Biology. Work program in biology at the level of basic general education (fgos) Exemplary curriculum in biology

Explanatory note

Document status

The exemplary biology program is based on the federal component of the state standard for basic general education.

The exemplary program specifies the content of the subject topics of the educational standard, gives an approximate distribution of teaching hours by sections of the course and the recommended sequence for studying topics and sections of the subject, taking into account inter-subject and intra-subject connections, the logic of the educational process, and age characteristics of students.

The sample program performs two main functions:

Information and methodological the function allows all participants in the educational process to get an idea of the goals, content, general strategy for teaching, educating and developing students by means of a given subject.

Organizational planning the function provides for the allocation of stages of training, structuring of educational material, determination of its quantitative and qualitative characteristics at each of the stages, including for the content of the intermediate certification of students.

The exemplary program is a guideline for compiling author's curricula and textbooks. The exemplary program defines the invariant (mandatory) part of the training course, outside of which there remains the possibility of the author's choice of the variable component of the content of education. At the same time, the authors of curricula and textbooks can offer their own approach in terms of structuring educational material, determining the sequence of studying this material, as well as ways to form a system of knowledge, skills and methods of activity, development and socialization of students. Thus, an exemplary program contributes to the preservation of a single educational space, without restricting the creative initiative of teachers, and provides ample opportunities for implementing various approaches to building a curriculum. The author's curricula and textbooks created on its basis must observe strict continuity with the federal component of the state standard for basic general education and the federal basic curriculum for educational institutions of the Russian Federation.

Document structure

The exemplary program includes three sections: an explanatory note; the main content indicating the approximate number of hours allocated for the study of each block, the minimum list of laboratory and practical work, excursions; requirements for the level of training of graduates. Most of the laboratory and practical work presented in the sample program are fragments of lessons that do not require additional study hours for them. The sample program contains a list of demonstrations that can be conducted using various teaching aids, taking into account the specifics of the educational institution, its material base, including tables, natural objects, models, dummies, collections, videos, etc.

General characteristics of the subject

The biology course at the level of basic general education is aimed at shaping students' ideas about the distinctive features of wildlife, its diversity and evolution, and man as a biosocial being. The selection of content was carried out taking into account a culturally appropriate approach, according to which students must master the basic knowledge and skills that are important for the formation of a common culture, the preservation of the environment and their own health, which are in demand in everyday life and practical activities. The basis for structuring the content of the course of biology is the leading system-forming ideas - the distinctive features of wildlife, its diversity and evolution, in accordance with which blocks of content are distinguished: Signs of living organisms; System, diversity and evolution of living nature; Man and his health; The relationship of organisms and the environment. The basis for studying the course of biology is ecological-evolutionary and functional approaches, according to which the emphasis in the study of the diversity of organisms is transferred from considering the structural features of individual representatives to revealing the processes of their life and complication in the course of evolution, adaptability to the environment, role in ecosystems. In the content of the section "Man and his health" special attention is paid to the social nature of man, his role in the environment.

The exemplary program provides for a reserve of free study time (33 hours at the level of basic general education) for wider use, along with the traditional lesson, of various forms of organizing the educational process, conducting laboratory and practical work, and introducing modern pedagogical technologies.

Goals

The study of biology at the level of basic general education is aimed at achieving the following goals:

learning about living nature and its inherent laws; structure, life activity and environment-forming role of living organisms; man as a biosocial being; about the role of biological science in the practical activities of people; methods of knowledge of living nature;
mastery of skills apply biological knowledge to explain the processes and phenomena of wildlife, the vital activity of one's own organism; use information about modern achievements in the field of biology and ecology, about health and risk factors; work with biological devices, tools, reference books; conduct observations of biological objects and the state of one's own organism, biological experiments;
development of cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities in the process of observing living organisms, biological experiments, working with various sources of information;
upbringing a positive value attitude towards wildlife, one's own health and the health of other people; culture of behavior in nature;
use of acquired knowledge and skills in everyday life for caring for plants, domestic animals, caring for one's own health, providing first aid to oneself and others; assessment of the consequences of their activities in relation to the natural environment, their own body, the health of other people; to comply with the rules of behavior in the environment, the norms of a healthy lifestyle, the prevention of diseases, injuries and stress, bad habits, HIV infection.

The place of the subject in the basic curriculum

The exemplary program was developed on the basis of the federal basic curriculum for educational institutions of the Russian Federation, in accordance with which 245 hours are allocated for the study of a biology course at the level of basic general education, including 35 hours in the 6th grade (1 hour per week), 7-9 classes - 70 hours (2 hours per week). It is advisable to study the system, diversity and evolution of wildlife on the basis of a local history approach using the most typical representatives of plants, animals, and fungi of a particular region. For the study of local flora and fauna, including cultivated plants, domestic and farm animals, fungi, it is recommended to use 35 hours of study time from the regional component.

General educational skills, skills and methods of activity

The exemplary program provides for the formation of students' general educational skills and abilities, universal methods of activity and key competencies. In this direction, the priorities for the subject "Biology" at the level of basic general education are: object recognition, comparison, classification, analysis, evaluation.

