In Russian, verbs are formed mainly in a prefixal way. There are a total of 26 verbal prefixes in the Russian language. The same prefix can appear in several phonetic variants. For example, the prefix o-(ob-, ob-): color, go around, go around.

Each verb prefix has several meanings. For example, the prefix has 9 meanings. Here are some of them: 1) movement over an object (jump over a puddle); 2) repeated action (read the book again); 3) dividing an object into parts (cutting a log in half); 4) excessive completeness of action (oversalt food); 5) extending the action to all subjects (re-read all books); 6) mutual action (with the postfix xia-) (correspond with parents); 7) achieving victory, winning (outwitting everyone).

Some prefixes, when attached to a verb, do not introduce additional shades of the meaning of the word, but change the imperfect form of the verb to the perfect: do - make, bake - bake, write - write.

Prefixed verbs are often used in a figurative meaning: to get into a position, to suffer an illness, to look around, to retire.

Verbs with the prefix v-/vo-

Verbs with the prefix v- have the following meanings:

6. movement inward: enter, drive in, bring in, fit in, paste in, break in, etc.

7. upward movement: climb (up a tree), drag (up the stairs);

8. deepening into action (verbs of perception): listen, ponder, peer.

Verb compatibility:

Verb + v + V.p.: enter the house, intervene in the conversation, bring furniture into the room, listen to the conversation, carefully look at the photograph;

Verb + na + V.p.: climb a tree, drive up a mountain, carry a suitcase to the fifth floor.

Portable use:

To enter into history, tradition, habit, position, up to date

Mislead/mislead

Contribute/contribute

Invest / invest meaning, knowledge, strength

Exercises

Read it. Determine the meaning of the prefix v- in verbs. Find cases of using verbs with the prefix v- in a figurative meaning.

1) In our O became a tradition once every 5 years e chat with one O classmates. 2) It is difficult to drive a nail d into a concrete wall. 3) The boys rode their bicycles up the mountain with difficulty. 4) M O The boss brought the specialist up to date, and his colleagues helped O gave advice.5) Opera must be perceived by listening to every sound. 6) From O Captivity started in mid-October.

2. Read, inserting the necessary verbs. Determine the meaning of the prefix in these verbs.

1)Young family…. to a new apartment. 2) Children should not... talk to adults. 3) The girl took pity on the kitten and... brought it into the house. 4) Grandmother... frame a photo of her granddaughter. 5) We need... TV: the latest news will be broadcast now. 6) The teacher ... was in the student’s position and allowed him to take the exam ahead of schedule. 7) The name of Yuri Gagarin entered the history of astronautics.

For reference: enter/enter, enter/enter, intervene/intervene, insert/insert, let/let in, enable/include

3. Come up with situations where you can use expressions mislead, contribute, become habitual.

Verbs with the prefix you-

Basic values:

1. movement from the inside: take it out of the house, throw it away (garbage), let it out (the bird from the cage), pour it out (sugar from the bag);

2. exhaustion of action: cry, listen, sleep, speak out.

Compatibility:

Verb + from + R.p.: leave the store, move out of the apartment;

Verb + in, on + V.p.: run out into the street, leave Minsk for Moscow;

Verb + V.p.+ from + R.p.: write down words from the text, take your hands out of your pockets;

Verb + on + P.p., Verb + with + P.p.: to speak at a conference, at a meeting, to make a report, a speech, a proposal.

Portable use

Go out / go out of print (about a book), go out / go out on screens (about a film)

Fail/break down (go bad, need repair)

To endure heat, cold, difficulties, overload

Look good, bad, sick, tired

Get married

Go out/lose your temper

Exercises

1. Read. Determine the meaning of the prefix you- in verbs.

1) The Tretyakov Gallery exhibits works of famous artists. 2) Students dream of having a good night's sleep after the session. 3) During the defense of their thesis, students must give a short presentation about their research. 4) When leaving, turn off the lights. 5) A textbook on word formation will be published soon. 6) After the summer holidays, everyone looked happy, tanned, and rested. 7) The washing machine is out of order - you need to call a technician. 8) How much grief people endured during the war: hunger, cold, suffering and death of loved ones. 9) When you read a new text, write down unfamiliar words and check their meaning in a dictionary. 10) You look very bad - don’t go out and call a doctor at home. 11) When talking, take your hands out of your pockets.

2.Read the phrases. Match them with opposite meanings. Indicate prefixes in verbs. Determine the meaning of prefixes.

