English. file archive mgsu. studfiles. English tutors from Misi University - MGSU Moscow State University of Civil Engineering - National Research University
Student Experience 1 year
from 800 rub / hour
free ContactAt a tutor, at a student, remotely
I passed the exam with excellent marks, I have deep and extensive knowledge of physics (basic, profile, Olympiad, practical). Winner of the Presidential Prize signed Expand personally by Livanov (Minister of Education of the Russian Federation), was included in the list of talented youth of the Russian Federation, participant and winner of city and regional Olympiads in physics, holder of more than 20 certificates and patents for scientific achievements in the field of invention and innovation, I have been fond of practical psychology for 4 years. I also do English tutoring. My level is Advanced (C1), there is a certificate confirming this, I have been studying English for 8 years, an impressive experience of communicating with native speakers. I am preparing for state exams as well as for KET and PET. At the moment I have two years of practice both with lagging basic level and with specialized students aimed at Olympiads and great results, grades 7-11. I know how to get interested in the subject and achieve results. At the moment, an impeccable result, always better than initially expected, all clients and students recommended me in their circles. All of the above can be checked at the first free introductory lesson, where we can develop a work plan, and you can understand whether it is worth trusting your child's education to a student.
Alexander is a very responsible and serious, real professional, despite his young age, he immediately found an approach to the child. We needed to pull up Expand available knowledge. Alexander copes with the task. In my opinion, such a teacher should be taken on the Unified State Exam, OGE. I will definitely advise the parents of our classmates. All reviews (5)
Mukhtar Timur PaatovichStudent Experience 1 year
from 500 rub / hour
free ContactEnglish tutor
At a student, remotely
I work with children (grades 3-9) and adults (who decided to start learning from scratch) up to the Intermediate level. I will help + explain homework to your child. assignment, prepare for the test / independent work, explain grammatical structures, teach you how to perceive and express yourself in English. If you have already finished your studies, lead a rich adult life and suddenly decided to start learning English, then you have come to the right place. I will explain to you the grammatical component of the language in an accessible form, teach you to comprehend English speech, and also raise your speaking skills. I provide all the necessary textbooks in electronic form, which can be easily printed. As for me, I have been learning English since preschool age, systematically traveled abroad to educational camps with an English bias, studied with a tutor and attended conversation clubs. There is no linguistic education, I will not lie, but I continue to develop in this area, I have extensive experience in communicating with people of different levels of English with different accents, I still study the language on my own. All these factors helped me to form a certain attitude towards the language and its study. I have been teaching for more than two years (mostly acquaintances / friends / relatives, since I was a little too tight in terms of time).
Do you want to find a tutor from MGSU? There are 53 of them in our database!
Tutors from MGSU
Private tutor in choreography and dance, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering.
Recruitment for a new group of choreography for beginners is being carried out.
Teaching children from 3 years old, adolescents and adults according to the author's method of teaching dance, individually and in a group, social work with parents of students, conducting dance fitness and stretching, creating dance performances and shows, working with pregnant women, conducting a special dance course for women. A professional in his field, with a high level of efficiency, efficiency and creativity. Classes are notable for their novelty and interesting direction. Responsible, punctual, has organizational skills, obligatory ...
Experienced karate and qigong tutor from MGSU.
I work with children from 4 years old, with adults. Depending on my inclinations, I can teach Classical karate (kihon, kata) or sports section (kumite, kata). Based on the results of training, it is possible to take belt exams, participate in competitions, in seminars with the participation of Japanese specialists.
Qigong - gymnastics complexes: tiger breathing; 5 elements; 8 pieces of brocade; Tibetan gymnastics; 24 forms of Tai Chi Chuan and others. Increase of vital energy, restoration of body plasticity (muscles, ligaments, blood vessels), recovery from injuries.
Stretching - stretching, flexibility, plastic surgery of muscles, ligaments, joints for martial arts, gymnastics, wellness ...
- Lesson cost: The cost and conditions of classes depend on the place, time, level of previous training, goals of classes, etc. (1500-3000 rubles / hour).
- Items: Karate, Qigong, Fitness, Exercise therapy
- Town: Moscow
- Nearest metro stations: Marxist, Taganskaya
- Home visit: available
- Status: Private teacher
- Education: MGSU, 1998, MGAFK, 2004, GASIS, 2009
Chess and English tutor services from MGSU.
Chess - theory and methodology, chess in English and German (lived in Germany and Belgium for over 10 years), "Chess and Mind Games as a Strategy and Model of Life" - for managers.
A unique methodology, personally developed by a qualitatively new, innovative approach to teaching and sports improvement, which allows children to avoid "fixation" solely on sports results and, along with sports, adequately develop other necessary components of both specifically chess and general education: a) cultural - aesthetic, b) organizational - judicial; c) managerial ...
Qualified drawing and mathematics tutor, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering.
Students of technical universities. Mathematics for grades 5-9
I am over 70. 35 of them are engaged in tutoring in descriptive geometry and drawing. All students successfully passed coursework, tests and sessions.
- Lesson cost: RUB 1000 / 60 min
- Items: Drafting, Mathematics
- Town: Moscow
- Nearest metro stations: Falcon, Otradnoe
- Home visit: No
- Status: Private teacher
- Education: Leningrad Civil Engineering Institute, road traffic faculty, 1959, postgraduate study at MISS
Individual drawing tutor from MGSU.
Drafting, descriptive geometry, engineering graphics. The candidate of technical sciences conducts individual lessons with schoolchildren and students. Axonometry, detailing, shadows, perspective, assembly drawings. Joint execution of control works.
- Lesson cost: RUB 1000 / 60 min
- Items: Drawing
- Town: Moscow
- Nearest metro station: Riga
- Home visit: No
- Status: University professor
- Education: Graduated from the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys in 1970, Faculty of Civil Engineering. Now he is a candidate of technical sciences.
Private tutor in French and English from MGSU.
Unified State Exam, all levels. French and English with a native speaker individually. I have a proven author's teaching methodology, many internships in England, more than 25 years of work experience and many good reviews from students.
Native French speaker with over 25 years of experience in tutoring. All the pupils and students I trained were satisfied, achieved excellent results with almost everyone. Many have left great reviews. I give discounts for serious, excellent and motivated students.
I am an experienced and capable teacher and always give good results. I am a citizen of Russia and have lived here for over 34 years ...
- Lesson cost: RUB 1000 / 60 min
- Items: French, English, Physics, Mathematics
- Town: Moscow
- Nearest metro stations: Molodezhnaya, Slavyansky Boulevard
- Home visit: available
- Status: Private teacher
- Education: MISS, 1991 graduation (Master's degree at the Faculty of Civil Engineering Industrial and Civil Engineering, in 2007 he defended his thesis in building physics, candidate of technical sciences.
Experienced tutor in mathematics and physics, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering.
Mathematics (algebra, geometry) - school course (students in grades 1-11, preschoolers).
Physics - school course (pupils of grades 5 - 11).
All primary school subjects (up to grade 5 inclusive). I help students with mastering and understanding school material. Preparation for examinations, tests. Preparation for olympiads (junior classes). Help with homework. Improving academic performance in the subject.
- Lesson cost: at home: 700 rubles / hour (depending on the category of the student);
for a student: 800 - 1000 rubles / hour (depends on the time spent on the road);
Remotely: 500 - 800 rubles / hour. - Items: Mathematics, Physics, School Preparation, Elementary School
- Town: Moscow
- Nearest metro stations: Borisovo, VDNKh
- Home visit: available
- Status: Student
- Education: MGSU, IGES, specialty (construction of unique buildings and structures). Student (graduation year 2021)
I teach the first lesson for free.
Qualified tutor in mathematics and Russian from MGSU.
Mathematics: students in grades 1 - 9, improving academic performance, explaining complex or simply incomprehensible topics, high-quality preparation for the OGE.
Russian language: students in grades 1-9, literacy improvement, I will teach how to write essays, essays, statements. Help in preparing for the OGE.
English: classes for children from 5 years old and schoolchildren (grades 1 - 9), improving academic performance, preparing for the OGE.
Physics: students in grades 7 - 9, improving academic performance, explaining complex topics, preparing for the OGE.
I guarantee the elimination of gaps in the student's knowledge, high-quality preparation of homework. I teach my lessons in the game ...
- Lesson cost: RUB 1000 / 60 min
- Items: Mathematics, Russian, English, Physics
- Town: Moscow
- Nearest metro station: Borisovo
- Home visit: available
- Status: Student
- Education: MGSU, technosphere safety, 2020 graduation.
Architectural graphics - I prepare applicants for the entrance exam in Architectural graphics (drawing) at MGSU, GUZ and Moscow Architectural Institute in the specialty "Urban Development" and "Architecture", "Restoration".
Descriptive geometry - solving problems in a workbook, tasks of increased ...
- Lesson cost: Drawing - 1000 rubles / 60 min;
Descriptive geometry - 1000 rubles / 60 min;
Engineering graphics - 1000 rubles / 60 min;
Architectural graphics - 1200 rubles / 60 min. - Items: Drawing, Other subjects
- Town: Moscow
- Nearest metro stations: Altufevo, Bibirevo
- Home visit: No
- Status: Private teacher
- Education: Architectural and construction technical school. Faculty of Construction and Road Machines. Graduated in 1969. Civil Engineering Institute. Faculty of construction mechanization, specialty - mechanical engineer ...