Learning Outcomes

The results of studying the course "Biology" are given in the section "Requirements for the level of training of graduates", which fully complies with the standard. The requirements are aimed at the implementation of activity-oriented, practice-oriented and personality-oriented approaches: the development of intellectual and practical activities by students; mastering the knowledge and skills that are in demand in everyday life, allowing you to navigate in the world around you, significant for preserving the environment and your own health.

The “To be able” heading includes requirements based on more complex activities, including creative ones: explain, study, recognize and describe, identify, compare, define, analyze and evaluate, conduct an independent search for biological information.

The section “Use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life” presents requirements that go beyond the educational process and are aimed at solving various life problems.

Main content (245 hours)

Biology as a science. Biology methods (3 hour)

Biology is the science of living nature. The role of biology in the practical activities of people.

Methods for studying living objects. Biological experiment. Observation, description and measurement of biological objects.

Rules for working in a biological laboratory. Compliance with the rules of behavior in the environment as the basis for the safety of one's own life, respect for biological objects, and their protection.

Demos:

The results of experiments illustrating the role of light in plant life.

The results of experiments illustrating the presence of mineral and organic substances in the composition of plants.

Monitoring the growth and development of plants and animals.

Observation of seasonal changes in the life of plants and animals.

Experiments on the study of soil composition.

Organic world system(25 hours)

The system of the organic world. Classification of organisms. The main systematic categories: kingdom, type (department), class, detachment (order), family, genus, species, their subordination 1 .

Plant kingdom. The structure of the plant organism on the example of angiosperms: cells, tissues, organs. The vital activity of plants: nutrition (mineral and air-photosynthesis), respiration, pollination, reproduction, growth, development, irritability. A plant is a whole organism. The role of plants in nature, human life and their own activities. The most important agricultural crops. Measures for the prevention of diseases caused by plants. Plant protection.

The kingdom of bacteria, features of the structure and life. Bacteria - causative agents of diseases of plants, animals, humans. Prevention of diseases caused by bacteria. The use of bacteria in biotechnology. Significance of the works of R. Koch and L. Pasteur.

Viruses are non-cellular forms. Measures to prevent diseases caused by viruses.

Demos:

Classification of organisms

The structure of a plant cell

Tissues, organs of a plant organism (on the example of angiosperms)

The structure and diversity of bacteria

The structure of the cap mushroom

Variety of mushrooms

Tissues, organs, organ systems of the animal body (on the example of a mammal)

Animals - pathogens and carriers of diseases

The structure of the virus

Laboratory and practical work

Study of the organs of a flowering plant

Revealing the role of light and water in plant life

Propagation of indoor plants

The study of the structure of mold fungi

Recognition of edible and poisonous mushrooms

The study of the external structure of a mammal

The study of the internal structure of a mammal

Animal Behavior Observation

Diversity and evolution of wildlife(62 hours)

The doctrine of the evolution of the organic world. C. Darwin - the founder of the doctrine of evolution. Driving forces of evolution: hereditary variability, struggle for existence, natural selection. artificial selection. The results of evolution: the diversity of species, the adaptability of organisms to the environment.

Complication of plants in the process of evolution: algae, mosses, ferns, horsetails, club mosses, gymnosperms, angiosperms. The main features of the main departments. Classes and families of angiosperms (2 families of monocots and 3 families of dicots). The diversity of plant species is the basis of biosphere stability, the result of evolution. Conservation of biological diversity of plants. Agricultural plants.

The diversity of animals is the result of evolution. Unicellular and multicellular animals. Invertebrates: Coelenterates, Worms, Mollusks, Arthropods. The complication of animals in the process of evolution on the example of vertebrates: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals. Preservation of the biological diversity of animals as the basis for the sustainability of the biosphere. Farm animals.

Demonstrations :

Variety of species

Adaptations in organisms to the environment

Plants of different departments, families, species

unicellular animals

The external and internal structure of the intestinal

The structure and diversity of worms

The structure and diversity of molluscs

The structure and diversity of arthropods

The structure and diversity of fish

The structure and diversity of amphibians

The structure and diversity of reptiles

The structure and diversity of birds

The structure and diversity of mammals

Laboratory and practical work

The study of the external structure of algae

The study of the external structure of mosses

The study of the external structure of the fern

The study of the structure and diversity of angiosperms

The study of the external structure and diversity of arthropods

Identification of the features of the external structure of fish in connection with the way of life

Identification of the features of the external structure of the frog in connection with the lifestyle

Identification of the features of the external structure of birds in connection with the way of life

Recognition of plants of different departments

Recognition of the most common plants in your area

Recognition of the most important crops

Determination of belonging of plants to a certain systematic group using reference books and determinants (classification)

Determination of belonging of animals to a certain systematic group using reference books and determinants (classification)

Identification of adaptations in plants to the environment

Identification of adaptations in animals to the environment

Recognition of animals of different types

Pet Recognition

Signs of living organisms (34 hour)

Signs of living organisms, their manifestation in plants, animals, fungi and bacteria: cellular structure, chemical composition, metabolism and energy conversion, growth, development, reproduction, movement, irritability, adaptability to the environment.

