Ancient Japanese architecture

The preserved samples of the architecture of ancient Japan to the IV century are practically absent. Information about the architecture of this period in the ancient Japanese texts of the "Codziki" and "Nihon Syuki" is very small. The appearance of the buildings of early Japan are usually recreated by the found clay models of residential buildings haniva and drawings on bronze mirrors.

Excavations and studies show that the structures of the early period of Japanese history, called "Tate-Ana Jukuo" ("dwellings of pits"), were dugouts with a roof coated with straw and branches. The roof was maintained using a frame of wooden supports. Later, buildings on Takayuk piles used as granaries appear. The design helped prevent damage to grain stocks from flooding, dampness and rodents. The same type of house was built for elders tribes.

Kurgan Emperor Nintoku, V century

In the third century n. e. With the onset of the Cofun period in the areas of Osaka and Nara, huge mounds were built in large quantities, which served by tombs for rulers and local nobility. Currently, more than 10 thousand Kurgans have been found in Japan. These structures had a round shape, later - the form of a keyhole and often snapped with water with water around the perimeter. One of the most famous surviving Kurgans is located in the city of Sakai, Osaka Prefecture, it is believed that this is the tomb of Emperor Nintoku. This is the largest mound in Japan, its sizes are 486 meters long and 305 meters wide in width.

In the I-III centuries, the tradition of the construction of the synthoshic sanctuations, which is a complex of symmetrically arranged buildings. Actually, the Shinto Temple is a wooden unpainted construction of a rectangular shape on piles with a massive bone roof. Styles - Simmei (ISE), Tairy (Izumo) and Sumiusi (Sumiusi).

Torii Sanctuary Izukushima

The feature of the Shinto temples are the gate toria (Yap. 鳥 居 ? ) When entering the temple. Thoria do not have flaps, in shape resemble the letter "P" with two upper crossbars. Before the sanctuary, one or two gates of Thoria can be located.

In accordance with the principle of universal update, the Shinto temples are regularly rebuilt using the same materials. So the Sanctuary of Ise-Jinggu, the main Shinto shrine of Japan, dedicated to the goddess Amateras, is completely rebuilt every 20 years.

Golden Hall and Pagoda in Khorosh-Dzhi, 607

Starting from the mid-6th century, Buddhism was distributed in Japan, brought from the Korean state Pekcche. Buddhism has a strong influence on the architecture of this period. One of the most important changes was the use of a stone foundation. The first Buddhist religious buildings were almost accurate copies of Chinese samples. The location of the buildings was carried out taking into account the mountainous landscape, the buildings were asymmetrically located, more compatibility with nature was taken into account. The influence of Buddhism on the architecture of the Shinto temples was expressed in increasing decorative elements, the buildings were stained in bright colors, supplemented with metal and wooden decorations.

One of the most ancient of the preserved wooden buildings in the world is the Buddhist temple Khorosh-ji. (Yap. 法隆寺 ? ) In the city of the city of the prince of Sitoku in the 607 year.

The main hall of the Today-Dzhi temple, 745

The buildings are made in the architectural style of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, the complex consists of 41 separate buildings. The most important of them are the main or golden hall (condo) and a pyhylain pagoda of 32 meters high. Khore-Ji Temple Complex is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Japan.

An example of the Temple Architecture of the XIII century is the Buddhist Temple of Todai-Ji in the city of Nara built in 2014. The temple is considered the largest wooden structure in the world.

[edit] Japanese medieval architecture

Kinkaku-Dzhi (Golden Pavilion), Kyoto

Ginkaku-Dzhi (silver pavilion)

Garden of stones in Röan Dzhi

Castle Matsumoto.

Castle Himedezi

Nijo Castle

Osaka Castle

Pavilion Syukinti Watervorez Katsura

Castle Hiroshaki

[edit] Meiji's Architecture

Japan Parliament Building

Traditional japanese castle (Yap. 城 ? ) - a fortified structure, mainly of stone and wood, often surrounded by moat and walls. In the early periods of history, the main material for the construction of the castles was a tree. As well as European, Japanese castles served for defense strategically important territories, as well as to demonstrate the power of large military feudalists (Daimo). The value of the locks greatly increased in the "period of warring provinces" (Sengoku Dziday, 1467-1568).

Japanese architecture

Japan's architecture is one of the few in the world whose works right up to the Ser. XIX century Constructed from wood. All the most ancient preserved wooden buildings of the world (from the con. Vi centuries) are located in Japan; In China, they are not ancient VIII century, in Northern Europe - the XI century, in Russia - the XV century. The most powerful impetus to the development of architecture, like the entire culture of Japan, gave the adoption of Buddhism. The main landmark in architecture to the XIX century. There was China, but Japanese architects always turned the overseas samples into truly Japanese works.

About how the daughter-in-law architecture looked like, can be judged by the buildings of two revered Shinto Sanctures ISE and Izumo. The current buildings are not ancient, but reproduce expressive ancient forms: log cabins stand on piles, have high duplex roofs with a large canopy and cruciform sticking beams. They were focused on the restoration of the majority of the Sintosic Sanctures of Japan in the XIX century. The characteristic feature of the Shinto Sanctuary is the Tori Gate, denoting the boundaries of the sacred territory; One of the symbols of the country - the Tori Sanctuary of Izukushima in the water (west of Hiroshima).

The oldest Buddhist monasteries of Japan are located in the city of Nara and its surroundings. These are extensive, clearly melted complexes. In the center of the rectangular yard, there is usually rectangular in terms of the Condo building ("Golden Hall", where they worship by the writable statues) and the Pagoda - a multi-tier tower-reliquary. Around the perimeter are treasury, bell tower and other additional buildings; Particularly highlighted monumental main gates (Nandaimon), located from the south. The most ancient monastery of Japan - Khoryuji near Nara, in which dozens of ancient buildings are preserved (many VI-VIII centuries), unique frescoes, an invaluable collection of sculpture. The most revered monastery of Nara - Todaji, his main temple of Daibotsuden ("Hall of the Great Buddha", the last restructuring of the beginning of the XVIII century) is the largest wooden structure in the world (57 x 50 m, height 48 m).

