Household waste as an environmental problem in Russian cities. The problem of waste disposal in the modern world How to deal with the problem of waste

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Introduction

Relevance of the research topic.

“We are all passengers of one ship named Earth, -
it means that there is simply nowhere to change from it. "
Antoine de Saint-Exupery

(Presentation, slide 2)

The snow has melted and the streets of our city are screaming about this problem. Our present is huge garbage dumps around cities, poor environmental conditions, polluted areas. Citywide landfills and landfills are overflowing with mixed waste, up to 80% of which could become high-quality recyclable materials if it is collected separately.

Waste that accumulates in huge quantities in our homes, bins are classified as solid household waste. We are directly involved in their education. They affect the quality of the environment, are a source of environmental danger: they spread odors and are a medium for the decomposition of pathogenic bacteria, rodents - carriers of infectious diseases. Therefore, they are a serious danger to public health.

The waste problem has existed for a long time. Even ancient people who lived in caves arranged garbage dumps outside their homes. Such wastes were easily destroyed by natural processes. The development of civilization has generated an avalanche-like increase in the amount of waste. The better we live, the more we consume various goods, which means we produce more waste. The number of waste processing plants in Russia today is small. The amount of solid household waste is increasing every year.

Purpose of work: trace the path of household waste in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, understand the causes of environmental pollution. (Presentation, slide 3)

Work tasks:

1) Study the literature on the problem of household waste in Russia, in particular in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region;
2) Identify points of reception and processing of secondary raw materials in the Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg;
3) Research and describe the trash accumulated in the trash can of one family in one week;
4) Research of aspects of formation of a conscious attitude towards the utilization of household waste in adolescents. Questioning students, studying the activities carried out in the environmental direction in the State Budgetary Educational Institution of Gymnasium No. 196 of the Krasnogvardeisky District.
5) Consider options for reducing household waste.

Research object: ecology.

Subject of study: household waste, waste disposal problems, the possibility of reuse and recycling.

Research hypothesis: the problem of waste has become one of the most important environmental problems facing humanity today. After the appearance of artificial materials, our waste will remain in landfills for tens and hundreds of years, poisoning the earth, water and air. The issue of separate waste collection and recycling is relevant.

Working methods used in the study: comparative analysis, systematization and generalization of the obtained material, logical presentation of the material, questionnaires.

Chapter 1. Current state of the problem

In ancient civilizations (Egyptian, Greek and Roman empires), waste disposal was organized very carefully. In ancient Greece, there was a law that garbage must be removed outside the city limits, the distance must be at least 1 km. As a result, after the publication of this decree, the sanitary condition of cities has improved, the incidence of various infectious diseases has decreased.

With the advent of the Middle Ages, garbage ceased to be taken out of the city. Nobody was interested in this issue and did not deal with it. In France, residents of Paris and other large cities threw their household waste out of the window and onto the street. Very rarely, cesspools or ditches were organized to collect and place garbage in some European cities, but often food waste and even waste from the toilet were lying right in the squares in front of houses.

In the old days in Russia, issues with garbage collection were not allowed to take their course. Depending on the area, this garbage was named differently. But not only the garbage, but also the people involved in cleaning - the dirtiest job. All sorts of rubbish was called Bastard (emphasis on the second letter o). Therefore, earlier in Russia, they paid attention to garbage, collected it, in contrast to Medieval Europe. (Presentation slide 4)

The Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy has published The Environmental Performance Index 2016.
The Environmental Performance Study measures the country's achievements in terms of the state of ecology and natural resource management based on 22 indicators in 10 categories that reflect various aspects of the state of the natural environment and the viability of its ecological systems, preservation of biological diversity, counteraction to climate change, health status of the population, practice economic activity and the degree of its impact on the environment, as well as the effectiveness of state policy in the field of ecology. In 2016, the study and its accompanying ranking cover 180 countries.
Finland has become the world leader in environmental performance this year. The top ten leaders also included: Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Slovenia, Spain, Portugal, Estonia, Malta and France. Russia ranks 32nd out of 180. The most unfavorable countries in terms of environmental efficiency are Madagascar, Eritrea and Somalia.

1.1. Impact of household waste on the environment

There are five degrees of MSW exposure:

• 5th degree of danger. Recyclable solid waste. The environmental impact is very low. Garbage can be recycled without significant impact on the environment. Examples are shards of ceramic tiles and utensils, brick debris, food debris, wood shavings.
• 4th degree of danger. Medium hazardous solid waste. This group includes all wastes with a natural decay period of up to 3 years. Despite the fact that their presence violates the ecological balance in nature, the degree of danger of such MSW is defined as low. Examples are wood, waste paper, car tires, plastic.
• 3rd degree of danger. Hazardous waste. The impact on nature is strong, resulting in a violation of the ecological system. The period of nature restoration after exposure to such MSW is about 10 years, and the period is counted after the elimination of the source of exposure. Examples are types of grout, paints, acetone, metal objects.
• 2nd degree of danger. High danger. After the impact on the environment, a complete restoration of the balance is possible in at least 30 years. Examples are batteries with electrolytes and engine oils.
• 1st degree of danger. Extremely high danger. The impact of such solid waste entails the complete destruction of nature without the possibility of its restoration. Examples are thermometers, batteries, fluorescent lamps. (Presentation, slide 5)

1.2. Waste treatment methods

Currently, there are such types of disposal as:

• Natural decomposition in the natural environment.
• Burial at landfills.
• Separation of useful components and secondary processing (recycling). (Presentation, slide 6)

Natural decomposition in the natural environment.

With this method, the decomposition time can vary from several days to several decades. Here are some examples:

1. Food waste - decomposition time 30 days

2. Newsprint - decomposition period 1-4 months

3. Leaves, seeds, twigs - decomposition period 3-4 months

4. Office paper - decomposition period 2 years

5. Iron cans - decomposition period 10 years

6. Old shoes - decomposition period 10 years

7. Fragments of brick and concrete - decomposition time 100 years

8. Foil - decomposition time over 100 years

9. Electric batteries - decomposition period 110 years

10. Rubber tires - decomposition period 120-140 years

11. Plastic bottles - decomposition period 180-200 years

12. Aluminum cans - decomposition period 500 years (almost the most dangerous rubbish) (Presentation, slide 7)

Burial at landfills.

Burial is the most common way. It is only suitable for garbage that is not susceptible to spontaneous combustion. Nowadays, ordinary landfills give way to landfills equipped with a system of engineering structures that prevent the contamination of ground and underground waters, atmospheric air. In developed countries, catchers for gas generated during decomposition are installed at landfills. It is used to generate electricity, space heating and water heating. (Presentation, slide 8)

Recycling.

The term "recycling" ("recycling" - from English) is the bringing of waste raw materials, reagents into working condition. This is the reuse or recycling of industrial waste or garbage. (Presentation, slide 9)

In Russia, in general, and in St. Petersburg in particular, recycling is still a new concept, although the situation has begun to change - the state has paid attention to the economic profit that the return of valuable waste components to circulation can give.

Recycling classes:

• Mechanical recycling
• Incineration
• Recycling by pyrolysis
• Chemical recycling

Mechanical.

This class combines the operations of cutting and shredding waste, and then using them as fillers for new materials. There are technologies that make it possible to obtain high-quality and cheap raw materials.
However, it is not without its drawbacks. The main one is the possibility of spontaneous combustion of materials during grinding.

Incineration.

The simplest class of recycling is the incineration of waste for the purpose of generating energy. Its main advantage is the reduction of the volume of waste destined for disposal in landfills and landfills.
The main disadvantage of incineration is the release of toxic gases and carcinogens into the atmosphere. In our region incineration is carried out in incinerators.

Pyrolysis.

The waste heating process takes place in an inert atmosphere (oxygen-free combustion). The raw material does not burn, but gradually disintegrates into simple elements with the release of a large amount of energy. Pyrolysis products are superior in calorific value to such traditional fuels as gasoline and oil fuel.

Chemical.

Its essence lies in the fact that homogeneous types of waste are treated with chemical reagents, as a result of which raw materials are obtained, which are used for the production of windings for cables, paints and varnishes, road surfaces.

Chapter 2. The problem of waste disposal on the example of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region

Garbage, accumulating every year, is a serious problem for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The capacity of the latest technologies is sufficient only for processing 5% of regional and 15% of city waste. (Presentation, slide 10) Life in the Leningrad Region annually takes place with the formation of 4.3 million m3 of garbage, 95% of which is burned and buried. Many landfills are in an unsanitary state, which is discomfort to residents of the adjacent territories. An example is the largest landfill in the Leningrad region in the Lomonosov district - the Yuzhny landfill.

Thanks to the Novy Svet and Krasny Bor landfills, the Leningrad Region ranked 83rd out of 85 possible in the ranking of ecologists throughout Russia.