MOSCOW STATE SOCIAL UNIVERSITY Faculty of Foreign Languages A.N. GORBATKOVA ENGLISH LANGUAGE FOR STUDENTS MGSU Teaching materials Moscow "Soyuz" 1999 BBK 81.2 English - 923 Г - 67 Reviewers: S.G. Zubanova - Ph.D. Sci., Professor I.V. Namestnikova - Ph.D. in Phil. Sci., Associate Professor Reviewers: S.G. Zubanova - Ph.D. Sci., Professor A.N. Gorbatkova G - 67 English for graduate students: teaching materials. - M .: Publishing house MGSU "Soyuz", 1999. - 76 p. Educational and methodological materials were approved at a meeting of the department of the first foreign language. Minutes No. 2 of October 9, 1998. LBC 81.2 English - 923 © Publishing House MGSU "Soyuz", 1999 © Gorbatkova AN, 1999 METHODOLOGICAL NOTE These training materials are intended to prepare graduate students for the candidate exam in English. The first part presents the original English texts on social topics. Working with texts is aimed at helping to develop those skills and knowledge of a foreign language that are necessary when working with foreign literature, when communicating with foreign colleagues, when participating in scientific conferences. After successfully completing the course, graduate students should be able to: 1) read original texts in English on special topics with a dictionary; 2) translate original English texts in the specialty (excerpts); 3) extract the necessary information from the text (selectively); 4) clearly and competently state the main provisions of the text (in Russian and English - orally); 5) compose an abstract on what was read (in writing in Russian); 6) deliver a message and conduct a conversation on the subject of the text. The texts are arranged in a convenient order for assimilation - from less complex to more complex - and are selected taking into account the specifics of the university: the texts have a social orientation with a general content corresponding to the profile of the faculties and institutes of MGSU. This allows graduate students to expand their vocabulary, both general and in their specialty, to consolidate the skills of reading special scientific literature, to relieve difficulties in communicating in English within the studied topics. In the classroom, the following types of tasks are offered: 1) read the text (without a dictionary) and formulate the topic of the text, indicate which parts the text is divided into, what the author wanted to say; 2) read the text a second time and then: a) write down the new words; b) underline (or formulate yourself) the main ideas; c) transform the text using text automation compression tools; 3) transmit the content of the text with a commentary (with elements of an oral abstract) in English; 4) make an annotation (abstract) of the text in Russian in writing. Usually, the main difficulties for graduate students are caused by retelling with a commentary (orally in English) and writing an abstract (in Russian). To remove these difficulties, the teachers of the department have developed a system of special exercises. First, tasks aimed at developing the relevant skills and abilities are performed in the classroom, worked out on several texts, then graduate students prepare tasks mainly on their own, and in the classroom they demonstrate what they have done. The second part of the training materials are texts in Russian. The task of the graduate student is to convey the content of this text in English and comment on the text. This requires skills in working with the Russian text to compose an oral abstract and the ability to formulate the main provisions of the text using the language tools necessary to compose a commentary (oral abstract) in English. Postgraduates get acquainted with Russian texts at home, then in the classroom they practice the technique of compiling an oral abstract. Particular attention is paid to the translation technique and the study of the linguistic means necessary for commenting on the text in English. The course is designed for 140 hours of classroom lessons. In conclusion, I would like to warn the stronger in the field of English and encourage those who are weaker. The language requires constant practice. Any good skill is quickly lost if there is not enough training. Therefore, in order to achieve good results on the exam, to maintain, or better, to increase your knowledge in the field of English, you need to systematically study. For those who have had a break in their English studies, who have difficulty reading, speaking and listening to foreign speech, a year of studying English in graduate school offers good opportunities to significantly improve their level of English proficiency. When forming groups, the level of training of graduate students is taken into account; the groups are small in composition, which allows for an individual approach to each graduate student; general seriousness to successfully pass the exam, and most importantly, systematic studies - all this will help you improve your English. CONTENTS OF THE CANDIDATE EXAM IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE The candidate exam is conducted in two stages. At the first stage, a postgraduate student (applicant): 1) translates a scientific text in a foreign language on social topics or on a dissertation topic with a volume of at least 30,000 prints. signs and writes an abstract in Russian of this scientific text; 2) compiles a vocabulary of special terminology on social topics or on a dissertation topic (at least 250-300 terms). The term for submission of the abstract and vocabulary is 2 weeks before the oral examination. The quality of the vocabulary is assessed according to the credit system. Successful completion of the abstract and vocabulary is a condition for admission to the second stage of the exam. The second stage (oral examination) includes 3 tasks: 1. Studying reading of the original text in the specialty with a volume of at least 1500-2000 prints. signs (preparation time - 30 minutes) Presentation and commentary in a foreign language of a foreign language text on social topics or on the topic of the dissertation. Translation into Russian of a fragment of a text with a volume of 350-400 prints. marks of the examiner's choice. Reading aloud a fragment of the text of the examiner's choice. 2. Presentation in a foreign language of the content of the Russian text on social topics or on the topic of the dissertation. The volume of the text is 1500-2000 prints. characters, preparation time (with a dictionary) - 10 minutes. 3. Message and conversation on the proposed topic. The list of the main topics for communication and conversation 1. The main problems of the scientific work of a graduate student. Results of 1 year of study. 2. The essence of social work. The nature of the social worker's activities. 3. Scientific conferences. Participation in scientific conferences. 4. Abstraction of foreign literature. My essay on a foreign language. 5. The role of a foreign language in my future profession. How I speak a foreign language. 6. Direction, prospects and problems of the development of science of interest to graduate students. 7. Russian and foreign scientists. Their contribution to the development of world science (by the example of a scientist). 8. The system of higher education in Russia. Moscow as a center of science and education. 9. The possibility of studying abroad. (A well-known foreign university.) 10. My professional activity. Note: On the exam, oral additional questions are possible on the completed abstract. ENGLISH TEXTS Text # 1 HOW TO WIN FRIENDS AND INFLUENCE PEOPLE (Dale Carnegie) Fundamental techniques in handling people 1. Instead of condemning people, let’s try to understand them. Let’s try to figure out what they do. That’s a lot more profitable and intriguing thаn criticism, and it breeds sympathy, tolerance and kindness (“if you want to gather honey, don’t kick over the beehive”). 2. First, arouse in the other person an eager want. 3. When we are not engaged in thinking about some definite problem, we usually spend 95 per cent of the time thinking about ourselves, which is wrong. Let’s cease thinking of our accomplishments, our wants. Let’s try to figure out the other man’s good points. Give honest, sincere appreciation. “Be hearty in your praise”. 4. The only way on earth to influence the other fellow is to talk about what he wants and show him how to get it. 5. Get the other person's point of view and see things from his angcl. Six ways to make people like you 1. Become genuinely interested in other people. 2. Smile. 3. Remember that a man's name is to him the sweetest and most important sound in any language. 4. Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves. 5. Talk in terms of the other man’s interest. 6. Make the other person feel superior to you and so sincerely and naturally. Twelve ways to win people to your way of thinking 1. You can’t win an argument; the best way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it. 2. Show respect for the other man’s opinions. Never tell a man he is wrong. 3. If we know we are going to get the Old Harry anyhow, isn’t it far better to beat the other fellow to it and do it ourselves? If you are wrong, admit it quickly and emphatically. 4. Begin in a friendly way. Remember: “A drop of honey catches more flies than a gallon of gall”. 5. In talking with people, don’t begin discussing the things on which you differ. Begin by emphasizing - and keep on emphasizing - the things on witch you agree. Get the other person saying, “Yes, yes,” at the outset. Keep him, if possible, from saying “No”. 6. Let the other man do a great deal of the talking. If you disagree, don’t interrupt him, this is dangerous. Let him talk himself. Ask questions. Try to understand him. 7. Let the other man feel that the idea you have suggested is his. 8. There is a reason why the other man thinks and acts as he does. Ferret out that hidden reason and you get the key to his actions, perhaps his personality. Try to see things from the other person's point of view. 9. Be sympathetic with the other person's ideas and desires. 10. Appeal to nobler motives. 11. Dramatise your ideas. 12. If you want to win men - spirited men, men of mettle - to your way of thinking, throw down a challenge. Nine ways to change people without giving offence or arousing resentment 1. Begin with praise and honest appreciation. 2. Call attention to people’s mistakes indirectly. 3. Talk about your own mistakes before criticizing the other person. 4. Ask questions instead of giving direct orders. 5. Let the other man save his face. 6. Praise the slightest improvement. Be “hearty in your approbation and lavish in your praise”. 7. Give a man a fine reputation to live up to. 8. Use encouragement. Make the fault you want to correct seem easy to correct, make the thing you want the other person to do seem easy to do. 9. Make the other person happy about doing the thing you suggest. From Dale Carnegie Lyrics No. 2 Europe is beginning a new series on Europe's past. Each issue will look at the “golden age” of a particular country, a period during which it made a lasting contribution to European history and culture. Andrew Cowley of the Economist begins the series with a look at one of the great theorists of the British industrial revolution. THE INVISIBLE HAND Adam Smith and the discovery of modern economics By the middle of the last century, England was unchallenged as the world’s great economic power. The first phase of the first industrial revolution was over. By substituting machines for human skill, steam for human and animals force, English entrepreneurs brought about a shift from handicrafts to mass manufacturing, and in so doing gave birth to a modern economy. Within two lifetimes, English society had been transformed: an Englishman of 1750 was closer to one of his grandchildren. The problem was that England in the 1840`s was also a country in crisis. A series of bad harvests had reduced demand for the goods being churned out by the new industries. Their producers could not find enough foreign markets to sell excess production, so were forced to sack their workers. Unemployment was made worse by one-third between 1801 and 1831. Despite all its economic achievements, the mass of England’s people was living in object poverty. England's ruling elite was split by a fierce debate on how a country could be so rich but its people so poor, and how to solve this problem before it set off a revolution. For support and ideas, the leaders of this debate turned to a group of thinkers, known as “economists”. Today most people have a hard time understanding what economists are talking about, but everyone knows that an economist is a specialist in a recognized branch of academic knowledge. At the beginning of the 19th century, the term was nothing like as specific. In England, it was applied to anyone who approached problems by putting every argument and doctrine, on whatever subject, to the test of facts. It was no coincidence that England gave birth to the first industrial revolution and what has since become known as the classical school are Adam Smith's “Wealth of Nations” (published in 1776), David Ricardo’s “Principles of Political Economy and Taxation” ( 1817), and James Mill's “Political Economy” (1821). Together these books set out a view of political economy based on three ideas: while their predecessors had seen agriculture and land as the sole source of wealth, the classical economists emphasized manufacturing and labor; they believed that free competition benefited society as a whole; and they opposed government interference in the economy as, more often than not, it only upset the natural process of wealth creation. Of these books, the most important is that by Adam Smith. It is the first great classic of economic theory. From the journal Economist Text No. 3 EACH OF US IS A CROWD Eleven-year-old Mary rises early in order to have time with her mother before her mother goes to work and Mary to school. This special time for both Mary and her mother is spent quietly reading a book and talking about the coming day. Mary cherishes this moment when her mother is very loving to her and she tends to regress to behavior, which is younger than her age would suggest. She actively seeks security and her mother’s affection and behaves in a clearly childish way, evoking from her mother feelings of protectiveness and of wanting to hold and cuddle Mary. Mary leaves for school, meets her friend, and already Mary appears to be quite a different person. With her friend, Mary is more grown up, boasting about her good marks in art, and appearing in general to be self-confident and at ease. She tells her friend what they should do after school and decides what games they will play at break-time. Clearly she is the leader in this relationship, with her friend taking a subservient role. On the way to school Mary and her friend meet two boys from class, and again Mary's behavior changes. Now she is aggressive and boisterous, teasing the boys and provoking their irritation, even to the point of pushing one of them out the other way. She clearly does not like one of the boys and tells so both verbally and through her behavior. Upon arrival at school, when the math class begins, Mary's behavior again changes quite dramatically, now she seems confused, near to tears, and unable to work. She seeks constant assistance from the teacher, does not understand the task at hand, and is caught cheating by copying