiftieth latitude.

This was the era when accomplishments Briefly describing his stay in these previously inaccessible latitudes (Vespucci was not only a navigator, but also a scientist), he continued his journey to the shores of a new, recently discovered continent - America - which today bears his name.

A systematic exploration of the southern latitudes in the hope of finding an unknown land was undertaken almost three centuries later by the famous Englishman James Cook. He managed to get even closer to it, reaching the seventy-second parallel, but his further advance to the south was prevented by Antarctic icebergs and floating ice.

Discovery of the sixth continent

Antarctica, the South Pole, and most importantly - the right to be called the discoverer and pioneer of ice-bound lands and the fame associated with this circumstance haunted many. Throughout the 19th century there were continuous attempts to conquer the sixth continent. Our navigators Mikhail Lazarev and Thaddeus Bellingshausen, who were sent by the Russian Geographical Society, the Englishman Clark Ross, who reached the seventy-eighth parallel, as well as a number of German, French and Swedish researchers took part in them. These enterprises were crowned with success only at the end of the century, when the Australian Johann Bull had the honor of being the first to set foot on the shores of the hitherto unknown Antarctica.

From that moment on, not only scientists, but also whalers, for whom the cold seas represented a wide fishing area, rushed to the Antarctic waters. Year after year, the coast was developed, the first research stations appeared, but the South Pole (its mathematical point) still remained out of reach. In this context, the question arose with extraordinary urgency: who will be able to get ahead of the competition and whose national flag will be the first to fly at the southern tip of the planet?

Race to the South Pole

At the beginning of the 20th century, attempts were made repeatedly to conquer this inaccessible corner of the Earth, and each time the polar explorers managed to get closer to it. The climax came in October 1911, when the ships of two expeditions at once - the British, led by Robert Falcon Scott, and the Norwegian, led by Roald Amundsen (the South Pole was an old and cherished dream for him), almost simultaneously headed for the shores of Antarctica. They were separated only by a few hundred miles.

It is curious that at first the Norwegian expedition did not intend to storm the South Pole. Amundsen and his crew were heading to the Arctic. It was the northern tip of the Earth that was in the plans of the ambitious navigator. However, on the way, he received a message that he had already submitted to the Americans - Cook and Peary. Not wanting to lose his prestige, Amundsen abruptly changed course and turned south. Thus, he challenged the British, and they could not help but stand up for the honor of their nation.

His rival Robert Scott, before devoting himself to research, served for a long time as an officer in Her Majesty's Navy and gained sufficient experience in command of battleships and cruisers. After retiring, he spent two years on the coast of Antarctica, taking part in the work of a scientific station. They even made an attempt to break through to the Pole, but having advanced a very significant distance in three months, Scott was forced to turn back.

On the eve of the decisive assault

The teams had different tactics for achieving the goal in the unique Amundsen-Scott race. The main means of transport for the British were Manchurian horses. Short and hardy, they were perfectly suited to the conditions of polar latitudes. But, besides them, travelers also had at their disposal the traditional dog sleds in such cases and even a completely new product of those years - motor sleighs. The Norwegians relied in everything on the proven northern huskies, who had to pull four sledges, heavily loaded with equipment, throughout the entire journey.

Both faced a journey of eight hundred miles one way, and the same amount back (if they survived, of course). Ahead of them awaited glaciers cut by bottomless cracks, terrible frosts, accompanied by blizzards and blizzards and completely eliminating visibility, as well as frostbite, injuries, hunger and all kinds of deprivation inevitable in such cases. The reward for one of the teams was supposed to be the glory of discoverers and the right to hoist the flag of their power on the pole. Neither the Norwegians nor the British doubted that the game was worth the candle.

If he was more skillful and experienced in navigation, then Amundsen was clearly superior to him as an experienced polar explorer. The decisive transition to the pole was preceded by wintering on the Antarctic continent, and the Norwegian managed to choose a much more suitable place for it than his British colleague. Firstly, their camp was located almost a hundred miles closer to the end point of the journey than the British, and secondly, Amundsen laid out the route from there to the Pole in such a way that he managed to bypass areas where the most severe frosts raged at this time of year and incessant snowstorms and blizzards.