The cellular structure of organisms as evidence of their relationship, the unity of living nature. Cell structure. Cells of plants, fungi, bacteria, animals. Genes and chromosomes. Cell division is the basis of reproduction, growth and development of organisms. Violations in the structure and functioning of cells are one of the causes of diseases in organisms.

Features of the chemical composition of living organisms. Inorganic and organic substances, their role in the body. Metabolism and energy conversion are a sign of living organisms. Nutrition. Differences in the way organisms feed. Breath. Transport of substances, removal of metabolic products from the body, coordination and regulation of functions, movement and support in plants and animals. Growth and development of organisms. Reproduction. Asexual and sexual reproduction. sex cells. Fertilization.

Heredity and variability are properties of organisms. Hereditary and non-hereditary variability. Genetics is the science of the laws of heredity and variability. Heredity and variability are the basis of artificial selection. Breed, variety. Application of knowledge about heredity and variability, artificial selection in the development of new breeds and varieties. Techniques for growing and breeding cultivated plants and domestic animals, caring for them.

Diversity of organization of living objects: cell, organism, species, ecosystem. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Tissues, organs, organ systems, their interconnection as the basis of the integrity of a multicellular organism. Species signs. Ecosystem.

Demos:

Adaptations to the environment in organisms

Cells of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria

Chromosomes

cell division

Sexual and asexual reproduction

sex cells

Fertilization

Variation in organisms

Breed, variety

Unicellular and multicellular organisms

Species features

Ecosystem

Laboratory and practical work

Study of plant cells and tissues on ready-made micropreparations and their description

Study of animal cells and tissues on ready-made micropreparations and their description

Study of bacterial cells

Preparing micropreparations of plant cells and examining them under a microscope

Comparison of the cell structure of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria

Organ recognition in plants

Recognition of organs and organ systems in animals

Revealing variability in organisms

Relationships between organisms and the environment(28 hours)

Ecology is the science of the relationships between organisms and the environment. Environment is a source of substances, energy and information. Environmental factors: abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic, their impact on organisms. Adaptations of organisms to various environmental factors.

Ecosystem organization of wildlife. Ecosystems. Ecosystem structure. Food connections in an ecosystem.

Cycle of matter and energy transformation in the ecosystem. The role of producers, consumers and destroyers of organic substances in ecosystems and the cycle of substances in nature.

Agroecosystems. Features of agroecosystems.

The biosphere is a global ecosystem. IN AND. Vernadsky is the founder of the doctrine of the biosphere. The boundaries of the biosphere. Distribution and role of living matter in the biosphere. The role of man in the biosphere.

Environmental problems, their impact on one's own life, the lives of other people: the greenhouse effect, acid rain, desertification, deforestation, the appearance of "Ozone holes", environmental pollution.

The consequences of human activities in ecosystems, the impact of their own actions on living organisms and ecosystems.

Demos:

Environmental factors

Ecosystem structure

Food chains and webs

The cycle of substances and the transformation of energy in the ecosystem

Agroecosystem

The boundaries of the biosphere

Laboratory and practical work

Observations of seasonal changes in wildlife

Drawing up schemes for the transfer of substances and energy (food chains)

Identification of adaptations in organisms to the environment (on specific examples)

Identification of types of interaction of different species in a particular ecosystem

Study and description of the ecosystem of your area

Analysis and assessment of the consequences of human activities in ecosystems, their own actions on living organisms and ecosystems

MAN AND HIS HEALTH ( 60h )

The value of knowledge about the structure and life of the human body for self-knowledge and maintaining health. Human sciences: anatomy, physiology, hygiene, medicine, psychology. Methods of studying the human body, their significance and use in one's own life.

The place and role of man in the system of the organic world, its similarities with animals and its difference from them.

The structure and processes of life of the human body.

Neuro-humoral regulation of vital processes of the body. Nervous system. Departments of the nervous system: central and peripheral. The reflex nature of the activity of the nervous system. Spinal cord, structure and functions. The brain, structure and functions. Somatic and autonomic nervous system. Violations of the nervous system and their prevention. Endocrine system. Glands of external and internal secretion, their structure and functions. Hormones. regulation of glandular activity. Interaction of nervous and humoral regulation.

Nutrition. Research by I.P. Pavlova in the field of digestion. Food as the biological basis of life. Foods and nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, water, vitamins. Digestion. Structure and functions of the digestive system. Digestive glands. The role of enzymes in digestion. Prevention of food poisoning, intestinal infections, hepatitis.

Breath. The respiratory system and its role in metabolism. Mechanism of inhalation and exhalation. Respiratory diseases and their prevention. Prevention of the spread of infectious diseases and compliance with preventive measures to protect your own body. Air purity as a health factor. First aid techniques for carbon monoxide poisoning, rescuing a drowning person.