In the XIII century. A new type of monastery is developing - School Zen, in which all buildings are built along the north axis - south, in turns opening the pilgrim. As a rule, Zen's monasteries were built on woody mountain slopes and perfectly inscribed in nature; They are satisfied with landscape gardens and the so-called "gardens of stones". The most famous "five great Zen temples" in Kamakura near Tokyo; Ascending to the XIII century, but mainly the late, relatively small buildings, these monasteries have perfectly retained close contact with the nature of the prayer atmosphere.

The secular architecture of Japan reached us in fairly late samples. Among them are the feudal castles, which were built mainly in the era of internecine wars in the second half of the XVI - early XVII centuries. These are picturesque multi-tiered wooden structures on powerful stone foundations, surrounded by low walls and bastions, as well as Rips. The largest of them - Himezi near Kobe (1601-1609), which is a complex of more than 80 buildings.

After the peace, which marked the occurrence of the EDO era (1603-1868), the construction of palaces in Japan widely unfolded. Unlike castles, these were, as a rule, one-story structures consisting of asymmetrically grouped buildings. The first were still included in the system of fortifications: for example, the Extensive Palace of Ninomar in Nijo Castle (1601-1626) in the center of Kyoto. Others built as centers of garden-park ensembles, estates; Of these, the most famous Palace of the Imperial Villa Katsura (1610th, 1650s) near Kyoto, one of the most perfect creations of Japanese architecture. Like other traditional buildings, the palaces were frame buildings, the walls did not have a constructive function and therefore were often replaced by open openings or decorated with paintings by removable partitions, which largely washed the face between the interior and nature. The feeling of naturalness, the relationship with nature is amplified and thanks to non-plated wooden supports and board facilities, mint-tatami in residential rooms, paper partitions. The beginning of the Maidzi era (1867-1912) launched a decisive gap with traditional forms. Having passed through the period of development of European forms and finding national roots (Creativity of Tyuyt Ita), Japanese architecture in the second half of the twentieth century. We could become one of the leading in the world by connecting universality in the best works with a bright personality.

Medieval Japanese architecture was mostly wooden. A variety of residential buildings, palaces and temples were erected. The architecture of Buddhist and Sinto Japanese temples has features both similarities and differences. A characteristic feature of Japanese architecture can be considered the connection of the building with the surrounding landscape - aquatic surface, vegetation, relief. As a rule, a monument of architecture is not one isolated-projected building, but a complex of buildings, alleys, gardens that form a single park ensemble. In the gardens necessarily there are ponds and rocks, sometimes specially constructed.

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Buddhist buildings constituted ensembles, including the main (golden) temple, a temple for sermons, a bell tower, a gate, a library, a treasury and pagoda. During the formation of feudalism, the capital of Japan was the city of Nara, built on a clear plan. The temple ensemble in Khoreji near Nara (607) - the oldest wooden building of the world - served as a sample for all subsequent similar structures. Massive, but modest gold chickens supported by columns. Horizontal masses of the temple and other buildings are balanced by the vertical of Pyhysel Pagoda. The entire ensemble surrounds the covered gallery. The stone platform, on which an ensemble, curved edges of the tiled roofs, a system of underfloor brackets, a color of columns with a red varnish was an innovation in Japanese architecture.

A significant role in the temple ensembles play stone lights on low couches and a synthosoin religious symbol: P-shaped gates - thorium with a double top crossbar. The myth says that one day the God of water and the wind Susano wakes up and did a lot of trouble. His sister the goddess of the sun Amateras was hidden from him in the heavenly cave. The world plunged into darkness. The deities tried many ways to force the goddess to get out of the cave. Only singing of naked roosters, which were planted for a specially built high nasal (Japanese - Torii), interested Amateras, and she left his refuge.

Each Shinto Church necessarily has a thorium and even whole colonnades from the gate. The height of the thorium ranges from several tens to 1.5 m. It is very different and the material from which they are made are: most often it is a tree, but it is also encountered iron, bronze, granite.
A peculiar business card of Japan was the Gate of the Shinto Church of Izukushima on the island of Miyazim, which literally means the island of the temple. It is located near Hiroshima. Gate, standing right in the water, are an amazing spectacle. They are painted in purple-red and perfectly stand out against the background of greenish waters. During the tide, the temple resembles a floating ship.

The era of feudalism in Japan is considered with the so-called Heyan period (VIII-XII centuries) by the name of the new capital Heian (now Kyoto). At this time, with the growth of the national identity and development of the sophisticated metropolitan culture, along with Buddhist, the Sleepy Palace Architecture has reached a heyday. The most famous Kyoto monuments are Temples Kiemyidza, Yasak Hayan, Golden and Silver Pavilions, Garden Stones at the Temple of Reongi, Segul Castle Nidze, Old Imperial Palace of State, Catsura Rica Country Palace.
Golden Pavilion - Kinkakuji is located in the northern part of Kyoto on the territory of the Buddhist Monastery of Rockundi. Built at the end of the XIV century, the golden pavilion is a three-tier palace-temple with a harmonious distribution of different levels. On the first floor there is a receiving room, surrounded by a slightly protruding veranda. The interior of the second floor is richly decorated with painting, because there was a hall of music and poetry. The first two floors with large galleries practically do not have closed interiors thanks to the sliding doors. The third floor separated from the first two removal of the roof is distinguished by large arched openings of windows characteristic of the Buddhist architecture of the XIV century. It was intended for religious ceremonies, outside and inside covered with gold sheets.

On the roof with a slightly raised edges set a figurine of fantastic poultry Phoenix. Protective walls, lightweight columns, patterned pacnis-lattices, whimping the form of windows - all parts create harmony of complex and bizarre structures. Straight, unknown buildings of the building are successfully combined with stems growing near pines. The bends of their branches are invas the roof bends.

