Objectives and objectives of the organization of central banks. Functions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Organizational structure of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation: Central Office, Territorial Main Departments and National Banks of Russia, Cash Countries (RCC). Functions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation: carrying out a single monetary policy, cash issuance and organization of their appeal, refinancing, organization of non-cash payments and lending to national economy, regulation and supervision of commercial banking, currency regulation and currency control, settlement and cash maintenance of the state budget . Functions and organizational structure of central banks of England, France, Japan, Germany, USA and other banks of developed countries.

Commercial banks and their activities

Characteristics of a commercial bank as a subject of the economy. Commercial Bank's functions: accumulation of temporarily free cash in deposits, placement of raised funds and cash-cash maintenance of the clientele. The concept of banking services and its main characteristics. Legislative frameworks of banking. Client bank. The Bank's contract with the client. Bank accounts. Classification of banking operations. Passive operations of the Bank - operations to attract funds to banks and the formation of resources of the latter. Deposit operations. Emission operations of a commercial bank. The value of passive operations in the activities of a commercial bank.

Active operations of a commercial bank - operations through which banks place the resources available at their disposal to attract profits and maintain liquidity. Classification of active operations of a commercial bank for economic content (loan, settlement, cash, investment, stock and warranty operations of a commercial bank); According to the degree of risk; by character (directions) of placement of funds (primary, secondary, and investment); in terms of profitability.

Characteristics of loan operations, their types depending on the type of borrower, the method of ensuring, the timing of lending, the nature of the circuit of funds, the object and subjects of lending, the type of account open and other signs. Differences of loan and investment operations of a commercial bank.

Active-passive operations of a commercial bank - commissions, mediation, performed by the Bank on behalf of customers for a specific fee. Types of active-passive operations of a commercial bank. Trust operations of the bank.
Balance and off-balance operations of the bank. Their brief description. The main types of off-balance operations.

Liquid and illiquid operations of a commercial bank. The concept of bank liquidity.

Financial risks in the activities of a commercial bank.

International Financial and Credit Institutions

The objectives of the creation and features of the functioning of the IMF and the World Bank. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. European Investment Bank. Bank of international calculations. International Financial Corporation. International Development Association, etc.

List of questions for testing

I. Money

1. Origin, Evolution and Essence of Money

2. Money functions

3. Types of money

4. The concept of money supply

5. Issue of money and emission of money

6. The concept of money turnover, its content and structure

7. Basics of the organization of non-cash monetary turnover

8.Forms of non-cash settlements, the conditions for implementing them

9. Monetary system and its elements

10. Essence of inflation and form of its manifestation

II. Credit

11. The need and essence of the loan

12. Functions and loan laws

13. Credit theories

14. Forms and types of loan

15. Nature of a loan percentage and its economic role

16. Bank percentage and mechanism of its formation

17. Forms to ensure the return of the loan

18. Refinancing and interbank lending

19. Principles of bank lending.

20. The role of a loan in the development of the economy and its border

III. Banks

21. The emergence and development of banks

22. Concept and elements of the banking system

23. Form of the organization of central banks and organizational structure of the Bank of Russia

24. Tasks, functions and operations of the Bank of Russia

25. Central Bank Monetary Policy

26. Concept, principles of activity and classification of commercial banks

27. Organizational device of commercial banks

28. Functions of commercial banks and banking services

29. Passive operations of commercial banks

30. Active operations of commercial banks

Students are invited to a list of issues included in the test work, which was approved at the meeting of the department. The following factors were taken into account when preparing issues:

The relevance of the problem under consideration;

The presence of scientific and special literature on the issues under study;

The ability to collect economic and statistical information.

Question numbers for testing Students are determined in accordance with the last digit number of the test book.

In case of students in students, the difficulties associated with the choice of the topic of test work, they should seek advice from the teacher to the scientific leader.

The student must independently find the literary sources necessary for writing test work, using a list of recommended literature contained in this manual, as well as book directories and periodic publications that are available in the library of the Academy or other libraries.

Literature learning should be carried out in a specific sequence:

1) to explore the relevant chapters and sections of textbooks and textbooks;

2) get acquainted with federal and regional legislative acts relating to the topic of test work;

3) to analyze the current instructions and regulatory acts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation related to the problem under study;

4) learn monographs and articles in periodic printing.

