The famous commander of the Russian army, the minister who has the title of General Feldmarshal, whose account of the Tens of successful battles of the Patriotic War of 1812 and military campaigns outside Russia - Mikhail Barclay de Tolly. This warlord according to the degree of popularity can compete even with.

Military tactics used by Mikhail Bogdanovich in battles, criticized by contemporaries, but the descendants appreciated the professionalism of the Great Russian Strategist. The dedication of Barclay de Tolly and the devotion of His Russia illustrate the words of the military man on the fact that he was ready to fall in battle in Borodino, if it would take for victory.

Childhood and youth

The history of the origin of the Barclay de Tolly family is rooted in the XI century and deep into the European continent. Nikolai Bogdanovich Nikolai Bogdanovich is a descendant of the ancient Scottish kind, the history begins with Robert Barclay. Robert himself is a leaving from the Scandinavian countries. As part of the Army of the Duke of Normandy (Wilhelm Norman), Robert Barclay was in Britain, where it remained to live. The place of residence, the man chose the village with the name of his name Barclay. The descendants of Robert were divided into two parallel branches - Barclay of Gartley (soon ceased to exist) and Barclay of Touie. Thoui few generations were transformed in de Toll.


The Barclay de Tolly family enjoyed the favor of the monarch of the family and successfully increased its wealth, but political events in Britain, associated with the arrival of Oliver Cromwell, forced the Barclay de Tolly brothers to flee from Britain. The great-grandfather of the famous commanders settled in Riga, where they were engaged in commerce and even made their way into power.

After Latvia became part of the Russian Empire, Wingold Gottland (Father of the Future Communion) received a princely title. Having served in military service, Wungold married a local girl Margarita-Elizabeth von Smithten. Margarita was a German in origin, had a noble title and was born or born in the family of rich landowners, or in the family of a respected priest.


December 13, 1761 (according to other information, December 27) in the family of Wungold Gottland and Margarita-Elizabeth, a son was born. The biography of the commander did not save not only the date, but also the place of birth of Mikhail, on this occasion there are still disputes among historians.

The boy was named German Master Mikhael Andreas. However, with baptism, Michael got the name Mikhail. Patronymic Bogdanovich is connected with the etymology of his father's name: Gottland in German means "this God." Mikhail became the second son of a young married couple.


Since in the XVIII century among the German nobles flourished by the tradition of childless families to educate young relatives, in four years the parents sent Mikhail to upbringing in St. Petersburg, in the family of aunt for the mother. Colonel with his wife, becoming adoptive parents of the future commander, conscientiously fulfilled their duties, thanks to which the boy received a good home education. As a child, the boy became interested in military history, tactics and battle strategics, spoke several foreign languages.

Considering the post of adoptive father, as well as the interests of the child himself, the question of choosing a profession was not standing for him. Another six years, Mikhail was listed in the ranks of the Novotroitsky Kirassian regiment, who commanded his adoptive father. Two years later, the Russian Empire began a war with the Ottoman Empire. Little Michael was looking forward to letters from uncle and flutterly watched the theater of hostilities.

Military service

Military service Mikhail began with rows of the Pskov Carabinerian Regiment. Two years later, the young man received the rank of Cornet, and another five years later, Mikhaili came the rank of a podoruk. Mikhail has sharply stand out on a general background of a high level of education and love of reading. However, this fact was the reason for the envy of the fellow soldiers to the success of Barclay de Tolly. Then General Patkul translated Mikhail to the service in St. Petersburg. There, a young lieutenant has increased the qualifications of memoirs. Mikhail Illarionovich was focused on the content and well-being of ordinary soldiers, and Barclay de Tolly took over this point of view.


Colonel of the young Barclay de Tolly became only ten years of selfless military service. Going to the prince of Viktor Shaumbourgsky in the rank of captain, Mikhail received the first experience in conducting real hostilities - the Turkish war of 1878 began. During this period, Barclay became famous as an exclusive and cold-blooded commander, capable of taking weighted solutions directly on the battlefield.

In 1788, Russian troops took the assault of Ochak. During this operation, young Barclay met his mentor Kutuzov, and also witnessed the military failure of Suvorov and his intrigue with Potemkin. And for the salvation of Prince Angalta Mikhail received his first award - the Order of St. Vladimir.


In 1879, Mikhail Bogdanovich, who received another increase, transferred to the Finnish front of the war with the Swedes. There was killed in battle and patron Mikhail Prince Anhalt. Before his death, the prince presented Barclay the sword with which Mikhail Bogdanovich was much later buried on his will.