The internal environment of the body: blood, lymph, tissue fluid. The value of the constancy of the internal environment of the body.

Blood, its functions. Blood cells. blood plasma. Blood clotting. Blood groups. Blood transfusion. Lymph. tissue fluid.

Immunity. The human immune system. Factors affecting immunity. The significance of the work of L. Pasteur and I.I. Mechnikov in the field of immunity. Vaccination.

Transport of substances. Circulatory system. Importance of blood circulation. Heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular diseases, causes and prevention. Arterial and venous bleeding. First aid for bleeding. Lymphatic system. Importance of lymph circulation. Relationship between the circulatory and lymphatic systems.

Metabolism and energy conversion as a necessary condition for the vital activity of the organism. Plastic and energy metabolism. Metabolism and role of proteins, carbohydrates, fats. Water-salt exchange. Vitamins, their role in the body, content in food. The daily requirement of the body for vitamins. Manifestations of avitaminosis and measures for their prevention.

Selection. Urogenital system. Genitourinary infections, measures to prevent them to maintain health.

Reproduction and development. Inheritance of traits in humans. Hereditary diseases, their causes and prevention. The role of genetic knowledge in family planning. Reproductive health care. Sexually transmitted infections and their prevention. HIV infection and its prevention.

support and movement. The structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system. Injury prevention. Techniques for providing first aid to yourself and others in case of injuries of the musculoskeletal system. Prevention of flat feet and curvature of the spine. Signs of good posture.

Body covers. Skin, hair, nail care. Techniques for providing first aid to yourself and others in case of injuries, burns, frostbite and their prevention.

Sense organs, their role in human life. Analyzers. Visual and hearing disorders and their prevention.

Psychology and human behavior. Higher nervous activity. Research by I.M. Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov, A.A. Ukhtomsky, P.K. Anokhin in the creation of the doctrine of higher nervous activity. Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, their biological significance.

Biological nature and social essence of man. cognitive activity of the brain. Human consciousness. Memory, emotions, speech, thinking. Features of the human psyche: the meaningfulness of perception, verbal and logical thinking, the ability to accumulate and transfer information from generation to generation.

The value of intellectual, creative and aesthetic needs. Goals and motives of activity. Individual personality traits: abilities, temperament, character. The role of training and education in the development of the psyche and human behavior. Rational organization of work and rest. Sleep and wakefulness. The meaning of sleep.

A culture of attitude towards one's own health and the health of others. Compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards and rules of a healthy lifestyle. Health promotion: physical activity, hardening, auto-training, rational nutrition. Risk factors: stress, physical inactivity, hypothermia, overwork. Bad and good habits, their impact on health.

Man and environment. Social and natural environment, human adaptation to it. The value of the environment as a source of matter and energy. The dependence of human health on the state of the environment. Compliance with the rules of behavior in the environment, in dangerous and emergency situations as the basis for the safety of one's own life.

Demos:

Similarities between humans and animals

The structure and diversity of human cells

human body tissues

Organs and organ systems of the human body

Nervous system

Glands of external and internal secretion

Digestive system

Respiratory system

Mechanism of inhalation and exhalation

First aid for carbon monoxide poisoning, rescue

drowning

Composition of the blood

Blood groups

Circulatory system

First aid for bleeding

lymphatic system

genitourinary system

The structure of the musculoskeletal system

First aid techniques for injuries of the musculoskeletal system

Skin structure

First aid for injuries, burns, frostbite

Analyzers

Laboratory and practical work

The study of the microscopic structure of tissues

The study of the microscopic structure of blood (micropreparations

Human and frog blood)

Measuring the weight and height of your body

Recognition on tables of organs and systems of human organs

The study of the structure of the human brain (by dummies)

Determination of the norms of rational nutrition

Identification of the influence of static and dynamic work on muscle fatigue

Pulse count at rest and during exercise

Determination of the respiratory rate

Blood pressure measurement

The study of techniques for stopping capillary, arterial and venous bleeding

Study of the action of gastric juice on proteins, the action of saliva on starch

Examining the appearance of individual bones

Study of pupil size change

Analysis and assessment of the impact of environmental factors, risk factors on health

Exemplary topics of excursions

Variety of plants in the area

Seasonal phenomena in nature

Methods of plant propagation, distribution of fruits and seeds

The diversity of animals in their area, their role in nature and human life

The ecosystem of your area (forest, meadow, pond).

The agro-ecosystem of its area (park, garden, square, field, pond).

Evolution of the organic world (paleontological museum).

Standby time - 33 hours

In the system of natural science education, biology as an academic subject occupies an important place in the formation of: a scientific picture of the world; functional literacy needed for everyday life; skills of a healthy and safe lifestyle for humans and the environment; ecological consciousness; value attitude to wildlife and man; own position in relation to biological information received from different sources. The study of biology creates conditions for the formation of students' intellectual, civic, communication and information competencies.

Mastering the program in biology provides mastery of the basics of educational and research activities, scientific methods for solving various theoretical and practical problems.