The pavilion surrounds the ancient garden. For many centuries, Kinkakuji is reflected in the lake Kekoti (lake-mirror). There are numerous large and small islands on its transparent water with pines growing on them. Stones of bizarre shape and different colors rise from the water. With the Pavilion Gallery, two main islands are clearly visible - the Turtle Island and the Island of Zhuravl (in the Eastern Miphology of Turtle and Zhuravl - symbols of longevity). The Golden Pavilion is included in the list of state treasures of Japan.
An even more complete unity of the house and the garden felt in the Silver Pavilion, - Ginkakuji, built in the XV century. This modest two-storey wooden house enters the jested monastery ensemble. The pavilion is widely opened in the garden thanks to the veranda, not separated from the rooms threshold and low hanging over the pond. When you sit in the room on the first floor, the border between the house and nature becomes elusive: stones, water overgrown with the trees of the hillock - everything that can be seen in the edge of the veranda seems big and mysterious, although in reality a very miniature. The internal space of ginkakuzi easily changes with the help of sliding walls. Unfortunately, the initial idea is to cover this pavilion with silver - it was never implemented.

In Kyoto there is a famous garden of stones at the Reongi Monastery (XV century). A low global wall with a tiled roof separates the garden from the outside world, but does not hide the green trees towering behind it. On a small rectangular platform, covered with white gravel, a complex composition of 15 stones is skillfully located. Stones, carefully selected in size and form, are combined into several groups (five, two, three, two, three), each of which is surrounded by a brown-green moss. The veranda of the rector's house, which stretches along the garden, serves as a place of contemplation. The whole composition is intended so that the fifteenth stone always slipping out of sight, hiding behind others. The garden symbol creates the impression of mystery. He clearly demonstrates that the world is unrecognizable, since the truth eludes a person. Although in the garden there is nothing changing, fading or growing, it is always different depending on the time of year and day.

In the Middle Ages, the castle became a fundamentally new type of Japanese architecture. First of all, he played a defensive role. The fortified walls were erected around him. It, as a rule, was built on a mountain or in the radiation of the river so that there was an opportunity to keep a large territory under control. The indispensable belonging of the Japanese medieval castle is wide and deep rally with water surrounding it from all sides. Sometimes they replaced the river, lake or swamp. Inside the castle was a complex system of protective structures. The main of them was always the tower - TENSU, embodied the strength and power of the owner of the castle. The tower consisted of several gradually decreasing to the top of rectangular tiers with protruding tiled roofs and frontones.

Actually, the dwelling was not placed in fortified towers, but in a wooden building located on the territory of the castle. In the XVI century From the modest housing of samurai, it turned into a luxurious front palace. The building increased in size and became more lush to decorating.

The interiors of the palace also correlated with the authorities and wealth of the owner. Even the ceilings were covered with rich ornamental painting and carvings. Decorative decoration gradually increased from the first hall to the main place of official receptions, where wall paintings were performed on the Golden Background. In this huge hall, the floor level was higher than in others - a sign of the chosenness of this place intended for the Segun and his heir. Segun renounced his subjects at a low elevation against the background of a giant pine written on the wall - a symbol of longevity, strength and power.

The Kannon Temple Ensemble in Tokyo takes an extensive territory. Very beautiful gates Caminarimon. A huge red paper lamp is suspended in their arch. Similar lights, only smaller, have long been adorned at home and streets of Japan cities and are still perceived as its indispensable attribute. The main building of the temple amazes with its greatness. In the sparkling gilding, a richly decorated thread altar Gokuzi set found in the River Statue of Cannon - Goddess Mercy.
The ancient city of Nikko ("City of Sunshine") is one of the sacred places of Japan and the famous National Natural Park. Three and a half centuries ago, the Temple of Tooseg was built here, striking the openwork thread and modeling, using enamel and varnish, sophisticated artistic taste. During its existence, the temple has repeatedly suffered from fires and was rebuilt more than 20 times.

The complex is adjacent to the famous Sink (sacred) bridge - the construction of a flame-red stone and a tree, created 300 years ago. According to the originality of the silhouette and the organity of the combination with the surrounding landscape, he has no equal not only in Japan, but throughout the world.

Footprints of the oldest settlements in the Japanese archipelago are dating from the X millennium to our era. The first "villages" consisted of dugouts with roofs from branches of trees supported by the sixtes, known as Tate-Ana Juko ("Housing out of the holes"). In about the third millennium III, the first buildings with a raised floor were appeared, covered with a two-tie roof. Such structures were built as dwellings for tribal leaders and as storage.

In IV-VI centuries. Our era in Japan was already erected by huge tobs of local rulers, called "Cofun". The length of the mouth of the emperor Nintoku is 486 meters, it is more than any of the Egyptian pyramids.

The oldest architectural monuments of Japan are the Shinto and Buddhist cult facilities - the sanctuary, temples, monasteries.

The prototype of the Japanese cult architecture is considered to be the Sinto Sanctuary of ISE Dzing (MIE Prefecture), built in the VII century. In the style of Simmei and the Amatheras Omikov, dedicated to the goddess, the ancestor of the imperial dynasty. His main construction (Honden) is raised above the ground and with a wide part has a step leading inside. Two columns support the roof lobes, which is decorated with two ends in crossbars overlap. Ten short logs lie horizontally across the ridge of the roof, and all the construction is surrounded by a veranda with railings. For centuries, every 20 years near the sanctuary is a new one, and it is exactly copied, the deities move from the old sanctuary to a new one. So up to this day the type of architecture has reached the "short-lived" type of architecture, the main characteristic features of which - the pillars and the roof of the straw roof.

The Great Temple of Izumo (Izumo Tairy) in the prefecture of Simman, as well as the Sanctuary IEE, leads its own story with the "mythical times." Periodically rebuilt until 1744, this temple faced the tradition of Tomi - the style of the Shinto architecture, whose origin refers to the primitive era.

Temple buildings are almost deprived of coloring and decorations. All the beauty of these simple and practical buildings is created at the expense of a solid unpainted tree.

It was believed that every Shinto deity ("Kami") should have its own sanctuary. For example, three marine deities are worshiped in the Temple of Sumiusi in Osaka and, accordingly, three identical sanctuations for each deity are erected there. They are located each other and resemble three ships in the open sea. And in the Kasuga Temple in Nara, 4 identical, standing near the sanctuary are built.

An important element of the synthist cultural architecture is the gate to the temple - Torii.