Another Barclay meeting with Suvorov took place in 1794 in the city of Grodno, as part of the campaign for the suppression of the Polish uprising. For courage and courage in the fight against the rebels, Mikhail Bogdanovich received the Order of St. George.

Having received the title of Colonel, Barclay de Tolly survived the death of the queen, coming to power, when the same Suvorov fell into disfavor. Mikhail Bogdanovich continued to lead the 4th Hanish regiment in the Baltic States, where he personally conducted the selection of recruits and taught them. The calm service of the sovereign did not stop for Barclay and with the death of Paul and the arrival of power.


Only in 1806, Mikhail Bogdanovich resumed hostilities with his regiment, faced with the army. For progress in battles with the opponent Barclay, the Order of St. George was awarded. A year later, General Mikhail Bogdanovich received a serious injury in battle. A year later, after a long-term treatment in the hospital, Barclay returned to the battlefield in Finland.

In 1809, Barclay de Tolly made an adventurous, unprecedented military operation, while going with his corps of the Quark on thin Martam Ice and appearing in the rear at the enemy. This brilliant operation has become the beginning of the end of the hostilities between Russia and Sweden. As a result of the operation, the territory of Finland was attached to Russia, and the general himself became its governor.


With a new position, Mikhail Bogdanovich coped not worse than with military tasks, in connection with which in 1810 he was appointed by the Military Minister of the Russian Empire. In the new position on the shoulders, Barclaya lay a heavy and responsible task - to prepare an army for the impending war with France. Following its principle about the importance of welfare of soldiers for success in fulfilling combat missions, the minister has achieved an increase in the financing of the army and expand the state.

Having studied the enemy's strategy, Mikhail Bogdanovich develops his own fighting plan, according to which his army had to retreat deep into the country, the maximum stretching the communications of the Napoleon's army and relaxing it. The "Scythian Strategy" Barclay de Tollyas caused the mass of denunciations on his "betrayal" to the king Alexander, including from.


However, the Russian army continued to prepare methodically, leading to the death of self-confident French. Despite the fact that on the approaches to Smolensk, the French began to endure the defeat, the pressure on the king on the part of the generals and the nobility increased, and Alexander is forced to remove Mikhail Bogdanovich from office. The army was headed by Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov. In turn, Barclay filed the king to dismiss it from military service, the answer to which he did not wait.

Later, Mikhail Bogdanovich wrote that his main desire in the Borodino battle was to stay on the battlefield among the fallen. Its hopes were not destined to come true, but Barclay's courage returned the location of the generals and ordinary soldiers.

Personal life

Mikhail Bogdanovich considered her duty to ministry, so the commander had no time to his personal life. However, in 1791 he still married a cousin Elena Augustus Eleonor Von Smithten. In marriage Elena gave birth to several children, but only one of them survived - Ernst Magnus August. In addition to the Son, three non-ferrous daughters - Carolina, Anna and Catherine were brought up by the old tradition in the Barclay de Toll family.


Ernst went in the footsteps of his father and chose a military profession, having reached the title of Colonel. Ernst was married twice, but he did not leave the children in any of the marriages - Barclay de Tolly ended on it.

Death

In 1812, Mikhail Bogdanovich left the position of military minister, without having even gratitude for the war with the French won by his forces. A fevering former warlord went to the generic manor to improve health. All the way he was accompanied by curses and contempt of the people.

However, soon after recovering Mikhail Bogdanovich, they again called on the ranks of the army, where he successfully led individual units in foreign campaigns, for which the princely title was awarded. The motto of the family was the words "loyalty and patience", and the coat of arms of Barklaev contains the unchanging attributes of military service and loyalty to the sovereign.


In the winter of 1818, Barclay felt a deterioration in health and asked permission to go for treatment in Germany, but died on the road on May 14, 1818. Great Russian strategist in the Baltic States is buried.

Images of the commander on numerous busts and photos are based on the portrait of the artist George Dow.