Triumph and defeat

The Norwegian detachment managed to complete the entire intended journey and return to the base camp, meeting it during the short Antarctic summer. One can only admire the professionalism and brilliance with which Amundsen led his group, following with incredible accuracy the schedule he himself had drawn up. Among the people who trusted him, there were not only no deaths, but even no serious injuries.

A completely different fate awaited Scott's expedition. Before the most difficult part of the journey, when there were one hundred and fifty miles left to the goal, the last members of the auxiliary group turned back, and the five English explorers themselves harnessed themselves to the heavy sledges. By this time, all the horses had died, the motor sleds were out of order, and the dogs were simply eaten by the polar explorers themselves - they had to take extreme measures to survive.

Finally, on January 17, 1912, as a result of incredible efforts, they reached the mathematical point of the South Pole, but terrible disappointment awaited them there. Everything around bore traces of the rivals who had been here before them. The imprints of sledge runners and dog paws could be seen in the snow, but the most convincing evidence of their defeat was the tent left between the ice, above which the Norwegian flag fluttered. Alas, they missed the discovery of the South Pole.

Scott left notes in his diary about the shock that the members of his group experienced. The terrible disappointment left the British in complete shock. They all spent the next night without sleep. They were burdened by the thought of how they would look into the eyes of those people who, for hundreds of miles along the icy continent, freezing and falling into cracks, helped them reach the last section of the path and undertake a decisive, but unsuccessful assault.

Catastrophe

However, no matter what, we had to gather our strength and return. Eight hundred miles of return lay between life and death. Moving from one intermediate camp with fuel and food to another, the polar explorers catastrophically lost strength. Their situation became more and more hopeless every day. A few days later, death visited the camp for the first time - the youngest of them and seemingly physically strong, Edgar Evans, died. His body was buried in the snow and covered with heavy ice floes.

The next victim was Lawrence Oates, a dragoon captain who went to the Pole, driven by a thirst for adventure. The circumstances of his death are very remarkable - having frozen his hands and feet and realizing that he was becoming a burden to his comrades, he secretly left his accommodation at night and went into impenetrable darkness, voluntarily dooming himself to death. His body was never found.

There were only eleven miles left to the nearest intermediate camp when a snowstorm suddenly arose, completely excluding the possibility of further advance. Three Englishmen found themselves captive in ice, cut off from the rest of the world, deprived of food and any opportunity to warm themselves.

The tent they pitched, of course, could not serve as any reliable shelter. The air temperature outside dropped to -40 o C, respectively, inside, in the absence of a heater, it was not much higher. This insidious March blizzard never released them from its embrace...

Posthumous lines

Six months later, when the tragic outcome of the expedition became obvious, a rescue group was sent to search for polar explorers. Among the impassable ice, she managed to discover a snow-covered tent with the bodies of three British explorers - Henry Bowers, Edward Wilson and their commander Robert Scott.

Among the belongings of the victims, Scott's diaries were found, and, what amazed the rescuers, bags of geological samples collected on the slopes of rocks protruding from the glacier. Incredibly, the three Englishmen stubbornly continued to drag these stones even when there was practically no hope of salvation.

In his notes, Robert Scott, having detailed and analyzed the reasons that led to the tragic outcome, highly appreciated the moral and strong-willed qualities of the comrades who accompanied him. In conclusion, addressing those into whose hands the diary would fall, he asked to do everything so that his relatives would not be left to the mercy of fate. Having dedicated several farewell lines to his wife, Scott bequeathed to her to ensure that their son received an appropriate education and was able to continue his research activities.