Example: climb into the hatch - howled e from the hatch

Vv O bring currency into the country - ..., let spectators into the hall - ..., vb e press into the audience - ..., Tue A put the suitcase in the compartment - ..., pour water into the kettle - ..., pour sugar into the sugar bowl - ..., turn on the vacuum cleaner - ..., drive into the garage - ..., VK A point to O a sling into the entrance of the house -….

Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.

3.Read, inserting prefixes that suit their meaning.

1) You can’t drive this car: it…was out of order. 2) This film...was released a year ago and...immediately...was among the most popular films. 3) You must first get an education, and then... get married. 4) A sensitive person is one who...goes into the situation of other people, a resourceful person is one who knows how to...get out of a difficult situation. 5) Every morning I ... leave home at eight o’clock, and at half past nine I already ... go to the university building. 6) We...breathe oxygen, and...breathe carbon dioxide. 7) When the rain poured down, passers-by...ran to shops and underground passages to hide from the rain, but still...they got wet to the skin.

Write down sentences in which verbs are used figuratively.

Verbs with the prefix vz-/vs-

Basic values:

1. rise up: fly into the sky, flutter, float to the surface of the water;

2. violation of the state: explode, boil, dig up, whip up.

Compatibility:

Verb + na + V.p. : run up to the second floor, climb a mountain, fly into the sky;

Verb + V.p.: boil tea, loosen the soil, dig up a bed, whip cream.

Portable use

Rise/rise (about crops, about the sun). The rye began to sprout. The sun will rise soon.

Float/float up. At the end of the meeting, another question suddenly surfaced.

Exercises

1. Read. Insert the prefixes v-, you-, vz-/vs-.

1) In early spring we...digged the beds,...planted tulip bulbs in the ground. Very soon our tulips...were coming. They...shot green arrows. Then sharp red petals appeared from the buds. If you look closely at these flowers, you will see how much fresh charm they contain.

2) ...the sun was shining. ...a bee flew for honey. And then the first butterfly appeared. She...fluttered over the flower and began to drink the sweet juice. ..hardworking ants ran to work.

Explain the meaning of prefixes.

2. Complete the statements using the words in brackets.

1) The work of sappers is very dangerous because... (explode/explode).

2) Today we will bake a cake, help me…..(beat/beat).

3) The instructions say that before using this medicine... (shake / shake) /

4) To brew tea, you must first... (boil).

Verbs with the prefix do-

Basic values:

bringing an action to the end, to a certain limit: getting (to the house), finishing (a letter);
achieving results despite difficulties: calling, agreeing, waiting, thinking;

Compatibility:

Verb + to + R.p.: before live before old age, before swim before shores;

Verb + V.p. + to + R.p.: before listen to the song before middle, before read a book before end;

Verb + V.p.: before call for Xia children, before wake up Xia son (with difficulty);

Verb + d.p. (+ to + D.p.; + to + R.p.): before call Xia girlfriend, To girlfriend, before girlfriends;

Verb + s + etc. (o + P.p.) before speak Xia with girlfriend O meeting, before guess xiao reason (what?)

Portable use

Reach/reach, bring/bring, convey/convey to the viewer, reader.

Bring to the attention of, to the end

Exercises

Read it. Highlight the prefixes in the verbs and determine their meaning.

1) You will never guess who came to us! 2) The spaceship flew to the Moon. 3) The children are so carried away by the game that the mother will not give them dinner. 4) I can’t get around to writing you a letter. 5) The director managed to convey to the audience the idea of the all-conquering power of love. 6) The young man helped his neighbor carry a heavy bag into the apartment. 7) The children couldn’t wait for the New Year. 8) It’s amazing how birds manage to fly to the other shore without resting. 9) We were in such a hurry that we didn’t even finish our tea.

2. Rearrange the statements using verbs with the prefix do-, formed from the highlighted verbs.

1) My grandfather lived for a very long time and died at 96 years old. 2) I told you the whole evening yesterday called, but no one answered the phone. 3) I'm going to university I'm going exactly 30 minutes. 4) Mother long woke me up son, but he didn’t want to wake up. 5) You need more work over this abstract. 6) I can’t return this book to the library yet, because I’m still working on read her.

3. Make up sentences using expressions: to finish, to reach with difficulty, to reach the finish line, to wait for the meeting.