Memory

  • 1823 - Mausoleum Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly
  • Monument on the grave of the commander in Yygevest, at the Kazan Square of St. Petersburg, in Smolensk, the Bendery Fortress
  • Image in the films "Kutuzov", "Bagration", "War and Peace"
  • 1962 - Brand with the image of Barclay de Toll
  • 2012 - CBR coin depicting Barclay de Toll

- Princes and nobles.
Surname This Scottish origin.
The ancestor of them, the Scotland from the Barclay of Tolly surname, left for his fatherland while shattered in the UK in the XVII century and settled in Riga. One of the descendants was burgomystrome in Riga and had a son who was in military service and acquired noble dignity (then the officer, then the nobility was acquired).
The latter left the sons of Erica-John, who served as Major General Engineer, Henry, Major Artylery and Prince Mikhail Bogdanovich, subsequently the famous commander glorified in 1812 and 1813. "Prince Mikhail Bogdanovich was born in 1761, in the seventh year from the genus he was a corporal in Novotroitsky Kirassir Regiment, and on April 28, 1778 was produced in the cortset.
The outstanding abilities of a young officer were noticed by the head of the Lifelard division, the gene. Popkul, who took him to his adjutant, and then recommended c. Anhalt, which translated it in 1786 to the Finnish Hanger.
In 1788, B., appointed by the adjutant for the prince of Anhalt Bernburg, took part in the storm of the Ochal, and in 1789 - in the defeat of the Turks near Kaushans, when taking Akkerman and Bender.
In 1790, B., together with Prince, the Anhalt Bernburgh went to Finland, where military actions were walked at that time; And at the end of the Swedish war, it was translated into the St. Petersburg Grenadier Regiment. Here, the commander of the battalion, he participated in the hostilities of 1794 against the Poles and for the special differences rendered when taking the storming of the fortifications of the city of Vilna and during the extermination of the detachment of Grabovsky near Grodnes, was awarded the Order of St. George 4th Art. It was then produced in lieutenant colonels with a translation into the Estlands of Hanroom Corps, he was appointed commander of the 1st battle, renamed imper. Paul in the 4th Hanroom Regiment; In 1798, already in the rank of Colonel, was appointed chief of this regiment, for the excellent condition of which in 1799 was produced in Majo-General. - In the campaign of 1806 B. especially distinguished himself in the battle under Pultusky, for which he was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd Art. January 24, 1807 B., Commander of the Aircircle during the retreat of Russian. The army towards Landsberg and Preice-Eilau, gave the possibility of Benigsen to focus on the position of this city, withsting the head of the almost all of the Napoleon's army.
In the battle under Passish-Eilau B. was wounded into the right hand with a fracture of the bone and was forced to be removed from the army, having received other awards, Chin Generator. Lieutenant.
To the Swedish campaign of 1808 B. commanded first by a separate detachment; But by disagreement with the gene. Buksghevden left Finland.
However, in 1809, he was sent there again, made his famous transition through the quartzen (7, March 8 and 9) and seized in the Swedish bank of the Umea city. The consequence of this was the conclusion of the world with Schwali.
Produced in the genener. From infanteria, B. was appointed Generator. Governor of Finland and the Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Army. On January 20, 1810, B. took the post of military minister, and with it, a well-known "institution for managing a large armed army" was drawn up. In addition, significant improvements were made for various sectors of the military administration, which turned out to be particularly timely and useful in view of the preparing gigantic control with Napoleon.
At the beginning of the Patriotic War, 1812 B. was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the 1st West Army.
Considering with circumstances, he retreated before disproportionately excellent enemy forces, not giving the last anywhere else to achieve a decisive success; Connecting under Smolensk with the Bagration army, he continued to retreat to the Tsareva Zahnism, where he intended to give a battle.
The retreat is, however, he opened the displeasure in the troops who eager to fight the enemy, and restored a public opinion against B., as a result of which he was replaced by Kutuzov and entered his superiors.
In Borodino battle, he commanded the right flank.
Skillful orders and a selfless courage, converted by him in this battle, delivered B. Order of St. George 2nd Art. - At the famous military. The Council in the village of Filyah, he proved the ineffodies of the position to Moscow and offered to retreat without a fight. After the Borodino battle B. Further, and in the Tarutinsky camp, his illness was so intensified that he had to leave the army. On February 4, 1813, he accepted the authorities over the 3rd Army; During the battle under Bauzen (May 8 and 9), commanded the right. a flank where the main attack of Napoleon was directed; And after the Bauzensky battle, he accepted the authorities over the Russian-Prussian army; 18 Aug. Under the Kulm, the defeat of the Wandomma tried, for which he was awarded the Order of St. George 1st Art.; In the Leipzig battle 4, 5 and 6 approx. Commanded the center and was one of the main perpetrators of Victory obsessed.
For these new merits B. erected in graphic dignity.
In 1814, he supervised Russian. Forces in battles: under Bryren, Arsis-sur-Oh, Fer-Chapeneauz, when taking Paris, who delivered a Feldmarsh Wand. Upon returning to Russia B. was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the 1st Army, with which he entered into the limits of France in 1815; But the battle under Waterloo stopped the further movement of Russian. troops. 30 Aug. 1814 after the famous review under Vertu B. was erected into princely dignity.
After returning it to Russia, the home apartment of his army was located in Mogilev-on-dniester, but the upset health of the commander-in-chief made him go to the German mineral waters, on the way to which he died in Insterburg. On May 14, 1818, B. was buried in the estate of Bekgof, in Liflandia.
He was set a monument at Kazan Square in St. Petersburg. (Brockauz)