The main goal of studying literary sources is to systematize information and accumulated knowledge of knowledge under the issues studied, the allocation of various views and points of view of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists, as well as the development of their own opinions on the problems under consideration.

The disclosure of the essence of those issues that are marked in terms of test work is advisable to begin with the presentation of theoretical provisions and the historical aspect of the problem under study. The essence of studied phenomena and processes should be explained, their trends and prospects. It is necessary to review various points of view and opinions existing in modern economic literature, as well as express its position on the problem under study. Theoretical provisions should be supported by analyzing the actual material - statistical and economic indicators, hoped from statistical collections, periodicals, reference books and computer networking.

Statistical data cited in the test work must be closely linked to the text and are reduced to tables or charts. Indicators should be considered in dynamics at least 3 - 5 years. Compared objects must be the same type. The analysis becomes deeper in the calculation of medium and relative values, indices, indicators of variation of signs, when identifying the relationship between individual economic phenomena.

The presentation of the text number of pages must be through control work ends with a list of references.

Examination can be performed by hand or on a computer, on one side of the A4 sheet of 1,5 interval, font 14 PT, or written in a student notebook A4 format.

The numbering must be through, starting from the title leaf.

The student is obliged to pass the test work at the Department of Finance and Credit no later than the term specified by the teacher. An employee of the department checks the correctness of the execution of the test work and registers it in a special journal.

The supervisor checks the test work and in case of unsatisfactory implementation, returns it to written refinement, indicating the specific period of the secondary passage of test work at the department. In the process of refinement, the student will have to remove comments and answer the questions of the supervisor.

The completed and credited test work is kept at the Department of Finance and Credit.


From the point of view of ownership of capital, central banks can be divided into public, joint-stock, mixed.

State banks are banks whose capital belongs to the state.

Some central banks were originally created as state. For example, the German Federal Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank), established in 1957, as well as his predecessor - Reichsbank (1875). Such central banks refers and created in 1860. The State Bank, who subsequently became the Central Emisy Bank of Russia. Other central banks were first private (such as the Bank of England (1694), France Bank (1800), and then nationalized.

Joint-stock banks - banks whose capital was the contributions of the founders.

A vivid representative of joint-stock central banks is the US Federal Reserve (Fed) established by the Federal Reserve in 1913. Capital of federal reserve banks is formed by the share contributions of private commercial banks entering the Fed members. Despite the joint-stock formation, the Fed belongs to the number of major government agencies whose leadership is appointed by the President of the country.

Mixed central banks are banks, in the capital of which the private sector participates with the state.

Among the central banks of this group, for example, the Bank of Japan, founded in 1882 by law 1942, only 55% of the bank's authorized capital belongs to the state

120. The concept of tasks and functions of the Central Bank and their development in modern conditions

Traditionally, there are five main tasks before the central bank. Central Bank is designed to:

Em session center of the country, i.e. use the monopoly law on the issue of banknotes;

Bank of banks, i.e. Make operations not with trade and industrial clients, but mainly with banks of this country: to store their cash reserves, the size of which is established by law, provide them with loans (Last Instance Lender), exercise supervision, supporting the necessary level of standardization and professionalism in the national credit system;

Government banker, for this he must support government economic programs and place state securities; provide loans and perform settlement operations for the government, to store (official) gold-currency reserves;

The main settlement center of the country, speaking an intermediary between other banks of the country in the implementation of non-cash settlements based on the competition and obligations (clearing);

Authority regulating the economy monetary methods.



The central bank performs the following main functions:

· Provides a legislatively enshrined emission monopoly on banknotes (nationwide credit cards), which are a generally accepted final means of repaying debt obligations;

· Is the Bank of Banks (commercial banks are obliged to keep part of their cash reserves in the central bank, these reserves are mandatory. The Central Bank establishes the minimum ratio of mandatory reserves with the obligations of banks in liabilities;

· The Banker of the Government (Government and government departments are open in it, sometimes the Central Bank exercises the Cash Regulations of the State Budget);

· Carries out monetary regulation and ensuring the stability of the national currency. Money cost management occurs through the management of the money supply (amount of money). As a monetary policy tools for monetary banking management, the minimum reserve policy is served; Discount and debate; Open market policy.