By the way, in the future his son Peter Scott became a famous ecologist who devoted his life to protecting the planet’s natural resources. Born shortly before the day when his father set off on the last expedition of his life, he lived to a ripe old age and died in 1989.

caused by tragedy

Continuing the story, it should be noted that the competition between two expeditions, the result of which for one was the discovery of the South Pole, and for the other - death, had very unexpected consequences. When the celebrations on the occasion of this undoubtedly important geographical discovery ended, the congratulatory speeches fell silent and the applause ended, the question arose about the moral side of what happened. There was no doubt that indirectly the cause of the death of the British was the deep depression caused by Amundsen's victory.

Direct accusations against the recently honored winner appeared not only in the British, but also in the Norwegian press. A completely reasonable question was raised: did Roald Amundsen, experienced and very experienced in exploring extreme latitudes, have the moral right to involve the ambitious, but lacking the necessary skills, Scott and his comrades in the competitive process? Wouldn't it be more correct to invite him to unite and implement his plans with common efforts?

Amundsen's riddle

How Amundsen reacted to this and whether he blamed himself for unwittingly causing the death of his British colleague is a question that remains forever unanswered. True, many of those who knew the Norwegian explorer closely claimed that they saw clear signs of his mental turmoil. In particular, evidence of this could be his attempts at public justification, which were completely out of character for his proud and somewhat arrogant nature.

Some biographers are inclined to see evidence of unforgiven guilt in the circumstances of Amundsen's own death. It is known that in the summer of 1928 he went on an Arctic flight, which promised him certain death. The suspicion that he foresaw his own death in advance is aroused by the preparation he made. Not only did Amundsen put all his affairs in order and pay off his creditors, he also sold off all his property, as if he had no intention of returning.

The sixth continent today

One way or another, he discovered the South Pole, and no one will take this honor away from him. Today, large-scale scientific research is being conducted at the southern tip of the Earth. In the very place where triumph once awaited the Norwegians, and the greatest disappointment for the British, today there is the Amundsen-Scott international polar station. Its name invisibly unites these two intrepid conquerors of extreme latitudes. Thanks to them, the South Pole on the globe is perceived today as something familiar and quite within reach.

In December 1959, an international treaty on Antarctica was concluded, initially signed by twelve states. According to this document, any country has the right to conduct scientific research throughout the continent south of the sixtieth latitude.

Thanks to this, today numerous research stations in Antarctica are developing the most advanced scientific programs. Today there are more than fifty of them. Scientists have at their disposal not only ground-based means of monitoring the environment, but also aviation and even satellites. The Russian Geographical Society also has its representatives on the sixth continent. Among the operating stations there are veterans, such as Bellingshausen and Druzhnaya 4, as well as relatively new ones, Russkaya and Progress. Everything suggests that great geographical discoveries do not stop today.

A brief history of how brave Norwegian and British travelers, defying danger, strove for their cherished goal, can only in general terms convey all the tension and drama of those events. It is wrong to consider their fight only as a struggle of personal ambitions. Undoubtedly, the primary role in it was played by the thirst for discovery and the desire, built on true patriotism, to establish the prestige of his country.

Ecology

The polar regions of the Earth are the harshest places on our planet.

For centuries, people have tried at the cost of life and health to reach and explore the Northern and Southern Arctic Circle.

So what have we learned about the two opposite poles of the Earth?

1. Where is the North and South Pole: 4 types of poles

There are actually 4 types of North Pole from a scientific point of view:

North magnetic pole- a point on the earth's surface to which magnetic compasses are directed

North geographic pole– located directly above the geographic axis of the Earth

North geomagnetic pole– connected to the Earth’s magnetic axis

North Pole of Inaccessibility– the northernmost point in the Arctic Ocean and the farthest from land on all sides

There were also 4 types of South Pole:

South magnetic pole- a point on the earth's surface at which the earth's magnetic field is directed upward

South geographic pole- a point located above the geographic axis of rotation of the Earth

South geomagnetic pole- connected to the Earth's magnetic axis in the southern hemisphere

South Pole of Inaccessibility- the point in Antarctica that is farthest from the coast of the Southern Ocean.