The study of biology at the basic level is focused on providing general educational and general cultural training for graduates. The study of biology at an advanced level is focused on: preparation for further professional education; development of individual abilities of students through a deeper than the basic level, mastering the basics of biology and methods of studying the organic world. The study of biology at an in-depth level provides: the application of the acquired knowledge to solve practical and educational and research problems in a changed, non-standard situation, the ability to systematize and generalize the acquired knowledge; mastering the basics of research activities of a biological orientation and competent registration of the results obtained; development of the ability to model some objects and processes occurring in wildlife. Studying the subject at an in-depth level allows students to form the ability to analyze, predict and evaluate the consequences of human activity in ecosystems from the standpoint of environmental safety.

At the basic and advanced levels, the study of the subject "Biology" in terms of the formation of a scientific worldview among students, the development of general scientific methods, the development of the practical application of scientific knowledge is based on interdisciplinary connections with subjects in the fields of natural, mathematical and humanitarian sciences.

The exemplary curriculum of the subject "Biology" is compiled on the basis of the modular principle of constructing educational material, does not determine the number of hours for studying the subject and does not limit the possibility of studying it in a particular class.

The proposed exemplary program takes into account the possibility of obtaining knowledge, including through practical activities. The program contains an approximate list of laboratory and practical work. When compiling the work program, the teacher has the right to choose from the list of work that he considers most appropriate, taking into account the need to achieve substantive results.

BIOLOGY WORK PROGRAM

BASIC GENERAL EDUCATION

Explanatory note

Document status

The work program in biology is compiled on the basis of the federal component of the state standard, an exemplary program of basic general education in biology by the author N.I. Sonina //Programs for educational institutions. Natural history. Grade 5 Biology. 6-11 grades. – M.: Bustard, 2006. – 138 p.//,fully reflecting the content of the exemplary program, with additions that do not exceed the requirements for the level of training of students.

The program concretizes the content of the subject topics of the educational standard, gives the distribution of teaching hours by sections of the course and the sequence of studying topics and sections of the subject, taking into account inter-subject and intra-subject connections, the logic of the educational process, and the age characteristics of students.

The program performs two main functions:

The informational and methodological function allows all participants in the educational process to get an idea of the goals, content, general strategy for teaching, educating and developing students by means of a given subject.

The organizational and planning function provides for the allocation of stages of training, the structuring of educational material, the determination of its quantitative and qualitative characteristics at each of the stages, including for the content of the intermediate certification of students.

The program contributes to the preservation of a single educational space, provides ample opportunities for the implementation of various approaches to the construction of a training course.

Document structure

The program includes the following sections:

1. Explanatory note

2. Educational and thematic plan

4. Requirements for the level of preparation of students enrolled in this program

5. List of educational and methodological support

6. List of references (main and additional)

General characteristics of the subject

The biology course at the level of basic general education is aimed at shaping students' ideas about the distinctive features of wildlife, its diversity and evolution, and man as a biosocial being. The selection of content was carried out taking into account a culturally appropriate approach, according to which students must master the basic knowledge and skills that are important for the formation of a common culture, the preservation of the environment and their own health, which are in demand in everyday life and practical activities. The basis for structuring the content of the course of biology is the leading backbone ideas - the distinctive features of wildlife, its diversity and evolution, in accordance with which the content blocks are distinguished: Signs of living organisms; System, diversity and evolution of living nature; Man and his health; The relationship of organisms and the environment. The basis for studying the course of biology is ecological-evolutionary and functional approaches, according to which the emphasis in the study of the diversity of organisms is transferred from considering the structural features of individual representatives to revealing the processes of their life and complication in the course of evolution, adaptability to the environment, role in ecosystems. In the content of the section "Man and his health" special attention is paid to the social nature of man, his role in the environment.

The reserve of free study time (33 hours at the level of basic general education) provided for by the exemplary program is distributed for laboratory and practical work, for generalization, systematization and correction of knowledge on topics.

Goals

The study of biology at the level of basic general education is aimed at achieving the following goals:

Mastering knowledge about wildlife and its inherent patterns; structure, life activity and environment-forming role of living organisms; man as a biosocial being; about the role of biological science in the practical activities of people; methods of knowledge of living nature;

Mastering the ability to apply biological knowledge to explain the processes and phenomena of wildlife, the life of one's own organism; use information about modern achievements in the field of biology and ecology, about health and risk factors; work with biological devices, tools, reference books; conduct observations of biological objects and the state of one's own organism, biological experiments;

Development of cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities in the process of observing living organisms, biological experiments, working with various sources of information;

Education of a positive value attitude towards wildlife, one's own health and the health of other people; culture of behavior in nature;

Using the acquired knowledge and skills in everyday life to care for plants, pets, take care of your own health, provide first aid to yourself and others; assessment of the consequences of their activities in relation to the natural environment, their own body, the health of other people; to comply with the rules of behavior in the environment, the norms of a healthy lifestyle, the prevention of diseases, injuries and stress, bad habits, HIV infection.