The appearance in Japan Buddhism influenced syntoism, and the architecture of Buddhist temples affected the architecture of the Shinto Sanctuary. The buildings began to paint in blue, red and other bright colors, use metal and wooden carved decorations, to the main construction of the sanctuary began to add covered rooms for praying and other utility rooms. The temple of Izukusima is built on the island of the inner Japanese sea near Hiroshima. During the tide, it is floating on the surface of the water. Not only the main structures, but also the boat berth, the scene for the ideas of the theater, but, other facilities are combined.

Thoroughly laid huge stone blocks inside the tomb curses suggest that ancient Japan had a high stone construction technique. However, from the moment of birth and up to the borrowing of the European culture of construction during the Mayji, the Japanese architecture used exclusively wood as a building material.

The use of wood as the main building material was determined by a number of reasons. Even in our time, Japan is one of the most densely covered by forests of the countries of the world, and in the past forests there was even more. The preparation of materials and construction from stone required much more effort than the use of wood. The choice of building material was also determined by climate, long hot and wet summer and rather short and dry in winter. To make it easier to carry the heat, the rooms were made easy and open, with a raised floor of the floor and the roof that had long sills protecting from the Sun and frequent rains. Stone masonry did not allow to provide natural ventilation of the premises. The tree is less heated from the heat in summer, and in winter it is less cooled, it absorbs moisture better and, significantly, it is better to carry the jams of earthquakes, every day happening in the Japanese Islands. It was the meaning that the wooden house could be disassembled and assembled in a new place, which is very difficult with respect to the stone.

Almost all Japanese buildings are combinations of rectangular elements. Circles appear only at the top of the bunk pag structures. Thus, all buildings are combinations of support-beam structures with axial symmetry. In the construction of buildings, diagonals were practically not used to give stiffness, this was compensated by using durable wood - cypress, cedar.

Starting from the temples ISE in the Japanese architecture, the trend towards the horizontal development of space prevailed. It was even more intensified by the characteristic roofs of buildings. Covered roof with wide skes - a distinctive feature of Chinese architecture. The Chinese architecture in Japan has been used mainly in the construction of Buddhist monasteries and temples, which are the most important part of the cult architecture of Japan. An example of this can serve as built at the beginning of the VIII century. Buddhist temple of Khoryuji is the most ancient preserved monument of wooden architecture in the world. But even a Japanese flavor is present. Unlike highly curved eaves, characteristic of Chinese architecture, descending lines of the roofs of Khoryuji so elegantly bent, which seem almost horizontal. In the future, the width of the cornice was even more increased. So, with a wide borrowing of the Chinese architecture, the emphasis on horizontal gave rise to a distinctive and unique appearance of Japanese architecture.

Already by VIII century. The complex of buildings of the Buddhist Monastery included 7 main buildings: Pagoda, main hall, a hall for sermons, bell tower, a sutron storage, a sleeping room, a dining room. In the temple complexes, the inner area of \u200b\u200bthe rectangular shape was surrounded by an indoor roof corridor in which the gate was made. The entire monastery territory was surrounded by external earth walls with a gate on each side. The gate was called by the direction they indicated. The main ones were Nandaimon - the Great South Gate. The domestic gate - Tyuomon - was considered the third majority of buildings in the temple after the main hall and the pagoda. The most common type was a bunk gate. During the periods of Asuka and Nara, the main hall, which enlisters the sacred object of worship, was called Condo (literally - the Golden Hall), but he was already called Hondo in the era of Hono - the main hall. The hall for sermons was the place where monks were going to receive instructions, for classes and participation in rituals, he was usually the largest construction in the ancient monasteries. Before our time the halls reached the temples of Khoryuji and Tosydaji.

When Buddhism penetrates Japan, the sacred objects were the most important objects of worship, therefore the pagoda, where they were, stood in the center of the monastery. In Asuka-Dara (its construction began in 588), the pagoda was in the center, from three sides, surrounded by the main halls. In the Sitennjee Temple (approximately 593), the only main hall was located for a pathocence. This suggests that Pagoda was considered the most important building. However, already in the Kavarara monastery (mid VII century) and in the monastery of Khoryuji (VII century) Pagoda was shifted from the center. In the monastery of Yakusiji (end of the VII century) the central structure is the main hall, and two pagodas became decorative elements of the complex. Related to the VIII century. The temples of Todaji and Dialandi also have two pagodas, but they are already built after the inner fence, as well as the only pagodas of the temples of Cofacdi and Tosydaji.

Even now the huge scale of the ancient Buddhist temples amaze their visitors. The hall in which the "Daibuts" is located (the Great Buddha statue), in the Todaji Temple in the city of Nara, the construction of which was completed in the VIII century, is the largest wooden structure in the world.

The features of the Japanese architecture (the principle of horizontality, the merger of architecture and the interior of the buildings) were manifested most fully in residential buildings - both those were built for nobility and in the housing of simple people.

In the traditional residential architecture of Japan, two most important styles are distinguished: Syndhen and Syin.

The first one received its name from the central construction of the manor - the main hall of Synden (literally - a sleeping room).

In accordance with the law on the development of the capital of Hayean (Ko) (Sovr. Kyoto), the estate occupied the square with a side of the square of approximately 120 meters and was surrounded by a number of low trees. Larger estates were constructed accordingly on the square, 2 or 4 times more minimal. A typical estate had an axial symmetry in the development, the main hall was located in the center with a south exit. The roof of the hall was covered with a cypress bark and drowned on the south side over the steps leading to the hall from the landscaped garden. A carefully planned garden usually included a pond with islands connected by bridges. Pavilions and extensions were adjacent to the main hall of Western and North Parties. Each pavilion connected to the main hall or with other extensions closed or open transitions. In the garden, occupying the entire southern part of the manor, various ceremonies were arranged. An open pavilion for music ideas was built on the pond on the pits, connected to a major building with several transitions.

The main hall consisted of an indoor room, surrounded by all 4 sides by a number of columns. The hall could be increased from one or more sides by adding an additional row of columns. There were a veranda under the roofs. On both sides, the doors were made, and the gaps between the external columns were closed with lattice panels, which were attached from above on the loop. In addition to a small room for sleep and storage utensils, the inner space did not have almost no division. The floor was covered with boards, there were tatami on it (thick straw mats) and cushions for seating and sleep, and the privacy was provided by installing shirms and curtains, in addition, on the crossbars that serve to fasten the loops of the wall panels, screens from bamboo.