Bank of Russia:

· In cooperation with the Government of the Russian Federation, develops and conducts a unified state monetary policy, aimed at ensuring the sustainability of the ruble;

· Montopolum carries out the issue of cash and organizes their appeal;

· He is a lender of the last instance for credit institutions, organizes the refinancing system;

· Sets the rules for the implementation of settlements in the Russian Federation; holding banking operations, accounting and reporting for the banking system;

· Carries out state registration of credit institutions; gives out and recalls licenses of credit institutions and organizations engaged in their audit;

· Carries out all types of banking operations;

· Exercise monetary control and currency regulation, including operations for buying and selling foreign currency;

· Determines the procedure for calculations with foreign states;

· Takes part in the development of a forecast of the balance of payments of the country and organizes its preparation;

· An analysis and prediction of the state of the country's economy, monetary and currency and financial relations is carried out.

The main functions of the Bank of Russia are licensing banking activities, control over the activities of credit institutions, the implementation of currency regulation and currency control. Currently, the Bank of Russia is held a tough policy on review licenses for banking operations from credit institutions "of the following cases:

· Establish the unreliability of information on the basis of which a license was issued;

· Delays on the implementation of banking operations provided for by the license, more than a year from the date of its issuance;

· Establishing the unreliability of reporting data;

· The implementation of banking operations not provided for by the license;

· Non-fulfillment of the requirements of federal laws, as well as regulatory acts of the Bank of Russia;

the unsatisfactory financial situation of the credit institution, failure to fulfill its obligations to depositors and creditors.
121. Methods and tools of monetary policy and features of their use in Russia.

Methods of monetary policy are a set of ways, tools for the impact of subjects of monetary policy on an object of monetary policy to achieve their goals.

Methods of conducting everyday monetary policy are called the tactical goals of monetary policy. This impact is carried out using appropriate tools.

Under the instrument of monetary policy, means a means of exposure to the Central Bank as a monetary regulatory authority for monetary policy facilities.

As part of the monetary policy, direct and indirect methods are applied.

Direct methods are the nature of administrative measures in the form of various CB directives relating to the amount of money supply and prices in the financial market. The implementation of these measures gives the fastest effect from the point of view of the monitoring of the Central Bank over the price or the maximum amount of deposits and loans, especially in the conditions of the economic crisis.

Indirect methods for regulating the monetary sphere affect the behavior of business entities with the help of market mechanisms, it is natural that the efficiency of the use of indirect methods is closely related to the level of money development.

The World Economic Practices of the Central Bank use the following basic instruments of monetary policy:

Changing the standard of mandatory reserves or so-called reserve requirements;

The percentage policy of the Central Bank, i.e., change in the borrowing mechanism by commercial banks in the Central Bank or the deposit of commercial banks in the Central Bank;

Operations with government securities on the open market.

122. Modern ideas about the essence and functions of the bank.

The essence of the bank is advisable to consider on the macro level in relation to the economy as a whole, including the entire variety of real activities of specific banks. The Bank is primarily an enterprise producing a special, specific product. The Bank as a specific enterprise produces a product that is significantly different from the product of the sphere of material production, it produces not just a product, but the product of a special kind in the form of money, payment facilities. Money is a reproductive category; Cash issued by the Bank as the only monopolist in the total mass of the subjects of reproduction is serviced both the sphere of production and distribution, exchange and consumption.

The essence of the Bank requires the disclosure of its structure. The structure of the bank should not be confused with the structure of the bank management apparatus. Under the structure of the Bank it is understood as its device, which gives him the opportunity to function as a specific enterprise (Institute) in this sense, the Bank's device includes four required blocks, without which it cannot exist and develop.

The first block includes bank capital as a specific capital, freed from industrial and commercial capital, as capital existing mainly in borrowed form, and is only in motion.

The second block covers banking activities other than the activities of other enterprises and institutions in the nature of its product, which has become its main occupation (unlike other actors that could only be carried out by the main, which has not become the main, fundamental work).

The third block consists of a special group of people who have specific knowledge in the field of banking and bank management.

The fourth unit can be called production, because it includes banking equipment, buildings, structures, means of communication and communications, internal and external information, certain types of production materials.

Taking into account the analysis of the specifics of the bank, its fundamentals and structure, the Bank can be identified as an enterprise or monetary institute that regulate the payment turnover in cash and non-cash forms.

123. Banking system of Russia and the features of its modern development. Macroeconomic factors for the development of the banking system.