The public organization "Green Way" has published its next environmental rating. In it, the Leningrad Region took 83rd place out of 85 regions. Only the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions turned out to be worse than the 47th region, and the Tambov region became the cleanest region, overtaking the Altai Republic.

Note that the authorities of the Leningrad Region have declared 2017 the Year of Ecology.

In St. Petersburg, the environment is not bad: the city got into the top ten ecologically clean regions and took 9th place.
"This place is quite natural for the Leningrad Region in terms of the ecological situation, given that the region has completely failed the waste management policy. This is confirmed by the countless number of unauthorized landfills and the threatening scale of pirate landfills, such as the landfill identified by the All-Russian People's Front on Volkhonskoye Highway, Yaninskaya reclamation, and much more. the other, which turned the suburban areas of the Leningrad Region into zones of ecological disaster, "ecologist Sergei Gribalev told 47news.
According to the expert, many licensed landfills are already on the verge of overflow, and the desire to increase them leads to popular indignation and, as in the case of the Gatchina landfill "Novy Svet", the height of which will soon reach 72 meters.

2.1. Landfills as a way of disposal

Pros:

Garbage rotting occurs under the influence of bacteria. This produces landfill gas - biogas, which is formed as a result of the anaerobic decomposition of organic municipal waste.
Landfill gas is collected to prevent air pollution and used as fuel to generate electricity, heat or steam.

Minuses:

Being in open areas, under the influence of atmospheric air, sun and precipitation, harmful substances are washed out and penetrate into the ground, into the soil and underground water basins, groundwater.
Waste in landfills slowly but constantly burns up - smolders. As you know, smoldering is the combustion phase with the highest formation of persistent organic pollutants.
Food waste practically does not harm nature. They are used for feeding on various organisms.
Harm to humans: rotting food waste is a breeding ground for microbes.
Decomposition paths: used in food by various microorganisms.
Dumps and polygons are represented on the map of the region and city (Attachment 1)
The "dirtiest" place on the map is the area of ​​the Sertolovo village.
(Presentation, slide 11-12-13)

2.2. Garbage incineration

This disposal method is considered effective, provided that the plant is equipped with high-tech equipment. Metals, batteries and plastic are first removed from the waste.
(Presentation, slide14 )

Benefits of incineration:

• less unpleasant odors;
• decreases the number of harmful bacteria, emissions;
• the resulting mass does not attract rodents and birds;
• it is possible to obtain energy (heat and electricity) during combustion.

Disadvantages:

• expensive construction and operation of incinerators;
• construction takes at least 5 years;
• when waste is incinerated, harmful substances enter the atmosphere;
• incineration ash is toxic and cannot be stored in conventional landfills.

This requires special storage. Due to the lack of city budgets, inconsistency with waste processing companies and for other reasons in Russia and in St. Petersburg in particular, the production of waste incineration plants has not yet been established.
There are four factories in the city that produce dioxins. These plants burn sludge from sewage, the first of which is located on White Island, the second in Olgino, the third not far from Strelna on the territory of the South-Western Wastewater Treatment Plant. Also, in 2014, in Krasny Bor, a toxic waste incineration plant was launched.

Combustion is a complex physicochemical process in which new chemical compounds are formed. Despite the fact that technologies for the destruction of dioxins are not used, when the gaseous emissions are cooled, they are restored. Sources of dioxins can be both food and PVC packaging, as well as other items that are contained in the garbage. Also incinerators are characterized by metal emissions. Their content is recorded in non-combustible waste, which can be sorted before incineration, and in combustible waste (such as mercury or copper), which cannot be separated from the rest of the waste.

2.3. Waste disposal and recycling
Currently, in St. Petersburg and the region there is a huge amount (most) of waste, including household waste, the disposal of which is carried out by the method of disposal.
Waste disposal is an environmental term that implies the disposal and storage of waste for further disposal.

St. Petersburg State Unitary Enterprise "Plant MPBO-2" - a processing plant in Yanino.

The waste processing plant is located in Yanino, but its capacity is very small compared to the total volume of MSW removed. In the future, it is planned to build processing plants for solid waste, which will be used for the disposal of household waste.
The company provides services for the placement and disposal of waste, as well as disposal of waste at the "Plant for mechanized processing of household waste"

Carried out:

• Waste removal.
• Utilization and disposal of waste.
• Environmental design.

Experimental plant for mechanized processing of household waste (Volkhonskoe highway 116, Krasnoselsky district of St. Petersburg) - the largest licensed environmental protection company in the North-West region of Russia. Since November 2010, the plant has been carrying out waste disposal; for this purpose, modern automobile equipment (garbage trucks) and a container fleet have been purchased. for garbage removal, construction waste removal, waste processing.

The main goal of the activity is to ensure the environmental safety of the residents of St. Petersburg.

Main goals:

• Uninterrupted disposal and disposal of waste from the population.
• Environmentally friendly waste processing as an alternative to landfill.
• Extraction of secondary raw materials from incoming waste and conservation of natural resources. garbage removal, construction waste removal.

List of solid waste landfills in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region ( Appendix 2).

(Presentation, slide 15)

Recycling waste- the most resource-saving way, but not always profitable both economically and ecologically. There are a number of problems here.

The first problem is that the trash must be sorted out before being used. Paper, pieces of iron, broken glass - should be kept separately. Obviously, sorting the garbage that has already entered the landfill is practically impossible - there are no such machines, and people work very slowly, and it is harmful to their health. Therefore, it is necessary to sort the garbage at the moment when it is thrown away. This means that each person must have separate buckets for food waste, paper, plastic, etc. This approach takes root in villages, but in cities such ideas are difficult to implement. Although in some foreign countries, separate containers for different types of garbage have already appeared on the streets.
(Presentation, slide 16)

The second problem is the delivery of waste to the recycling site. If there is a lot of waste and consumers of its processed products, then many factories capable of processing waste of this type can be built. Then, for example, broken glass collected from the surrounding landfills will be recycled in numerous glass factories. What about electric bulbs? Each light bulb contains several tens of milligrams of molybdenum and tungsten, rare and valuable metals. The recycling of these metals requires high temperatures. A large reactor is required to maintain high temperatures. Therefore, in every city, you cannot build a factory that produces light bulbs, and, accordingly, processes molybdenum and tungsten - there will be packaging. Thus, in order to dispose of molybdenum and tungsten, it is necessary to go around all the garbage dumps, collect several discarded light bulbs on each and carry them far away. All this requires gasoline, which is also an expensive and non-renewable raw material that emits toxic substances during combustion. So it turns out that the recycling of light bulbs, for all its apparent attractiveness, is an overhead task. For the same reason, it is not worth organizing a centralized waste collection for recycling in villages and towns.

The most widespread recycling, tertiary, etc. processing on one or another scale of materials such as glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, fabrics and various types of plastics.

The value of recycling.

Firstly, the resources of many materials on Earth are limited and cannot be replenished in terms comparable to the time of existence of human civilization.

Secondly once released into the environment, materials usually become pollutants.

Thirdly, waste and end-of-life products are often a cheaper source of many substances and materials than natural sources.

Conclusions:

• For reuse, all waste must be sorted.
• To do this, it is necessary to create conditions that can arouse interest among citizens in sorting waste.
• The use of secondary raw materials as a new resource base is one of the most dynamically developing areas of materials processing in the world. For Russia, it is relatively new.

Separate waste collection in the Krasnogvardeisky district.

In the Krasnogvardeisky district:

1) At the address: st. M. Tukhachevsky, 31, a regular action "Separate Collection" is held among the population to collect waste for recycling. And also familiarization of the population with separate waste collection.

The action is carried out by representatives of the Ecological Movement "Separate Collection".

2) Reception points in Krasnogvardeisky district, addresses (Appendix 3).

List of reception of recyclable materials from the population. The price of waste paper - from 1.00 rubles per kg - up to 2.00 rubles per kg. Glass cullet, from 10 kopecks per piece - up to 20 kopecks per piece.

Glass containers, depending on the name - from 50 kopecks - up to 1.20 rubles per piece.

Working hours of waste paper collection points: From 9:00 to 18:00.

During the study of the vicinity of the Krasnogvardeisky district of special waste bins for separate waste collection in the courtyards was not found.

There is a corresponding processing technology for each type of raw material.

Types of secondary raw materials:

Waste paper, glass, scrap metal, chemicals, petroleum products, electronics, plastics, rubber, biological, timber, construction.

(Presentation, slide 17-18)

2.4. Disposal of used batteries and energy saving lamps

Why can't you just throw batteries in the trash? What to do with used batteries?
(Presentation, slide 19 - 20)

Batteries are dangerous due to their chemical composition. If the question arose of how to store the batteries, the answer is unequivocal - to pack it tightly and take the waste product to the collection point as soon as possible.