The only sample of this type of construction that has come down to our time is a state (the Imperial Palace in Kyoto), which served as the house for many generations of emperors.

Another major style of residential architecture - Syin (literally - a library or studio), formed under the influence of Zen-Buddhism. So in the monasteries of the Zen sects were called the abbot. This style was designed during the periods of Kamakura and Muromati on the basis of classic Syndhen, and during the periods of Admit-Momme and Edo, he began to be widely used both in the living rooms and residential rest of the monasteries and in the homes of the military nobility. Until now, he serves as a model of a residential building in a traditional style.

Constructions in several floors appeared - Kinkakuji (Golden Pavilion) and Ginkakuji (Silver Pavilion) in Kyoto, the art of dry landscaped gardens arose, in which sand, stones and shrubs were used as water symbols and mountains.

The earliest examples of Syin's examples reached to this day is Togudo's Hall in Ginkakuji in Kyoto. In the design of the late type Syin, the example of which is the living room of Codseen in the Ondzöji temple, you can see the sliding doors (Mairdo), for each sash of which are inserted with tatami floors, as well as the breakdown of rooms on separate parts with Square in the section of supports, walls and sliding shirms (fusum). All listed features were innovation and not used in Syndhen style.

The Kodseen hall contains another 4 component characteristic of the seine. This is a niche (toconomom) in the posterior wall of the room, a stepped shelf (Tigaydan), framing a niche, a built-in cabinet table (Syin) and decorative doors (Tödahigama) in the wall opposite the veranda. In many rooms, Syin, these 4 elements of the interior were in the part of the hall, where the floor was slightly raised.

The cellular layout of the premises was widely used, where the smallest unit of space, which became the object of special creative architect efforts, was Treuszitz - a room for a tea ceremony, which turned into a perfect expression of Japanese aesthetics.

The idea of \u200b\u200btea houses had an impact on the architecture of the palaces, which was expressed in the style of Sukia. A vivid example of this style is the Imperial Palace of Katsura Ricky in Kyoto.

Syin's style reached his heyday at the beginning of the Edo period, and the most outstanding sample of such an architecture is Ninomar's Palace in Nijo Castle in Kyoto (beginning of the XVII century).

An important aspect of the traditional architecture of Japan is the relationship between the house and the surrounding space, in particular the Garden. The Japanese did not consider the inner and external space as two separate parts, they were more traverted into each other. In other words, there is no border where the inner space is ends and the external starts. The concrete expression of this concept is a veranda of a traditional Japanese house (Engawa). It serves as a transit space on the way out of the house in the garden. Its role is clearly reflected in the structural materials used: the inner premises are covered with straw mats (tatami) floors, outside - the ground and stones of the garden and the tracks, and the veranda is made of wooden, roughly processed bars, which are as if an intermediate material between soft straw mats and solid untreated stones in the garden.

Most castles in Japan were built in the XVI century, in the period of internecine feudal wars. And although they were built as military bases, in peacetime, the castles were the basis for the formation of numerous cities. As a power symbol, the lock not only was equipped with the main building of the tower type, but also turned into a genuine center of art. Architecture, sculpture, craft products, painting and gardening aesthetically served as a contribution to one whole. The castle thus lost his military character, becoming a peculiar political and spiritual center.

Traditional residential houses of unlawless population classes have a common name of Minka. Usually a fairly simple design, they were built until the end of the XIX century, while the Japanese architecture was not subjected to Western influence. Minka in rural areas was called noma, in the villages of Rybakov - Goek, and in cities - Mathy.

In the design, a tree was mainly used - for carrying columns and barcass crossbars, as well as for walls, floor, ceiling and roofs. Bamboo lattice bonded between bamboo columns, formed walls. The lime was used on the roof, which was then covered with grass. Of the straw, the solid thin litters of Musiro and the longer mats of tatami, which were placed on the floor. The stone was used only for the foundation under the columns and was not used in the walls.

After the cessation of the self-insulation period in the port cities began to form western quarters, which were built up with the usual buildings for foreigners. The Russian buildings on the Japanese land include this period.

With the restoration of Maidi in 1868, when Japan entered the path of modernization, new construction technologies used by brick and stone were mastered. The new style was widely recognized throughout the country as the style of buildings of state enterprises and institutions. Especially popular buildings of the office and residences in the style of Western Design. Many architects from the USA and Europe worked in Japan. In 1879, Tokyo Technology College graduated from the whole Pleiad of architects, which then began to play a leading role in construction in the country.

The most famous buildings of Western style - the Bank of Japan and the Tokyo station of architect Tatsuno Kingo, the Imperial Palace of Akasaka Architect Katama Tokum.

However, stone and brick houses built by conventional methods did not stand the earthquake of 1923, which destroyed Tokyo and the surroundings. The progress achieved in the development of methods for the construction of seismically resistant buildings allowed reinforced concrete facilities to appear in Japanese cities at about the same time as in Western Europe.

After World War II, Japan, having recovered from heavy shocks, entered into the period of accelerated economic growth, when using steel and concrete Engineering architecture of Japan went to one of the highest levels in the world.

The significant progress of Japanese architecture was noticed for everyone in 1964 during the Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo. By this time, a complex of sports facilities designed by Tanga Keepzo was built. The building of the Olympic stadium has an original curved roof, resurrecting Japanese traditions.

TANGE from the late 60s. Creates a number of projects of buildings and complexes in which consistently develops the idea of \u200b\u200b"spatial architecture", liketing the buildings and complexes of a growing tree. Now the flexible spatial structure has become almost mandatory characteristics of buildings built in Japan.

The complex of skyscrapers in the West of Central Tokyo became a symbol of the economic power of Japan. In 1991, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe TANGE project, TankE was built the highest building in Tokyo - Tokyo municipality - 243 meters. This construction with two 48-storey towers resembles a European Gothic Cathedral.

National traditions are imbued with projects Ando Tadao. In the buildings constructed, it was always thought out access to the natural light, to nature, so that their inhabitants can enjoy unforgettable paintings, watching, for example, a change of seasons.

World fame also received the activities of Kiynory Kikutay, Kouroka Kisu, Maks Fumihiko, Arata, and other architects.

