1. Belletist and dramaturg.
  2. From "smoke" to "poems in prose"

And Van Turgenev was one of the most significant Russian writers of the XIX century. The artistic system created by him changed the poetics of the novel both in Russia and abroad. His works were praised and rigidly criticized, and Turgenev was looking for a way all their lives in them, which would lead Russia to well-being and prosperity.

"Poet, talent, aristocrat, handsome"

The family of Ivan Turgenev came from the ancient kind of Tula nobles. His father, Sergey Turgenev, served in the cavalry regiment and led a very wasteful lifestyle. For amendment of the financial situation, he was forced to marry elderly (according to the standards of that time), but a very wealthy landowner Varvar Lutovinova. Marriage has become both unhappy for them, their relationships did not develop. Their second son, Ivan, was born two years after the wedding, in 1818, in Orel. Mother recorded in her diary: "... On Monday, the son of Ivan was born, the height of 12 tops [approximately 53 centimeters]. In total children in the Turgenev family were three: Nikolai, Ivan and Sergey.

Until nine, Turgenev lived in the estate of Spassky-Lutovinovo in the Oryol region. His mother had a difficult and controversial character: her sincere and heart care for children was combined with a harsh despotism, Varvara Turgenev often beat his sons. However, she invited the best French and German governors to children, spoke with sons solely in French, but at the same time remained a fan of Russian literature and read Nikolai Karamzin, Vasily Zhukovsky, Alexander Pushkin and Nikolai Gogol.

In 1827, Turgenev was moved to Moscow so that children could get better education. Three years later, Sergey Turgenev left the family.

When Ivan Turgenev was 15 years old, he entered the verbal faculty of Moscow University. At the same time, the future writer first fell in love with Princess Catherine Shakhovskaya. Shakhovskaya exchanged letters with him, but he answered the reciprocity of the Father Turgenev and thereby broke his heart. Later, this story has become the basis of the story of Turgenev "First Love".

A year later, Sergey Turgenev passed away, and Barbara with children moved to St. Petersburg, where Turgenev entered the University of St. Petersburg at the Faculty of Philosophy. Then he seriously became interested in lyrics and wrote the first work - the dramatic poem "Wallo". Turgenev responded about her like this: "A completely ridiculous work, in which the slave imitation of Bayronovsky Manfred was expressed with maddenness.. In total, during the years of study, Turgenev wrote about hundreds of poems and several poems. Some of his poems published the magazine "Contemporary".

After studying, 20-year-old Turgenev went to Europe to continue their education. He studied antique classics, Roman and Greek literature, traveled in France, Holland, Italy. European way of life struck Turgenev: he came to the conclusion that Russia should get rid of non-ultimate, laziness, ignorance, following Western countries.

Unknown artist. Ivan Turgenev at the age of 12. 1830. State Literary Museum

Eugene Louisa Lami. Portrait of Ivan Turgenev. 1844. State Literary Museum

Kirill Gorbunkkov. Ivan Turgenev in youth. 1838. State Literary Museum

In the 1840s, Turgenev returned to his homeland, he received a Master of Greek and Latin Philology in St. Petersburg University, even wrote the dissertation - but she did not protect it. Interest in scientific activity crowded the desire to write. It was at that time that Turgenev met Nikolai Gogolam, Sergey Aksakov, Alexei Khomyakov, Fedor Dostoevsky, Afanasius Fetom and many other writers.

"The poet of Turgenev returned from Paris the other day. What a man! Poet, talent, aristocrat, handsome, rich, smart, formed, 25 years old, - I do not know what nature refused to him? "

Fedor Dostoevsky, from a letter to brother

When Turgenev returned to Spasskoy-Lutovinovo, he had a novel with the peasant of Avdotia Ivanova, who ended with the pregnancy of the girl. Turgenev wanted to marry, but his mother with a scandal sent Avdota to Moscow, where she gave birth to Pelague's daughter. Parents of Avdoti Ivanova hastily issued her married, and Pelagey Turgenev recognized only in a few years.

In 1843, under the initials of T. L. (Turgenev-Lutovinov), the poem of Turgenev "Parasha" was published. Her highly appreciated Vissarion Belinsky, and from this point on their acquaintance turned into a strong friendship - Turgenev even became a criticism's contestant.

"This person is unusually smart ... It is gratifying to meet a person, the original and characteristic opinion of which, hurrying with yours, extracts sparks."

Vissarion Belinsky

In the same year, Turgenev met Polina Viardo. The truth nature of their relationship is still arguing researchers of the creativity of Turgenev. They met in St. Petersburg, when the singer came to the city with tour. Turgenev often traveled with Polina and her husband, art historian Louis Viardo, in Europe, stayed in their Parisian house. In the family, Viardo was brought up his extramarital daughter Pelagia.

Belletist and dramaturg.

In the late 1840s, Turgenev wrote a lot for theater. His plays "Hebler", "Bachelor", "Month in the village" and "provincial" were very popular among the public and warmly taken critics.