To complete the picture, it is necessary to describe in detail the two main ways of poisoning nature that relate to humans:

Over time, the capacity of the element decomposes, which leads to the release of toxic substances into the environment, that is, into the soil and air. And already through it, harmful components enter the groundwater, and then into the reservoirs, from where the liquid goes to our homes.

Yes, in landfills, batteries are incinerated, but the smoke containing dioxins, in this case, does not disappear anywhere, it gets into the air. The entire plant and animal world absorbs this smoke, and through them the poison enters the human body.

Energy saving lamps - what to do with them after working out?

Energy saving lamps (fluorescent compact lamps) are an undeniable breakthrough and improvement in lighting technology. In general, this is true, but there are certain nuances.

They contain free mercury, the vapors of which are released into the atmosphere when the lamp is damaged. Therefore, even the most advanced low-mercury lamp designs should not be disposed of with other household waste at the end of their useful life. Like batteries, energy saving lamps require special disposal. In St. Petersburg installed "Eco boxes", where you can donate hazardous waste - used batteries, mercury thermometers, energy saving light bulbs.

In the Krasnogvardeisky district:

Sredneokhtinsky prospect, 50 Real estate department Krasnogvardeisky district

Malokhtinsky pr., 64 A Bank Saint Petersburg

Etc. Energetikov, 59 Vehicle fleet number 6 Spetstrans

Stakhanovtsev pr., 17 RSHU, hostel number 1

Malokhtinsky pr., 98 RSHU, academic building

Etc. Metalistov, 3 RSGMU

Etc. Kosygina, 17, bldg. 1 residential building

Chapter 3.The practical part of the research work

People do not at all care about the impact of waste on the health of not only adults, but also directly contribute to the harmful effects on the health of their own children. In Appendix No. 4 there is a photograph showing this, garbage is scattered on the territory of the playground (most of them are plastic bags, cans).
(Presentation, slide 21-22)

Poll on the topic“Do you think about the consequences before throwing garbage on the streets of the city?” 8 out of 10 responded that they do not. This suggests that only about 20% of humanity cares about the ecological state of the planet.
To another question "Would you change anything in the ecology of your city?" about 90% answered yes. People expect that the ecological state will change, but they themselves do nothing for this.

Sociological research in the family.

Table 2.The amount of waste used by one family in 7 days.

Output: it is better not to collect all the garbage in one pile, if possible, sort it by type, and if possible, take the plastic to special containers.

Ways to solve the problem: separate collection and processing of plastic waste to obtain secondary polymer materials.

Chapter 4. Research results, conclusions and proposals

In the course of the research, we faced the following problem: environmental issues concern everyone, the state of life of a modern person depends on their solution, but few people think that the person himself is most often the culprit of all these problems.
In order not to aggravate this problem today, not only the efforts of the authorities are needed. The garbage truck will not come to the forest or to the meadow to remove an empty plastic bottle or chocolate packaging after you. First of all, each person must maintain cleanliness himself, and then wait for this from others. The implementation of the project will help to attract schoolchildren and the adult population to the problem raised, contributes to the upbringing of environmentally literate young people, will create a basis for the formation of an active life position of children and adolescents, the involvement of students in socially significant activities, the development of the creative abilities of children and interest in scientific activities.
(Presentation, slide 23)

4.1. How can an ordinary person reduce the amount of garbage?

By planning your waste disposal, you can save money and reduce your negative impact on the environment.

Method number 1.Reduced waste

Try not to use or minimize the use of disposable items: plastic bags, aluminum, glass and plastic jars and bottles, packaging, containers, as well as dishes, lighters and the like.

• Use cloth bags instead of plastic bags.
• Buy foods that are less packaged.
• Instead of disposable containers, it is optimal to use reusable containers,
• Don't buy bottled drinks unnecessarily.
• Reduce your use of paper.
• Consider switching to more sustainable home care products.

Many containers used to store cleaning products cannot be recycled. Replace them with natural remedies and you will create a chemical-free environment for your family.

Method number 2.

Reuse and recycling

Even disposable items can often be used more than once.

• Donate things to charities.
• Reuse packaging.
• Separate waste collection. Visit your city's website for details on recycling arrangements.
• Dispose of trash and hazardous waste properly. Batteries, paints, TVs, computers and other electronics, lighting lamps.

Method number 3.

Compost

• Don't throw away leftovers or cut plants. These things are great for creating compost, turning them into a rich, nutritious base to power your garden.
• There are countless alternative solutions. This will become apparent as soon as you start looking, and you will be rewarded by seeing your trash decrease significantly.

4.2. Administrative violations related tounauthorized waste disposal

The main measures to combat unauthorized waste disposal is the imposition of a fine. Authorized persons can draw up protocols and impose a fine on the violator of the ecological safety of the environment.

Table 3 shows the main articles of the "Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. Chapter 8. Administrative Offenses in the Field of Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Use" that impose responsibility for improper waste operation.

Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and nature management "

Table 3. The main articles of the "Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.

Article	Penalty for citizens	Penalty for officials	Penalty for legal entities
8.2. Failure to comply with environmental and sanitary and epidemiological requirements when handling production and consumption waste or other hazardous substances	from 1 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 10 thousand to 30 thousand rubles	from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 20 days
8.6. Spoilage of lands. 2. Destruction of the fertile soil layer, as well as damage to land as a result of violation of the rules for handling pesticides and agrochemicals or other substances and production and consumption wastes hazardous to human health and the environment	from 1.5 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days
8.8. Use of land plots not for their intended purpose, failure to fulfill obligations to bring lands to a condition suitable for use for their intended purpose	from 2 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 4 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 70 thousand to 100 thousand rubles
8.31. Violation of sanitary safety rules in forests. 2. Pollution of forests by sewage, chemical, radioactive and other harmful substances, production and consumption wastes and (or) other negative impact on forests	from 1 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 2 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 20 thousand to 100 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days.
8.41. Failure to pay in due time for negative impact on the environment		from 3 thousand to 6 thousand rubles	from 15 thousand to 100 thousand rubles

The table shows that the fine imposed on legal entities is almost ten times higher than the fine imposed on citizens, and twice as much as the fine for officials. This indicates that the state has taken some measures to protect the environment from waste pollution. (Presentation, slide 24)

4.3. Environmental education and upbringing of students of gymnasium No. 196 of Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg

Solving environmental problems requires the unification of all countries, of all mankind. And above all, everyone's participation is needed.
School is our second home. Younger schoolchildren borrow behavioral motivation from older schoolchildren. The upbringing of the younger generation cannot do without active promotion of social values. An effective solution to problems related to education is impossible without the broad participation of the school students themselves. In this regard, the gymnasium has developed projects aimed at environmental education and upbringing of students, at increasing students' interest in joint creativity. That is why all of the above reasons contributed to the development of a project for cooperation between senior and junior school managers.

Within the framework of environmental education in the 2016-2017 academic year, the following activities were carried out:

1. Monthly collection of waste paper. Action "Save a tree" - collection of waste paper.
2. Events dedicated to energy saving issues. Action "Earth Hour", "Keepers of Water" - All-Russian eco-lesson about water.
3. Regional review - competition "Ecological postcard" DYuT "On Lenskaya".
4. Separate collection of solid waste. Action "Save the Hedgehog", collection of used batteries. Competition of crafts from plastic dishes "Unusual in the usual". All-Russian eco-lesson "Share with us" for schoolchildren of 7-11 grades. Competition www.beregivodu.rf - "Water of Russia".
5. From the Year of Cinema to the Year of Ecology. Open City Film Competition "In the Lens - the Environment".
6. Cleaning of the territory of the gymnasium and the forest park as part of the citywide cleanup.
7. Photo exhibition "My favorite pet".
8. Planned event - from 21.04 to 26.04.2017 the project "Mobile technologies for the environment" within the framework of the "Green Schools" program of the All-Russian movement ECA.

(Presentation, slide 25 - 29)

Conclusion

Working on the theme of the project, we made sure that production and consumption waste poses a serious environmental hazard, both throughout the country.

Conclusion: our country and in particular the city of St. Petersburg are so far poorly coping with the global garbage problem.
This is primarily due to the fact that people do not understand the scale of the problem. Nobody thinks that we use a plastic bag for 20 minutes, and it rots for 200 years.

Unfortunately, our state does not conduct active propaganda on this issue and does not support waste recycling organizations and does not contribute to the separate collection of waste in the yards. Nobody will go with a garbage bag to the next block to throw it into a special container.