A number of macroeconomic and political factors affect the development of the banking system. Among them can be allocated:

· The degree of development of commodity-money relations;

· Public and economic order, its purpose and social orientation;

· Legislative frameworks and acts;

· General idea of \u200b\u200bthe essence and role of the bank in the economy.

The degree of development of commodity-monetary relations, trade, monetary circulation is predetermined and the scale of banking. The formation of lively money and commercial revolutions, the development of national markets, international trade is the prerequisite for the development of the banking system. The demand for banking services increases and expands as the scale of production and exchange between commodity producers increases. The negative impact on the development of the banking system is provided by war, natural disasters, protracted economic crises.

Public and economic order inevitably affects the nature of the activities of the banking system. If savings are not encouraged in society, distribution preference is given, not to trade, then banks will not receive pulses for development, moreover, in such conditions, banks can be minimized. The development of banks affects the prohibition of local authorities. The local lobby can affect decision-making on the opening of branches of other banks, such as neighboring regions.

The legislative framework also has a noticeable impact on the development of the banking system. In some countries, it is forbidden to carry out a number of banking operations. So, in the US, it is legally prohibited to issue bank guarantees. In some countries, banks are not allowed to engage in insurance. In accordance with the legislation, in some countries, central banks can widely engage in farming.

However, legislation may not only be prohibitive, but on the contrary, to promote the development of the banking system. Thus, in Russia since 1987, a radical restructuring of the banking system began, a large number of commercial banks and non-bank institutions have emerged, since the government took the government to the market management demanded the restructuring of the entire banking system in the country.

The overall ideas about the essence and role of the bank in the economy are on the development of a banking system. In the distribution system, the Bank is perceived as part of the state administration, control body, supervision of enterprises. Sometimes banks are occupied in a market economy. The banking system acquires a two-level character, the ownership of banks acquires features, adequate varieties of ownership of property in the farm, the system becomes more multilateral, acquires more complete features, offers a broader spectrum of operations and services to society.

The development of a banking system can be carried out under the influence of factors such as an excessive tax press for banking income, lack of sufficient resources for active banking operations, lack of qualified personnel, etc. In countries with economies in transition, it is often these factors that do not allow banks to make wider steps in its development.

The central bank in any state occupies a special place in the credit and financial system. In contrast to commercial banks and other credit institutions, the Central Bank is a state body responsible for the amount of money supply and loans provided by the economy as a whole. The emergence of central banks belongs to the middle of the XIX - the beginning of the 20th century, since it was during this period of the government of most countries to legally enshrine control of money issues in circulation. The Institute of Central Bank was formed gradually and passed a rather long period of evolution.

It is difficult to say where and when the central bank appeared for the first time. Some economists consider the start date of the Bank, which subsequently began to perform the functions of the central. In accordance with such a criterion, the first central bank became Rixbank - the Bank of Sweden, founded in 1668. The Bank of England was formed in 1694, the Bank of France - in 1800.

The value of the Central Bank is that it is responsible for carrying out monetary policy and the stability of the banking system as a whole. From this point of view, the temporary framework of the emergence and formation of central banks is shifted to a later date. For example, the Bank of France becomes responsible for conducting monetary policy only in 1945, after its nationalization. Significantly earlier, the functions of the Central Bank began to carry out the Bank of England, remaining a joint-stock bank. Nationalization in 1946 provided him with broad powers to control other banks. As a rule, European central banks are quite a long period of time until the 1940s. At the same time they performed the functions of ordinary banks, opening accounts for private clients, credited by issuing securities, providing other banking services to trade and industrial companies and individuals. During the evolution, their commercial activity gradually declined. Unlike the European, the original US central bank in the form of a federal reserve system was established in 1913 specifically to fulfill common economic functions.

The tradition of the National Central Bank was developed in comparison with the Bank of England, which serves as a kind of standard. The formation of the Institute of Central Bank in England had a rather noticeable impact on the creation of central banks in other countries. Moreover, it is believed that the foundations of monetary theory were laid by economists who discussed the problems of British banking and monetary policy. Therefore, without detraining the experience of countries of continental Europe and the United States, which is largely more interesting, we use the same logic, especially since the view of the British model may be useful for understanding the role that central banks play in modern financial systems.