In 1847, the story of Turgenev "Horing and Kalinich" came out in the magazine "Contemporary", created under the impression of the Hunting Travel of the Writer. A little later, stories from the collection "Hunter's Notes" were also published. The collection itself was published in 1852. Turgenev called him with his "Annibal Owl" - the promise to fight to the end with the enemy he hated since childhood - with serf right.

"Hunter's notes" are marked by such a power of talent, which has a beneficial effect on me; Understanding nature often seems to you as a revelation. "

Fedor Tyutchev

It was one of the first works, openly talking about the troubles and the dangers of serfdom. The censor that made the "Hunter's notes" to the press, on the personal order of Nicholas I fired from the service with deprivation of a pension, and the collection itself was banned from reissued. Czensors explained that Turgenev, although poeticized the fortress, criminally exaggerated their suffering from landlords.

In 1856, the first large novel of the writer was released in the print - "Rudin", written in just seven weeks. The name of the Hero of the Roman became nominative for people who do not agree with the case. Three years later, Turgenev published the novel "Kozhalyansky nest", which turned out to be incredibly popular in Russia: each educated person considered his duty to read it.

"Knowledge of Russian life, and with moreant knowledge is not a book, but an experienced, made out of reality, purified and meaningful power of talent and reflections, it turns out in all works of Turgenev ..."

Dmitry Pisarev

From 1860 to 1861, excerpts of the novel "Fathers and Children" were published in the Russian Bulletin. The novel was written in the "Evil of the Day" and explored the public sentiment of that time - basically the views of nihilistic youth. Russian philosopher and publicist Nikolai Prachi wrote about him: "In the" fathers and children ", he showed effectably than in all other cases that poetry, remaining poetry ... can actively serve society ..."

The novel was perfectly accepted by critics, however, without having received the support of liberals. At this time, Turgenev's relationship with many friends were complicated. For example, with Alexander Herzen: Turgenev collaborated with his newspaper "Bell". Herzen saw the future of Russia in the peasant socialism, believing that the bourgeois Europe was outlived, and Turgenev defended the idea of \u200b\u200bstrengthening cultural relations between Russia and the West.

Acute criticism collapsed on Turgenev after the exit of his novel "Smoke". It was a novel pamphlet, which equally acutely ridiculed and conservative Russian aristocracy, and revolutionary liberals. According to the author, everything was scolded: "And red, both white, and from above, and from the bottom, and from the side - especially on the side."

From "smoke" to "poems in prose"

Alexey Nikitin. Portrait of Ivan Turgenev. 1859. State Literary Museum

Osip Braz. Portrait of Maria Savina. 1900. State Literary Museum

Timofey Neff. Portrait of Polina Viardo. 1842. State Literary Museum

After 1871, Turgenev lived in Paris, occasionally returning to Russia. He actively participated in the cultural life of Western Europe, promoted Russian literature abroad. Turgenev communicated and rewritten with Charles Dickens, Georges Sand, Viktor Hugo, Prosper Merim, Gi de Maupassan, Gustave Flauber.

In the second half of the 1870s, Turgenev published his largest novel "Nov'", in which sharply satirically and critically depicted members of the revolutionary movement of the 1870s.

"Both novels [" Smoke "and" Novy "] only revealed him all the increasing alienation from Russia, the first one's impossible bitterness, the second - insufficient awareness and the lack of any feeling of reality in the image of the mighty movement of the seventies."

Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky

This novel, like "smoke", was not accepted by the colleagues of Turgenev. For example, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote that Novost was a self-adjusting service. At the same time, the popularity of early ages and Romanov Turgenev has not decreased.

The last years of the writer's life was his triumph both in Russia and abroad. Then the cycle of lyrical miniature "poem in prose" appeared. The book opened a poem in the prose "Village", and completed her "Russian language" - the famous anthem about faith in the great destination of his country: "In the days of doubt, in the days of painful thinking about the fate of my homeland, you are one support and support, about the great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! .. Don't be you - how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is done at home . But it is impossible to believe that such a language is not given to the Great People! " This collection was a goodbye to Turgenev with life and art.

At the same time, Turgenev met his last love - an actress of the Alexandrinsky Theater Maria Savin. She was 25 years old when she played the role of the windows in the play of Turgenev "Month in the village". Seeing her on stage, Turgenev was amazed and openly admitted to the girl in feelings. Maria considered Turgenev rather than another and mentor, and their marriage did not take place.

In recent years, Turgenev has heard hard. Paris doctors have diagnosed with breasting toad and intercostal neuralgia. Turgenev passed away on September 3, 1883 in Buzhval under Paris, where the magnificent farewell passed. Buried the writer in St. Petersburg on the Volkovsky cemetery. The death of the writer became a shock for his fans - and the procession of people who came to say goodbye to Turgenev, stretched a few kilometers.

Literary critics argue that the artistic system created by the classic changed the poetics of the novel of the second half of the XIX century. Ivan Turgenev first felt the emergence of a "new man" - the sixties - and showed him in his essay "fathers and children." Thanks to a realist writer in Russian, the term "nihist" was born. Ivan Sergeevich introduced the image of a compatriot, who received the definition "Turgenev Girl".