Japan is developing an incredible pace, and its architecture, which is based on the mysterious philosophy of the East, attracts increasing attention of thousands of tourists from all over the world. Our review presents 25 stunning, incredible, breathtaking masterpieces of modern architecture of the country of the rising sun, which everyone should see.

A very unusual CellBrick house consists of a variety of steel modules. They are in a chess order, which gives the walls of the building an original look. Inside the house, these modules serve as racks for which small items can be put.

2. "House-curtain" in Tokyo

"House-curtain" in Tokyo

The interior of the unique "house-curtain"

"House-curtain" was designed by the legendary Japanese architect Shigeru Banom and built in 1995 in Tokyo. The first thing that rushes into the eye at the sight of such an unusual building is a huge curtain with a height of 7 m, stretched around the perimeter of the main facade. It serves as an obstacle penetration of sunlight and gives the building eastern charm.

Hansha Reflection is a two-storey residential building with its indoor courtyard and a rooftop platform, located next to the picturesque sequence park in Naked. The incredible form of the building is, according to the authors of the project, "the reflection of the environment, the lifeflore and the philosophy of the Japanese."

Japanese architect Su Fujimoto has developed a multi-level House of HOUSE NA on the likeness of a tree branches. To get to the topmost platform, guests will have to overcome an intricate system from open spaces. Steel and glass serve basic materials.

Glass School - a branch of the Canagava Institute of Technology was designed by Japanese designer Junia Ishigami. According to her, "the main idea in the development of the school was the creation of a medium in which everyone will feel freedom of educational process, and where there will be no rules"

6. "House-key well" in Kyoto

"House-keyhole

"House-key well" at dusk

Interior of "House-Key Well"

The main feature of an unusual residential building in Kyoto is a glazed niche L-shaped, around the perimeter surrounding the entrance to the building. Interestingly, there are no windows on the main facade that it does not prevent the tenants and their guests feel comfortable in the walls of the "keyhole".

The author of the Unique Building of the Commercial Center Mikimoto House is Japanese Toyo Ito. The 24-storey complex was built in 2005 in the Tokyo Economic District of Jeans. By his creation, the author showed the whole world, as from steel and reinforced concrete, you can create something unique and memorable.

The construction of a skyscraper in the form of a giant cocoon was completed in 2006. The 204-meter skyscraper is the main branch of the famous fashion school Mode Gakuen University. Numerous restaurants, cafes and boutiques are also located in the tower. Mode Gakuen Cocoon is considered to be the 19th in height of the building of Japan and takes the second line after the Moscow State University in the list of the highest educational institutions in the world.

Intersecting rows of round holes in the walls of the MON Factory residential building create the effect of moving light in the interior. This at first glance is not the brightest building, it became one of the symbols of modern Kyoto.

10. House-capsule "Okagin" in Tokyo

Built in 1972 Complex "Okagin" architect Kisa Kourokave reminds a huge mountain of washing machines, which did not prevent the building of becoming a generally accepted masterpiece of the post-war architecture of metabolism. Small capsules apartments are designed for businessmen and entrepreneurs immersed in their affairs - there are shower, toilet, bed, TV and telephone. The author of the project was planned that the capsules will change every 25 years, but until today, their replacement has never been made, which led to a stunning complex for emergency.

11. Entertainment complex "Oasis 21" in Naked

Entertainment complex "Oasis 21

The modern entertainment complex "Oasis 21" opened in 2002 contains many restaurants, shops and a bus terminal. The main part of the complex is underground. The main chip "Oasis 21" is its huge oval roof that literally boils over the ground. It is filled with water, which creates an interesting visual effect and reduces the temperature in the shopping center itself.

12. Residential House "Reflection of Crystal" in Tokyo

Residential House "Reflection of Crystal" in Tokyo

"Reflection of a crystal" at dusk

The residential building "Reflection of Crystal" is located in the densely populated area of \u200b\u200bTokyo. Yasukhiro Yamasita made the author of the project. The architect managed to solve several problems at once - he managed to find a place for compact parking and create the most open and bright space with stunning views from the windows.

Tokyo's business center consists of 6 modern skyscrapers. Theirs are shopping centers, hotels, entertainment complexes and museum. Between the buildings undergoes the main boulevard, the places covered with a glass atrium and decorated with the most diverse representatives of the flora.

Perhaps the main symbol of Nagoya - located in the center of the city of Science Museum. It consists of 3 buildings dedicated to modern technologies, natural science and biology, and the largest planetarium in the world, which is a huge sphere with a diameter of 35 m.

15. Spiral Tower Mode Gakuen in Naked

Another branch of the Mode Gakuen Fashion Institute, the Spiral Tower, was built in 2008 in Naked. The 170-meter elegant building is striking passersby with its beauty and establishes new standards of modern education.

16. Branches of Bank Sugamo Shinkin Bank in Tokyo

French artist, designer and architect Emanuel Moro lives in his own bright world and tries to reflect it in his works. In her representation, the Bank's building should not be gray and boring, "and on the contrary," visitors such an important institution should feel a favorable and good atmosphere. "

Built in the forests of the village of Karujowzava Villa Shell House is an example of a real harmony of architecture and nature. The tubular rooms are literally poured into the environment, by opening up as possible to it. This place is in great demand like connoisseurs of architecture in the style of Frank Lloyd Wright and at the locals, renting villas at the weekend.

18. Church "Temple of Light" in Osaka

Church "Temple of Light" in Osaka

Unusual interior of the Church "Temple of Light"

The whole Church "Temple of Light" is made of ordinary reinforced concrete. The author of the project, a world famous Japanese Tadao Ando, \u200b\u200bwas able to achieve an incredible light effect with niches and holes, and even the cross for the altar forms light. This church has become a real flagship of Japanese architecture, and Ando was awarded all sorts of awards.

The 12-meter building of the shopping and entertainment complex in Tokyo includes a variety of boutiques and restaurants. From most other buildings, UrbanPrem distinguishes its highly curved facade, which is almost impossible to determine the real height of the complex.

The construction of a unique museum ensemble located on the territory of the fruit fleet ended in 1997. The author of the ISSUBO Khasegawa project has invested in its work hidden meaning - the three-covered windows symbolize the "fruits" (or fruits) of spirituality, mind and lust.