In addition there is ceremonial south pole– area designated for photography at Amundsen-Scott Station. It is located a few meters from the geographic south pole, but since the ice sheet is constantly moving, the mark shifts every year by 10 meters.

2. Geographic North and South Pole: ocean versus continent

The North Pole is essentially a frozen ocean surrounded by continents. In contrast, the South Pole is a continent surrounded by oceans.

In addition to the Arctic Ocean, the Arctic region (North Pole) includes parts of Canada, Greenland, Russia, the USA, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland.

The southernmost point of the earth, Antarctica is the fifth largest continent, with an area of ​​14 million square kilometers. km, 98 percent of which is covered by glaciers. It is surrounded by the South Pacific Ocean, the South Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

Geographic coordinates of the North Pole: 90 degrees north latitude.

Geographic coordinates of the South Pole: 90 degrees south latitude.

All lines of longitude converge at both poles.

3. The South Pole is colder than the North Pole

The South Pole is much colder than the North Pole. The temperature in Antarctica (South Pole) is so low that in some places on this continent the snow never melts.

The average annual temperature in this area is -58 degrees Celsius in winter, and the highest temperature was recorded here in 2011 and was -12.3 degrees Celsius.

In contrast, the average annual temperature in the Arctic region (North Pole) is – 43 degrees Celsius in winter and about 0 degrees in summer.

There are several reasons why the South Pole is colder than the North Pole. Since Antarctica is a huge landmass, it receives little heat from the ocean. In contrast, the ice in the Arctic region is relatively thin and there is an entire ocean underneath, which moderates the temperature. In addition, Antarctica is located at an altitude of 2.3 km and the air here is colder than in the Arctic Ocean, which is at sea level.

4. There is no time at the poles

Time is determined by longitude. So, for example, when the Sun is directly above us, local time shows noon. However, at the poles all lines of longitude intersect, and the Sun rises and sets only once a year on the equinoxes.

For this reason, scientists and explorers at the poles use time from any time zone whichever they like best. Typically, they refer to Greenwich Mean Time or the time zone of the country they are coming from.

Scientists at Amundsen-Scott Station in Antarctica can take a quick run around the world by walking 24 time zones in a few minutes.

5. Animals of the North and South Pole

Many people have the misconception that polar bears and penguins share the same habitat.

In fact, penguins live only in the southern hemisphere - in Antarctica where they have no natural enemies. If polar bears and penguins lived in the same area, the polar bears would not have to worry about their food source.

Marine animals at the South Pole include whales, porpoises and seals.

Polar bears, in turn, are the largest predators in the northern hemisphere. They live in the northern part of the Arctic Ocean and feed on seals, walruses and sometimes even beached whales.

In addition, the North Pole is home to animals such as reindeer, lemmings, foxes, wolves, as well as marine animals: beluga whales, killer whales, sea otters, seals, walruses and more than 400 known species of fish.

6. No Man's Land

Although many flags of different countries can be seen at the South Pole in Antarctica, this the only place on earth that belongs to no one, and where there is no indigenous population.

The Antarctic Treaty is in force here, according to which the territory and its resources must be used exclusively for peaceful and scientific purposes. Scientists, explorers and geologists are the only people who set foot on Antarctica from time to time.

Against, More than 4 million people live in the Arctic Circle in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia and Russia.

7. Polar night and polar day

The Earth's poles are unique places where the longest day, which lasts 178 days, and the longest night, which lasts 187 days.

At the poles there is only one sunrise and one sunset per year. At the North Pole, the Sun begins to rise in March on the vernal equinox and descends in September on the autumn equinox. At the South Pole, on the contrary, sunrise is during the autumn equinox, and sunset is on the day of the spring equinox.

In summer, the Sun is always above the horizon here, and the South Pole receives sunlight around the clock. In winter, the Sun is below the horizon, when there is 24-hour darkness.

8. Conquerors of the North and South Pole

Many travelers tried to reach the poles of the Earth, losing their lives on the way to these extreme points of our planet.

Who was the first to reach the North Pole?