another child’s work. When confronted with this behavior, she bursts into tears saying that she is stupid and unable to do math and a failure. That afternoon in art class, her favorite activity, Mary excels brilliantly, showing great artistic talent and creativity. She is bright, co-operative and contributing to the aliveness in the room. She helps other children, demonstrating sensitivity and compassion. In a short period of time Mary has demonstrated five different and disparate behaviors. She appears to be many different people and may feel confused by her own inconsistent behavior, sometimes thinking that there must be something wrong with her. She may be frightened by her aggressive behavior and try to counteract it by being a very good girl. There are so many different parts of us, and such a variety of behaviors and internal states into which we fall that it all seems beyond our conscious control. Sometimes we may feel that we are several different people, in spite of ourselves. When a child misbehaves, he often feels that he did it in spite of himself-that he did not really want to be difficult or to cause the trouble for which he is reprimanded. From the textbook in Sociology Text No. 4 SEARCHING THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT The memory of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 is preserved by many cheerful customs in various parts of Great Britain, and by one dignified ceremony that takes place in London before the Opening of Parliament. This is the searching by a detachment of Yeomen of the Guard of the cellars under the Palace of Westminster, either on the evening before the Opening or, more usually, on the morning of the day itself. The Yeomen, in their scarlet and gold uniforms, come from the Tower of London to the Princess` chamber in the House of Lords and there, in the presence of a number of the Palace officials, they are given old candle-lanterns to use during the ceremony. As soon as the order to search has been received, they set out on a prolonged tour of the basements, vaults, and cellars below the building. Carrying their lighted lanterns in their hands, and firmly ignoring the existence of the very efficient electric lighting, they search every cranny and crevice, every corner and conceivable hiding-place, to satisfy themselves that no gunpowder barrels, bombs, or infernal machines have been anywhere concealed with intent to blow up Sovereign, Lords, and Commons. When they have proved by personal and most careful inspections that all is well, a message is sent to the Queen, the Yeomen are given some well earned refreshment and return whence they came, and Parliament is then free to assemble without fear of disaster. It needs hardly be said that the safety of the reigning monarch, ministers, peers, and elected members of Parliament does not really depend upon this picturesque last-minute ceremony. Nevertheless, there was a night in 1605 when it did so depend upon a grimly earnest and quite unpicturesque search through the multifarious cellars that then underran the Palace of Westminster, and it is this event which the modern ceremony is traditionally supposed to commemorate. In fact, there does not seem to be any real evidence for the connection. Some authorities think that regular inspections of the cellars did not begin until the time of the Popish Plot scare in the latter half of the 17th century. However that may be, there is no doubt that the ceremonial search made by the Yeomen of the Guard before the State Opening of Parliament is as much a reminder of the Gunpowder Plot for most people as any bonfires blazing and rockets soaring heavenwards on the night of November 5th. Notwithstanding the candles, the search now made is a real one, and certainly any secret enemy of the Queen and Parliament would find it hard to conceal any material evidence of evil intentions from the keen eyes of the Yeomen of the Guard. From a Dictionary of British Folk Customs by Christina Hole Lyrics # 5 SPACE DEBRIS The popular saying, “You have to pay for everything”, indirectly points to the fact that man should plan and think over his behavior in his world to avoid undesirable, costly problems in the future. Such is the case in space exploration. It goes without saying that the “contribution” of space exploration to increased pollution of Earth’s ecology is infinitesimally small compared to nuclear power, coal and oil mining, heavy metallurgy, “Big Chemistry”, and the like. But everything lies ahead. Space exploration began with the launching of the first satellite on October 3, 1957. More than 35 years of space exploration have generated a new problem: space debris. The space debris phenomenon alarms people in all developed countries. What lies at the heart of this problem? At present, a lot of disabled artificial satellites are circling round our Earth. The Earth's orbits also include many fragments of antennae, solar batteries and small particles, which form up so-called clouds and clusters, which are especially dangerous for orbital flights of space crafts and satellites. One should not forget that the space includes gaseous and dusty particles. The micron-size particles are not dangerous in low orbits (up to 1000 km), as they burn out in solid layers of the atmosphere from friction. However high orbits (over 20.000 km) and Geostationary Orbits (36. 000 km) are a different matter. Any satellite launched into such an orbit slowly moves about the point of liberation, which in turn makes one rotation within 24 hours. It “hovers” over one and the same point of the Earth’s equator. If the Earth were completely round, then any Geostationary Satellite would hover over the same point of the Earth, where it had been launched. This explains how communication satellites, TV satellites and the like operate. The very existence of space debris increases the chance of collisions with active satellites of manned space vehicles. Consequently the long-term evolution of high orbital fragments and particles of space debris are now monitored. Ordinary radio-technical monitoring systems are useless here. They may be valid for only low-orbit monitoring. Two factors impede monitoring over Geostationary Orbits (GSO): the height of the orbit and a great deal of dielectric objects, which don’t reflect radio waves. Here we see the need for optical methods of observation. Russian scientists have achieved great success and are world leaders in this field. They have pioneered scientific monitoring of outer space with the help of unique specially designed astronomical telescopes. They study the optimal location of monitoring stations on the Earth's surface and the mode of operation of their equipment. Cosmic mechanics involves the evolutionary study of the movement of cosmic objects, based on the physical peculiarities of forces inducing this movement. Russian astronomers have understood the special need for light pressure in the evolution of space debris. The light pressure phenomenon was discovered by the Russian physicist P. Lebedev in 1897. Today, the study of light pressure influence on space debris will lessen the danger of collisions between satellites or manned space vehicle with some fragments or particles of space debris. An article from the newspaper Text No. 6 PRESERVE FOR OUR GRANDCHILDREN Not that long ago it seemed that man, the Master of the Universe, can make rivers flow back, create artificial seas and turn deserts into blossoming gardens ... We believed the Marxist doctrine that man cannot wait for fruits of Mother Nature and should take them himself. But it turned out that by changing Mother Nature we simply destroyed it. The very death of the extremely beautiful and deep Aral Sea, literally before our own eyes demonstrated the results of our ignorance the elementary laws of life. The Chernobyl disaster became a sinister warning of a forthcoming apocalypse. It is crystal clear that the preservation of life and ecology troubles are world-wide problems. These problems came to the foreground. If water is undrinkable, food is inedible and air cannot be inhaled, then you must agree that all other problems are meaningless ... It's safe to say that the very activity of the Committee of the Supreme Soviets on ecology and rational use of raw materials aims to preserve forests, lakes and clean rivers. In a nutshell we must preserve them for our grandchildren and great grandchildren ... It goes without saying that the ecological problem is complicated. Vladimir Varfolomeev, Chairman of the Ecology Committee, maintains that this problem remains most acute. “Current technology does not correspond, as a rule, to ecological standards. Various violations of state and technological disciplines intensify harmful technical effects on Mother Nature. On the whole managers of enterprises try to make both ends meet to pay employees and do not engage in environmentally-sound activities ... Tots put profits. Consequently the Committee tries to create a powerful legislative body, which can prevent illegal ecological actions. It should be noted here that the law of the Russian Federation on the “Protection of the Environment” became the source of such legislation. This law stipulates the compliance of all enterprises, institutions, organizations, Russian citizens, foreign legal entities and individuals to strict legal principles. Some of these principles are: a guarantee of ecological principles suitable for life, labor and rest of the population, rational use of raw materials and the prevention of fatal damage to the environment and humanity. This law enforces responsibility on the breaking of any environmental rules, including material and criminal damage ... This law should meet state ecology expertise, which approves all enterprises dealing with design, building and reconstructing - so in Ryazan region the ecology expertise rejected half the draft new buildings and objects under reconstruction. Now the Ecology Committee is devising a package of “Nature-Resources laws”. The first law from this package is the law in the “Mineral Resources” and the recent “Fundamental laws of the Forestry of the Russian Federation" ". Both these laws put an end to the totalitarian power of central ministries and its branches. The basis of many regional budget may be formed from forestry fees, rental fees together with payments for the use of mineral resources and other raw materials. Local authorities will be able to use the local forestry fund, and block any arbitrary exploitation of petrol, gas and what not ... One should focus on the law on the “Fundamental laws of the Forestry of the RF”. Raw materials will sooner or later be exhausted, but the forest itself can last for millions of years, provided that we its replenishment. The “Fundamentals” stress that the forest is both the place of our abode and our benefactor. It is also the source of valuable materials, including lumber, pulp and other building materials. If the Russian people call its soil “Dear Mother”, the forest should be called “Dear Father”. Life without oxygen produced by the forest would have been inconceivable. The forest feeds us and gives us clothings. In short its importance for man cannot be overestimated. Consequently “Fundamentals” proceed from such principles as the forest’s afforestation .. These principles stipulate the maintenance of an annual balance between the cutting of standing timber and its afforestation on a given territory. Thus, so-called “calculated timber failing sites” are determined by special research bodies and discussed with state managerial forestry bodies. Any acted cutting of standing timber is prohibited. The Ministry of the Forestry must supervise afforestation, protect and guard the state forests. State bodies monitoring the forestry may not deal with state timber purchasing. Licenses for timber purchasing are issued by local authorities in compliance with the terms of forestry demands. The Chairman of the Subcommittee on the Natural Resources Committee of the Russian Federation Yuri Sergeev maintains: "The provision of rights for local authorities to choose a forest" s user and rent the forest fund will increase the responsibility of the local authorities for any social and economic consequences of such decisions for their territories and thus prevent the dispersal of the forest "s users ..." It will, in the long run, preserve for our children and grandchildren birch groves, pine forests, oak-groves and cedar forests. From the journal Nature Text No. 7 Wednesday, October 2, 1996 N E W S YOUTH PROTESTS GREET ARMY DRAFT By Sophia Coudenhove THE MOSCOW TIMES Dozens of young men picketed the Defense Ministry on Tuesday, demanding thorough reform of the army and an end to compulsory military service. "There" s no way I'm going to join the army when I'm called up ", said Teodor Voitolovsky, 17, a student." The Russian Army has traditionally been full of oppression, and I don "t think it" s my duty to serve in an army like that. I "m not afraid of what hap pens to me if I dodge the draft" / According to a recent report in Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Voitolovsky has little to fear. Of the 31,000 young men eligible to serve time in prison for evading the draft in the autumn of 1995 and winter of 1996, only 500 were charged and just 60 were actually sentenced, the paper reported. Tuesday "s demonstration, organized by the Anti-Fascist Youth Movement, marked the first day of the autumn call-up, with draft-evasion steadily on the rise. Indeed, for the reluctant conscript, draft evasion may seem safer than military service, which continues to feature sadistic hazing rituals and a high incidence of accidental deaths and suicides.A series of decrees passed by President Boris Yeltsin in the heat of last summers election campaign would, if they were implemented, mean a gradual phasing out of con scription in favor of a fully volunteer army by the year 2000. More feasibly, in the short term at least, Yeltsin also ordered that conscripts have the right to refuse service in the country "s various" hot spots "- in particular, Chechnya. Until recently, the prospect of be ing sent to Chechnya ill-equipped and barely trained was the main threat causing young Russian men to avoid the draft. But, despite the decree and the apparent end of the war, today "s unwilling conscripts are taking no chances." This demonstration is a reminder to Yeltsin to think of his promises and fix our army, "" said Pyotr Kaznacheyev, 19, calling out to demon strators in front of a Russian flag and posters of swastikas falling into trash cans. Demonstrators at Tuesday's meeting said Yeltsin's decrees were nothing more than a pre-election manoeuvre. “Reforming the army is not in the interests of our military leaders”, said Yevgeny Proshchechkin, a Russia's Choice Deputy in the Moscow City Duma, and head of the Anti-Fascist Youth Movement. “They know that the fewer soldiers there are, the fewer generals there will be, and they know that it is harder to control paid professionals than 18-years-old boys living in terrible conditions.” Others were equally pessimistic. “I do not believe the government and the Defense Ministry are talking this decree seriously”, said Duma Defense Committee chairman Alexey Arbatov. “There is not one word in the budget about professionalizing the army. They can not feed their soldiers as is, so how are they are going to pay to reform it ”/ Arbatov said that despite