The fate of this commander is an example of historical injustice. In all the glory got, Bagration and, and Barclay de Tolly, contemporaries arranged obstruction, and the descendants "deployed" him into secondary characters. If you take advantage of the expression of Pushkin, he became something like the "Russian God" - it is recognized that there is, but no one does not count on him.

Scottish German

A national question played a significant role in this matter (at that time, Velikorvsky Chauvinists already existed). The ancestors of Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly, Scottish monarchists, emigrated to the Baltic States, fleeing from Cromwell. There, their blood was mixed with the blood of the Liflyand Germans.

As a result, Mikhail Bogdanovich (years of life: 1761-1818) was considered "highly" and in general, in his origin in his origin. He received excellent upbringing and education, began military service (real, not on paper!) In incomplete 15 years, and when it took him 20 years to reach Colonel.

At the same time, the officer managed to participate in the capture of Ochakov and Akkerman, the war with Sweden, the fighting against the Dresuchko rebels, the conquest of Finland (where he was the governor).

In 1807, Barclay made an unauthorized military discovery. He suggested the king of the "scorched land" strategy, offering to use it in the event of France attack. Contemporaries used it, but did not praise, and later generations the invention was also useful.

Military Minister

In 1810-1812, Barclay was a military minister. In this post, he sought to reform the management of the army, to make it more organized. His country is obliged to increase combat capability on the eve of the war - he spent in 1811-1812. 4 additional recruit sets by increasing the army by 1.5 million people. Some of them were already combined by the beginning of the war, others could replace prepared soldiers in remote garrisons.

Barclay's efforts of Russia did not have a lack of military equipment, and in artillery.

Did not get along

At the beginning of the war, Barclay commanded the 1st Army in Lithuania, ignored anything that was not a reasonable plan for the reflection of Napoleon (composed by General Full) and began to "burn the Earth" and retreat, avoiding the general battle.

The appointed commander-in-chief in August, did the same thing. But his contemporaries recognized as a genius, and Barclay for the same actions - a coward and almost a traitor.

The fact is that most of the highest officers of Barclay decided not to converge in character. In fashion was a hussar delete, and Barclay was polite, discreet, cautious "German," and he was preferred to be a violent Bagration, although he was directly played by Napoleon's hand with his thirst for a decisive battle (he also really wanted a big battle). But this German was so patriot of Russia that for the sake of her suffered ridicule and mockery, was worried and stolen, but he knew how to insisted on his own. He retained the army not only for Borodino, but also for the subsequent onset. This Barclay was the first to support the idea of \u200b\u200bleaving Moscow in filily to save Russia, although all those present (including Kutuzov!) Preferred to "not notice." And he created a burning "corridor", in which the retreating "Great Army" died.

After the war

When Napoleon was crushed, the Allies of Russia appreciated Barclay very high, the king also expressed his gratitude, but "the light" ignored almost demonstratively. The landowners who preferred the Motherland "I mean" did not forgive him "scorched land." And Feldmarshal (this title he received in 1815) additionally spoiled his mood, speaking against military settlements and demanding to endow the land of soldiers ...

He died his death, without reaching the resort, where he was going to the treatment ...

In 1837, a double monument of the work of the Orlovsky sculptor was installed in St. Petersburg: Kutuzov and Barclay. So the story finally recognized that the victory in 1812 they did together.

Still Napoleon Bonaparte joined the impossibility of shooting public opinion from guns. But not only the French emperor was forced to reckon with the opinion of the public. In Russia, his pressure was not impressed by post-revolutionary France. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tollya turned out to be a frequent object of undeserved criticism of the court circles in the difficult period of the Patriotic War of 1812.