Childhood and youth

One of the pillars of classical Russian literature in Orel, in an old nobility family, was born. The childhood of Ivan Sergeevich was held in the maternal estate of Spassky-Lutovinovo near Mtsensk. He became the second son of the three, born at Varvara Lutovinova and Sergey Turgenev.

Family life of parents did not work out. The father, who muttered the state of the handsome-cavalierry, married not to beauty, but a wealthy girl of Varvar, who was older than 6 years. When Ivan Turgenev turned 12, his father left the family, leaving the spouse of three children. After 4 years, Sergey Nikolayevich died. Soon, Sergey's younger son died from epilepsy.


Nicholas and Ivan had fallen - the mother had a despotic character. Smart and educated woman bored in childhood and youth a lot of grief. Father Varvara Lutovinova died when the daughter was a child. Mother, fanning and despotic lady, the image of which readers saw in the story of Turgenev "Death", married again. Stepfather drank and did not hesitate to beat and humiliate stepdaughter. Not the best way to appeal to his daughter and mother. Because of the cruelty of the mother and beatings, the girl escaped to his native uncle, who left the niece after death inherited 5 thousand serfs.


The mother who did not know the mother as a child, although he loved the children, especially Vanya, but he turned to them the same way as her parents were treated - the sons were remembered by heavy Mother's hand forever. Despite the angry temper, Varvara Petrovna was a woman educated. She spoke with her home solely in French, demanding the same from Ivan and Nicholas. The Spassky kept a rich library, consisting mainly of French books.


Ivan Turgenev at the age of 7

When Ivan Turgenev turned 9, the family moved to the capital, to the house at Neglinke. Mom read a lot and instilled in children a love for literature. Preferring French writers, Lutovinova-Turgenev followed the literary novelties, was friends with and Mikhail Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna thoroughly knew creativity, and quoted them in correspondence with her son.

The formation of Ivan Turgenev was engaged in governors from Germany and France, on which the landowner did not regret money. The richness of Russian literature to the future writer opened the serfs Camdiner Fedor Lobanov, who became the prototype of the hero of the story "Punin and Baburin".


After moving to Moscow, Ivan Turgenev was determined in the guesthouse Ivan Krause. At home and in private pensions, the young Barin passed the secondary school course, at the age of 15 he became a student of the Moscow University. At the Faculty of Literature, Ivan Turgenev was held the course, then transferred to St. Petersburg, where he received university education at the Faculty of History and Philosophical Faculty.

In the student years, Turgenev translated poems and Lord and dreamed of becoming a poet.


Having received a diploma in 1838, Ivan Turgenev continued her education in Germany. In Berlin, he listened to the course of university lectures on philosophy and philology, wrote poems. After the Christmas holidays in Russia, Turgenev went for six months to Italy, from where he returned to Berlin.

In the spring of 1841, Ivan Turgenev arrived in Russia and in a year passed the exams, having received a master's degree in philosophy at the University of St. Petersburg. In 1843, he received a position in the Ministry of the Interior, but the love of writing and literature turned.

Literature

For the first time Ivan Turgenev spoke in print in 1836, published a review on the book of Andrei Muravyov "Journey to the Holy Places". A year later, I wrote and published the poems "Chang at the Sea", "Fyshmagoria on the Lunar Night" and "Sleep".


Fame came in 1843, when Ivan Sergeevich composed Parasha's poem approved by Vissarion Belinsky. Soon Turgenev and Belinsky came close to the way that the young writer became the godfather of the son of the famous critic. Rapprochement with Belinsky and Nikolai Nekrasov influenced the creative biography of Ivan Turgenev: the writer was finally spread with the genome of romanticism, which became apparent after the publication of the poem "landowner" and the leader "Andrei Kolosov", "three portrait" and "Breater".

Ivan Turgenev returned to Russia in 1850. He lived in a childbirth estate, then in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg, where the plays wrote, who successfully walked in the theaters of two capitals.


In 1852, Nikolai Gogol was not. Ivan Turgenev responded to a tragic event with a necrologist, but in St. Petersburg, according to the command of the chairman of the Censored Committee, Alexei Musina Pushkin, he was refused to publish. Dares to put the note of the Turgenev newspaper "Moscow Vedomosti". The censor did not forgive the disobey. Musin-Pushkin called Gogol with a "Lacéi writer", not worthy of mentioning in society, and also saw a hint of a hint of a unbelled ban - not to remember Alexander Pushkin in the open press and.

The censor wrote the report to the emperor. Ivan Sergeevich, who was suspicious due to frequent trips abroad, communicating with Belinsky and Herzen, radical views on serfdom, brought more of an even greater anger of the authorities.


Ivan Turgenev with contemporaries colleagues

In April of the same year, the writer was put on custody for a month, and then sent for home arrest in the estate. One and a half years, Ivan Turgenev was idle in Spassky, 3 years he did not have the right to leave the country.

The concerns of Turgenev about the ban of censorship for the release of "Hunter's notes" a separate book was not justified: a collection of stories previously published in the "Contemporary", came out. For permission to print a book, Vladimir Lvov official who served in the censorship was fired. The cycle includes the stories "Bezhin Luga", "Biryuk", "Singers", "County Neck". Separately, the novels were not dangerous, but the collected together were anti-refresh.