the apparent end to the war in Chechnya, the number of draft-dodgers continues to grow every year. Defense Ministry officials declined to comment. According to the Nezavisimaya survey, one of every three draftees says his parents are opposed to his service in the military. Only 10 percent of parents believe military service to be a man's patriotic duty, and only 8 percent believe “defense of the fatherland” is a valuable life experience. The survey disclosed that the main reasons for which draftees considered evasion are threefold: fear of hazing (30 percent), fear for their lives (3 percent) and the physical rigors of service (15 percent). An article from the newspaper Text No. 8 SEARCH FOR "NEW ENERGY" The creation of Peter "s Academy of Sciences constituted the starting point of academic sciences in Russia. Peter the Great founded the Academy in 1724. Like everything else in Russia the Science was extremely centralized: fundamental research was carried out in Moscow and St. Petersburg, home to the largest universities and academic centers.Historians quite rightly assert that dramatic scientific developments occurred at the turn of the last century.Academician Vladimir I. Vernadsky (1863-1945 ) was one of its pioneers. He was the universal scholar, philosopher, naturalist and historian. The world-known scholar Vernadsky was endowed with unique talents, able to set up scientific communities, organizations and scientific bodies in any situation. On graduating from Petersburg University in 1923, Vernadsky decided to go round the world and thereby fulfil a dream. Staritskaya changed his set plans. She did not cede to him st raight away. She felt uneasy that she was two years and a half older than her suitor. He wrote numerous letters to win her over. In one letter he clearly predicted their future connubial life: "... I clearly see the road I" m destined to follow: scientific, social and publicist. My activities will vary. At any rate my creative work should rule out all infatuations and connubial dramas which often affect people who are not frank and whose heads are empty enough to suffer these misfortunes "/ They married three months after his proposal. Their connubial life lasted 57 years. Natalia Egorovna died during the war in 1943. Vernadsky lived another two and a half years. He contributed to biochemistry "s development as a science. Vernadsky set the basis for science on the biosphere and neosphere. The sphere of the intellect oriented science to a cosmic disposition. He contributed greatly to certain walks of geology, namely mineralogy. He rendered great services to Geology, from a study of rare elements and their role in science to a search into "new energy" / a nuclear one. Throughout his life, Vernadsky was a real scholar, dreamer and artist. He wrote his wife: "I" m a dreamer. It is in my blood. I "m aware that I can be fascinated with something false, delusive and be lost in a labyrinth of my illusions ... Very few day-dreamers and scholars manage to perform something in their lives. Consequently I think I may be a good for nothing miserable. In those desperate days, I feel frustrated owing to my inability to do anything. I bitterly endure my nonentity. At that moment I don "t want to be a scientist. I want to be somebody else ... I feel that if I become convinced that I "m unable to be all my millions of dreams, I will be ready to devote myself body and soul to the humanities philosophy, jurisdiction or some other social activity ... "Vernadsky never stood aloof from current political trends of the country. He was a staunch follower of democratic principles and constitutional state system. He refused even to think of living without rendering services to his country, his people and society. Vernadsky was nominated by the party of the constitutional democrats to election the Constituent Assembly of Russia. After the October revolution and disbanding of the Constituent Assembly by Bolsheviks he tried to say "good-by" to the "new order". In 1916 during a short business trip to the city of Perm, he helped set up Perm "s University and then moved on to Kiev, where he helped organization the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. He was appointed its first President in 1919. But life brought its own corrections: after the revolution In Germany, Bolshevism came to the Ukraine.Vernadsky decided to move to the Crimea, where he helped create Tavria University and the Tavria Academy of Sciences.Vernadsky had to work there in very harsh political circumstances.In 1921 the Crimea was engulfed by civil war. Many of his friends, including his children, emigrated but he refused to, as he couldn "t leave his job. In 1922 Vernadsky returned to St. Petersburg and created the Radium Institute. He was appointed its director. Vernadsky predicted the colossal importance of radium and other radioactive elements, radiating a "new type" of energy, emitting of heart for the Earth "s evolution. The actual study of radioactive process enabled Vernadsky to determine the age of minerals from the period of radioactive decay. He thereby formulated the fundamental principles of radiology. This science allowed him to determine the absolute age of our Earth, Solar System and the Universe as a whole. Let me now advance a hypothesis of my own. I am sure that Vernadsky was convinced that the human soul was everlasting and indestructible. His definition of the "Neosphere" implied an energetic notion. Vernadsky re-interpreted this notion in terms of cooperation between nature and the human society. According to Vernadsky, human activity becomes a determined factor of evolution. In other words, the Neosphere forms the condition for the biosphere and puts it on the COSMIC level. It turns the biosphere into a structural element of the outer space. Vernadsky believed in God. He was convinced that the Neosphere was formed by both God and Man. In our days, science has started linking the peculiarities of the universe with man "s existence as an observer. This is an entropy principle. This principle maintains that man was created by God the Almighty in a world with beneficial natural laws. We should preserve life and bring it about in conformity with the laws of society and Nature.Vladimir Vernadsky, the great naturalist, entrusted us with this task.From the journal Nature Text No. 9 ENGLISH LANGUAGE The English language is derived from Germanic (see GERMANIC LANGUAGES), which is derived from Indo-European (see INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES), but it is not definitely known how, when, or even where Indo-European began. Ever since the Elisabethan Age the number of people speaking English as their first language, or mother tongue, has grown rapidly. Today, however, several languages are adding speakers at a faster rate - Spanish will soon have more speakers than English. Nevertheless, the situation and prospects enjoyed by English hav e never seemed better. For several years now English has been accepted in virtually every part of the world as the prefered second language - the language that two people will turn to when they cannot understand each other’s tongue. It is no accident that the leaders of France and Germany speak to each other in English, and the English language shows no sings of losing its international preeminence. Origins English carries the story of its origin as an independent language in its name. The “Engl” - part of the word goes back to the Angles, a Germanic tribe that invaded and colonized much of Britain during the 5th and 6th centuries. The “ish” part means “belonging to" ": in this case, the language than belonged to the Angles - the“ Angles-ish ”language. The Angles lived in northern Germany alongside a number of kindred tribes, including the Saxons and the Jutes. Beginning about the year 450, members of these three tribes, joining in the widespread barbarian migrations that marked the end of the western Roman Empire, crossed the North Sea to find new homes in Britain. For the next 50 or 60 years the would-be colonizers, aided by reinforcements, fought with the original inhabitants of the island, the Britons, and pushed them back to the north and west into present-day Scotland and Wales. The territory that Angles, Saxons, and Jutes thus carved out for themselves can be called the land of the Anglo-Saxons, or, for short, “Angle-land” - England. Similarly, their language can be called Anglo-Saxons or OLD ENGLISH. The Britons spoke one of the closely related languages termed Celtic. CELTIC LANGUAGES spoken today include Irish, Welsh, and Scottish Gaelic, all found in Great Britain, and Breton, the native language of Brittany, on the northwest coast of France. The Anglo-Saxons spoke a form of Germanic. By the 5th century, however, speakers of these two branches of Indo-European would have been totally unintelligible to each other. At first the Anglo-Saxons who went to Britain continued to speak the same tongue as their cousins whom they had left behind in northern Germany. With each passing generation, however, the speech patterns of the two peoples, now separated by the North Sea, grew less and less alike. After a while it could be said that they spoke different dialects of the same language - much as today the inhabitants of Montreal and Paris speak different dialects of French. Finally, at that time (probably during the 7th century or even later) when the Anglo-Saxons and people of Germany could no longer understand each other, the English language came into its own: the Anglo-Saxons spoke English - Old English to be precise - and the people of Germany spoke early forms of the German language. Old English Present-day English descends directly from the speech of the Anglo-Saxons. English has, however, changed so much during the course of the past thousand years that today Old English seems like a foreign tongue to us. The Norman Conquest explains many of the shifts in vocabulary that have taken place since the time of the Anglo-Saxons. Before 1066 only a handful of words had been borrowed from French; since then, tens of thousands of French words have entered the English Language. Instead of the Germanic word rice (compare present-day Germanic Reich), we might say “realm”, “dominion”, “region”, or “possessions”, all of which are French loanwords that first appeared in English during the course of the 16th and 14th centuries. William the Conqueror and his French-speaking court influenced English mostly from the top down. The vast majority of the inhabitants of England continued to speak English after the Conquest, although Henry IV, who succeeded Richard II on the throne in 1399, was the first king since Harold II whose mother tongue was English rather than French. It is not surprising that our words veal, beef, mutton, and pork for the prepared meats that would have been eaten by the Normans inside their castles are all of French origin, while our names calf, ox, sheep, and swine for the corresponding animals raised and slaughtered by the English-speaking farmers outside the castle walls are all of Anglo-Saxons origin. Despite the many French loanwords, English remained English, not a dialect of French. English grammar, as opposed to vocabulary, remained virtually unaffected by French, and grammatical developments that had begun much earlier during Anglo-Saxon times continued without interruption through the Conquest. Even today it is still obvious that the grammatical structure of English resembles that of German far more than it resembles that of French. Middle English Although 1066 in no way marks a change of languages for the people of England, the date nonetheless serves as a convenient divider between two periods of English: Old English and MIDDLE ENGLISH. Middle English is characterized both by its greater French vocabulary and, more importantly, by the loss of inflections. By the close of the Middle English period, however, only the two of these inflections remained in use: -еs for plural nouns (descended from -as) and the past tense marker -еd (from -od). The poet Geoffrey CHAUCER, for example, who died in the year 1400, was no longer able to indicate by means of the inflection -ne that the phrase urne ... half was a direct object even though it preceded its verb sele (“give ”). Chaucer's equivalent phrase, our loof-like present-day English “our loaf” (or “our bread”) - could function either as a subject of as an object. To show that the phrase was the object in a sentence, Chaucer, like us, had to place it after the verb. Effect of Printing on English The year 1476, a date not nearly so well remembered as 1066, was every bit as important for the English language. Just as the earlier date can serve as a dividing line between Old English and Middle English, the later date is often used to separate conveniently Middle English from the third and the most recent period of our language, Modern English. In 1476 the first English printer, William CAXTON, set up his press in London. Previously, spelling had changed to reflect changes in pronunciation. Printing froze spelling: we spell essentially the way Caxton did. The Anglo-Saxons wrote half because they pronounced the h; Chaucer wrote loof or lof because he no longer did so. Although we say “nite”, we write “knite” because Caxton still pronounced both the k at the beginning of the word and the gh, which sounded something like the ch in the present-day Scottish pronunciation of loch or in the German word ich ... Printing had a decisive effect on spelling because until the development of printing all books were copied by hand. Each copy of a book was spelled differently because no two copyists or scribes spoke in exactly the same manner. (If this seems strange, consider how a person with a New York City accent might spell the word earl, if he had not been taught otherwise: oil /) Thus, when Caxton began to turn out dozens or even hundreds of virtually identical copies of a book, his spelling system at once became familiar all over England. Because their readers were accustomed to Caxton`s spellings, his immediate successors decided to adapt these spellings for their books. Aside from occasional modifications and reforms, printers have followed the same spelling system ever since - that of Caxton`s late-15th-century London. From textbook in Linguistics Text No. 10 EUROPEAN UNION THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD Plans for economic and monetary union have been circulating for 30 years, only to be blown off course by recessions, oil crises and exchange rate turbulence. Established in Frankfurt at the end of last year, the new European Monetary Institute will play a key role in guiding the European Union towards a single currency and official economic unity. The dream of a single currency for Europe by tile end of the century lives on. Whether it can be achieved will depend not simply on political will and greater "convergence" of economic performance among the 12 members of the European Union. The outcome may also rest on the skills of Mr. Alexandre Lamfalussy, a Hungarian emigre who fled Communism as a young man, became an hon orary Baron in his adopted country of Belgium, and now occupies a central position in European monetary affairs. On January 1 1994 Mr. Lamfalussy took over as the first president of the Frankfurt-based European Monetary Institute (EMI), the forerunner of the European central bank which will manage the putative single currency according to