Mikhail Bogdanovich was born (Michael Andreas) in December 1761 in the German Hanseatic family de Tollya - the branch of the ancient Scottish genus Barclay. Father Feldmarshal Wayungold Gottard (accepted the Slavic name Bogdan) Barclay de Tollya entered the Russian service in the middle of the century and retired in the rank of Lieutenant, deserving the nobility.


Michael Andreas from three years has brought up in the family of his uncle George Wilhelm von Vermlena. At that moment, he commanded the Novotroitsky Kirassirian regiment, where and was recorded from ten years Mikhail Bogdanovich. The actual service began, as was taken, in 15 years in the rank of Wahmistra Pskov Carabinier regiment. Only after 8 years, Barclay de Tolly was awarded the first officer rank - Chin Kornet - a dormant origin was affected.

In 1783, a capable officer was noticed General von Paccuch and took his adjutant with an increase in the companion. After 3 years, Barclay de Tollya in the rank of lieutenant is translated into the 1st battalion of the Finnish Egersk Regiment to the Count F. E. Anhalt. After another year, Mikhail Bogdanovich received combat baptism in the Russian-Turkish war (1787-1791). Barclay de Tollya participated in the storm of Ochakov in 1788, then in the battle near Kaushan, the capture of Bender and Akkerman. The service has moved to second major. Until the end of the war with the Turks, in 1790, Barclay de Tolly was translated into the Finnish army, which took part in the final stage of the war with Sweden 1788-1790. Mikhail Bogdanovich distinguished himself in a battle at Pardakoski, for which he was granted by the rank of Major's premier. A few months later, he was appointed commander of the battalion of the St. Petersburg Grenadier Regiment.

In 1794, Mikhail Bogdanovich participated in the suppression of the Kostyutko's uprising in Poland. Here he showed himself an excellent tactic, being forced to act against small and scattered rebel detachments. For these successes, as well as for the capture of the city, Vilna Barklay de Tollya received the Order of St. George 4th degree, and after a few months there was an increase in the lieutenant colonel. At the end of 1794, Mikhail Bogdanovich was translated into the Estlands of the Battalion commander. In 1798 Barclay de Tollya receives the rank of Colonel, and next year he heads the Hsently Regiment, renamed Estland in the 4th.

The Mikhail Bogdanovich, Mikhail Bogdanovich, was not touched by Mikhail Bogdanovich to the Mikhail Bogdanovich, with his opalas. An uncess origin and remoteness from St. Petersburg and his intrigue, such a long-time career development of a talented officer in this case played in his favor.

In the colonels of Barclay de Tollya did not stop, in the position of the regiment, his organizational abilities were demonstrated to the fullest. In March 1799 for excellent preparation of soldiers, he receives the rank of General Major. It should be noted that the merger is a special infantry, they had to act in hard-to-reach places, such as mountains, forests or difficult terrain. In a word, wherever it was impossible to build linear infantry. Hengeny had to make a me to shoot, differ endurance, quickly and imperceptibly move on the ground and, of course, be able to stand up for themselves in the bayonet battle. Barclay de Tolly soldiers of these requirements fully satisfied.

Mikhail Bogdanovich collided with French troops in the battle of Austerlice. Already in this battle it became clear how dangerous opponent could be Napoleon. In the campaign of 1806-1807, Barclay de Tolly headed the division and in the first major battle in Pultusk, the commander of the first line, reflected all the attacks of Marshal Lanna. For this fight received the Order of St. George 3rd degree.

Covering the retreat of the Russian army through the city of Preice-Eilau, Mikhail Bogdanovich was seriously injured in the right hand. The wound made itself felt. During the course of several years he had to wear a hand over his hand. Barclay de Tolly even has even formed a habit of hold the right hand of a healthy left. Appreciating the arielicaging battle at Prisish-Eilau, Mikhail Bogdanovich produced in Lieutenant-General.

Due to the injury of Barclay de Tollya, he was forced for a long time to remove from the army for treatment and returned to the troops only to the war with Sweden 1808-1809. Here, by performing the will of the emperor, Barclay with his troops committed the most difficult transition along the ice of the frooling strait of Quark and took the Swedish city of Umea. This maneuver forced Sweden to join the negotiations, they ended, however, the resumption of hostilities. By the end of the war, Barclay headed the troops of the whole Finland and received the rank of general from infanteria.