Collection of stories Ivan Turgenev "Hunter's Notes"

Ivan Turgenev wrote for adults and for children. Little readers Prosaik presented fairy tales and observation stories, "Dog" and "Pigeons", written by a rich language.

In the village privacy, the classic composed the story of "Mumu", as well as the novels "Noborsk nest", "on the eve", "fathers and children", smoke, which has become an event in the cultural life of Russia.

Abroad, Ivan Turgenev departed in the summer of 1856. In winter, in Paris, she completed a gloomy story "Trip in Polesie". In Germany, in 1857, he wrote "Asya" - the story translated during the life of a writer to European languages. The prototype of Asi, born out of the marriage of the daughter of Barin and the Peasant, Critics consider the daughter of Turgenev Polina Brewer and illegitimate one-utilized sister Varbar Zhitov.


Roman Ivan Turgenev "Rudin"

Abroad, Ivan Turgenev intently followed the cultural life of Russia, conducted a correspondence with writers left in the country, communicated with immigrants. Colleagues considered the prosecut of a contradictory personality. After ideological discrepancies with the editors of the "Contemporary", which became the ruger of revolutionary democracy, Turgenev broke with the magazine. But, having learned about the temporary ban of the "contemporary", spoke in his defense.

During the life of the West, Ivan Sergeevich entered into long conflicts with Lv Tolstoy, Fedor Dostoevsky and Nicholas Nekrasov. After the release of the novel, "fathers and children", he quarreled with a literary public called progressive.


Ivan Turgenev first of Russian writers received recognition in Europe as a novelist. In France, he became close to the realist writers, the brothers of the chambers, and Gustave Flauber, who became a close friend.

In the spring of 1879, Turgenev came to St. Petersburg, where the youth met him as a cumir. Delight from the visit of the famous writer did not share the authorities, giving Ivan Sergeevich to understand that the long stay of the writer in the city is undesirable.


In the summer of the same year, Ivan Turgenev visited Britain - in Oxford University, the Russian Prose the title of Honorary Doctor was given.

In the penultimate times, Turgenev came to Russia in 1880. In Moscow, he attended the opening of the monument to Alexander Pushkin, whom he considered a great teacher. Russian Language Classic called support and support "On the days of painful thinking" about the fate of the Motherland.

Personal life

The fatal woman who has become the love of the whole life of the writer, Heinrich Heine compared with the landscape, "both monstrous and exotic". The Spanish-French singer Polina Viardo, a low and sloping woman, were large men's features, a big mouth and eyes. But when Polina sang, she was fabulously transformed. At such a moment, Turgenev saw the singer and fell in love for a lifetime, for 40 remaining years.


Proda's personal life before meeting with Viardo was similar to the American slides. The first love that Ivan Turgenev with the Hornie told in the same story, hurts a 15-year-old young man. He fell in love with the neighbor Katten, the daughter of Prinugini Shakhovskaya. What disappointment Ivanged Ivan when he learned that his "clean and imperceptible" Katya, captivated by children's spontaneity and a girlish blush, - Father's mistress, Sergey Nikolayevich, Lovelaus.

The young man was disappointed in the "noble" girls and turned his eyes on the girls of simple - the fortress peasant. One of the undemanding beauties is the whitestroker Avdota Ivanov - gave birth to Ivan Turgenev's daughter Pelagia. But, traveling in Europe, the writer met Viardo, and Avdota remained in the past.


Ivan Sergeevich met the singer's husband, Louis, and became a worse in their house. The contemporaries of Turgenev, the writer's friends and biographers dealt with the opinions about this union. Some call him sublime and Platonic, others talk about considerable amounts that left the Russian landowner in the house of Polina and Louis. Viardo's husband through his fingers looked at the connection of Turgenev with his wife and allowed to live in their home for months. It is believed that the biological father of the field, the son of Polina and Louis - Ivan Turgenev.

The Mother of the Writer did not approve of communication and dreamed that the favorite offense would be cooled, marries a young nobility and gives legitimate grandchildren. Pelagey Varvara Petrovna did not complain, saw the serfs in it. Ivan Sergeevich loved and sorry his daughter.


Polina Viardo, listening to the mockery of the despotic grandmother, penetrated with sympathy to the girl and took it into his house. Pelagia turned into a polinte and grew along with the children of Viardo. In fairness it is worth noting that the Pelagia-Polynenet Turgenev did not share his father's love for Viardo, believing that the woman stole her attention of his native person.

Cooling in the relations of Turgenev and Viardo came after a three-year separation, which happened due to the student's home arrest. Attempts to forget the fatal passion Ivan Turgenev took twice. In 1854, the 36-year-old writer met the young beauty Olga, the daughter of Cousin. But when the wedding snapped on the horizon, Ivan Sergeevich squeezed on Polina. Not wanting to break the life of a 18-year-old girl, Turgenev admitted to the love of Viardo.