the provisions of the Maastricht treaty. His arrival coincided with the official start of "Stage II" of economic and monetary union (EMU), the tran sition period of between three and five years in which the Twelve are supposed to prepare for the final leap to a single currency. A deeper-than-expected recession and A series of currency crises in 1992 and 1993 have made the deadline of January 1 1999 much more realistic for the move to fully-fledged monetary union than the original goal of 1997. The likelihood of having a longer -than-expected Stage II puts a certain onus on the EMI as the catalyst for greater monetary co-operation and co-ordination inside the EU. The dilemma facing Mr. Lamfalussy is that the Maastricht treaty sets clear limits to the EMI "s powers. On the fundamental question of who retains responsibility for running economic policy in the EU, the answer remains the individual member states. There is a risk, therefore, that, far from marking a qualitative new step toward greater integration sin, EMU Stage II might turn out to amount to little more than treading water. Reconciling tensions How does Mr. Lamfalussy intend to reconcile these tensions, and how can he fulfil his own belief that a single European currency is not only a desirable supplement to the single European market but also a politically feasible objective in the necessary drive towards greater political and economic integration? In his first public utterances Mr. Lamfalussy has remained cagey. He told members of the European Parliament last November: "I think the only way to influence the market is through the credibility and sustainability of policies. Credibility leads to exchange rate stability ". Yet the head of the EMI made clear that he does not intend to remain a passive observer of events, particularly if individual member states appear to be pursuing policies deemed damaging to the common interest of the European Union, such as a combination of high interest rates and excessive budget deficits. "I shall make it my duty to draw attention to the risks arising from an unbalanced policy mix", he said. A sprightly-looking 64-ear-old, Mr. Lamfalussy was born in Kapuvar, Hungary, and fled to Belgium after World War II. He studied economics at the University of Louvain, Belgium "s top-flight university- for economic studies, until 1953, when he moved to Nuffield College. Oxford, as a research student. He combined the careers of a bank economist and academic until the mid- I970s, by which time he had become executive director of the Banquet de Brussels and chairman of its execute board. His international career took off in 1976 when he moved to the Basle-based Bank of International Settlement, the central bankers "forum which han dles common rules for prudential supervision for international banks. Mr. Lamfalussy started as economic and head of monetary and economic department, rising to general manager in 1985. Throughout his career, the Baron has never afraid of speaking his mind. In the early 1980s he dismissed the first Thither government "s unbending support of monetarism without regard to soaring unemployment as being similar to an experiment in natural science rather than a balanced economic policy. In 1991 lie-issued a prophetic warning about the problems facing Britain from its membership in the European exchange rate mechanism (ERM). Mr. Lamfalussy was one of four outside experts appointed to the Delors committee of central bank governors, which in 1988 drew up proposals for the European Union's drive for EMU that became the basis of the economic and monetary aspects of the Maastricht treaty. was a prolific contributor to the Delors committee, writing three separate papers. He suggested that EC central banks should create a joint subsidiary for the second stage of EMU, which would centralize some of their operations and perform some of their functions. In retrospect, this was a blueprint for the EMI, though the Baron obviously had something more powerful in mind. Monitoring and advisory role Under the Maastricht treaty, the EMI is lim ited to the role of "monitoring and advising" member states economic policies. islation approved late last year bans governments from borrowing indirectly from central banks. It also bars privileged access by governments to financial institutions, encourages t hem to rein in excessive budget deficits and debt, and sets out the various contributions of central banks to the EMI. But in terms of sanctions the Institute must rely on peer pressure only. Maastricht "s minimalist approach can be largely explained by the need to contain objections from the Bundesbank, the German central bank. Having reluctantly accepted that Germany" s political leaders were ready to give up the Deutsche-mark in return for an (ill-defined ) European political union, the Bundesbank insisted on a higher price: a lengthy transition period to EMU involving the strict adherence to the so-called convergence criteria covering inflation, budget deficits, government debt and interest rates, as well as a limited role for the EMI. Stage I of EMU was supposed to be the period when member states made decisive progress towards economic convergence. Their performance has been poor on all counts other than inflation. Moreover, the impressive progress toward price stability has been at the cost of rising unemployment and the most serious deterioration in public finances in a generation. Economic convergence has been replaced by economic deference. One result was August 1993 crisis in the ERM which led to the abandonment of narrow fluctuation margins for member currencies and the introduction of 15 per cent bands, with the exception of the German Deutche-mark and the Dutch guilder whose margins remain at 2.25 per cent ... The August 2 decision marked the collapse of the old ERM, but also the end of the earlier, widely-held view that fixed but adjustable narrow bands were the prerequisite for an early move to European monetary union. Late last year, Mr. Jacques Delors, president of the European Commission, branded Stage I an outright failure. His intervention may have been prompted more by a conviction that the crisis required a correspondingly bold response. Nothing has so far happened, but there is widespread recognition that EMU Stage II needs to provide a new framework of exchange rate discipline to make up for the ground lost in the past two years. Mr. Philippe Maystadt, Belgium "s finance minister, supports this" maximalist "position and has expounded it on several occasions during the Belgian presidency of the EU, which ended on December 31 1993. He rejects the idea that the EMI should be an" empty shell ". Instead, he would like to see Stage II" enriched ", with the EMI involved in setting monetary targets and the management of the ERM. Thus Mr. Maystadt wants the EMI to be given an" explicit role "in decisions leading to the entry or realignment of an ERM currency. States with low inflation might consider aligning their monetary policies to a common intermediate target. " In this case, the FMI might by allowed to issue joint statements on national policy decisions taken by central banks in this low-inflation zone. The ERM itself could be strengthened, possibly through a more equitable sharing of potential exchange rate losses arising from open-ended cen tral bank interventions in support of weaker currencies. Pressing on to currency union Mr. Lamfalussy appears more inclined to a "softly, softly" approach, at least initially. He told the European Parliament last November that it was too soon to consider reforms to the ERM. As a result it was "improbable" that the European Union would manage to meet the early date of EMU by 1997. It was more likely that a few of the strongest EU economies would press on with monetary union in "jumps" rather than pursuing an unworkable "gradualist" approach. This line of argument adopts the familiar contention that a "hard-core" of members states such as Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and possibly France could move to monetary union fairly quickly. But there are political pitfalls: how to avoid alienating EMU aspirants such as Italy and Spain who are taking painful steps to reform their economics; and how to ensure that the European public is ready for such a move, particularly in Germany where citizens see the Deutsche-mark as the symbol of post- World War II stability and prosperity. Mr. Lamfalussy acknowledges that a good deal of preparatory work remains to be done by his staff of more than 200 people in Frankfurt, and that the culture of co-operation needs to be developed further not just between central bankers but also between national finance ministers who have a strong independent streak. He sees himself as an "honest broker" between the independent central banks, willing on occasions to bang heads together to reach a compromise. "I am not representing any of the central banks, nor indeed any of the countries, and that will make quite a substantial difference," he says. EMU enthusiasts may be correct in suggesting that circumstances require a new initiative and a stronger-than-expected role for the EMI. But in 1994 the political circumstances are unlikely to be favorable. The major obstacles are a number of elections in Europe, particularly in Germany, and the continuing recession. "No one wants to take risks, they just want to survive," says a senior German official in Brussels. The most likely moment for a new thrust on monetary integration is after the French presidential elections in the spring of 1995. The short-term prospect therefore is one of hard graft, with each member state doing its best to put its own house in order so as to better prepare for the next leap forward. The same applies to Mr. Lamfalussy in Flankfilrt as he seeks to define a role for his new institution. From the magazine Overview EXAMPLE TYPICAL CONSTRUCTIONS FOR CREATING A SUMMARY 1. Introduction: Information about the publication Name of book, article Place of publication Date of publication Information about the author Name Citizenship / Nationality Profession Academic and other qualifications Subject of work (what the work is devoted to) The book is devoted to the issue of The article the problem of The work The book (article, work) covers problems (issues). .. 2. Generalization of the basic issues / problems / subjects covered in the book In this book the author raises several important issues In this article studies the following problems In this work covers In this study discusses analyzes touches on considers speaks about stresses First, first of all, firstly, in the first place then, besides, furthermore, subsequently, in the second place, secondly 3. Analysis of the 1, 2, or 3 most important problems / issues / subjects in the author's opinion: a) Justification of the subjects selected. One of the most important subjects, in my opinion, is the issue most topical issues, in my view, main problems, in the author’s opinion b) A brief restatement of the author’s position on these subjects. The author considers, analyzes, states, discloses, describes, depicts, presents The author researches, develops, elaborates, clarifies, formulates, characterizes The author touches on, mentions, refers to The author stresses, notes, indicates, focuses on, concentrates on , pays / devotes particular attention to The author proves, provides data, bases his views on, shares the point of view that, in the author's opinion, in the author's view, according to the author The author refutes, disputes, argues against, questions , sheds doubt on, objects against, disagrees with, critisizes, denies c) A brief statement of your opinions about the author's position. 4. Present the author's conclusions in a generalized form. In the end the author concludes / comes to the conclusion that Thus, it can be said that, consequently The author makes the generalization that The author presents the following results 5. Your personal evaluation of the information presented by the author. The value of the author's work is in its The virtue of the author's work is The positive aspects of the work are The significance of the work is The benefits The weak points The work has great practical significance The work is of interest to The work is interesting due to its The work is meant for (who) RUSSIAN TESTS Text No. 1 ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF CONSCIENCE (tells the director of the CSO Vera Budarina) 20132 people receive pensions and benefits in the Savelovsky district. Many of them need help, not only material, but also physical and spiritual. To facilitate their fate, a Social Service Center was created, located at the address: 1st Khutorskaya, 5a. The main tasks of the center are: · development of comprehensive programs for organizing social services for citizens, preventing a decrease in the level of their social security and the level of socio-economic security; Identification of citizens in need of social services, together with municipal authorities (health care, education, etc. ), public and religious associations; · Differentiated registration of all citizens in need of social services; · Determination of specific forms of assistance, the frequency of its provision; · Provision of social, household, trade, medical, consulting and other services of a permanent, temporary or one-time nature to those in need. The structural divisions of the Center are departments: social services at home, day care, urgent social services. The department of social services at home in our Center was created for temporary (up to 6 months) or permanent assistance to disabled people. At their request, social workers pay for utilities, buy food and medicine. Provide other assistance. People don't feel lonely and helpless when they receive attention. A day care unit was opened at the Center at the beginning of the year. This semi-stationary unit is intended for social, cultural and medical services for citizens who have retained the ability to self-service and active movement; organizing their meals and recreation, attracting them to feasible work and maintaining an active lifestyle. Here, during the day, retirees can do what they love: patchwork mosaics, modeling, sewing and knitting. One-time free meals are organized. Lectures on various topics, concerts, excursions are held. For example, there was a concert-tour of the garden and park ensembles of Moscow and St. Petersburg with a slide show and a story about these places, accompanied by classical music, which was performed by the "Harp of Russia" ensemble-trio; concerts dedicated to Victory Day, Easter holidays. The Center consults a psychologist who, if necessary, visits the house. An experienced lawyer can resolve controversial issues. The department of urgent social services is designed to provide emergency assistance of a one-time nature to citizens who are in extreme conditions and are in dire need of social support. The department provides the following social services: · one-time provision of food packages to people in dire need; · Provision of clothing, footwear and other essentials; · Assistance in the organization of medical care; · Provision of legal assistance; · Provision of emergency psychological assistance; · Providing the necessary information and consulting on social assistance issues; · Other urgent social assistance. Our Center is waiting for everyone who needs help. Newspaper article Text # 2 