Currently, household waste is used not only as recyclable materials for the production of new products. They are also used for aesthetic purposes. Various exhibitions are periodically opened around the world, competitions are held for the manufacture of all kinds of objects, sculptures, interior items from household waste. People started using trash (cans, bottles, old videotapes, pipes, and more) to make them. Such events are aimed at drawing the attention of the whole world to the problem of disposal and recycling of all types of waste.
(Presentation, slide 30)

Bibliography

1.Voskonyan V.G. Ways to reduce environmental pollution with solid waste // Successes of modern natural science. - 2006. - № 9 - P. 30-34 Scientific journal.
2. All about solid household waste. Solid waste technologies. Actual reviews. MSW magazine! S. 42-45.
3. Rating of countries in the world in terms of environmental efficiency in 2016. [Electronic resource] // Center for Humanitarian Technologies. - 01/29/2016. 12:55. URL: http://gtmarket.ru/news/2016/01/29/7292
4. Electronic resource - Greenpeace Russia - URL: http://www.greenpeace.org
Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and nature management ".
6. Chizhevsky AE I get to know the world. Ecology. Encyclopedia Astrel - 2005
7. Federal information portal "Water of Russia", URL: http://voda.org.ru.
8. All-Russian eco-lesson "Share with us" organizer ERA, URL: http: //www.separate.rf.

More and more often in modern society, questions are raised on the topic of ecology. This is widespread air pollution from industrial waste and gases, and pollution of water bodies, as well as the problem of garbage and waste disposal.

There is too much human waste

Human life activity is closely related to the occurrence of decay products, food and industrial waste. Some of them must be processed correctly or they can cause serious harm to the environment. In addition, the decay time of many materials is over 100 years old. Active pollution of the planet and garbage have led to global changes - the destruction of the environment for the existence of living organisms.

Garbage removal, especially from it, is becoming an increasing problem of our time. None of the developed and developing countries can boast of an established waste management system. Today, only 60% of waste gets a second life through recycling, so where to put the remaining 40%? Incineration or burial is not particularly advisable, which complicates the already tense situation.

Where to dispose of waste?

The problem of garbage disposal applies to absolutely all types of waste: from household to chemical. Moreover, many of them contain hazardous decomposition products, which significantly complicates processing methods. Garbage, decomposing, gives off alcohols and aldehydes, which then seep into the soil, residential buildings and get into the air. The already polluted one suffers another invasion of toxic substances. And this happens more than once a year, but every day and in many places.

Garbage is becoming frightening in scale, because every day the amount of unprocessed waste only increases, and no one can give clear instructions to combat this problem. In Italy, for example, several cities are already inundated with unused waste. The garbage problem is most acute in cities such as Naples and Palermo. In order to somehow free up natural living space for themselves, residents burn garbage right in the central squares of the city. It's scary to say what is happening on the outskirts of these cities. Fetid vapors swirl in the air and pollute the already awful air.

Hazardous and non-hazardous waste must not be mixed

The problem of garbage pollution begins with the manufacturer of the product. In production, it is necessary to draw up in which instructions for disposal must be clearly spelled out. Hazardous waste should never be mixed with non-hazardous waste. This kind of confusion is fraught with unpredictable and health-threatening consequences. For example, energy-saving light bulbs that are loved by many must be disposed of as hazardous waste, that is, in a specialized place for this. This type of light bulb contains mercury, even a small release of it into the atmosphere threatens to pose serious problems for the safety of people and organisms.

Further, the problem of garbage is advancing to the citizen and the state. Agree, not every user of a battery or the same light bulb will worry about where he throws this waste. Garbage is mixed into containers, and then into special machines. This is at its best. If the work of organizations that take out garbage is suddenly disrupted, a very noticeable problem is formed: the city suffocates in its waste. Remember the picture taking place on New Year's holidays. The landfills are overflowing, and if not for the fresh frosty air, it would be easy to suffocate from the smell of rotting food.

Where to start solving the problem

Garbage pollution is often unresolved due to poor collection systems, lack of proper disposal sites or plants, and companies doing this dirty work. The most effective, but at the same time, laborious process is the redistribution of waste for recycling or for use as fertilizer. The method is especially relevant for countries with a developed industry. Some of the garbage, under this policy, is burned in stoves to generate energy. In addition, the processing of waste material into such new products ultimately reduces the cost of the state for production and at the same time solves the problem of waste pollution. For example, the production of paper from recycled paper requires much less energy and water. Thanks to this solution, it becomes possible to solve not only the problem of garbage pollution, but also to rid the atmosphere of unnecessary greenhouse gases.

Pollution of the water spaces of the planet

The ecological problem of garbage affects not only the land, but even the oceans. Plastic waste is filling the water space more and more. The area of ​​such a landfill exceeds the area of ​​the United States. The largest accumulation of debris is seen off the California coast. It is the world's largest heap of household waste, weighing about 100 million tons. Debris floats at depths of up to 10 meters in a wide variety of forms, from toothpicks and bottles to ship wrecks. All the garbage brought by the current forms a kind of water dump. For the first time, an ecological problem in the water area was discovered in 1997. Location - North Pacific Spiral. Such an accumulation is associated with the circulation of waters bringing a variety of garbage. According to scientists, such a waste landfill causes the death of about 100 thousand birds a year. In addition, the plastic, reacting, releases harmful substances, which then get to the person with the caught fish. The existence of a floating landfill once again reminds us that the problem of garbage has long gone beyond the borders of states and has acquired a global global character.

"Garbage" problem of Russia

Unfortunately, at present, the problem of disposal especially affects Russia and the former Soviet republics. The approach to waste collection is much different from European methods. Abroad, it is customary to dispose of garbage in accordance with the type of waste. You will inevitably be fined if you throw metal or plastic into the glass container. So it is much easier to recycle the same ends with the removal of various kinds of waste to the landfill. Hundreds of hectares of contaminated land become uninhabitable and emit harmful odors.

We are very far from solving the problem

It is unclear why measures are not being taken for a more rational waste disposal. After all, one day, or rather very soon, there will not be enough space on Earth for all the heaps of unrefined waste. Instead, there are more and more products made of chemical materials that do not disintegrate on their own, and when decomposed after hundreds of years destroy the environment. Why not stop the production of polymers in the form of commonplace polyethylene? Previously, they got along with ordinary paper, which was perfectly decomposed in natural conditions and did not harm nature.

"Have you thrown the trash in the trash can?"

Considering the problem of recycling, it is worth saying that little depends on the average person. For the cleanliness of a city or a whole country, it is necessary to organize the removal, sorting and processing of waste waste. First of all, there should be a production that provides for the almost complete processing of unusable raw materials. However, you shouldn't litter the already polluted streets. Dispose of waste in the proper places to make your small and possible share in the cleanliness of the environment.

Picture-symbol "Garbage problem"

Waste recycling was first started in the UK 200 years ago. Over the past sixty years, the world community has begun to understand the gravity of such a crisis for the planet as a whole. To draw the attention of the population to this hot topic in public places, on packaging, on consumer goods, there is a symbol "garbage problem". It represents 3 circular arrows enclosed in a clockwise triangle. Most often green, sometimes black.

The symbol "garbage problem" was introduced into everyday life by ecologists in the 70s of the 20th century to denote containers and packaging materials that have a long decomposition period in nature, as well as to indicate the need for industrial waste processing. This sign was invented in 1970 by student Gary Anderson.

A garbage problem graphic on a product may also indicate that it is made from recycled waste. Then three arrows, closed in a triangle, are placed inside the circle. Often such a mark can be seen on paper or cardboard products. Some interpretations of the symbol have been specifically created for various industry groups and are required to be applied to products.

To reduce the poisoning of the earth, water and air around you, municipal waste must be converted into energy, and not buried in landfills.

The larger the city, the more garbage in it, the lion's share of which falls on the so-called municipal solid waste (MSW), or solid household waste (MSW) - that is, garbage from residential premises, what we leave behind. Accordingly, the more cities there are in the country and the more urban residents there are in the country, the more acute the "garbage problem". If we talk about Russia, 75% of the population lives in our cities, and the volume of MSW is growing rapidly: according to the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, about 70 million tons of MSW appear in the country annually - over 400 kg per person. No more than 5% are recycled (for comparison: in the USA - 35%, in the EU - 47%), the rest is sent to landfills or illegal dumps.

In accordance with Federal Law 458-FZ, in the first place in our country, as in the rest of the world, is the use of MSW as a secondary raw material, then - processing into electricity and heat, while disposal should go in the third stage. So far, no country has managed to achieve 100 percent recycling, but, one way or another, for Russian cities, the balance here is too strongly shifted towards disposal: there is practically no effective waste recycling infrastructure in the country, and according to the International Finance Corporation (IFC) The landfills operating in Russia were already loaded by two-thirds in 2012, 30% of them do not meet sanitary requirements, and the area of ​​landfills often exceeds 10 hectares.

No one disputes that garbage is best recycled. But not all garbage can be recycled, and for some methods of waste disposal, as we just said, there is simply no suitable infrastructure. Meanwhile, something needs to be done with the mountains of TKO right now. And in order to choose from different disposal methods, you need to know their pros and cons.