The place of the subject in the basic curriculum

The program was developed on the basis of the federal basic curriculum for educational institutions of the Russian Federation, according to which 238 hours are allocated for the study of a biology course at the level of basic general education, including 34 hours in grade 6 (1 hour per week), grades 7-9 - 68 hours (2 hours a week). It is advisable to study the system, diversity and evolution of wildlife on the basis of a local history approach using the most typical representatives of plants, animals, and fungi of a particular region. To study the local flora and fauna, including cultivated plants, domestic and farm animals, mushrooms, 34 hours of study time are used from the regional component - "Biological Local History" in the 7th grade.

General educational skills, skills and methods of activity

The program provides for the formation of students' general educational skills, universal methods of activity and key competencies. In this direction, the priorities for the subject "Biology" at the level of basic general education are: object recognition, comparison, classification, analysis, evaluation.

Learning Outcomes

The "To be able" heading includes requirements based on more complex activities, including creative ones: explain, study, recognize and describe, identify, compare, define, analyze and evaluate, conduct an independent search for biological information.

The section "Use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life" presents requirements that go beyond the educational process and are aimed at solving various life problems.

The main content of the topics of the training course (245 hours)

Biology as a science. Biology methods (3 hours)

Biology is the science of living nature. The role of biology in the practical activities of people.

Methods for studying living objects. Biological experiment. Observation, description and measurement of biological objects.

Demos:

The results of experiments illustrating the role of light in plant life.

The results of experiments illustrating the presence of mineral and organic substances in the composition of plants.

Monitoring the growth and development of plants and animals.
Observation of seasonal changes in the life of plants and animals.
Experiments on the study of soil composition.

Organic world system (25 hours)

The system of the organic world. Classification of organisms. The main systematic categories: kingdom, type (department), class, detachment (order), family, genus, species, their subordination.

Plant kingdom. The structure of the plant organism on the example of angiosperms: cells, tissues, organs. The vital activity of plants: nutrition (mineral and air - photosynthesis), respiration, pollination, reproduction, growth, development, irritability. The plant is an integral organism. The role of plants in nature, human life and their own activities. The most important agricultural crops. Measures for the prevention of diseases caused by plants. Plant protection.

The kingdom of bacteria, features of the structure and life. Bacteria are the causative agents of diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Prevention of diseases caused by bacteria. The use of bacteria in biotechnology. Significance of the works of R. Koch and L. Pasteur.

Animals are pathogens and carriers of diseases. Disease prevention. The role of animals in nature, human life and activity. Pets. Protection of the animal world.

Viruses are non-cellular forms. Measures to prevent diseases caused by viruses.

Demos:

Animal Behavior Observation

Diversity and evolution of wildlife (62 hours)

The doctrine of the evolution of the organic world. C. Darwin is the founder of the doctrine of evolution.

Driving forces of evolution: hereditary variability, struggle for existence, natural selection. artificial selection. The results of evolution: the diversity of species, the adaptability of organisms to the environment.

Complication of plants in the process of evolution: algae, mosses, ferns, horsetails, club mosses, gymnosperms, angiosperms. The main features of the main departments. Classes and families of angiosperms (2 families of monocots and 3 families of dicots). Diversity of plant species is the basis of the stability of the biosphere, the result of evolution. Conservation of biological diversity of plants. Agricultural plants.

The diversity of animals is the result of evolution. Unicellular and multicellular animals.

Invertebrates: Coelenterates, Worms, Mollusks, Arthropods. The complication of animals in the process of evolution on the example of vertebrates: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals. Preservation of the biological diversity of animals as the basis for the sustainability of the biosphere. Farm animals.

Demos:

Variety of species
Adaptations in organisms to the environment
Plants of different departments, families, species
unicellular animals
The external and internal structure of the intestinal
The structure and diversity of worms
The structure and diversity of molluscs
The structure and diversity of arthropods
The structure and diversity of fish
The structure and diversity of amphibians
The structure and diversity of reptiles
The structure and diversity of birds
The structure and diversity of mammals

Laboratory and practical work

The study of the external structure of algae
The study of the external structure of mosses
The study of the external structure of the fern
The study of the structure and diversity of gymnosperms
The study of the structure and diversity of angiosperms
The study of the external structure and diversity of arthropods
Identification of the features of the external structure of fish in connection with the way of life
Identification of the features of the external structure of the frog in connection with the lifestyle
Identification of the features of the external structure of birds in connection with the way of life
Recognition of plants of different departments
Recognition of the most common plants in your area
Recognition of the most important crops

Determination of belonging of plants to a certain systematic group using reference books and determinants (classification)
Determination of belonging of animals to a certain systematic group using reference books and determinants (classification)
Identification of adaptations in plants to the environment
Identification of adaptations in animals to the environment
Recognition of animals of different types
Pet Recognition

Signs of living organisms (34 hours)

Signs of living organisms, their manifestation in plants, animals, fungi and bacteria; cellular structure, features of the chemical composition, metabolism and energy conversion, growth, development, reproduction, movement, irritability, adaptability to the environment.