PARENTS, TAKE CARE OF CHILDREN! (from the meeting of the commission on juvenile affairs) At the recently held commission on juvenile affairs, which was attended by the councilor of the regional Assembly, Colonel A. Dodin, the question arose again in all its acuteness: what to do with the children now? How to distract them from the meaningless, inactive, but, alas, attractive for many of them pastime on the street? Where and how will they spend the summer? With the arrival of warm days, the companies of teenagers stuck in the entrances in winter move to the streets and courtyards and become more numerous. Many guys who attended any circles and sections during the school year are left without any classes for the summer. The hectic end of May, with his worries about upcoming exams or grades for transfer to the next class, forces the teenagers to pack up a little and sit down to books. But already in June nothing can keep them at home. But not all families can send their children out of town for the summer. And here the guys in the city noise and dust hang out in the street until darkness, toil with idleness. There are, of course, some "entertainment" here, including booze. More than half of all the applications considered at the meeting of the Commission were related to the use of alcoholic beverages by minors and adolescents being drunk in public places. “Why,” those summoned at the meeting justify themselves, “we didn’t do anything ... But I didn’t drink, I just stood there…” In general, nothing happened, they say, all this is sheer trifles. However, the benches in the courtyards often have to be repaired or new ones put up, the walls in the stairwells must be painted regularly, the broken combination locks in the entrance doors must be changed, and screeching, laughter and shouts in the evening are to be ignored ... What to do? How do you stop teenagers who drift apart? After all, as A. Dodin rightly noted, if the guys do not have internal discipline, there will be no order around. Of course, nothing can be achieved by persuasion alone. Persuasion does not work for these guys. But then how can we help teenage repeaters, hooligans or substance abusers registered with the Commission? Only one thing - to try to make the life of these guys more organized and fulfilled, to make them submit to discipline, to accustom them to it. Fortunately, the Commission has the ability to allocate vouchers for such children to summer labor or sports camps, to help resolve the issue of further education in professional or special institutions, and the analysis of each application becomes an attempt to find the best way out of a difficult situation. But nevertheless, no matter how hard the members of the Commission try, they cannot replace their relatives. Take care of your children! Don't leave them alone with their problems. No, even the most successful decision of the most competent commission will fill the lack of parental care and attention. Newspaper article Text № 3 METRO WASHES Moscow and the metro ... They fit each other so well, so fused together that where there is no metro, it seems that it is no longer Moscow. Even the indigenous inhabitants of communal apartments cannot be dragged by the ears to new districts of the city, where apartments are such that you can even play tennis in them, where a forest begins right from the entrance or a picturesque pond is visible from the windows - but where the nearest metro station is hidden behind the horizon. And vice versa, if you build an underground in such a place, you don't need to drag anyone here by the ears, they go by themselves ... And it is impossible to imagine that someday our metro will become outdated, as happened, for example, with horse-drawn trams and the first samples internal combustion engines. But, by the way, the metro is also becoming obsolete. It is not growing quite like that ... ... It is not hopeless yet, not yet to such an extent that it would be impossible to enter the 21st century on the classic Moscow metro. But this method of transportation is already in dire need of modernization. The metro, designed to carry 50 thousand passengers per hour, is now working with a load of one and a half, at the limit of its capabilities. The costs of repairing old and building new metro stations have long been beyond the reach of either the federal or the capital's treasury combined: the price of 1 km of the subway ranges from $ 50-70 million. And Moscow today sorely lacks about one and a half hundred of these new metro-kilometers. Which, by the way, will pay off only if you equate the cost of a metro ticket to the cost of a taxi. But this decision is from the realm of science fiction: public transport, by definition, cannot cost as much as individual. “You see, there are objective laws of technology development, according to which transport systems should already be built on new principles,” comments Alexander Grigorievich, head of electrical machines at the Institute of Railway Transport. - Now the mass of metro carriages is approximately twice the mass of the brought passengers. And this “weight of the car” is directly related to energy consumption, man-made and environmental impact of the metro on the environment. It is no secret, for example, that underground structures “shake” from metro trains, especially in places where the metro is not deeply laid. But it is impossible to reduce the weight of the rolling stock within the framework of outdated technologies. An example of this is the new Yauza car, which is no lighter than its predecessors. You can spend as much money as you like on the development of more advanced metro trains, but without switching to traction by an electromagnetic field using linear electric motors, the pressure of the wheels on the rails - 13 tons - will remain as it was. " ... And not quite there. This very transition, made by the West 15 years ago, is comparable to the revolution in aviation: the replacement of piston engines with jet engines brought new speeds and changes in the appearance of aircraft. The arrival of linear motors in the subway is fraught with the same. Cars with such engines are twice lighter, their dimensions are reduced, their lifespan is three times longer. Ultimately, they are more economical, cheaper than traditional rolling stock. And most importantly, they can not only be "buried" "in the ground, but also raised onto overpasses during the construction of a metro on the outskirts of the city. One of the first such systems was erected in 1986 in Vaokuvere, 21.4 km long (overpass 16.6 km, tunnel 1.3 km, along the ground 3.5 km). As a result, the Canadians saved not only on light rolling stock, but also on construction, because the overpass is 3-4 times cheaper than our classic subway. The Japanese liked the idea so much that they immediately began building 42 km of mini-subways in Osaka and Tokyo. This is the mini-metro, it is also a high-speed tram, it is also S-Bahn, Metrolage, Light-rail, according to experts, - a thing that has been known in the West for 20 years. It is generally not customary there to build a classic metro for 1 million residents of the city adjacent to the metro. This, to put it mildly, is considered an unwise waste of money. After all, 1-3 million inhabitants is a 25-thousandth passenger traffic, and the classic metro is designed for twice as much. And we, in our poverty, do not save taxpayers' money, there is no such habit. Moscow needs a metro, and it is being built, but according to the technologies of the outgoing century - a little bit wrong, a little bit wrong. Elena Kibalnik Newspaper article Text No. 4 Durer CANNOT BE CHANGED FOR SAUSAGE (The fate of art treasures that changed owners during the war) Restitution problems have been around for more than one year. These problems periodically exacerbate relations between Russia and Germany. The position of the German side is unambiguous: “Return Schliemann's gold to us, resolve issues with the Rotterdam and Hungarian collections, and so on. etc.". But another question constantly remains in the shadows: the fate of the valuables exported from the territories of Russia during the Great Patriotic War. In an interview with KP correspondents, Deputy Minister of Culture of Russia M. Shfydko tries to explain the subtleties of the work in which politics, morality, and, possibly, human ambitions are intertwined: - Our position is unambiguous: the interests of world culture should prevail over the interests of property. From my point of view, it doesn't matter at all that, for example, some values from Egyptian collections are now in the British Museum. The main thing is that you can see them. Understand the role they played in the history of mankind. - It seems that the activities of the commission are paralyzed. This became especially clear after the Loss of War symposium held in New York. - Yes, at first everyone was seized with euphoria. It would seem that what is simpler: in 1990, Gorbachev and Kohl signed a joint agreement, which contains provisions on the return of cultural property. But euphoria was replaced by a sober assessment of a difficult reality. Because no state has a proven mechanism for transferring cultural and artistic values to other countries. Nor is it in Russia. - How do you assess the work of the German side? - You can say this: they are ready to take, we are not ready to give. However, not everything is so categorical. There is normal communication between professionals from both sides. It is gratifying that a real exchange of claims has begun. We presented the Germans with a list of 40,000 casualties, compiled after examining the archives of three hundred museums. The Germans filed 200,000 claims against us. - But there is also a downside to the problem. What are the most important Russian values that were exported to Germany? - The fact is that during the war Ukraine suffered the greatest losses. For example, the Kiev Museum of Western and Eastern Art, the Lviv Museum. The Germans tell us: of all the works of art in Germany that were exported from the USSR, only 20% belong to Russia. We presented the Germans with a list of our claims for values from the museums of Leningrad, as well as from the museums of Orel. · Is the location of our valuables in Germany known? - This is too painstaking work, and the German side provides us with invaluable assistance. For example, we have established good contacts with the Bremen Center for Eastern European Art. · Many of our valuables left Germany for third countries ... - Yes, recently a museum employee in Tsarskoye Selo told us that damask fabrics from Tsarskoye Selo were found in one of the museums in Los Angeles. But in general, the databank of Russian values that ended up in third countries after the war is still small. - How do you feel about the option of returning the German values of part of the Russian debt to the FRG? By the way, it is possible to apply for new loans under the values. - The Commission and I personally are categorically against this option. Dürer cannot be exchanged for sausage! In matters of restitution, you need to be a pragmatic patriot. But, by the way, I have not heard that in the highest echelons of power, anyone nurtured such decisions. - At one time, Yeltsin surprised the Russian and German public with a phrase that he knew where the famous "" Amber Room "" from the Tsarskoye Selo Palace is located. - I will not comment on the "Amber Room" question. Maybe the president was just kidding? The most interesting thing, however, is that neither in terms of art, nor in terms of its cost, the "Amber Room" cannot be compared with the same frescoes from the cathedrals of Novgorod and Pskov, partially destroyed, partially taken out by the Germans. - How serious are the issues of restitution becoming a psychological problem for our society? Does this affect the work of the commission? - I cannot classify this problem as particularly burning. Yes, last year a group of radicals burned an effigy of the Minister of Culture under our windows: they say, we are following the Germans. The majority, I am sure, understand the complexity of the problem. The most difficult thing is to find the right balance between "the" right of law "and" the right of morality. " Andrey Baranov, Serafim Berestov Newspaper article Text No. 5 THE JUDGMENT IS PASSED ... NEIGHBORS In an original way, residents of Vermont, in the north of the USA, fight crime in their native state. They have created an unusual judicial system in which the criminal is tried not by professional judges or by jury trials, but ... by the locals themselves. Now fellow countrymen decide the fate of the defendant. It all started with an experiment. The 22-year-old student was charged with insult and physical threats after he nearly bumped into two police officers who were quietly returning from a party. The student pleaded guilty and asked to be sentenced by the so-called correctional commission. It included a local merchant, a chemistry teacher and a retired soldier. For the residents of Vermont, the creation of such commissions is just a well-forgotten old thing. Even in colonial times, Vermont thieves were subjected to humiliating punishment: according to the sentence of the correctional commission, the thief was grabbed by the ear and dragged around the village in this way until he sincerely repent and asked for forgiveness for what he had done. In modern times, defendants are usually sentenced to a public apology, damages, or forced housekeeping for elderly neighbors. In the wake of the Vermont residents, other states are trying to implement similar correctional programs. Of course, not everyone supports such a justice system, but some of the positives are undeniable. This is, first of all, compensation for losses to the victim, involvement of independent citizens in the process of sentencing and, most importantly, the possibility of social rehabilitation of criminals. This is what the people of Vermont think. “Our goal is to shift the traditional emphasis,” says the chairman of one of these commissions, John Gorczyk. “The main thing for us is not so much to punish the offender as to force him to reconsider his behavior by compensating the victim, and the whole town for moral damage and material damage literally in front of neighbors and relatives.” At the same time, the commission does not decide the question of the guilt of the offender, it only issues a verdict if he pleads guilty and makes a request. True, the state of Vermont is unlikely to be an ideal place for such experiments. One sixth of all serious crimes in the United States occurs in this state. To this argument, optimists respond that with the help of correctional commissions, overwhelmed state courts are freed up for more serious crimes. After all, only cases not related to robbery, violence, murder are accepted for consideration. For small towns, this system has proven to be very effective. So, the same student was sentenced to work with difficult teenagers for 30 hours. In addition, he was obliged to meet with the police, whom he scared, and to hear from them what they thought about his manner of driving, so that they could “let off the fumes”. In another case, a man who, due to speeding, drove onto the sidewalk and demolished a lamp post was sentenced by the correctional commission to work in a hospital for the mentally handicapped. And the teenager, who scratched obscene inscriptions on the walls of