There have been several expeditions to the North Pole since the 18th century. There is disagreement over who was the first to reach the North Pole. In 1908, American explorer Frederick Cook became the first to claim to have reached the North Pole. But his compatriot Robert Peary refuted this statement, and on April 6, 1909, he officially began to be considered the first conqueror of the North Pole.

First flight over the North Pole: Norwegian traveler Roald Amundsen and Umberto Nobile on May 12, 1926 on the airship "Norway"

First submarine at the North Pole: nuclear submarine "Nautilus" 3 August 1956

First trip to the North Pole alone: Japanese Naomi Uemura, April 29, 1978, sledding 725 km in 57 days

First ski expedition: expedition of Dmitry Shparo, May 31, 1979. Participants covered 1,500 km in 77 days.

First to swim across the North Pole: Lewis Gordon Pugh walked 1 km in -2 degrees Celsius water in July 2007.

Who was the first to reach the South Pole?

A Norwegian explorer became the first to conquer the South Pole Roald Amundsen and British explorer Robert Scott, after whom the first station at the South Pole, the Amundsen-Scott station, was named. Both teams took different routes and reached the South Pole within a few weeks of each other, first by Amundsen on December 14, 1911, and then by R. Scott on January 17, 1912.

First flight over the South Pole: American Richard Byrd, in 1928

First to cross Antarctica without the use of animals or mechanical transport: Arvid Fuchs and Reinold Meissner, December 30, 1989

9. North and South magnetic poles of the Earth

The Earth's magnetic poles are associated with the Earth's magnetic field. They are in the north and south, but do not coincide with geographic poles, since the magnetic field of our planet is changing. Unlike geographic poles, magnetic poles shift.

The North Magnetic Pole is not located exactly in the Arctic region, but shifts east at a speed of 10-40 km per year, since the magnetic field is influenced by underground molten metals and charged particles from the Sun. The south magnetic pole is still in Antarctica, but it is also moving west at a speed of 10-15 km per year.

Some scientists believe that one day the magnetic poles may change, and this could lead to the destruction of the Earth. However, the change of magnetic poles has already occurred, hundreds of times over the past 3 billion years, and this did not lead to any dire consequences.

10. Melting ice at the poles

Arctic ice in the North Pole region typically melts in the summer and freezes again in the winter. However, in recent years, the ice cap has begun to melt at a very rapid pace.

Many researchers believe that already by the end of the century, and maybe in a few decades, the Arctic zone will remain ice-free.

On the other hand, the Antarctic region at the South Pole contains 90 percent of the world's ice. The ice thickness in Antarctica averages 2.1 km. If all the ice in Antarctica melted, sea ​​levels around the world would rise by 61 meters.

Fortunately, this will not happen in the near future.

Some fun facts about the North and South Pole:

1. There is an annual tradition at Amundsen-Scott Station at the South Pole. After the last food plane leaves, researchers watch two horror films: the film "The Thing" (about an alien creature that kills the inhabitants of a polar station in Antarctica) and the film "The Shining" (about a writer who is in an empty remote hotel in winter)

2. Arctic tern bird makes a record flight from the Arctic to Antarctica every year, flying more than 70,000 km.

3. Kaffeklubben Island - a small island in the north of Greenland is considered a piece of land that is located closest to the North Pole 707 km from it.

Attempts to reach the North Pole have been made for half a century - mainly because of the desire to perpetuate their name in this way. In 1873, Austrian explorers Julius Payer and Karl Weyprecht approached the pole to a distance of about 950 kilometers and named the archipelago they discovered Franz Josef Land (in honor of the Austrian emperor). In 1896, Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen, drifting in the Arctic ice, came within 500 kilometers of the North Pole. And finally, on March 1, 1909, the American officer Robert Edward Peary, accompanied by 24 people on 19 sleighs pulled by 133 dogs, headed to the Pole from the main camp on the northern coast of Greenland. Five weeks later, on April 6, he planted his country's starry flag at the North Pole and then returned safely to Greenland.