The last attempt to escape from the arms of the Frenchwoman happened in 1879, when Ivan Turgenev turned 61 years old. Actress Maria Savin did not scare the difference in age - the beloved turned out to be twice as older. But when a couple in 1882 went to Paris, Masha saw a lot of things and baubles that resembled his rival in the housing of the future spouse, and realized that she was superfluous.

Death

In 1882, after parting with Savin, Ivan Turgenev fell ill. Doctors put a disappointing diagnosis of spinal bone cancer. Died a writer on a foreign horse for a long time and painfully.


In 1883, Turgenev was operated on in Paris. The last months of the life of Ivan Turgenev was happy as far as a happy exhausted pain could be - next to him was a favorite woman. After death, she inherited the property of Turgenev.

The classic died on August 22, 1883. His body was taken to St. Petersburg on September 27. From France to Russia Ivan Turgenev accompanied the daughter of Polina, Claudia Viardo. Buried the writer in the St. Petersburg wolf cemetery.


Those who called the Turgenev "Lelm on his eye" responded to the death of Nigilista with relief.

Bibliography

  • 1855 - "Rudin"
  • 1858 - "Noble Nest"
  • 1860 - "On the eve"
  • 1862 - "Fathers and children"
  • 1867 - "Smoke"
  • 1877 - "Novy"
  • 1851-73 - "Hunter's Notes"
  • 1858 - "Asya"
  • 1860 - "First Love"
  • 1872 - "Wounds"

Years of life: from 10/28/1818 to 08/22/1883

Russian Prose writer, poet, playwright, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences. Master of Language and Psychological Analysis, Turgenev has had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.

Ivan Sergeevich was born in the city of Eagle. His father took place from the old nobleman, was abolished handsome, had the rank of colonel in retirement. The mother of the writer was opposite - not too attractive, far from young, but very rich. From the side of the Father, it was a typical marriage for the calculation and family life of Parents Turgenev is difficult to call happy. Turgenev spent the first 9 years in the family estate Spassky-Lutovinovo in the family manor. In 1827, Turgenev, to give children education, settled in Moscow; The house was bought on a samonek. Turgenev studied first in the Vaydenhammer board; Then he was given to the boarding player to the director of the Lazarevsky Institute Krause. In 1833, 15-year-old Turgenev entered the verbal faculty of Moscow University. A year later, because of the elder brother who entered the Guards Artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, and Turgenev at the same time went to St. Petersburg University. In St. Petersburg University, Turgenev met P. A. Pletnev, who showed some of his poetic experiments, which by that time had already accumulated a lot. Plenev, not without criticism, but approved the work of Turgenev, and two poems were even printed in the "contemporary".

In 1836, Turgenev graduated from the course of a valid student. Dreaming of scientific activity, he next year he kept the graduation exam, received a degree of a candidate, and in 1838 he went to Germany. Settling in Berlin, Ivan took his studies. Listening to the university lectures on the history of Roman and Greek literature, he was at home engaged in grammar of the ancient Greek and Latin languages. A writer returned to Russia only in 1841, and in 1842 he endured the exam on the Master of Philosophy in St. Petersburg University. To obtain the degree of Ivan Sergeevich, it remained only to write the dissertation, but by that time he had already cooled to scientific activities devoting more and more literature time. In 1843, Turgenev at the insistence of the mother entered the public service to the Ministry of the Interior, however, without serving two years, resigned. In the same year, the first major work of Turgenev - the poem "Parasha" appears in the press, which, which, which, who, with which Turgenev became very friendly). Significant events occur in the personal life of the writer. After a number of youthful love, he seriously carried away the seams of the Duny, who in 1842 gave birth to his daughter from him. And by 1843, the acquaintance of Turgenev with the singer of Polina Viardo, the love of which the writer carried through his life. Viardo was married by that time, and her relationship with Turgenev was rather strange.

By this time, the writer's mother, annoyed by his inability to service and incomprehensible personal life, finally deprives Turgenev material support, the writer lives in debt and injury, while maintaining the visibility of well-being. At the same time, Turgenev since 1845 dulls throughout Europe, then following the Viardo, then with her and her husband. In 1848, the writer becomes a witness to the French Revolution, during his roads to get close to Herzen, Georges Sand, P. Merim, in Russia supports relations with Nekrasov, Fetom, Gogol. Meanwhile, there comes a significant fracture in the work of Turgenev: since 1846, he refers to prose, and from 1847 they are not written on almost a single poem. Moreover, afterwards, making their collected works, the writer completely eliminated poetic works out of it. The main labor of the writer during this period are stories and the stories that made the "Hunter's Notes". A separate book in 1852, "Hunter's Notes" attracted the attention of both readers and critics. In the same 1852, Turgenev writes a necrologist for the death of Gogol. Petersburg censorship necrologist banned, then Turgenev sent him to Moscow, where the necrologist was printed in the "Moscow Vedomosti". For this, Turgenev was sent to the village where he lived for two years while (basically the efforts of the graph Alexei Tolstoy) did not receive permission to return to the capital.