Waste incineration

Thermal recycling is one of the most common waste disposal methods, although the proportion of waste incinerated varies from country to country: the US burns 13% of the waste, the EU 27%, China 30%, and Japan 80%. There are several types of incineration:
Layer;
Chamber;
In a fluidized bed.
Both bed combustion, chamber combustion and fluidized bed combustion can be carried out both at high temperatures and at low temperatures. Low-temperature incineration is processing at a temperature of 600-900 ° C, respectively, high-temperature incineration - when waste is destroyed at a temperature of more than 900 ° C. Low-temperature combustion is more dangerous in terms of environmental pollution - in this mode, a lot of toxic dioxins and polyaromatic hydrocarbons are formed. If we incinerate waste using high-temperature technology, then just a few seconds are enough to “burn up” both the residual waste and toxic dioxins with polyaromatic hydrocarbons - they will disappear and will not appear again.

Before incineration, waste must be sorted, selecting what is dangerous, as well as what is suitable for recycling. When some materials (thermometers, mercury lamps, batteries) burn, poisonous substances are formed that escape into the atmosphere. Therefore, the separate collection of hazardous waste is one of the priority measures when creating a system for the disposal of solid waste.

Materials such as paper and polymers can be burned without harm to the environment with a modern gas cleaning system, but from an environmental point of view, it is more expedient to recycle them. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals do not decompose during combustion, they are taken from the slag after thermal processing.

Incineration reduces the volume of waste accumulation by 10 times - which means that we have less waste sent to landfills, fewer unauthorized dumps occur, and less water and soil pollution. In addition, incineration allows you to immediately process a large volume of waste, which is very convenient in large enterprises and in cities, since waste can be burned as it arrives.

The disadvantage of incineration is that slag and ash are formed during combustion. Slag is about 10% by volume and 30% by weight of the original substance and has IV hazard class (the same as MSW themselves). It can be used in road construction (there are such precedents in some European countries).

The ash that settles on the filters of the incineration plant is about 3% of the mass of the initial substance, has a higher toxicity (III hazard class), and therefore either specialized landfills or special workshops for its neutralization are needed for it.

The main pollutants emitted into the air by incinerators are nitrogen oxide and dioxide, ammonia, metal oxides and benzene. Contamination levels can be reduced by filtering emissions and using high temperature combustion techniques that reduce the volume of ash and slag. In any case, after high-temperature incineration and additional purification of emissions, ten times less harmful substances are released into the atmosphere than with a simple disposal.

Storage of MSW at landfills

In our country, over 90% of municipal solid waste is sent to MSW landfills. This approach gives rise to a host of problems, the scale and depth of which will only grow. As a result, a special interest in the "garbage" issue arises in society, and the authorities inevitably have to somehow react to all this. (A typical example is the Kuchino training ground in the Moscow region.)

Landfills harm the environment because buried waste decomposes and emit biogas, in addition, landfill leachate, which will be discussed below, and spontaneous combustion centers, polluting the atmosphere with MSW combustion products, arise at landfills. Decomposing waste spoils the air with hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, toluene, methane, and spontaneous combustion sources give fluorene, phenanthrene, methane, ethane, butane, propane, ethylene, propylene.

As a result of air pollution during the operation of MSW landfills, the risk of developing respiratory diseases, immune and oncological diseases, and the occurrence of malformations increases.

In addition, do not forget about soil and water, which also suffer from landfills with MSW. With waste, a large amount of organic matter, microorganisms, geohelminth eggs enter the soil. From the soil, all this gets into underground (primarily ground) waters, washed off by atmospheric precipitation into open water bodies and pollutes water supply sources. (Substances that are released into the air from the activities of incinerators, as a result of emissions from the atmosphere, can also enter the soil and groundwater, but their proportion is insignificant compared to pollution from landfill leachate.)

At the landfills, under the influence of atmospheric precipitation, a filtrate is formed - a complex and heterogeneous liquid in chemical composition, resulting from the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation, penetrating deep into the landfill and concentrating at its base. Landfill filtrate is a mineralized solution that, passing through the waste mass, is enriched with toxic substances that are part of the waste or are products of their decomposition. The filtrate concentrates organic and inorganic compounds and heavy metals. The level of a number of substances in it significantly exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) specified in the Sanitary Rules and Norms (SanPiN) 2.1.4.10-01. In particular, the content of sulfates reaches 6.7 MPC, total iron - 1700 MPC, chlorine - 12.3 MPC, nitrates - 1.3 MPC, ions of manganese, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, trivalent chromium, ammonium, respectively 128, 102 , 16.7, 500, 11.2, 10.4 and 230.5 MPC.

An important step towards solving the waste problem

Thus, if we bear in mind the health of the population, then waste incineration technologies are more preferable than solid waste landfills (although ash waste from incineration plants still needs to be somehow disposed of due to their high toxicity). Taking into account our modern realities, the most feasible in terms of economic and time costs is incineration technology - it not only allows you to significantly reduce the volume of waste disposed of to landfills, but also provides, as a by-product, energy that can be used for municipal needs.

Doctor of Medical Sciences Pavel Shur, Scientific Secretary,
Dmitry Shlyapnikov, Head of the Department of Risk Analysis for Public Health,
Dmitry Suvorov, laboratory assistant-researcher of the laboratory of problems of economic assessment and risk insurance,
Federal Research Center for Medical and Preventive Technologies for Managing Public Health Risks.

Environmental problems of industrial and household waste in the city. Solid household waste and methods of their disposal. Modern methods of processing industrial and household waste.

Industrial and household waste, waste is a global environmental problem of our time, which poses a threat to human health and also pollutes the environment. Rotting waste particles are a source of microbial growth that causes infection and disease. Previously, the presence of human waste was not an acute problem, since garbage and various substances were processed naturally in natural conditions. But now mankind has invented materials that have a long decomposition period and are naturally processed for several hundred years. But it's not only that. The amount of waste over the past decades has become incredibly huge. The average metropolitan resident produces from 500 to 1000 kilograms of garbage and waste per year.

Waste can be liquid or solid. Depending on their origin, they have a different level of environmental hazard. Today humanity generates the following types of waste:

• household - human waste; or municipal - a huge variety of liquid and solid wastes thrown away by humans, as well as those generated as a result of human activity. These can be spoiled or expired food, medicines, household items and other waste.
• construction - the remains of building materials, garbage; appear as a result of the production of building and finishing materials (paints and varnishes, thermal insulation, etc.), during the construction of buildings and structures, as well as during installation, finishing, facing and repair work. Construction waste (both solid and liquid) can be expired, unusable, defective, excess, broken and defective goods and materials: metal profiles, metal and nylon pipes, plasterboard, gypsum fiber, cement-bonded and other sheets. In addition, various construction chemicals (varnishes, paints, adhesives, solvents, antifreeze, antifungal and protective additives and agents).
• industrial - residues of raw materials and harmful substances that were formed as a result of the production of any product, production work and lost their properties in whole or in part. Industrial waste can be liquid or solid. Solid industrial waste: metals and alloys, wood, plastics, dust, polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam, polyethylene and other waste. Liquid industrial waste: waste water of various degrees of pollution and their sediments.
• agricultural - fertilizers, feed, spoiled food; - any waste generated as a result of agricultural activities: manure, rotten or unusable straw, hay, remains of silos, spoiled or unusable compound feed and liquid feed.
• radioactive - harmful materials and substances.

Solving the waste problem

To reduce the amount of waste, you can recycle waste and generate recyclable materials suitable for subsequent use in industry. There is a whole industry of waste recycling and incineration plants that recycle and dispose of garbage and waste from the urban population.

People from different countries are inventing all sorts of uses for recycled raw materials. For example, from 10 kilograms of plastic waste, you can get 5 liters of fuel. It is very efficient to collect used paper products and hand over waste paper. This will reduce the number of trees cut down. The successful use of recycled paper is the manufacture of heat-insulating material, which is used as a heater in a home.

Proper collection and transportation of waste will significantly improve the environment. Industrial waste must be disposed of and disposed of in special places by the enterprises themselves. Household waste is collected in chambers and boxes, and then taken out by garbage trucks outside the settlements in specially designated places for waste. Only an effective strategy for solving waste problems, which is controlled by the state, will help preserve the environment.

The timing of the decomposition of garbage and waste

If you think that a fleetingly discarded piece of paper, a plastic bag or a plastic cup will not cause any harm to our planet, you are deeply mistaken. In order not to bore you with arguments, we just give numbers - the decomposition time of specific materials:

• newsprint and cardboard - 3 months;
• paper for documents - 3 years;
• wooden boards, shoes and tin cans - 10 years;
• iron parts - 20 years;
• gum - 30 years;
• batteries for cars - 100 years;
• polyethylene bags - 100-200 years;
• batteries - 110 years;
• auto tires - 140 years;
• plastic bottles - 200 years;
• disposable diapers for children - 300-500 years old;
• aluminum cans - 500 years;
• glass products - over 1000 years.