The cellular structure of organisms as evidence of their relationship, the unity of living nature. Cell structure. Cells of plants, fungi, bacteria, animals. Genes and chromosomes. Cell division is the basis of reproduction, growth and development of organisms. Violations in the structure and functioning of cells are one of the causes of diseases in organisms.

Diversity of organization of living objects: cell, organism, species, ecosystem. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Tissues, organs, organ systems, their relationship as the basis of the integrity of a multicellular organism. Species signs. Ecosystem.

Demos:

Adaptations to the environment in organisms
Cells of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria
Chromosomes
cell division
Sexual and asexual reproduction
sex cells
Fertilization
Variation in organisms
Breed, variety
Unicellular and multicellular organisms
Species features
Ecosystem

Laboratory and practical work

Study of plant cells and tissues on ready-made micropreparations and their description

Study of animal cells and tissues on ready-made micropreparations and their description
Study of bacterial cells
Preparing micropreparations of plant cells and examining them under a microscope
Comparison of the cell structure of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria
Organ recognition in plants
Recognition of organs and organ systems in animals
Revealing variability in organisms

Relationships between organisms and the environment (28 hours)

Ecology is the science of the relationship between organisms and the environment. Environment is a source of substances, energy and information. Environmental factors: abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic, their impact on organisms. Adaptations of organisms to various environmental factors.

Ecosystem organization of wildlife. Ecosystems. Ecosystem structure. Food connections in an ecosystem.

Cycle of matter and energy transformation in the ecosystem. The role of producers, consumers and destroyers of organic substances in ecosystems and the cycle of substances in nature.

Agroecosystems. Features of agroecosystems.

The biosphere is a global ecosystem. IN AND. Vernadsky is the founder of the doctrine of the biosphere. The boundaries of the biosphere. Distribution and role of living matter in the biosphere. The role of man in the biosphere.

Environmental problems, their impact on one's own life, the lives of other people: greenhouse effect, acid rain, desertification, deforestation, the appearance of "Ozone holes", environmental pollution.

The consequences of human activity in ecosystems, the impact of one's own actions "*^ on living organisms and ecosystems.

Laboratory and practical work

Observations of seasonal changes in wildlife

Drawing up schemes for the transfer of substances and energy (food chains)
Identification of adaptations in organisms to the environment (on specific examples)
Identification of types of interaction of different species in a particular ecosystem
Study and description of the ecosystem of your area

Analysis and assessment of the consequences of human activities in ecosystems, their own actions on living organisms and ecosystems

MAN AND HIS HEALTH (60 hours)

The value of knowledge about the structure and life of the human body for self-knowledge and maintaining health. Human sciences: anatomy, physiology, hygiene, medicine, psychology. Methods of studying the human body, their significance and use in one's own life.

The place and role of man in the system of the organic world, his similarity with animals and difference from them.

The structure and processes of life of the human body. Neuro-humoral regulation of vital processes of the body. Nervous system. Departments of the nervous system: central and peripheral. The reflex nature of the activity of the nervous system. Spinal cord, structure and functions. The brain, structure and functions. Somatic and autonomic nervous system. Violations of the nervous system and their prevention. Endocrine system. Glands of external and internal secretion, their structure and functions. Hormones. regulation of glandular activity. Interaction of nervous and humoral regulation.

Nutrition. Research by I.P. Pavlova in the field of digestion. Food as the biological basis of life. Foods and nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, water, vitamins. Digestion. Structure and functions of the digestive system. Digestive glands. The role of enzymes in digestion. Prevention of food poisoning, intestinal infections, hepatitis.

The internal environment of the body: blood, lymph, tissue fluid. The value of the constancy of the internal environment of the body.

Blood, its functions. Blood cells. blood plasma. Blood clotting. Blood groups. Blood transfusion. Lymph. tissue fluid.

Immunity. The human immune system. Factors affecting immunity. The significance of the work of L. Pasteur and I.I. Mechnikov in the field of immunity. Vaccination.

Metabolism and energy conversion as a necessary condition for the vital activity of the organism. Plastic and energy metabolism. Metabolism and role of proteins, carbohydrates, fats. Water-salt exchange. Vitamins, their role in the body, content in food. The daily requirement of the body for vitamins. Manifestations of avitaminosis and measures for their prevention.

Selection. Urogenital system. Genitourinary infections, measures to prevent them to maintain health.

Reproduction and development. Inheritance of traits in humans. Hereditary diseases, their causes and prevention. The role of genetic knowledge in family planning. Reproductive health care. Sexually transmitted infections and their prevention. HIV infection and its prevention.

Integuments of the body Skin, hair, nails care. Techniques for providing first aid to yourself and others in case of injuries, burns, frostbite and their prevention.

Sense organs, their role in human life. Analyzers. Visual and hearing disorders and their prevention.

Psychology and human behavior. Higher nervous activity. Research by I.M. Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov, A.A. Ukhtomsky, P.K. Anokhin in the creation of the doctrine of higher nervous activity. "Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, their biological significance.