In 1856, the first novel of Turgenev "Rudin" comes out and from this year the writer again begins to live in Europe for a long time, returning to Russia only occasionally (since Turgenev has received a significant inheritance after the death of the mother). After the publication of the novel "On the eve" (1860) and the dedicated to the novel, N. A. Dobrolyubov "When a real day comes?" Turgenev's gap with the "contemporary" (in particular, with N. A. Nekrasov; their mutual hostility remained to the end). The conflict with the "young generation" was aggravated by the novel "Fathers and Children". In the summer, 1861 there was a quarrel with L. N. Tolsty, barely not turned duel (reconciliation in 1878). In the early 60s, Turgenev and Viardo relationships are re-established again, until 1871, they live in Baden, then (after the end of the Franco-Prussian War) in Paris. Turgenev closely converges with the city of Flaubert and through it with E. and J. Gonorrai, A. Dodé, E. Zola, G. de Maupassan. His pan-European Glory is growing: in 1878, in the International Literary Congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice president; In 1879 he is an honorary doctor of Oxford University. On the slope of the life of Turgenev, he writes its famous "poems in prose", in which almost all the motives of his creativity are presented. In the early 80s, the writer detects the spinal cord cancer (sarcoma) and in 1883 after a long and painful illness of Turgenev died.

Product Information:

Regarding the neccolologist to the death of Gogol, the chairman of the St. Petersburg Cancer Committee, Musin-Pushkin, spoke as follows: "About such a writer is criminally refined so enthusiastic."

Peru Ivan Turgenev belongs to the most short work in the history of Russian literature. His poem in the prose "Russian language" consists of all of the three proposals

Brain Ivan Turgenev, as the physiologically largest of the measured in the world (2012 gram), was submitted to the Guinness Book of Records.

The body of the writer was, according to his desire, brought to St. Petersburg and buried on the Volkovsky cemetery. The funeral was held with a huge set of people and poured into a mass procession.

Bibliography

Stories and stories
Andrei Kolosov (1844)
Three portraits (1845)
Liquid (1846)
Brener (1847)
Petushkov (1848)
Diary of an extra person (1849)

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich, the famous writer, was born on December 28, 1818 in Orel, in a rich landowner family belonging to the ancient noble genus. [Cm. Also, the article of Turgenev, life and creativity.] The father of Turgenev Sergey Nikolayevich married Varvar Petrovna Lutovinova, who did not possess either youth or beauty, but inherited huge property - exclusively for the calculation. Soon after the birth of the second son, the future of the novelist, S. N. Turgenev, in the rank of Colonel, left military service, in which it was still located, and moved along with the family to the estate of his wife, Spassky-Lutovinovo, near Mtsensk, Oryol province . Here, a new landowner quickly unfolded the violent nature of the unbridled and depraved self-sustaining, which was a thunderstorm not only for serfs, but also for members of his own family. Tourgenev's mother, even before marriage, who had tested a lot of grief in the house of his stepfather, pursuing her with vile proposals, and then in the uncle's house, to which she fled, was forced to silently demolish the wild leisure of the despot-husband and tormented by the flour of jealousy, did not dare to repay loudly His in unworthy behavior, insulted in her feelings of a woman and wife. The accumulated disadvantage and over the years, the accumulated irritation crumpled and harmed it; This fully discovered when after the death of her husband (1834), having made a full-awake mistress in his possessions, she gave free to his evil instincts with no restructible landlord.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Portrait of a repinne brush

In this stubbling atmosphere, impregnated with all miasms of serfdom, was held the first years of the childhood of Turgenev. According to the dominant life of that time, the future famous novelist was brought up under the leadership of Guterners and Teachers - Swiss, Germans and Fortress Unuse and Nylanki. The main attention was drawn to French and German languages \u200b\u200blearned by Turgenev as a child; The native language was in the pen. According to the testimony of the author's "Notes of the Hunter", the first who interested him in Russian literature was a fortest-stop champion of his mother, secretly, but with an extraordinary solemnity reading him somewhere in the garden or in the remote room "Rossiad" Heraskov.

At the beginning of 1827, Turgenevas had moved to Moscow to educate children. Turgenev was placed in a private pension Waydenhammer, then soon he was translated from there to the director of the Lazarevian Institute, which he lived as a boarding person. In 1833, having only 15 years old from the genus, Turgenev entered Moscow University for the verbal faculty, but a year later, with a moving family to St. Petersburg, he moved to St. Petersburg University. After graduating from the course in 1836 with the title of a valid student and withsting the exam for the degree of candidate, Turgenev next year, with the low level of Russian university science of that time, could not disagree the perfect insufficiency of the university education received by him and therefore went to retire abroad. To this end, in 1838, he went to Berlin, where he studied ancient languages, history and philosophy for two years, mainly Hegel's system under the guidance of Professor Verdera. In Berlin, Turgenev got close to Stankevich, Granovsky, Frolov, Bakunin, who, together with him, listened to the lectures of the Berlin professors.