If in 1900 central banks existed in 18 countries (there were 30 independent states in the world), then in 2000 - more than 170 countries. Despite the historical and economic features, the role of central banks of various countries essentially corresponds to the classical English model, although several other terminology has been adopted. The Central Bank performs the functions of the state body of monetary policy, bank banks and the Government Bank. However, it is not only in terminology. During the evolution, the function of the central bank did not remain unchanged. In the past, the essence of monetary control was reduced to ensuring the economy with money. The Central Bank should have given the elasticity of money and bank reserves, i.e., change the offer of money in response to changes in demand for money from the real sector of the economy. Currently, the Central Bank is considered as an institution responsible for developing and conducting monetary policy, changing the offer of money to achieve economic goals, such as economic growth, price stability and inflation.

The bank's bank function is wider than the creditor of the last instance in the critical situation. Through correspondent accounts opened in the Central Bank, banks are charged and calculations. The estimated network of the Central Bank is not the only way to carry out non-cash payments. Nevertheless, thanks to the regulation of the process of paying and supervision of banks, the central bank provides a normal operation and guarantees the stability of the financial system.

The role of the Central Bank as a government bank has also undergone certain changes. Historically, since its origin, the central banks attracted resources for lending to government spending. The state received emission income due to the exclusive, monopoly law of the Central Bank to create money, as well as profit from the commercial activities of the Bank. Currently, central banks are almost not engaged in lending to governments. In many countries, including in Russia, there are legislative restrictions on the right of the Central Bank to provide loans to the government to finance budget deficit, buy government securities when they are primary accommodation, as well as carry out banking operations with non-bank organizations. The emission activity of the central bank is more determined by the goals of monetary policy, rather than considerations of sore. Central banks are mainly carried out by the problem of the so-called fiscal agent of the state, i.e., the treasury accounts and manage the public debt.

One of the key policy issues is to what extent is the responsibility for the implementation of all three functions should lie at one institute. In 1995, an exhaustive analysis of the arguments "for" and "against" the division of the functions of monetary policy and banking supervision was carried out and no convincing arguments were found in favor of a particular model consistent with the fact that approximately half of the 27 studied countries divided these functions Between various state institutions, putting only responsibility for the stability of prices on the central bank, and the other half united.


Traditionally, the Central Bank performs 4 main functions: carries out the monopoly emission of banknotes, is the bank bank, government banker, conducts monetary regulation and bank supervision.

For the Central Bank as a representative of the state, an emission monopoly is enshrined only in relation to banknotes, that is, nationwide credit money, which are a generally accepted final means of repaying debt obligations. In some countries, the Central Bank is monopolum with the emission of coins, but their chasing is usually dealing with the Ministry of Finance (Treasury). Banknotes constitute a minor part of the money supply of industrialized countries, therefore the functions of the issuing monopoly of the Central Bank are somewhat reduced, although the banknote emission is still necessary for payments in retail trade and ensuring the liquidity of the credit system. The higher the share of cash in the country, the more important the value of banknote emission.

It should be borne in mind that the monopoly on the emission of banknotes at the present stage does not at all mean its strict control or linking with the goals of monetary regulation. The main task of monetary policy is the regulation of non-cash emissions, the main source of which are commercial banks. At the same time, the emission monopoly has turned the Central Bank to the issuing banking center of the banking system, since the obligations of the Central Bank (in the form of both banknotes and deposits of commercial banks) serve as a cash reserve of any commercial bank.

The central bank has no matter directly with entrepreneurs and the population. Its main clientele are commercial banks, acting as if intermediaries between the economy and the central bank. The latter stores free cash and commercial banks, i.e. their cash reserves. Historically, these reserves were placed by commercial banks in the Central Bank as a warranty fund for the repayment of deposits.

In most countries, commercial banks are obliged to keep part of their cash reserves in the Central Bank in accordance with the law. Such reserves call compulsory bank reserves. The Central Bank establishes the minimum ratio of mandatory reserves with the obligations of banks on deposits (the norm of mandatory reserves). Through accounts opened by commercial banks in the Central Bank, the latter settlement the calculations between them. With the introduction of electronic settlement systems, the value of the Central Bank's traditional function of the banking system is significantly reduced.

Taking on the storage of cash reserves of commercial banks, the Central Bank provides them with credit support. It is for commercial banks by the lender of the last instance, i.e. the lender for the extreme case. Usually, its loans are provided to banks at a rate higher than the market, and therefore banks are addressed to the central bank only in the absence of a different opportunity to receive a loan.