Who discovered Antarctica

Antarctica was discovered by the Russian round-the-world expedition (1819-1821) under the leadership of F. F. Bellingshausen on the sloops “Vostok” (commander F. F. Bellingshausen) and “Mirny” (commander M. P. Lazarev). This expedition was aimed at maximum penetration into the southern circumpolar zone and the discovery of unknown lands - the site. Antarctica was discovered on January 28, 1820 at coordinates 69 degrees 21 minutes south latitude and 2 degrees 14 minutes west longitude (the area of ​​the modern Bellingshausen Ice Shelf). On February 2, the expedition members saw the ice shores for the second time, and on February 17 and 18 they came almost close to the ice massif.

This allowed Bellingshausen and Lazarev to conclude that there was an “ice continent” in front of them. The discovery of Antarctica was the result of a deeply thought-out and carefully implemented plan of Russian sailors. Hugh Robert Mill, one of the outstanding experts on the history of the discovery of Antarctica, author of the book “The Conquest of the South Pole,” characterizes this remarkable polar journey as follows: “A study of the route of Bellingshausen’s ships shows that even if they did not reach a degree and a quarter before the milestone reached by Cook, his sloops Vostok and Mirny nevertheless passed south of 60 degrees latitude more than 242 degrees longitude, of which 41 degrees are in the seas beyond the Antarctic Circle, while Cook's ships Resolution and Adventure covered only 125 degrees of longitude south of 60 degrees, of which only 24 degrees are in the seas beyond the Antarctic Circle. But that is not all. The care with which Bellingshausen deliberately crossed all the huge gaps left by his predecessor created complete confidence that south of 60 degrees south latitude the open sea lies everywhere..

Who was the first to reach the South Pole

The first to reach the South Pole was the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen, planting the Norwegian flag on it on December 14, 1911. On January 17, 1912, an English expedition led by Robert Falcon Scott arrived at the Pole to see, to their great disappointment, the flag planted by Amundsen. The expeditions reached the Pole via different routes and were equipped differently. Amundsen chose a shorter route. Along the way, he laid out camps with enough provisions needed for the return. As a means of transport, he used a sleigh drawn by Eskimo dogs, accustomed to extreme climatic conditions. Unlike the Norwegians, the British went to the Pole on a motor sleigh, and took dogs only in case the sleigh failed. The sleigh quickly broke down, and there were too few dogs. The polar explorers were forced to leave part of the cargo and harness themselves to the sleigh. The route Scott walked along was 150 kilometers longer than the one chosen by Amundsen. On the way back, Scott and his companions died.

Who and when first sailed around Eurasia

In 1878-1879, the Swedish Arctic explorer and navigator Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (1832-1901) on the steamship Vega for the first time carried out a through voyage (with wintering off the coast of Chukotka) through the Northeast Passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean (along the northern shores of Europe and Asia) and returned to Sweden through the Suez Canal in 1880, thus for the first time circumventing all of Eurasia.

Who was the first sailor to circumnavigate the world alone?

The first solo circumnavigation of the world was made by Canadian Joshua Slocum (1844-1909). On July 2, 1895, on a homemade ship “Spray” (length 11.3 meters, width 4.32 meters, side height 1.27 meters), he left the port of Yarmouth in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia and headed to Europe. Arriving in Gibraltar, Slocum decided to reverse the direction of his trip around the world. After spending the Southern Hemisphere summer of 1897 in Tasmania, Slocum again went out into the ocean and, rounding the Cape of Good Hope on January 1, 1898, returned to the Atlantic. Arriving at the island of St. Helena, he took a goat on board, intending to milk it and drink its milk. But on Ascension Island he landed a goat that destroyed all his sea charts. On June 28, 1898, Joshua Slocum came ashore in Newport (USA). The only living creature that circumnavigated the world with him was a spider, which Slocum noticed on the day of departure and kept him alive.

What other name is the Republic of Grenada commonly known by?

Due to the fact that Grenada's main exports are nutmeg and other spices, this small country, located on the island of the same name between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, is often called the Spice Island.