Alexander did not pay attention to the talent and skill of Barclay de Tolly. In January 1810, Mikhail Bogdanovich appointed to the foreman of the war of the Military Minister on the eve of war with Napoleon. Undoubtedly, Barclay understood how much will be put on the card in the upcoming collision. Without losing time, it is actively taken for reforming the army. The past wars showed the superiority of the campaign organization and tactics of the attacking columns, first applied by Suvorov.

The first direction of reforms becomes the regulation of the actions of commanders in combat conditions and in the preparation of soldiers, as well as the exact definition of the hierarchy of the titles and the circle of responsibilities, which corresponds to them. The outcome of the voltage work of the commissions was the "institutions for the management of the Great Acting Army" - one of the most advanced documents of Europe of the time. Thanks to the efforts of Barclay de Tolly, the number of the army was enlarged twice, improved supply. As part of the preparations for the war, warehouses and food stores were organized, a supply network was created, the fortresses were repaired. Huge work was carried out on the improvement of the artillery park. Under Barclay, the introduction of the Arakheevskaya or system of "1805", which provided for the unification of artillery and the transition to uniform principles of production and supply of all guns in the army.

In addition, under the leadership of Mikhail Bogdanovich, a strategic retreat plan was developed, but its initial version, which provided for the retreat to Volga was not adopted by Alexander. Later, General Pful (or Ful) suggested a waste plan to the Driss fortified camp, while simultaneously actions of the armies in the flanks and rear to the French. With the beginning of the war, it turned out the impossibility of its implementation, as few people assumed that Napoleon would be able to collect and feed more than half a million hordes and move against each of the three Russian armies superior to the number of troops.

Having retreated with battles to a useless, but fortified camp, Barclay de Tolly makes a decision connecting to the Army of Bagration under Vitebsk, but did not have time to go to the city before Napoleon, the place of gathering suffered to Smolensk.

Sturm Smolensk became the first major battle of the campaign of 1812. The famous military historian von Clausewitz noted that Barclay managed to turn the battle for Smolensk from the general in anything significant from a strategic point of view for the French. The Great Army suffered tangible losses without having a chance to apply a Russian unconditional defeat.

Public opinion in the meantime was actively expressing discontent through home-grown court "strategists". The army in Raption did not lag behind, even Bagration wrote angry letters to the emperor, accusing Barclay in treason. Pulled oil into the fire and the non-Russian origin of Mikhail Bogdanovich. August 29, Alexander, giving way to the "public" requirements, appoints Kutuzov commander-in-chief. The light prince clearly understood and supported Mikhail Bogdanovich's strategy, but at the same time he had unconditional authority in the army and noble circles. This allowed Kutuzov to bring the Barclay de Tolly strategy to a logical completion.

With Borodino, the commander of the 1st Army Mikhail Barclay de Tolly appeared in the most dangerous places. At 11 in the morning, after the Raevsky battery was returned to the counterattack of General Yermolov, Barclay, without waiting for a request from Alexey Petrovich, strengthened his position by infantry and artillery from his own reserve. During the battle near Barclay, 5 horses were killed and injured. For Borodino, the commander of the 1st Army received the Order of St. George 2th degree.

After the Borodino battle and reorganization of the army, he takes a vacation and goes to his village in Liflandia. The Barclay de Tolly army returned only with the beginning of an overseas campaign.

In the campaign of 1812-1814, Mikhail Bogdanovich commanded the 3rd army, then connected by Russian-Prussian troops and distinguished himself in many battles. So, for the victory of Culme, he received the Order of St. George 1st degree, becoming one of the few full cavaliers of this award. Later, in the battle of nations near Leipzig played a significant role in the victory of allies. In 1814, after the capture of Paris, he received the rank of Field Marshal, and in a year he was erected into princely dignity.

After the end of the Napoleonic wars Barclay de Tolly, for some time headed the 1st army housed in Poland, but was forced to resign due to sharply deteriorating health.

In 1818, the road to the place of treatment on mineral waters, Feldmarshal died. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly in the family estate Bekgof (now the territory of Estonia).

Barclay de Tollya rightfully enters the pleiad of brilliant Russian commander, who glorified Russian weapons and defended the country from the French invasion.

Barclay de Tolly participated in the Russian-Prussian-French and Russian-Swedish wars.
In 1810-1812, he was a military minister and (since 1810) by a member of the State Council. At this time, Barclay de Tolls conducted a number of reforms aimed at an increase in the number of army. IN March 1812. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the 1st West Army and at the beginning Patriotic War 1812 successfully carried out the departure of the Russian army to Smolensk, where it was connected to the 2nd West Army Bagration.
The last years of Barclay de Tolly's life was engaged in combat training of the Army units entrusted to him, which constituted most of the fields of Russia.