Plastics are dangerous in their own way. They do not deteriorate over an extended period of time. Plastics can lie in the ground for tens, and some species for hundreds of years. More than a million tons of polyethylene is spent on single-use packaging. Every year in Europe, millions of tons of plastic waste end up in the trash.

Recycling of materials

The above numbers give you a lot to think about. For example, that by applying innovative technologies, it is possible to use recyclable materials both in production and in everyday life. Not all enterprises send waste for recycling due to the fact that equipment is needed for their transportation, and this is an additional cost. However, this problem cannot be left open. Experts believe that enterprises should be subject to high taxes and heavy fines for improper disposal or arbitrary disposal of garbage and waste.

As in the city, and in production, you need to sort waste:

• paper;
• glass;
• plastic;
• metal.

This will speed up and facilitate the disposal and recycling of waste. So you can make parts and spare parts from metals. Some products are made from aluminum, and in this case, less energy resources are used than when extracting aluminum from ore. Textile elements are used to improve the density of the paper. Used tires can be recycled and made into some rubber products. Recycled glass is suitable for the production of new goods. Compost is prepared from food waste to fertilize plants. Locks, zippers, hooks, buttons, and locks are removed from clothes, which can be reused later.

The problem of garbage and waste has reached global proportions. However, experts find ways to solve them. To significantly improve the situation, each person can collect, sort waste, and hand it over to special collection points. All is not yet lost, so we need to act today. In addition, you can find new uses for old things, and this will be the best solution to this problem.

It is worth taking a look at how things really are with waste in our country today. At the same time, a not very pleasant picture is observed. There are huge mountains of garbage in which waste rot, exuding a fetid odor. Flocks of crows rummage through the trash with the homeless. Hour after hour, bulldozers and tractors bury such dumps, but new mountains of waste are not long in coming. What is the problem here? Perhaps one of the reasons is organizations and individuals who simply do not want to waste time with a license for garbage collection and dump it anywhere. In addition to local authorities, organizations that are frivolous about the question of which company will carry out garbage collection or cleaning the territory are also responsible for this state of affairs.
With the growth of cities, with the expansion of construction and production, the volume and composition of solid industrial and domestic waste increases accordingly. At this rate, the city's landfills are increasing annually by about 10%. What can this lead to? It is better to foresee any problem in advance and at least entrust garbage collection to companies that deal specifically with the processing of industrial and household waste. It should be remembered that every resident and worker is responsible for the cleanliness of their hometown and ecological cleanliness, the difference is only in scale.

Classification of solid waste

Solid domestic waste (MSW) in the Russian Federation is a rough mechanical mixture of a wide variety of materials and rotting products that differ in physical, chemical and mechanical properties and sizes. Before processing, the collected solid waste must be subjected to separation into groups, if it makes sense, and after separation each group of solid waste should be recycled.

MSW can be divided into several compositions:

By quality composition MSW is subdivided into: paper (cardboard); food waste; wood; black metal; non-ferrous metal; textile; bones; glass; leather and rubber; stones; polymeric materials; other components; screening (small fragments passing through a 1.5 cm grid);

Hazardous solid waste includes: batteries and accumulators, electrical appliances, varnishes, paints and cosmetics, fertilizers and pesticides, household chemicals, medical waste, mercury-containing thermometers, barometers, tonometers, lamps.

Some waste (for example, medical waste, pesticides, residues of paints, varnishes, adhesives, cosmetics, anti-corrosion agents, household chemicals) pose a threat to the environment if they enter water bodies through sewage drains or as soon as they are washed from a landfill and enter ground or surface water. Batteries and mercury-containing devices will be safe until the case is damaged: the glass cases of the instruments break easily on the way to the dump, and corrosion will corrode the battery case after a while. Then mercury, alkali, lead, zinc will become elements of secondary pollution of atmospheric air, ground and surface waters.

Household waste is characterized by multicomponent and heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (the ability to decay).

By the nature and degree of impact on the natural environment, they are divided into:

- industrial waste consisting of inert materials,

utilization of which is currently economically unjustified;

Recyclable materials (secondary raw materials);

Wastes of the 3rd hazard class;

Waste hazard class 2;

Wastes of the 1st hazard class.

Of the total amount of waste generated annually at enterprises, cities make up a large part of inert solid waste, and a small part - industrial toxic solid waste.

Integrated waste management

Integrated waste management starts with a change in perspective on what household waste is. Renowned waste expert Paul Connett has a short aphoristic formulation that expresses this new view: "Garbage is not a substance, but an art - the art of mixing together various useful things and objects, thereby defining their place in a landfill." Mixing various useful items with useless ones, Connett continues, "toxic with safe, combustible with non-combustible, we should not be surprised that the resulting mixture is useless, toxic and does not burn well. This mixture, called household waste, will pose a hazard to people and the environment, whether it ends up in an incinerator or in a landfill or recycling plant. Traditional approaches to the problem of solid waste were focused on reducing the hazardous impact on the environment by isolating the landfill from groundwater, cleaning up emissions from an incineration plant, etc. The basis of the CMP concept is that household waste consists of various components, which should ideally not be mixed with each other, but should be disposed of separately from each other in the most economical and environmentally friendly ways.

Principles of Integrated Waste Management:

1) MSW consists of different components, to which different approaches should be applied.

2) A combination of technologies and measures, including waste reduction, recycling and composting, landfill disposal and incineration, should be used for the disposal of certain specific components of solid waste. All technologies and activities are developed in a complex, complementing each other.

3) Municipal solid waste disposal system should be developed taking into account specific local problems and based on local resources. Local expertise in MSW disposal should be gradually acquired through the development and implementation of small programs.

4) An integrated approach to waste processing is based on strategic long-term planning, provides the flexibility necessary to be able to adapt to future changes in the composition and quantity of solid waste and the availability of recycling technologies. Monitoring and evaluation of the results of measures should continuously accompany the development and implementation of programs for the disposal of solid waste.

5) The participation of city authorities, as well as all groups of the population (that is, those who actually "produce" waste) is a necessary element of any program to solve the problem of solid waste.

The CMP suggests that in addition to traditional methods (incineration and disposal), recycling and composting should become an integral part of waste disposal. Only a combination of several complementary programs and activities, and not one technology, even the most modern one, can contribute to an effective solution to the MSW problem.

For each specific locality, a combination of approaches needs to be chosen, taking into account local experience and local resources. The Integrated Waste Management Action Plan is based on a study of waste streams, an assessment of available options, and includes small “pilot” projects to gather information and gain experience.

Collection and temporary storage of waste

Waste collection is often the most expensive component of the entire MSW utilization and destruction process. Therefore, the correct organization of waste collection can save a lot of money. The existing MSW collection system in Russia should remain standardized in terms of cost effectiveness. Sometimes funds can be found to address these new problems by introducing differentiated waste collection fees.

In densely populated areas, it is often necessary to transport waste over long distances. The solution in this case may be a temporary waste storage station, from which garbage can be removed by large vehicles or by rail. It should be noted that intermediate storage stations are objects of increased environmental hazard and, if improperly located and operated, can cause no less criticism from local residents and public organizations than landfills and waste incineration plants.

In many cities, unitary municipal enterprises for the collection and storage of solid waste have been created on the basis of solid waste landfills and special motor transport facilities. In a number of cases, landfills are placed under the direct control of environmental organizations, and their activities are partially financed from ecological funds (Voronezh, Kirov, etc.). The autonomy of the landfill, as well as of transport, created conditions for many abuses, in which solid waste ended up in suburban forests, and coupons were sold at the landfill to everyone. At the same time, there has not yet been a clear delineation of powers between city organizations in the field of solid waste. These organizations include the Department of Housing and Communal Services, the city center of sanitary and epidemiological supervision, the city committee for nature protection, foresters and water managers. In theory, they are responsible for residential and industrial zones, suburban forests, water protection and sanitary protection zones. In several cities of Russia (Arzamas, Vladimir, Kirovo-Chepetsk, Krasnogorsk, Pushchino, Moscow, etc.), attempts are being made to establish selective waste collection. An alternative to landfills and incineration plants is the gradual creation of a primary waste sorting system, starting with the collection of highly hazardous components (mercury lamps, batteries, etc.) and ending with the abandonment of garbage chutes - the main source of unsorted waste.

Garbage transfer stations and solid waste collection

In recent years, in world and domestic practice, there has been a tendency to replace the direct removal of solid waste with a two-stage one using waste transfer stations. This technology is especially actively implemented in large cities, where solid waste landfills are located at a considerable distance from the city.

The two-stage solid waste removal with the use of large-capacity transport garbage trucks and removable press containers is being further developed.

The two-stage system includes the following technological processes:

collection of solid waste in places of accumulation;

their removal by collecting garbage trucks to the waste transfer station (MPS);

reloading into heavy vehicles;

transportation of solid waste to the places of their burial or utilization;

unloading of solid waste.