A culture of attitude towards one's own health and the health of others. Compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards and rules of a healthy lifestyle. Health promotion: physical activity, hardening, auto-training, rational nutrition. Risk factors: stress, physical inactivity, hypothermia, overwork. Bad and good habits, their impact on health.

Man and the environment. Social and natural environment, human adaptation to it. The value of the environment as a source of matter and energy. The dependence of human health on the state of the environment. Compliance with the rules of behavior in the environment, in dangerous and emergency situations as the basis for the safety of one's own life.

Demos:

Similarities between humans and animals
The structure and diversity of human cells
human body tissues
Organs and organ systems of the human body
Nervous system
Glands of external and internal secretion
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Mechanism of inhalation and exhalation
First aid techniques for carbon monoxide poisoning, rescuing a drowning person
Composition of the blood
Blood groups
Circulatory system
First aid for bleeding
lymphatic system
genitourinary system
The structure of the musculoskeletal system
First aid techniques for injuries of the musculoskeletal system
Skin structure
First aid for injuries, burns, frostbite
Analyzers

Laboratory and practical work

The study of the microscopic structure of tissues
Study of the microscopic structure of blood (micropreparations of human and frog blood)
Measuring the weight and height of your body
Recognition on tables of organs and systems of human organs
The study of the structure of the human brain (by dummies)
Determination of the norms of rational nutrition
Identification of the influence of static and dynamic work on muscle fatigue
Pulse count at rest and during exercise
Determination of the respiratory rate
Blood pressure measurement
The study of techniques for stopping capillary, arterial and venous bleeding
Study of the action of gastric juice on proteins, the action of saliva on starch
Examining the appearance of individual bones
Study of pupil size change
Analysis and assessment of the impact of environmental factors, risk factors on health

Tour topics:

Variety of plants in the area
Seasonal phenomena in nature
Methods of plant propagation, distribution of fruits and seeds
The diversity of animals in their area, their role in nature and human life
The ecosystem of your area (forest, meadow, pond).
The agro-ecosystem of its area (park, garden, square, field, pond).
Evolution of the organic world (paleontological museum).

Reserve time - 33 hours

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF GRADUATE TRAINING

As a result of studying biology, the student should know/understand:

signs of biological objects: living organisms; genes and chromosomes; cells and organisms of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria; populations; ecosystems and agroecosystems; biosphere; plants, animals and fungi of your region;
the essence of biological processes: metabolism and energy transformation, nutrition, respiration, excretion, transport of substances, growth, development, reproduction, heredity and variability, regulation of the body's vital activity, irritability, circulation of substances and energy transformation in ecosystems;
features of the human body, its structure, life, higher nervous activity and behavior.

Be able to :

explain: the role of biology in the formation of a modern natural-science picture of the world, in the practical activities of people and the student himself; kinship, common origin and evolution of plants and animals (on the example of comparing individual groups); the role of various organisms in human life and their own activities; the relationship of organisms and the environment; biological diversity in the conservation of the biosphere; the need to protect the environment; the relationship of man with mammals, the place and role of man in nature; the relationship between man and the environment; dependence of one's own health on the state of the environment; causes of heredity and variability, manifestations of hereditary diseases, immunity in humans; the role of hormones and vitamins in the body;
study biological objects and processes: set up biological experiments, describe and explain the results of experiments; observe the growth and development of plants and animals, the behavior of animals, seasonal changes in nature; to consider on ready micropreparations to describe biological objects;

recognize and describe: on the tables the main parts and organelles of cells, organs and systems of human organs; on living objects and tables, organs of a flowering plant, organs and systems of organs of animals, plants of different departments, animals of certain types and classes; the most common plants and animals of the area, cultivated plants and domestic animals, edible and poisonous mushrooms, plants and animals dangerous to humans;
identify the variability of organisms, adaptations of organisms to the environment, types of interaction of different species in the ecosystem;
compare biological objects (cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, organisms, representatives of certain systematic groups) and draw conclusions based on the comparison;
determine the belonging of biological objects to a certain systematic group (classification);
analyze and evaluate the impact of environmental factors, risk factors on health, the consequences of human activities in ecosystems, the impact of one's own actions on living organisms and ecosystems;
conduct an independent search for biological information: find in the text of the textbook the distinctive features of the main systematic groups; in biological dictionaries and reference books the meaning of biological terms; in various sources the necessary information about living organisms (including using information technology).

Use acquired knowledge and skillsin practical activities and everyday life for:

Compliance with preventive measures against diseases caused by plants, animals, bacteria, fungi and viruses; traumatism, stress, HIV infection, bad habits (smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction); violations of posture, vision, hearing, infectious and colds;

First aid in case of poisoning with poisonous mushrooms, plants, animal bites; with colds, burns, frostbite, injuries, rescue of a drowning person;

Rational organization of work and rest, compliance with the rules of behavior in the environment;

Growing and propagating cultivated plants and domestic animals, caring for them;

Conducting observations of the state of one's own body.