public buildings, then painted the facade of the city theater for two whole months. Among the 200 Vermont remediation enthusiasts are some of the most respected residents of the state: teachers, doctors, merchants, and even lawyers. Maybe we should ourselves take on the correction of our violators of public order? Natalya Vasilieva Newspaper article Text No. 6 CHILDREN ARE NOT TO BE GUILTY FOR ADULTS 'ERRORS For seven years now there has been a charity society “Maria”, which provides assistance to the families of employees of the internal affairs bodies of Moscow. Among the wards of “Maria” are widows, orphans, single fathers, retired police officers, disabled people and single-parent families. The society was organized and headed by Olga Vladimirovna Murasheva, a charming and energetic woman who gives all her strength to her work. Our today's interview with Olga Vladimirovna is about joys, worries and how it all started. - Why did you start helping the Moscow police? - In 1991, my husband Arkady was appointed to the Main Department of Internal Affairs of Moscow, and he faced a lot of everyday problems of his employees. By that time, the charity society "Maria" already existed, but we could not decide in any way whom we would help. Everyone wanted to help, but we understood that it was impossible. It would take a huge amount of time to figure out the veracity of each request. In the police, everything is taken into account. It contains all the necessary and already verified information. In addition, as the wife of the chief, access there was open to me. - How did your husband's subordinates perceive your business? - At first, they considered it a whim of the boss's wife. But they had to help me. I remember the first holiday we organized for the families of the killed employees. All these families were gathered, all the police chiefs, correspondents from various media came. There were representatives of "AiF" together with Vladislav Andreevich Starkov, with whom we have a long and strong friendship. The first 14 months were at times their prime. Then my husband was fired. And it became difficult for us. · Didn't want to give up everything? Yes, there were such thoughts. But it was simply a shame to retreat. Since then, the usual work for us began. And the former colleagues of her husband stopped taking it as a whim. · Tell me, are there many people now ready to help? - There are always such people. When a person has money and he did not get sick from this "star" disease, he understands that doing good is pleasant and necessary. But not always wealthy people respond. For example, after an article in the newspaper "Daughters-Mothers" (No. 2 in 1998), there were quite unexpected responses. The article mentioned a toddler who needs expensive heart surgery. Then we did not have such an impressive amount, and we turned to the readers for help. The first to respond was a student from Yaroslavl. She sent the baby 350 rubles. Two anonymous translations came from the city of Protvino. The Fiesta beauty salon gave money for the operation and took a disabled girl with cerebral palsy for treatment. A letter came from an American woman who found out about two fathers raising children alone. She wrote that she could not help them with money, but she was ready to send gifts to children for Christmas and birthday. I would very much like to thank all those who responded to our request for help through the newspaper. Thanks to you, the baby was operated on. Everything went well, and now he is recovering. · Tell us, what plans does “Maria” have for the near future? - Quite rosy, because we are optimists and we know that we will succeed. Recently we were presented with the Passport of a Moscow charitable organization. And in January the program “Moscow Entrepreneurs - Moscow Police”, developed by the society, received the status of a city charitable program. This gives certain tax breaks to our sponsors. For the summer, we organize sanatorium treatment for seriously ill children in the Crimea and the Moscow region. They will be able to go there with their parents. We recently received humanitarian aid, which was distributed to hospitals and pre-trial detention centers. And they gave it to our veterans and disabled people. · Do they take such help for granted? - No never. All our wards are very grateful to the “Maria” society, its employees for their attention and care, they give all their energy to work. I would like to mention Lyudmila Nikolaevna Kulnacheva, Tatyana Georgievna Astretsova, Natalia Anatolyevna Presnova. · Does your husband still help your community? - Of course. We have everything in common with him. From the moment we met. And we met when we were 16 years old. We studied in the same group at the Moscow State Technical University. Bauman and got married after the third year. We recently celebrated our 20th wedding anniversary. Now, as before, he comes to our holidays, is interested in the affairs of "Maria". · Now working at “Maria” is your life's work? - This is my brainchild, which I will never abandon. I hope that someday the law on charity will be passed, and it will cease to be a curiosity. Maybe then we will have fewer unhappy families and children. After all, there is nothing worse than sad children's eyes and crippled destinies. Children are not to blame for the mistakes of adults. Anna Shitova Newspaper article Text № 7 WHAT CHILDREN NEED FROM MOTHER What should girls who do not have a mother do to help them cope with difficulties? Previously, it was from the mother that little children expected support. Now, when solving some problems, children can turn to their dad for help. But mom and dad are not at all the same thing, and in most families, mom remains the main helper for the children. Many women find it difficult to cope with all the loads. “Everywhere they write:“ Children need this, children need that, ”one mother told me. “It’s starting to feel like I’m never going to be able to do everything I need to. Sometimes I feel wrung out like a sponge. And yet I want to do everything for my children. ” However, not all needs are created equal. Moms need to think about what's really important. In my life I have had occasion to talk with hundreds of mothers and thousands of children. Plus, I've looked at tons of parenting research studies. In this article, I have highlighted the main things that children need from their busy mothers. 1. Nurture their hearts. Mothers should clearly demonstrate that a good - benevolent, courteous - attitude towards people is no less important than success in school and sports. Children, whose feelings are constantly evolving, develop what psychologist Daniel Goleman calls "emotional intelligence" - the ability to tune in to the needs of others. Such people are more likely to succeed in life. Based on the research, Bell Labrotoris is not the one with the highest IQ, but the one who can connect with colleagues that is most productive. Mothers often help children learn to be friends. One colleague of mine told me that as a child he had a hard time making friends. Once, when a teammate was injured, his mother insisted that he call the boy and inquire about his health. "Mom," my friend objected, "he doesn't recognize me." “He'll find out,” Mom said. - The phone call started a strong friendship. “Mom showed me that friendship begins when you are attentive to others, and not demanding attention to yourself,” my colleague recalls. 2. Scold less, praise more. We all know that praise can work miracles. Excessive criticism can lead to excessive self-criticism, and the child will be afraid to take risks, without which sometimes it will not reach the goal. There are right and wrong ways to praise a child, shares Jack Rosenblum, Father and Management Consultant in Atlanta. Most parents, scolding their children, dwell on their misdeeds in great detail, but their praise is somewhat vague. “You are a wonderful child! ”- such an assessment causes an instant burst of joy, but it quickly fades away. So be specific about your praise. Don't say, "You're so brave." Better to say: “I am proud that, having fallen off the bike, you were not afraid to sit on it and ride it again”. Explain why the act is commendable. Everyone has their own specialty, something that has special meaning to us, says Rosenblum, and praise for success in this area invariably hits the mark. As a mother, you should know better than anyone what is most important to your child — perhaps music, sports, or some school subject. If you don’t know, then it’s okay if you ask your child about it. Finally, because children "digest" only a limited amount of information at a time, give your child a little, but often, praise. One hundred approving remarks, one minute each, will have a far greater effect than a hundred minutes of continuous praise. 3. Talk about forbidden topics. We live in a dangerous world where children at an ever younger age are exposed to drugs, alcohol and sex. Some mothers fear that talking about such topics might make their children want to try it. Quite the opposite is true. For example, a 1994 study of fifth and seventh graders in Southern California found that children who openly discuss such topics with their parents are the least likely to use drugs and alcohol. Mothers are particularly good at talking to their children about sensitive topics. First of all, get yourself as familiar with the subject matter as possible, be it drugs and alcohol or teen sex. Then find out what the kids know about it: 6-7 year olds may have heard stories in the playground or seen something on TV. Emphasize that you are talking to them so that they understand how dangerous it is, not because you do not trust them. Make it clear to the children that you are ready to answer any of their questions, discuss with them everything that worries them. 4. Expand your boundaries as your children grow up. Children need unlimited love, only then can they develop a sense of their own worth. This unconditional love does not mean that you should not limit the child in anything: setting the limits of what is allowed shows the child how much he means to you. When your child oversteps those boundaries, let’s understand that you are upset about his behavior, not himself. As children grow up, these boundaries, of course, must be expanded. Sons in particular tend to distance themselves from their mothers. Psychologist Evelyn S. Bassoff writes that boys often put on a look of sullen restraint that disappears when they accidentally stumble upon their first toy truck. It is natural for them to desire to seek encounters with danger and to assert themselves in what they consider to be a manifestation of masculine power. Boys grow up, their social circle too, and mother should not consider herself rejected at the same time. But you shouldn't resign yourself either. A seventeen-year-old guy under two meters tall also needs to know the rules to use a car. As for girls, they need to be convinced that it is okay to expand the boundaries of what is permissible. “Daughters, more than sons, have a desire to please,” says Evelyn Bassoff. Therefore, they need to be taught to achieve their goal in such a way that they do not risk their well-being, and do not put forward exorbitant demands. Mothers are an inexhaustible source of support for both daughters and sons. Psychologist Ashton Treis observed 250 schoolchildren and concluded that half of the children would rather have a job like a mom than a dad. One reason for this, Treis suggests, is that children are more likely to know what their mother is doing and are more likely to go where she works. 5. Be a guiding star for children. Children need a moral compass. This means that it is necessary to constantly instill in them what is good and what is bad, and not only in some serious matters, but also in everyday affairs. One mother saw her five-year-old son riding the bike of her friend, a neighbor's seven-year-old boy. “He doesn't need a bicycle now,” her son told her. “He’s at school.” Most likely, he was right, and his friend would not mind. But his mother insisted that he put the bike back in place. “You can't take someone else's without permission,” she said. When mothers pay attention to concepts such as responsibility, honesty and fidelity, they create a system of values in the child, which later will become his most important wealth. The best moral compass is the behavior of the mother herself. If she is not always honest, neglects the rights of others, or does not keep her promises, then her children are deprived of guiding power. None of us ever wants to hear: "Mom, you yourself do this!" 6. Enjoy their company. Since mothers never have time, they focus on what, in their opinion, is most important: trying to keep abreast of children's news, helping them do their homework. However, in our tense society, children crave more: they want to spend interesting time with their mother. It doesn't take days and hours, it just takes a cheerful disposition and a desire to give a somewhat playful character to boring lesson preparation or turn ordinary housework into a game. A friend's aunt let her kids and their friends play in the kitchen while she cooked dinner. Toys, paints, and glue have occasionally been added to cooked food. Years later, her grown son invited his childhood friend to their house for dinner. “I always think about how great it was to come to you, Mrs. Spencer,” the young man remarked. “We were having so much fun, and there was some kind of toy in the soup!” Motherhood is a difficult job, but not a heavy burden. Sometimes, perhaps, you need to be a little less reasonable, stop making too high demands on yourself and just enjoy talking with your children. Joyce Brothers Readers Gigest Text # 8 WITHOUT WINE AND WITHOUT WINE Irina Antonova, a 42-year-old employee of a foreign publishing firm, says she often feels guilty about a variety of reasons. For example, when guests come to them and see the torn wallpaper: you will not explain to everyone that the cat tore the wallpaper, and there is no time to repair it. Or when her husband is waiting for her in the evening for dinner, and she is at work. And if he leaves work early, he blames himself for leaving things for tomorrow that should have been done today. “The feeling of guilt,” says Nadezhda Vladimirovna Tarabrina, head of the laboratory at the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, “in principle, of course, is useful. It helps a person not to perform or correct those actions that he does not internally accept "". However, Tarabrina notes, in addition to true guilt arising from the contradictions between actions and moral principles of a person, there is false guilt. It arises either because of the persistent tendency of a person to take the blame for what is happening on himself, or because of an incorrect assessment of the situation. “A heightened sense of guilt not only negatively affects health, but also reduces intellectual capabilities,” Nadezhda Vladimirovna believes. “An oppressive sense of guilt, even if the reasons for it are seemingly trifling, can lead to severe depression,” says Elena Teodorovna Sokolova, professor of the Department of Clinical Psychology at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. For some people, the experiences associated with this manifest themselves in purely physical painful symptoms. For example, every time a person feels a pain in his heart or a lump in his throat, remembering how he once offended his mother. Most often, guilt thus finds an unconscious outlet for those who are dominated by a sense of duty, who from childhood are accustomed to being the first and asserting themselves at any cost, and for those for whom the manifestation of any feelings is under very strong control. So how do you free yourself from guilt feelings? “Guilt sits in a person like a worm in an apple,” says Anatoly Pavlovich Naminach, President of the SunRay International Human Research Center, Ph.D. “It is necessary, first of all, to 'extract it from oneself', realizing its reasons and expressing them in words that can be spoken or written down,” he advises. Here's how you can do it when you feel guilty. Try to fix the situation. 