A number of MPS uses a system for extracting waste elements from solid waste. The use of MPS allows:

reduce the cost of transporting solid waste to disposal sites;

reduce the number of collecting trucks;

reduce total air emissions from garbage trucks;

improve the technological process of storage of solid waste.

From the point of view of environmental protection, the use of the Ministry of Railways reduces the number of landfills for storing solid waste, reduces the intensity of traffic on highways, etc. The advantages that the use of the Ministry of Railways gives depends on the solution of a number of technical and organizational issues. These include the choice of the type of railroad station and the equipment used on it, including heavy-duty garbage trucks, the location of the railroad station, its performance and determining the number of such stations for the city.

Collection of recyclable materials from the population:

In the United States and other cities, the so-called “roadside” collection of recyclable materials is often used. In this case, residents leave recyclable materials in a special bag or container on the sidewalk, where they usually leave trash. In Russian conditions, recyclable materials are collected in experimental programs in containers near entrances or, less often, in stairwells.

Specific details may vary. Participation in such a program can be mandatory or voluntary. Sometimes only one kind of material is collected this way, and sometimes several. In the case of multiple materials, citizens can put each material in a separate container or all materials in one. In the latter case, the materials must undergo additional sorting at special enterprises. Often, however, materials are sorted right on the sidewalk by the garbage collectors. This method turns out to be somewhat more expensive in the long term, but it allows you to start immediately, without the capital costs of building a sorting plant. In general, the dilemma of any recycling program is the following: the more complex the requirements for citizens, the better the materials collected, the less additional processing is required, the more likely the economic success of the program, but the lower the level of public participation.

Recycling:

Quite a few components of solid waste can be processed into useful products.

Glass usually processed by grinding and remelting (it is desirable that the original glass was of the same color). Glass broken of poor quality after grinding is used as a filler for building materials (for example, the so-called "glassfalt"). There are glassware laundering and reuse facilities in many Russian cities. The same, of course, positive practice exists, for example, in Denmark.

Steel and aluminum cans are remelted in order to obtain the corresponding metal. At the same time, smelting aluminum from cans for soft drinks requires only 5% of the energy required to produce the same amount of aluminum from ore, and is one of the most profitable types of "recycling".

Waste paper For many decades, various types have been used along with ordinary cellulose for the manufacture of pulp - raw material for paper. Mixed or inferior waste paper can be used to make toilet paper, wrapping paper and cardboard. Unfortunately, in Russia only on a small scale there is a technology for the production of high-quality paper from high-quality waste (scraps of printing houses, used paper for copiers and laser printers, etc.). Waste paper can also be used in construction for the production of thermal insulation materials and in agriculture - instead of straw on farms.

Plastic- plastic recycling in general is a more expensive and complicated process. Some types of plastics can be used to produce high-quality plastics of the same properties, while others (for example, PVC), after processing, can only be used as building materials. There is no plastic processing in Russia.

Waste disposal methods

Composting Is a waste processing technology based on their natural biodegradation. Composting is most widely used for the processing of organic waste - primarily plant - origin, such as leaves, twigs and cut grass. There are technologies for composting food waste, as well as an undivided solid waste stream.

In Russia, composting using compost pits is often used by the population in individual houses or in garden plots. At the same time, the composting process can be centralized and carried out on special sites. There are several composting technologies that vary in cost and complexity. Simpler and cheaper technologies require more space and the composting process takes longer, as follows from the classification of composting technologies given.

The end product of composting is compost, which can find various uses in urban and agricultural applications.

Composting used in Russia on the so-called mechanized waste processing plants, for example, in St. Petersburg, is a process of fermentation in bioreactors of the entire volume of solid waste, and not just its organic component. Although the characteristics of the final product can be significantly improved by recovering metal, plastic, etc. from waste, it is still a rather hazardous product and has very limited use.

Composting technologies:

Minimum technology: Compost heaps are 4 meters high and 6 meters wide. Turn over once a year. The composting process takes one to three years, depending on the climate. A relatively large sanitary area is required.

Low-end technology: Compost piles are 2 meters high and 3-4 meters wide. For the first time, the heaps are turned over after a month. The next turning over and the formation of a new heap is in 10-11 months. Composting takes 16-18 months.

Intermediate technology: Heaps are turned daily. The compost is ready in 4-6 months. Capital and operating costs are higher.

High level technology

Special aeration of the compost heaps is required. The compost is ready in 2-10 weeks.

Waste incineration- this is the most complex and "high-tech" waste management option. Incineration requires preliminary treatment of solid waste (with the production of so-called fuel extracted from waste). When separating from MSW, they try to remove large objects, metals and additionally grind it. In order to reduce harmful emissions from waste, batteries and accumulators, plastic, leaves are also removed. Incineration of an undivided waste stream is currently considered extremely hazardous. Thus, incineration can only be one of the components of a comprehensive recycling program.

Incineration allows to reduce the weight of waste by about 3 times, eliminate some unpleasant properties: odor, release of toxic liquids, bacteria, attractiveness to birds and rodents, as well as obtain additional energy that can be used to generate electricity or heating.

Operating costs are around $ 20 per ton of MSW. When choosing options for the disposal of solid waste, it should also be borne in mind that the time required for the design and construction of incinerators in the United States takes on average 5-8 years.

The environmental impacts of the incineration plant are mainly associated with air pollution, primarily with fine dust, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, furans and dioxins. Serious problems also arise with the disposal of incineration ash, which by weight is up to 30% of the original weight of the waste and which, due to its physical and chemical properties, cannot be disposed of in conventional landfills. For the safe disposal of ash, special storage facilities with control and treatment of effluents are used.

In Russia, incinerators are not mass-produced. Speaking about the socio-economic aspects of incineration, it should be noted that usually the construction and operation of incinerators is beyond the means of the city budget and must be carried out on credit or by private companies. In many cases, the company that owns the incineration plant seeks to sign an agreement with the city, which will provide for the obligatory delivery of a certain amount and composition of solid waste per day. Such conditions make it virtually impossible to implement recycling or composting programs or other significant changes in disposal methods. Therefore, the construction of the incinerator requires very careful coordination with other aspects of the MSW management program and this option should only be addressed after other programs have already been planned. There are two types of waste processing plants in operation in Russia: some produce compost from garbage (Leningrad scheme), while others burn it (Moscow scheme). The former produce compost that is heavily contaminated with heavy metals, and cleaning from them is extremely expensive. Therefore, contrary to the author's idea, this compost cannot be used in the fields. It must be deposited. And this is a new problem. As a result, composting plants are either shut down due to lack of marketing of products, or are not working at full capacity. As for incinerators, they are environmentally unsafe: they have highly toxic gaseous emissions and ash residue. And the quality of steam is so low that using it for urban needs is problematic. These factories are equipped with expensive imported equipment. Its cost is about 100-120 million US dollars plus the cost of construction and installation work. In addition, the cost of incinerating one ton of waste is extremely high - $ 50- $ 70. So the analysis shows that both technologies have serious environmental and economic flaws.

Burial of solid waste: unfortunately, it still remains the main way of its disposal. Due to the fact that many enterprises were built decades ago and use outdated technology, waste accumulates in the city, in terms of quantity and harmfulness, which poses a significant danger to the population, both nearby areas and the city as a whole. The accumulation of waste in large quantities and the inability to remove it for burial or use leads to the fact that enterprises often resort to unauthorized disposal.

It is very important that before the solid waste is immersed in the ground, at specially built landfills, they must be compressed. This not only reduces the volume of the material, but also removes water, for a while, stabilizing the state of the waste, because the moisture contained in the compressed material is insufficient for the vigorous activity of microorganisms. The access of oxygen to the dense mass is also difficult, and if at the same time conditions are created for the "non-entry" of moisture from the outside, the stabilization of the landfill can be significantly extended. Naturally, hazardous waste must be sorted and disposed of in a dedicated toxic waste landfill.

Landfills and landfills are the same enterprises that are subject to environmental legislation. In relation to them, the values ​​of maximum permissible emissions and other production and economic standards should be developed, fees for environmental pollution should be charged, sanctions should be applied for non-compliance with environmental requirements, up to the termination of environmentally harmful activities. And the public may well control whether this is actually being done. And make a claim if something is not met.

A similar influence exerted by the bodies of public and environmental control, especially if they intensively interact with state regulatory bodies, will undoubtedly serve as an incentive to bring waste disposal sites into proper form or to build waste processing plants.

Two methods - incineration and burial - require areas for the placement of a plant or landfill, and in the immediate vicinity of a settlement, so as not to increase transport costs.

The accumulation of methane in landfills creates the conditions for spontaneous combustion of solid waste, and here you are - an incinerator without any gas cleaning. Considering the relatively low combustion temperature and the lack of oxygen, it is not surprising that almost the entire table of D.I. Mendeleev. And, of course, dioxins, furans and other toxicants. And what does not burn, then rusts, and gradually, as a result of corrosion, heavy and non-ferrous metals and other decomposition products of various substances get into the air and water.