Japan is located in the eastern direction from China and Korea, it is located on the countless number of small and four large islands. There is a legend that the chain of the islands appeared due to the drops that fell into the ocean from the spear of God. The first inhabitants of the islands were migrants from Asia. They were able to survive in adverse conditions due to the ability to breed cattle and grow rice. They had to repel the attacks of local tribes, but over time they settled all the big islands on the archipelago. To the way of life of the Japanese, culture and history of ancient times, China and Korea provided a significant impact. Interesting features of medieval Japan will be discussed below.

Historical information

According to the history of medieval Japan, the very first mention of the rulers of the country belong to the VII century BC. e. Although scientists argue that the first state arose here only in the III-IV century on the territory of the Yamato tribe. The leaders of Yamato over the next three centuries were able to conquer tribes living on the islands of Honsu and Kuska, their attacks on the land of Korea are also known.

Local residents are still confident in the divine origin of the imperial dynasty. According to the legend, the goddess of the Sun presented the signs of power to the first emperor. Although the ruler enjoys limitless reverence, but the real power almost never had.

As history tells, medieval Japan has always been managed by representatives of several richest and respected families who have passed power from generation to generation. From 645, the supporters of the emperor arranged a coup, as a result of which the human race was eliminated from the board. Such a step should be strengthened by state power so that all residents submitted to one laws, and local authorities unconditionally performed the orders of the emperor.

Country in Middle Ages.

The country has always developed apart, because it was located on the periphery of the rest of the world. Scientists believe that the formation of Japan separately from the Chinese civilization began about 100-400 years, therefore the culture of medieval Japan can be attributed to the island form of China's culture. The Japanese adopted a lot from the Chinese civilization - religion, writing, Buddhism, rituals, art, ceremony. Already a little later, the Japanese civilization has become different. It was so organically able to combine the traditions of China with their acquisitions, which becomes a separate original culture.

The rulers of medieval Japan

In the 8th century, the real rulers were representatives of the Fujiwara clan, which turned the imperial families in hostages in their own palaces. Before the expiration of the 12th century, the victims of monarchs are declining. An alternative samurai government appears - the village in Kamakur. In 1221, the palace aristocracy was completely defeated in an anti-tegun uprising, and the emperor turns exclusively at the manager of the ceremonies and rituals. To contain a magnificent monarch yard, the sale of honorary posts for all those who wish to samurai are conducted.

After the fall of the village, the emperor GO Daigo holds a restoration of Cammu to return the state model of the 9th century, but it caused a socio-political crisis. The imperial house broke up into two dynasties: North and South. Only after 30 years the unity of the house was restored by the efforts of the samurai village of Muromati, but the monarchs lost power over the country. Tragic events led to the decline of the imperial house. For several centuries, the ceremony of the imperial harvest was not carried out and the heir was not appointed - the Great Son of the Emperor. Only with the coming to power in the 18th century, the imperial rituals and ceremonies were restored.

Religious preferences

In medieval Japan, a mixture of several religious flows is mixed. The most pronounced syntoism or "way of gods". Most of the population believed in the myths, so the divine origins were attributed to everything. The spirits of the sky were considered the ancestors of monarchs, and simple inhabitants took place from the spirits of lower origin. In the syntoism worship the spirits of ancestors, and after death they are preparing to turn into spirits themselves. The disembodied enthusiasm, they invisibly change the course of life, are able to influence the events. Thanks to Sintoism, another distinguishing feature of the Japanese is manifested - love for harmony of nature.

Buddhism came from China to Japan. Courtful to know the first decided to join this new-fashioned teaching. The philosophical teaching should have been ralling the country and support the authority of the central government. Religion in medieval Japan entered the Code of honor of samurai: discipline, cold-blooded, extension and self-control. Buddhist monasteries who preparing real impassive warriors began to appear. With Buddhism, the Japanese borrowed a hieroglyphic writing, which is needed when rewriting the sacred Buddhist instructions.

In the country, two religions began to peacefully, in some cases they intertwined among themselves. The population could simultaneously follow the principles of the prescriptions of Sintoism and Buddhism, which were not among themselves in the dissonance. Buddhism is considered to be a state religion in medieval Japan, but syntoism is also manifested as a national religion. From Buddhism in the 12th century, a separate branch is separated - Confucianism. According to the new ideology, children not only have to obey the decision of the parents, but also to love them unconditionally.

The concept of law

Known the very first Constitution of Sitet Taiya, belonging to the early era of Thai 604. The concept of law at that time is weakly outlined, it can be said perhaps about the norms of punishments marked with the concepts of punish or God's wrath. It was necessary to follow certain norms of behavior called Giri. There were several Giri in the country: the Father and Son, the Senior and Junior Brothers, her husband and wife. Giri, not related to family relationships, is also distinguished, that is, between merchants and buyers, owner and subordinate and similar. They followed both unsolicited laws, taking into account the condemnation in the event of a poor or incorrect attitude towards close people or subordinates.

Own normal right (Buke-ho) was designated in military caste (letter or samurai). Inside the military community existed its code of rules based on the exclusive loyalty to his suzerane. If the latter showed excessive cruelty, then the vassal had no right to defense, completely depended on the will of his Mr. A little later, against the arbitrariness of the suzeraines, a special collection of customs of the military caste was compiled, which indicated the norms of criminal law and the Code of Honor for the military.

In medieval Japan, the right prescribed only one thing - the subordination of the lower layers of the population to the Lords to the Hierarchy. In the state, for each social group, there was clearly designated functions, the refinement of responsibilities was described in the collections of Ritsu-Ry. The term "rithu" was indicated by repressive norms, and the term "Ry" is administrative and apparent.

Economy

In the 17th century, Tokugava IEYASU managed to form the Sögun dynasty. Although the emperor was considered the head of the country, the Sögunov dynasty ruled all the areas of Japan's activities. There was a need to create its own monetary unit. Only from rice depended the economy of medieval Japan. As a standard unit of measurement, such a number of rice was considered that a person needed for meals for one year. Taxes also paid rice. From the mid-16th century, portuguese often began to come to the country, preferring instead of rice to pay gold coins. Local feudals also felt the advantages of precious metals. Tokugawa continued the case of his predecessor Tetomy Hideyashi, who chosen to his hands most of the gold and silver country. So there was a gold coin of Oban, but it was not used to pay for transactions, but Darili or awarded.