30-year-old Alexander Baibakov remembered the birthday of his old friend, but that day, getting busy, he forgot to call her. “I knew she was waiting for my call. Little things like that hurt and poison the relationship, ”he says. Alexander thought that if she just called with belated congratulations, she would still have an unpleasant aftertaste. And so, instead of getting upset because of an involuntarily inflicted offense, he found a way to rectify the situation: he called five days later and invited a friend to celebrate her birthday in a restaurant together. “It went off with a bang,” says Alexander. "She was very happy and we had a great evening." Learn from your mistakes. The 27-year-old Moscow artist recalls how a few years ago, having fallen out of love with her friend, she broke up with him, and did it in a very harsh manner. “I was twenty-one — a cruel age,” she says. At night they called her and said that he, having swallowed the pills, was dying at the Sklifosovsky Institute. Grabbing a taxi, she rushed there and found out that he had been saved. Sobbing from the shock she had experienced, she decided that she should marry him. She still did not take this step. But the feeling of guilt before that person remained. Since then, in such situations, she tried to be as delicate as possible. Be aware of your limits. 50-year-old Valery Viktorovich Tkalich is still tormented by the thought of whether 20 years ago, when he was a pilot in the Arctic, he could have prevented the death of people in a fire at a mine at Talnakh. Tkalich's helicopter was preparing to take off and take people off the top of the copra. But the flight was unexpectedly canceled. As the pilots later learned, the management of the mine decided to use the fire escape instead of the helicopter. The stairs were too short and people died. Intellectually, Tkalich understood that the cause of the tragedy was the carelessness of the authorities, that the pilots could not decide anything. “But all the same,” he says, “I still feel guilty that we didn’t save these people.” The feeling of guilt is always associated with a sense of responsibility, emphasizes psychologist Tarabrina. In order not to suffer guilt in a situation that objectively does not depend on you, try to understand that a person is responsible only for what he is able to do. He cannot be responsible for everything that happens in life. Disable the “blame buttons”. Many of us come across people who are capable of instilling feelings of guilt. Anatoly Laktionovich Zhuravlev, head of the laboratory at the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, says that everyone should find specific ways to deal with such manipulation for himself, but some general recommendations can be given. Try as much as possible to avoid people who are capable of acting on your points of vulnerability, skillfully pressing the "buttons of guilt", as well as those situations in which this occurs. “But the main thing,” Zhuravlev emphasizes, “you have to tell yourself: I don’t want to be so vulnerable. I don’t think the other is always right. ” “Finally, proceed from the assumption that you are a free person,” advises Nikolai Ivanovich Kozlov, founder of the Synton Club of Practical Psychology. “Tell yourself: I didn’t come into this world to live up to someone’s expectations, just as the world was not created to live up to my expectations.” You can make the guilty person lose control of you. Imagine him in some funny or ordinary situation. Listening to the harsh scolding of the boss, imagine how ridiculous he would look on the beach or in the bath, with a gang in his hands. “It’s even more useful,” Zhuravlev says, “to look at yourself from the sidelines with humor at the moment when you begin to blame yourself for every little thing. Imagine that it was not you who did it, but someone else. And you will say: yes, this is a trifle, because of this it is ridiculous to feel guilty! So laugh at yourself - best of all together with others "". Drive ghosts. When you find that the past haunts you, understand what is really going on in your life. “Old wine comes back when you’re in a situation that warms it up,” says Tarabrina. A forty-year-old Muscovite, a scientist, suddenly began to feel guilty about the way she once treated her little daughter. In our country, it was then widely believed that if a baby cries, one should not pick him up in order not to pamper him. Following common recommendations, the young mother tried not to pay attention to crying. Later, after reading one of the last books of Dr. Spock, she realized how wrong this approach was. And she was prompted to think about this again by the fact that her teenage daughter began to move away from her. The girl had difficulties in her studies, she could not find a common language with anyone. The mother rightly thought that her daughter's emotional problems arose in infancy, when she lacked physical contact with the mother, giving the child a feeling of love, warmth and protection. After several years of consultations with a psychologist, the relationship between mother and daughter improved. The girl's character improved, she successfully graduated from school and entered the university. The feeling of guilt that Spock's book fell into her hands too late no longer torments the heroine of this story. “You need to realize what is happening now, then the guilt for the past will disappear,” advises psychologist Zhuravlev. Appreciate your successes and merits. The 46-year-old businessman, owner and director of a small intermediary firm, on his own initiative and without any help from his employees, carried out one business transaction and made good money on it. His subordinates had nothing to do with this earnings. However, he believed that he was guilty in front of them, simply because he received a raise to his regular salary, and they did not. Guilt-prone people hide from their success because they feel they don't deserve it. To get rid of such self-deprecating behavior, give yourself credit when you do something right, and you will realize that your success does not lead to the failure of others. Forgive yourself. 31-year-old Lyudmila Gavrilovskaya, who had a daughter three months ago, sometimes feels a little guilty before her eight-year-old son - if, busy with the baby, she does not have time to cook breakfast for him, or if she yells at him when he gets too naughty. But she forgives herself these minor sins, because she does everything so that her son, after the birth of her sister, does not feel left out of attention. “Before, I could say:“ Go away, give me a rest, ”she says. - Now I do not allow myself this. On the contrary, I tell him all the time: "Sit with me, I miss you." I change my daughter's clothes, and he tells me what they had at school. I believe that this is what is most important. And what I do not have the strength to do, I can forgive myself. Marina Blagonravova Reader's Gigest Text # 9 CHILEAN MODEL: CHILE PENSION CONCEPT On the wall of my office in Santiago hangs a map of the Americas with the sharp tip of the South American continent at the top and the USA and Canada at the bottom. Many visitors stare at her, puzzled, and then exclaim, "You have the card upside down!" “No,” I say. “It's just a way to look at the world differently. - I often remember this card, I am asked about how to help the crisis-stricken pension system in Europe. - Reforms are possible, - I answer, - if we are ready to look at the world with different eyes. - And most importantly, we need to give people the opportunity to take care of themselves, while reducing the role of the state. We achieved this in Chile, and now the United States is seriously considering reforming along the Chilean model. In a number of other countries of the world, our pension system is already working. Beneath the egalitarian gloss of modern European pension systems, there is a terrible injustice towards tens of millions of people. These days, young people have only one prospect - to pay more and more to support today's retirees, and then receive less and less when they themselves retire. It is possible that many of those who now work and who are under forty will need benefits in a few decades in order to make ends meet, despite the fact that 20 percent or more of their income comes from social security contributions. This problem is partly due to purely demographic reasons. Public pension systems in Europe are based on the principle that pensions are paid out of current income. This means that pension contributions from the wages of the working population are immediately distributed between the current n
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Coursework:
Online English exam on the website http://cito.mgsu.ru/
the received score - 100 (EXCELLENT): a scan with a report is attached)
Exam (2 semester)
Before taking the exam, you need to familiarize yourself with the sample exam ticket, which you will find in the menu = courses = English = sample exam ticket.
And also repeat the grammatical phenomena that will be checked on the exam
1.passive and active voice
2.modal verbs
3. participle
4.infinitive
Question number 1
Subject: ekz_6
Choose the correct translation of the selected words:
It was developing skyscrapers "construction more efficiently than even most Western countries
it improved the construction of skyscrapers
it improved the construction of skyscrapers
it will improve the construction of skyscrapers
Question number 2
Topic: ekz_4
This student will be able to go to university in the USA
The student will have to enter the University
The student will be allowed to enter the University in the USA
The student will enter the University in the USA.
The student will be able to enter the University in the USA
Question number 3
Subject: ekz_1
Score range: 0 to 3
Water. Purification.
Water is not only the most abundant compound but it is also very important for life. Life will be impossible without water.
From the chemical point of view water has many points of interest. Water can react many substances but it has also influence on many chemical reactions.
For chemical reactions it is desirable that water should be pure. The purest natural water is rain. But it is not really pure water. It contains a lot dissolved substances.
One of the most important problems is to get pure water. Water purification depends on the uses. Water used for steam boilers should be free from substances that react soup. the microbes should be killed if water is used for drinking. Water is filtered to be used for drinking. Another way to purify it is to boil it.
However, these methods for purifying water do not fit for producing pure water for chemical reactions and scientific use. Water is easily changed to steams. Condensing the steam we are able to remove all the impurities. This process is called distillation. Distilled water has many uses, in the laboratory and in industry.
Question number 4
Subject: ekz_2
Find the equivalent of the highlighted words
to study this subject you need a year
subjects studied
to study this subject
studying this subject
subject to study
Question number 5
Subject: ekz_5
Indicate the paragraph that speaks about national diversity
The first classes were held on September 16, 1874, six instructors and 39 students. Nowadays Purdue University has the largest international student population of any university in the United States. It has been represented 123 countries In 2007 the racial diversity of the undergraduate student organization was 86.9% white, 5.51% Asian, 3.53% African American, and 2.75% Hispanic.
Purdue University was founded on May 6, 1869 after the donation of land and money had been accepted from the businessman John Purdue. A college of science, technology, and agriculture in his name was being developed that time.
Purdue university has both undergraduate and graduate programs in over 210 areas of study, and it "s famous for its engineering program. The university has also been highly influential in America" s history of aviation. The first four-year bachelor "s degree in aviation was established there. Twenty-two Purdue graduates have become astronauts. Neil Armstrong who was the first person to walk on the moon was a Purdue graduate.
Question number 6
Subject: ekz_3
Choose the correct equivalent for the phrase
money accepted
Question
Subject: ekz_5
Include the paragraph that says famous people were graduates of Harvard University.
Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. It was found in 1636. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Harvard "s history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding, Culture and Belief, Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning, Ethical Reasoning, Science of Living Systems, Science of the Physical Universe, Societies of the World, and United States in the World.
Harvard has about 2,100 faculty to teach. Eight U.S. presidents have been graduates, and 75 Nobel Laureates have been student.
The university offers 46 undergraduate concentrations (majors), 134 graduate degrees, and 32 professional degrees. For the 2008-2009 academic year, Harvard granted 1,664 baccalaureate degrees, 400 master's degrees, 512 doctoral degrees, and 4,460 professional degrees.
Question
Subject: ekz_1
Read the text and find the wrong statements
Some important metals
Without doubt iron is the most important of the metals and more of it is produced than of all other metals put together. However, there are other metals which are very common and of great usefulness.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. Aluminum is light metal but when it is pure it has low strength. Adding small quantities of other metals to iron produces light but very strong materials. Very resistant light metal is demanded by aircraft industry. It has helped the development of aluminum. Also low weight and resistance to corrosion make it very suitable for engineering.
Copper lead and zinc are metals which can be found in combination sulfur. People have known these metals for a very long time and each has its own uses. Lead is now a very expensive metal. Some time ago it was used extensively for roofing and for water piping because of its softness and resistance to corrosion, but copper and iron have taken its place. Copper is a good conductor of electricity used for electrical wiring and cables. Zink is used for in the making of dry batteries and in the process of galvanizing.
Question
Subject: ekz_3
Choose the correct equivalent
developing a new direction
a new trend to be developed
developing a new trend
a new trend has been developed
a new trend developed
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