Solid waste briquetting- a relatively new method in solving the problem of their removal. Briquettes, widely used for many years in industry and agriculture, represent one of the simplest and most economical forms of packaging. The inherent compaction of this process helps to reduce the volume occupied, and as a result, leads to savings in storage and transportation. Mainly in industry and agriculture, briquetting is used for pressing and packaging homogeneous materials, for example: cotton, hay, paper raw materials and rags. When working with such materials, the technology is quite standard and simple, since these materials are homogeneous in composition, size and shape. When working with them, complications rarely arise. Their potential combustion is known with sufficient accuracy.

A significant advantage of the briquetting method is the way to reduce the amount of waste to be briquetted by preliminary (up to 50%) sorting of solid household waste. Useful fractions, secondary raw materials (paper, cardboard, textiles, cullet, ferrous and non-ferrous metals) are sorted out. Thus, additional resources are supplied to the national economy.

The main difficulties arise in the process of briquetting municipal waste due to the fact that these wastes are not homogeneous and their composition cannot be predicted. The average characteristics and properties of these wastes may not be the same not only in different regions of the country, but also in different parts of the same city. The composition of the waste also changes depending on the season of the year.

Additional complications in the operation of solid waste pressing mechanisms are introduced by: high abrasiveness of the constituent components (sand, stone, glass), as well as high aggressiveness of the environment, due to the presence of organic matter, acids, solvents, varnishes, etc.

Conclusion

In Russia, the processing industry is forgotten, a system for collecting secondary resources is not organized, places for collecting secondary resources (metal) are not equipped in settlements, a system for removing the generated waste is not established everywhere, and there is weak control over their formation. This entails a degradation of the environment, a negative impact on human health.

Obviously, no technology alone will solve the MSW problem. Both incinerators and landfills are sources of emissions of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and other hazardous substances. The effectiveness of technologies can be considered only in the general chain of the life cycle of consumer goods - waste. Projects of incineration plant, on the fight against which public environmental organizations have spent a lot of effort, in the current economic situation can remain projects for a long time.

Landfills for a long time will remain in Russia the main method of disposal (recycling) of solid waste. The main task is to equip the existing landfills, extend their life, and reduce their harmful effects. Only in large and largest cities is the construction of incinerators (or waste processing plants with preliminary sorting of solid waste) effective. The operation of small incinerators for the incineration of specific waste, hospital waste, for example, is real. This implies the diversification of both waste processing technologies and their collection and transportation. Different parts of the city can and should use their own methods of solid waste disposal. This is due to the type of development, the level of income of the population, and other socio-economic factors.

The issue of environmental pollution is raised more and more often, because the production of goods is increasing, and the problem of their correct disposal is not being solved. Ecology suffers, which is associated with many cataclysms. The waste problem must be resolved quickly and efficiently, otherwise the landfills will soon occupy all vacant territories and cause epidemics.

Waste disposal is the most important problem of our time

The problem of waste disposal in Russia and many other countries is associated with a number of obstacles. They are financial, systemic, construction, strategic and other factors. They complement each other and make it impossible to implement an environmentally friendly and at the same time profitable disposal system.

Obstacles are created not only by the government, higher bodies and organizations, but also by each individual person. It is impossible to establish proper collection, removal and disposal of garbage if it initially ends up in the wrong places. We are talking about improvised landfills and a lack of understanding of the importance of sorting household waste and separating hazardous and non-hazardous waste. At the same time, many organizations are actively fighting this.

Hazardous and non-hazardous waste must not be mixed

Environmental pollution due to improper disposal is conditionally triggered from the moment of production of future waste materials. In production, each waste must have a passport, a document indicating which hazard class it belongs to.

Reference! Hazardous waste cannot be mixed with non-hazardous waste for the reason that the methods of their disposal are completely different and not interchangeable. If radiation, biological and chemical wastes are disposed of in landfills, it threatens to seriously pollute soil and water, as a result of which the danger will threaten the animal world and humans.

MSW as an environmental threat

Household waste (solid waste, solid household waste) is the most numerous. They are destroyed by dumping, burial and incineration. These are the best methods, but the huge amount of garbage occupies incredible territories. With household waste, potentially hazardous waste is constantly thrown away, therefore, in the process of decomposition, toxic substances are released.

Solid household waste, which includes plastic cans, bags, bottles, is partially incinerated, but this method is not perfect either. When burning, poisons are released into the atmosphere that are dangerous to human health.

Reference! Only 3-4% of solid waste is sent for recycling. The problem of garbage is that there is a lot of it, but there are only a few recycling organizations. These businesses usually recycle a specific type of raw material by setting up collection points where anyone can bring bottles, batteries, waste paper and other recyclable waste.

Disposal of industrial waste

The disposal of industrial waste is carried out by processing plants, the activities of which are strictly controlled. Waste materials are processed and a secondary product is obtained, which can be reused for the production of a number of goods.

Optimizing air protection

To protect the air at enterprises, gas cleaning equipment should be introduced. Plants must comply with environmental requirements and constantly monitor the release of pollutants.

It is planned to compensate for the costs of eliminating the consequences by obtaining fuel energy. This saves money on some resources like oil, gas and fuel oil.

Solid waste incineration technology

Incineration is the most common way to dispose of household waste. This approach is necessary to reduce the volume of waste for further disposal.

Waste incineration can be beneficial for obtaining:

• Couple.
• Electrical energy.
• Hot water.
• Thermal energy.

Reference! Incineration is carried out in special furnaces, the temperature in which reaches 1200 degrees. The emitted smoke is filtered so that fewer harmful elements enter the air.

Disposal and recycling of plastic waste

Another important problem with garbage is that it is valuable, but it is not always used. Plastic waste can be recycled and reused.

The process is as follows:

1. The plastic is being collected at the collection points. Also, special containers are installed in the yards, where you can throw plastic bottles.
2. In the factory, workers sort by color and degree of contamination.
3. The first stage of processing is grinding. The plastic is crushed into small fragments, after which it can be washed and dried. The result is flex.
4. The second stage of processing is packaging. The raw materials may already be on sale, but processing can be continued to obtain a more expensive product.
5. The third stage of processing is agglomeration. The flakes are chopped with high temperature knives. The result is small lumps.
6. The final stage of processing is granulation. The mass of lumps turns into granules. Then it is heated to 180 degrees, pulled into fibers, cut. An extruder can be used at this stage, which perfectly spreads, mixes and stretches the fibers.

Reference! The resulting raw materials can be used to produce packaging containers, pipes, insulation for wiring, mesh and many other products.

On the issue of disposal of chemical waste

Chemical waste requires special handling. Several basic techniques are used for disposal. For proper recycling, effective technologies are important that are able to ensure high-quality waste disposal without harm to the environment.

Applied methods of processing on the example of organochlorine waste:

• Hydrogenation.
• Catalytic oxidation.
• Disinfection.
• Thermal combustion.
• Hydrogenolysis.

Reference! Chemical waste ranks first among the pollutants.

Ecological problem of accumulation and disposal

The accumulation of waste without proper disposal or with poor implementation is a leading environmental problem, not only in Russia, but throughout the world. Any garbage is dangerous in large quantities, even one that belongs to the category of non-hazardous, because landfills begin to occupy vast territories, which does not pass without a trace for nature and man.

Waste problem and ecology in Russia

Safe and profitable waste recycling has not yet become a trend in Russia. Many cities are generating a lot of waste, most of which is plastic. A resident of Russia throws out about 3 tons of garbage per year.

Reference! In Russia, recycling, by and large, yields to those wastes that represent the greatest benefit. Good profit is brought by glass, waste paper, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, textile and polymer waste.

Waste and ecology in other countries

In European countries, the situation is slightly better, but not much. Clean streets are not an indicator of an efficient recycling industry. Japan and the USA can be proud of modern recycling technologies. The main processing method they use is plasma gasification. In the process of utilization, it is possible to obtain and use gas.

Ways to Solve the Waste Problem

The problem of recycling must necessarily be solved, because there are all the possibilities for this. This can take a long time, but it is an important measure that is worth the effort and money spent.

Reference! The key point in solving the problem is the creation of a system that will globally monitor the issues of waste management and disposal.

Recycling

The recycling process also generates waste, but its amount is less than it would be without the production process. Recycling to obtain valuable raw materials will not completely solve the problem, but it is worth special attention.

The emergence of new technologies and those wishing to do this business makes it possible to turn waste into sources of energy and secondary raw materials. This is a much better option than letting garbage pollute the environment and poison living things, including humans.

It is possible to improve recycling to protect nature, and it is happening. An integrated approach is needed, where the government, government bodies and each citizen have one goal - to minimize the destructive impact of waste on the ecosystem.

Waste disposal problem (2 videos)

Waste disposal (12 Photo)

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