Japanese knew sought to tie the peasants to the land put on. Large landowners tried to solve the problem, how to pacify the uprising of the peasants or return the escaped subordinates back. Special detachments of trained warriors appear, who formed their closed community of samurai over time. The Code of Honor of Warriors began to be observed, or Becidido, which was based on the ideas of loyalty to Mr. The warrior undertakes to protect his lord with the price of life, and in case of dishonor to commit a ritual suicide, or Harakiri.

Political way

From the 12th century a feudal hierarchy has strengthened. In view of the feudal fragmentation, the country is in a state of constant internecine disassembly. Even after the establishment of the supreme power of the segunov, the clashes between small feudals are not stopped. Among such conditions, the samurai worldview is created, ready to bring himself sacrificing to his tinsen. Samurai becomes a sample of courage, honor and loyalty.

After the emergence of large feudal farms, education and growth of cities begins. Near the castle of the ruler began to build a city where the commercial and craft population prevailed. Latifunds come to private land owners.

Culture of medieval Japan

New cities are beginning to build in the ripe Middle Ages, ties are strengthened with China, crafts develop and trade expands. Other aesthetic preferences based on folk motifs appear. Japan gradually acquires distinctive features, goes to another level of development. In the artistic culture of medieval Japan, the focus is on the human perception of the world, the dramatic attack of the actions performed. Dramatic works began to appear for performing in the theater. In painting and sculpture in the independent genre, a landscape and portrait stands out. The visual art of medieval Japan affects the harsh weekdays of the epoch filled with conflicts. The art is permeated by the Buddhism raid, especially the Zen sect flourishes. Previously, it was necessary to carry out incomprehensible complex religious rites, but the Zen sect transferred the ministry into a simpler and understandable form. Any Buddhist literature and multiple rites are denied, in which only the desire for the knowledge of their spiritual essence comes. Everyone could be the path of truth through contemplation and deepening.

Sumuraev's champions

At that time, samurai had not yet strived for the luxury and island of palaces. They had to often join the contractions in civilians, to repel the attacks of alien tribes, so the main thing for them was military valor, courage and honor. The military estate of the concept of Zen-Buddhism fell in the shower, because paradise can be achieved by discipline and one simple prayer. The warriors are based on negotiations, transmitting the feeling of anxiety, but devoid of pomp of the interiors and porch. Feats of samurai are described in the scrolls, the cult of sword and armor appears, the Buddha statues performed with all the rigor appear. Poems composed as samurai go hunting, shoot and exercise in horseback riding. In a special honor, naroarski art, expressed in the construction of the statue of the Buddha Kamakura. In medieval Japan, they begin to restore the people's temples destroyed during the war or those that are in the wind state.

Architectural preferences

What is the most special architecture of medieval Japan? In the 12th century, Buddhist temples began to argue among the picturesque nature. At nature, considered the deity, so architectural structures were to harmoniously fit into the surrounding landscape. The estates and palaces were built in the form of a rectangle converted to the south side to the square framed on both sides gallery with filties. From the southern part of the building, they always tried to equip a landscape garden, consisting of lakes, rocks, bridges and islands. Gardens should attach thoughts about solitude, tune in silence and quiet way. Instead of a rapid flow of waterfall, they were preferred to build a pond with standing water, and the sophisticated lotus flowers should be shattered on the surface. The beauty of a secluded garden was created in the Hayian parks, when the path was expected to change the landscape behind each turn. Instead of air bridges, smooth stones appeared, which created mosaic paintings. Enjoy the success of nodies, decorative all four years of year.

The most favorite at the time the palaces, castles and houses for the tea ceremonies are becoming the most favorite. There is a desire for simple architectural lines. Wooden structures were not always covered with paint. The knots on the surface of the wood were played as decorative elements. The buildings were erected in the form of a rectangular pavilion surrounded by the gallery, and the roof should have a curved shape. Multi-tiered pagodas are built, albeit small. If the building is painted, then more than one or two colors are not used. In Japan, storage rooms were considered the most first sacred temples where rice reserves were kept. Storerooms towering at high columns so that the moisture does not spoil rice. The first temples were built according to the type of grain grain. The climate in Japan is humor enough, but wooden temples have survived to this day. These longevity, they are obliged to disassemble the sacred temples every 20 years, and in the place of the place to build new things from another material.

Secular construction

From the 16th century, feudal locks were built capable of restraining the attacks of enemy armies. These multi-tiered structures were erected from wood, and at the heart lay stone foundations. Around the additionally built bastions and low walls, and around the perimeter the castle was surrounded by rs. The most impressive castle of that time is Himezi near Kobe, consisting of 80 different types of buildings.

Edo's era brought calm after the devastating internecine wars. Instead of castles, the construction of palaces is unfolding. They are single-storey buildings, although the very first still have a system of fortifications, but further build like a garden-park ensemble. According to tradition, palace walls do not have constructive functions, therefore, replaced by openings or removable partitions. Builders tried to achieve maximum naturalness and unity with nature.

Painting

Starting from the 7th century, the painting of medieval Japan remains very simple. The level of skill can be judged by the painting that adorns the Ark of Tamamusi from the temple of Khoryuji. The author painted the ark of yellow, red and green paint on a black base. As Buddhism spread, more and more religious structures appear, so the demand for highly qualified artists. Now the masters were cumulatively worked on one drawing, respectively, their specialization. One artist only did the sketch, the second was engaged in coloring, and the third drank the contour of the finished picture. On the Pointers of Emakamono in the 8th century, the drawings are symbolic, there is no dynamics. The landscape and genre painting begins to develop. A bright example is the painted shirma "Woman with bird feathers", where the lines are already becoming smoother and easy, an expressive image is created. From the 9th century, Buddhist painting is developing, which is characteristic of the mandala. To draw the mandala, more expensive materials were used, for example, silver and gold.

At the end of the 16th century, a number of painting schools appear: Tosa, Sog, Kano, Kayo, Unnock. During this period, many unique paintings belonging not only to famous masters, but also unknown artists.