However, not only scientific interests prompted him to leave abroad. Possessing nature and susceptible to the soul, which he saved among the moans of unrequited "subjects" of landowners-gentlemen, among the "beatings and tortures" of the fortress, who had an invincible horror and deep disgust, Turgenev, who had a strong need for at least For a while running from native Palestine. As he wrote later in his memoirs, he remained "either to conquer and humbly raise a common rut, along the beaten road, or turn away at once, to stagger from himself" everyone and the whole ", even risking to lose much, which was expensive and close to my heart. I did it ... I rushed down the head in the "German Sea", which was able to clean and revive me, and, when I finally emerged from his waves, I still found myself "Western" and remained for them forever. "

The beginning of the literary activity of Turgenev refers to the time preceding his first trip abroad. Still being a 3-year student, he gave for consideration by one of the first fruits of his inexperienced muse, a fantastic drama in verses, "Steveno," - this is completely ridiculous, according to the author himself, the work in which the slave imitation of Bayronovsky was expressed with children's inefficiency Manfred. " Although the Plentnev and began to be a young author, but noticed after all that there is something in it. These words prompted Turgenev to attribute him some more poems, of which two years later were printed in " Contemporary" Upon returning in 1841, from abroad, Turgenev went to Moscow with the intention to keep the exam on the master's philosophy; This turned out to be impossible, due to the abolition at the Moscow University of the Department of Philosophy. In Moscow, he met with Corrifiers nastya at the time of the Slavophilics - Aksakov, Kireevsky, Homyakov; But the convinced "Western" of Turgenev reacted negatively to the new flow of Russian public thought. On the contrary, with hostile Slavophila Belinsky, Herzen, Granovsky, and others, - he fell very close.

In 1842, Turgenev went to St. Petersburg, where, as a result, he washed with his mother, heavily limited him in the means, was forced to go with the "general rut" and enter the service in the office of the Minister of the Interior of Perovsky. "Number" in this service a little over two years, Turgenev was not so much businessworthy, how much to read the French novels and writing poems. About the same time, starting from 1841, in " Domestic notes"His minor poems began to appear, and in 1843 Parasha's poem was printed signed by T. L., very sympathetic to Belinsky, with whom he after that soon met and remained in close friendships until the end of his days. A young writer produced a very strong impression on Belinsky. "This is a person," he wrote to his friends, - unusually intelligent; Conversations and disputes with him assigned to me the soul. " With love later recalled Turgenev's disputes. Belinsky had a considerable impact on the further direction of his literary activities. (See Early Creativity Turgenev.)

Soon, Turgenev came closer to the circle of writers who were grouping about "domestic notes" and attracted him to participate in this journal, and took out an outstanding place among them as a person with a wide philosophical education, on the original sources familiar with Western European science and literature. After "Parash", Turgenev wrote two more poems in verses: "conversation" (1845) and "Andrei" (1845). The first prosaic work of it was the one-act dramatic essay "Nevigorate" ("Domestic Notes", 1843), followed by the story "Andrei Kolosov" (1844), the humorous poem "landowner" and the story "Three Portrait" and "Breter" (1846) . These first literary experiments did not satisfy Turgenev, and he was already ready to quit a literary activity when Panayev, starting with Nekrasov to publish the "Contemporary", turned to him with a request to send anything for the first book of the updated magazine. Turgenev sent a small story "Horing and Kalinich", which was placed by Panayev in the modest department of "mixtures" under the same headline "from the notes of the hunter", which created unfading glory to our famous writer.

This story, immediately excited all the attention, the new period of the literary activity of Turgenev begins. He absolutely leaves the pencils and appeals exclusively to the story and the story, primarily from the life of the serf peasantry, imbued with a humane feeling and compassion for the enslaved folk mass. "Hunter's notes" soon gained loud fame; Their quick success forced the author to abandon the previous decision to part with the literature, but could not reconcile him with the difficult conditions of Russian life. All the more aggravated feeling of discontent them led him, finally, to the decision to finally settle abroad (1847). "I didn't see another way," he later wrote, recalling the inner crisis that he worried at that time. "I could not breathe in one air, staying next to the fact that I was hated; For this, I probably lacked reliable excerpts, character hardness. I needed to be removed from my enemy then, so that from my gave a stronger to attack him. In my eyes, this enemy had a certain image, wore a famous name: this enemy was serfdom. Under this name I collected and focused everything, against what I decided to fight to the end, - with which I swore never reconcile ... It was my Annibalovskaya oath ... I went to the West to fulfill it better. " The motives of a personal nature were joined by this main motive - hostile relationship with the mother, dissatisfied with the fact that her son chose a literary career, and the affection of Ivan Sergeevich to the famous singer Viardo Garcia and her family, with which he lived almost inseparably for 38 years All life bacheloy.