Danilov A.A. History of Russia IX - XIX centuries. Reference materials. M., 1998.

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Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich (1761-1818) is an outstanding Russian commander. Feldmarshal General (1814). Prince (1815). The service in the Russian army began in 1776, he distinguished himself during the storm of the shutter during the Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791, during the Russian-Swedish war 1788-1790. and in the Polish campaign 1792-1794. He participated in wars with France and Sweden at the beginning of the XIX century. From 1809, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and the Governor-General Finland. In January 1810 - September 1812 - Military Minister, Member of the State Council. The author of military reforms 1810-1812. With the beginning of the Patriotic War was left by the emperor as responsible for the leadership of military actions (he did not have the official status of the commander-in-chief). He managed to achieve the junction of Russian armies near Smolensky, thoring the plans of Napoleon to break Russian forces to apart. He initiated the creation of the first partisan compounds. Attempts by Barclay de Tolls to preserve the army at any cost caused discontent and reproach to his address. He was accused even in treason. With appointment Kutuzov Commander, Barclay de Tolly remained commander of the 1st Army. Distinguished in the course Borodino battle. On the Council in Filya, the idea was made to leave Moscow to save the army and led the Army's conclusion from Moscow on behalf of Kutuzov. During the overseas campaign of the Russian army, he commanded the 3rd army. From 1813, the commander-in-chief of all Russian and Prussian armies. After the conclusion of the Parisian world - Commander-in-Chief of the 1st Army. After the war, having resigned, opposed the creation of military settlements. Offered to endow the sentence of soldiers and enroll in free bakery .

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Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich, Prince, famous Russian commander, Scottish origin. During the XVII century, one of the members of this family left the fatherland and settled in Riga; The descendant of him and was Barclay de Toll. He was born in 1761, the child was recorded in Novotroitsky Kirassira Regiment and in 1778 was produced in the cortete. In 1788, Barclay de Tolly, being an adjutant of Prince Anhalt Bernburg, participated in the storm of the Ochakov, and in 1789 - in the defeat of the Turks near Kaushans and in the capture of Akkerman and Bender. In 1790, Barclay de Tolly, together with the prince, participated in the affairs of the Swedes, in 1794 - in hostilities against the Poles. In the 1806 campaign, Barclay de Tolly was particularly distinguished in battles under Pultusky, for which he was awarded the Order of St. George of the 3rd degree, and in the Gopa, where he kept the head of the almost all of the Napoleon's army; Under Prix-Eilau was injured in the right hand with a bone fracture. In the Swedish war of 1808, Barclay de Tolly commanded a separate detachment first, but he left Finland with General Buxhevden; In 1809, he was sent there again, made the famous transition through the quartzen and mastered the mountains. Umea, the consequence of what was the conclusion of peace with Sweden. The Barclay de Tolly produced into generals was appointed Governor-General Finland and the commander of the Finnish Army, and on January 20, 1810 he took the post of military minister. With it, a "institution for the management of the Great Army" was drawn up, and significant improvements were introduced in various sectors of the military administration, which turned out to be particularly useful in view of the coming war with Napoleon: the army was increased almost twice; They are brought into a defensive condition and armed new fortresses, food reserves are harvested, the arsenals are replenished, parks with projectiles are established. Before the beginning of the Patriotic War, Barclay de Tollya joined the command of the 1st West Army. He clearly foresaw that the war will be "the most terrible intention, the only one by the genus and the most important in consequences," but for caution did not consider it possible to "prevent the public about the critical situation of the Fatherland" and preferred to transfer insults and attacks, "quietly expecting excuses from the most consequences ". Napoleon's forces were so great that it was impossible to lead, as expected was before, even a defensive war. Barclay de Tolly's brilliant plan to retreat and "Troubleshoot the enemy in the depths of the very Fatherland himself to force his blood price to acquire every step, every means to reinforcement and even to its existence, and, finally, the extensive of his strength with less, how much is the shedding of its blood , to apply the decisive blow to him, "was not understood, and reproaches even in treason were heard at the address of the commander; Even those who understood this plan sometimes energized public vote. As a result, Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief, but he was forced to follow the plan of his predecessor and retreat. In the Borodino battle of Barclay de Tolly, he commanded the right wing of the army and appeared, as if looking for death, in the most dangerous places; He personally drove the shelves in the attack, and they enthusiastically welcomed him, as if instinctively realizing their former wrong. All experienced insults and unrest affected the health of Barclay de Tolly, and he left the army in the Tarutinsky camp. He returned to the troops in 1813, accepting the 3rd, and then the Russian-Prussian army. On May 8 and 9, under Bauzen reflected the main attacks of Napoleon; On August 18, the defeat of Vandam (was awarded the Order of St. George 1st degree), and in the "Battle of Peoples" under Leipzig was one of the main perpetrators of victory; For this campaign, Barclay de Tolly was erected into County dignity. In the campaign of 1814, the battle of Bryren, Arsi-on-Bas, Fer-Chapeneuaz and Paris delivered Barclay de Tolly Field Marshal rod. In 1815, Barclay de Tolly, being commander-in-chief of the 1st army, joined France again, where, after looking to the verth, was erected into princely dignity. Upon returning to Russia, Barclay de Tolly continued to command the 1st army. Leaving on upset health abroad, he died on the way in the city of Insterburg; The body was brought to Russia and was betrayed by the Earth on May 14, 1818 in the town of Bekgofa, in Liflandia. Barclay de Tollya is built a monument in St. Petersburg; The name of it is still called the 4th Grenadier Nesvizh Regiment. - Wed: Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, "Military Gallery of the Winter Palace".