Regardless of the capital belonging, the central bank is closely related to the state. As a bananar of the government, the Bank acts as his cashier and the lender, the accounts of government and government departments are open. In most countries, the Central Bank carries out the cash execution of the state budget. Government revenues received from taxes and loans are credited to the area of \u200b\u200bthe Treasury (Ministry of Finance) in the Central Bank, from which all government costs are covered. In some countries, for example, in the United States, most of the budget funds are placed in commercial banks.

In the conditions of chronic deficit of state budgets, the function of lending to the state and public debt management (Denis Shevchuk) is intensified. Under the management of public debt, the operations of the Central Bank for the placement and repayment of loans, the organization of payments of income on them, to conduct conversion and consolidation. The Central Bank uses various methods of public debt management: buys or sells government obligations to influence their courses and profitability, changes the terms of sale, in various ways increases the attractiveness of government obligations for private investors.

On behalf of the government, the Central Bank regulates foreign currency and gold reserves, is the traditional keeper of state gold and foreign exchange reserves. He regulates international payments, balance sheets, participates in the operations of the global market of loan capital and gold. The central bank, as a rule, presents its country in international and regional monetary and credit organizations.

All functions of the central bank are closely interrelated. Loaning State and Banks, the Central Bank at the same time creates credit guns of appeal, exercising the release and repayment of government obligations, affects the level of loan interest. These functions of the Central Bank create objective prerequisites for performing the function of regulating the entire monetary system of the country and, consequently, the regulation of the economy. The function of monetary regulation and banking supervision at the present stage is the most important function of the Central Bank.

The Central Bank carries out its functions through banking operations - passive and active. Passive are called operations with which bank resources are formed, active - operations for posting banking resources.

Functions of the Central Bank of Russia

The function of conducting state monetary policy on the development of a market economy, ensuring the sustainability of the monetary circulation and the purchasing power of the national monetary unit. Performing this feature, the Bank takes part in the development of the fundamentals of the government's economic policy and uses various methods of monetary management of the banking system included in its competence.

The function of emissions of money and the organization of money circulation. The emission of money is the monopoly law of the Central Bank and is only in its competence. CB does not have the right to independently issue money into circulation. The need to issue new money is due to the implementation of national income or newly created value of the cumulative social product.

The function of lending commercial banks based on refining portfolio of their resources. The main feature of this feature is that the Central Bank as "Bank Bank" produces lending only banking institutions. The lending process is to restore funds of grassroots banks embedded in the capital circulation of enterprises of various sectors of the national economy. The presentation of loans occurs at refuncation rates established by the Central Bank.

The function of organizing non-cash settlements of the national economy. When performing this function, the Bank of Banks establishes the principles of the organization of settlements, ways to make payments, shaped forms of monetary documents, the stages of their accounting and the procedure for making settlement operations.

The function of organizing banking operations, accounting and statistical reporting on the work of banks. In connection with this function, the Bank creates rules for financing, lending, calculations and cash transactions, as well as accounting and reporting on the main areas of the activities of credit institutions.

The function of state registration of credit institutions. In pursuance of this function, the Bank considers a package of documents for the opening of a new credit institution and decides on the provision of a license for the right to maintain banking operations. Such licenses are issued only to credit institutions that have qualified personnel to fulfill their responsibilities.

The function of organizing state control over the activities of credit institutions. After the opening of credit institutions and the beginning of their operations, the Central Bank maintains constant control over their activities. This work is carried out by the banking cash centers of the bank, in which the correspondent accounts of lower loan bodies are located. Analyzing the turnover and balance of funds on these accounts, the RCC receive the necessary information on liquidity, solvency and financial condition of the CB.

The function of the implementation of state bonds. loans and lending to the costs of the federal budget. The Central Bank is the authorized body of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation for the sale of bonds of state loans. The implementation of the bonds of these loans is carried out by the banks-dealers, the composition of which is formed by the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank.

The function of regulating the country's gold reserves. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation is the main depository of the state-currency reserves of the state and organizes all operations for the sale and purchase of gold and foreign currencies. Operations with these values \u200b\u200bare manufactured at the prices of supply and demand for gold and foreign exchange markets.

The function of drawing up the balance balance of the country. In the conditions of fartherization of gold, the liquidation of the gold standard and the mint parity, the basis of ensuring the Central Bank of the Central Bank is the commodity, including the goods of domestic and foreign production. In order to control the state of foreign trade, payments and gold reserves, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is the balance of payments of the Russian Federation.