Ivan Turgenev and Polina Viardo. More than love

In 1850, in the year of the death of Mother, Turgenev returned to Russia for the device of his affairs. Of all the yard peasants of the generic estate, which took him together with his brother, he let go to the will; Who wished translated into the lifts and in every way promoted the success of general liberation. In 1861, when redeemed, the fifth part he lost everywhere, and in the main estate did not take anything for the estate land, which was quite a large amount. In 1852, Turgenev issued a separate publication "Hunter's Notes", finally strengthened his fame. But in the official spheres where the serfdom was considered an inviolable passage of public order, the author of the Hunter's Notes, and also lived abroad for a very bad account. It was enough to be an insignificant reason that official disfavor against the author received a specific form. This reason was the letter of Turgenev, caused by the death of Gogol in 1852 and placed in the "Moscow Vedomosti". For this letter, the author was planted for a month to "go away", where, by the way, they were written to the "Muum" story, and then the administrative order was sent for a residency in his village Spassky, "without the right to leave." From this link, Turgenev was released only in 1854 by the efforts of the poet of Count A. K. Tolstoy, who petitioned for him before the heir of the throne. Forced stay in the village, according to Turgenev himself, delivered him the opportunity to familiarize himself with the parties to the peasant life, which previously slipped out of his attention. There they were written to the story "Two Friends", "Calm", the beginning of the comedy "Month in the village" and two critical articles. From 1855, he joined back with his foreign friends, with whom it was separated by the link. From the same time, the most famous fruits of his artistic creativity began to appear - Rudin (1856), "Asya" (1858), "Nobor's nest" (1859), "On the eve" and "First Love" (1860). [Cm. Romanes and heroes of Turgenev, Turgenev - Lyrics in prose.]

Resting again abroad, Turgenev sensitively listened to everything that happened in his homeland. At the first rays, the Renaissance Dawn, which was engaged in Russia, Turgenev felt a new tide of the energy, which he wanted to give new use. To his mission of an extreme artist of modernity, he wanted to join the role of a publicist-citizen, in one of the most important moments of the social and political development of the Motherland. During this period, the preparation of reforms (1857 - 1858), Turgenev was located in Rome, where many Russians lived, including KN. V. A. Cherkassky, V. N. Botkin, gr. Ya. I. Rostovtsev. These individuals arranged between their meetings, on which the issue of the liberation of peasants was discussed, and the result of these meetings was the project of the foundation of the magazine, whose program was entrusted to develop Turgenev. In his explanatory note, Turgenev suggested to call all the living forces of society to assist the government in the liberation reform. By such forces, the author of the note recognized Russian science and literature. The projected magazine was supposed to devote "solely and specially developing all issues related to the device in the device of the peasant life and the consequences arising from them." This attempt, however, was recognized as "wounded" and did not receive practical implementation.

In 1862, the novel "Fathers and Children" appeared (see his full text, a summary and analysis), who had an unprecedented success in the literary world, but also a lot of heavy minutes. A whole hail of harsh reproaches fell on him as from the conservatives who climbed it (pointing to the image of Bazarov) in the sympathy of "nihilists", in the "Kuwlkania to the youth" and from the last, accused of Turgenev in slander for the younger generation and in treason " The case of freedom. " By the way, "fathers and children" led Turgenev to a rupture with Herzen, who insulted him with a sharp review about this Roman. All these troubles so hard have entered Turgenev that he seriously thought to refuse further literary activities. The lyrical story "Pretty", written by him shortly after the experienced troubles, serves as a literary monument of the gloomy mood, which the author was covered at that time.

Fathers and Sons. Artistic film for Roman I. S. Turgenev. 1958.

But too large was, in the artist the need of creativity so that he could stop for a long time on his decision. In 1867, a novel "Smoke" appeared, also imposed on the author of the accusation of backwardness and misunderstanding of Russian life. The new attacks of Turgenev treated it much calmer. "Smoke" was its last work that appeared on the pages of the Russian Gazette. From 1868, he printed exclusively in the journal "Journal of Europe" then. At the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war, Turgenev from Baden-Baden moved to Paris along with Viardo and lived in the house in the house of his friends, and in the summer he moved to his cottage to Buval (near Paris). In Paris, he was close to the prominent representatives of French literature, consisted of friendly relations with Flaubert, Dodé, Rude, Gonders, patronized Zol and Moopassana. He still continued to write a story or story every year, and in 1877 the largest Roman Turgenev "Novy" appeared. As almost everything that came out from under the pen of a novelist, his new work - and this time, perhaps, with a great reason than ever - the many of the most diverse sensations opened. Attacks resumed with such fiercely that Turgenev returned to his old thought to stop literary activities. And, indeed, for 3 years he did not write anything. But during this time events occurred, which were completely reconciled by the writer with the public.

In 1879, Turgenev came to Russia. The arrival of him served as a reason to a number of hot ovations at its address, in which young people adopted particularly living participation. They testified that the sympathies of the Russian intelligent society towards the Romanist were strong. In the next arrival of him in 1880, these ovations, but in even more ambitious sizes, repeated in Moscow during the "Pushkin Days". Since 1881, the newspapers began to appear an alarming news about Turgenev's disease. Gout, which he has long suffered, intensified and at times caused him cruel suffering; For almost two years with small intervals, she kept a writer chained to bed or chair and on August 22, 1883 stopped his life. Two days after death, the body of Turgenev was transported from Buzhiva to Paris, and on September 19 was sent to St. Petersburg. The transfer of the ashes of the famous novelist on the Volkovo cemetery was accompanied by a grand procession, an unprecedented in the chronicles of Russian literature.