Other biographical materials:

Orlov A.S., Georgiev N.G., Georgiev V.A. Russian statesman ( Orlov A.S., Georgiev N.G., Georgiev V.A. Historical dictionary. 2nd ed. M., 2012.).

Kovalevsky N.F. His name was made by the symbol of the retreat of the Russian army ( Kovalevsky N.F. History of Russian Goverment. The lives of the famous military leaders of the XVIII - early XX century. M. 1997.).

Zalessky S.A. Showed personal courage, durability and art in the management of troops ( Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 2. Baal - Washington. 1962.).

Telitsyn V.L. Feldmarshal General, Graph, Prince ( Russian historical encyclopedia. T. 2. M., 2015).

Fedorov V.A. From the ancient Scottish kind ( Encyclopedic Dictionary of Russian Civilization).

Shikman A.P. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 ( Shikman A.P. The figures of domestic history. Biographical reference. Moscow, 1997.).

From the point of view of ethnology ( Lev Gumilev. Encyclopedia. / Ch. ed. E.B. Sadykov, Sost. Because Shanba, - M., 2013).

Read:

Bantysh-Kamensky D.N. Biographies of Russian Generalissimulov and Field Marshal General: at 4 h. Reprint. Reproduction ed. 1840 Part 3-4.-M.: Ed. Obrae "Culture", 1990. -4.3.- S. 159-235.

Vasilyev A. Sorrow Barclay: (Strokes to the portrait of the commander) // Motherland. - 1992. -№6-7.-s. 44-45.

St. George Cavalera: a collection of 4 tons. T. 1: 1769 - 1850 / Sost. A.V. Shishov. - M.: Patriot, 1993.-s. 256 - 262.

Kochetkov A.N. MB Barclay de Toll. - M.: Mosk. working. 1970. -80 S.- (Heroes of Fatherland, War of 1812).

Marx K., Barclay de Tolly, in the book: Marx K. and Engels F., Op., 2 ed., Vol. 14;

Field N.A. Russian commander or life and feats of Russian commander from the time of Emperor Peter Great to the reign of Emperor Nicholas 1. - SPb.: Type. K. Zhernakova, 1845. - P. 231 - 256.

Talberg F. Barclay de Tolly and Baltic Territory. Riga, 2003;

Tartakovsky A.G. Unsolved Barclay: Legends and Free. 1812.-M.: Archaeogr. Center, 1996. - 367 p.

Tarla E. V., Napoleon's invasion to Russia. 1812, 2 ed., M., 1943.

Topalushin V.P. MB Barclay de Tolly in the Patriotic War of 1812.-Saratov: Publishing House Sarat. Un-Ta, 1991.-131 C.: Il.

Troitsky N.A. Letter to the editor. How to write the surname M.B. Barclay de Tolly // History of the USSR. 1988. N 2.

Ushakov S.I. Acts of Russian commander and generals, marked themselves in an memorable war of 1812, 1813, 1814 and 1815. C. 1.-SPb.: Type. K. Kraiya, 1822.-s. 117-160.

Harkevich V. I. Barclay de Tolly in the Patriotic War after connecting armies near Smolensk. St. Petersburg., 1904.