Verbs with the prefix for-

Basic values:

movement in depth or behind an object: go around the corner of the house, throw the ball into the net, put your hands in your pockets;
incidental action: go to the store on the way, pick up a friend;
spreading the effect over the entire surface: sew up a hole, splash paint on clothes, plant the area with flowers;
excessive action: staying up at a party, reading until the morning;
beginning of action: cry, scream, bloom
performing an action in advance: purchasing groceries, planning a trip;
bringing the action to the end: write down the phone number, fry the meat;

Compatibility:

Verb + for + V.p.: throw over the fence, go behind a tree;

Verb + V.p. + etc.: cover the ground with snow, populate the house with tenants

Portable use:

Wind/start a watch, car, motor, dog, fish

Come in/come in (about the sun)

Abandon/abandon studies, classes, sports, work

Exercises

Read it. Determine the meaning of prefixes in verbs with prefixes.

1) The first artificial earth satellite was launched in 1957 in the Soviet Union. 2) The writer decided to write a historical novel about the War of 1812. 3) Come see me at least for a little while to arrange a trip. 4) I love watching the sun rise and set. 5) If you get a dog, it becomes a member of your family. 6) He successfully completed his studies until the third year, but then suddenly abandoned classes. 9) During the night, snow covered the ground and roofs of houses. 10) Figure skating captivated the children so much that they flooded the skating rink in the yard themselves. When the water froze, they began skating. 11) Hearing the owner’s steps, the dog jumped and barked joyfully.

2. Read, inserting prefixes that make sense.

1) All guests...cm O stared at the beautiful bride... admired her white wedding dress. 2) From fear to O little kid...climbed onto the roof and couldn't keep up h get off her. 3) The travelers decided... n O chew in l e su. 4) Thrifty squirrels…prepared dried mushrooms, berries, and nuts for the winter.

4) In spring e ka spilled and then O sawed coastal meadows. 5) On the way to the university, I ... followed a friend and we went together. 6) The volleyball player threw the ball into the net. 7) Sunny...ch I it came through the window, sunbeams jumped on the floor. 8) We...led a cat, but we also want to...lead fish. 9) When...color e the lilacs are melting, their faintness is heard throughout the city d cue aroma. 10) Everything is expensive and ki and paths...mela m e tel.

Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.

Verb prefixes

A typical means of forming verbs from other verbs is prefixes. Most of the prefixes have a common origin and a common sound composition with the sentence, as a result of which they, to a certain extent, perform a similar role. The commonality of the functions of prefixes and prepositions is manifested in the parallelism of the use of identical prefixes and prepositions in one syntactic construction, for example: bring into the house, place under the plate, move away from the board . This is observed primarily when expressing spatial relations, and figuratively in other cases: make improvements to the design of the machine, deviate from the letter of the law . But prefixes also have meanings that are not expressed by prepositions. This is, for example, the meaning of the perfect form that prefixed verbs receive if it is not paralyzed by a suffix.

Prefixes usually have ramified meanings, and in some cases the connection of some meanings with others is quite clear, the emergence of secondary meanings from primary ones is caught without difficulty, in others the meanings have diverged and become isolated, and reducing them to a common original meaning encounters serious difficulties. Differences in the meaning of prefixes are largely due to differences in the lexical meaning of verbs.

The most primary meanings of prefixes are various kinds of indications of the origin of actions in space; they specify the action, establishing the direction and distribution of the action, limit it by indicating the starting and ending point, the space covered, the limit, and the movement of objects in, out, up, down. This is most clearly observed in verbs of motion. In one way or another, these meanings are accompanied by indications of the beginning and end of an action, the achievement of a result, the insignificance, intensification, completeness, intensity of the action and a number of more frequent meanings characteristic of individual prefixes. In the future, the main meanings of prefixes will be highlighted.

First of all, we will consider cases in which prefixes have a clear meaning that ensures their productivity. In this case, the source material for analysis will be those formations in which the prefixed verb is opposed to the unprefixed verb, without any other differences ( throw away - throw away ). A special group of formations consists of verbs that differ from unprefixed ones not only by the presence of a prefix, but also by the particle xia-; consideration of these cases refers to the end of the review of the meanings of individual prefixes.

To find out the meaning of prefixes, it is of great help to determine whether the verb has controlled words and which case (without a preposition or with a preposition) it controls. In the following review, where required, examples will be given with controlled words.

A considerable number of prefixed verbs, especially among long-existing words, received a meaning that does not follow from their morphological composition; they are isolated from the corresponding unprefixed verbs, and in them the meanings of the prefixes are obscured, or the prefix can only be distinguished etymologically: give - sell, be - arrive, sell, forget etc. Such formations remain outside the limits of living types of verbal word formation, and therefore isolated examples of them are given only to demonstrate their difference from prefixes of a productive nature.

Also, a special position in word formation is occupied by prefixed verbs, next to which there are no unprefixed verbs with the same stem. They are called verbs with bound stems; examples of them are derived verbs: a) take off, pick up, take and etc;. b) say, order, refuse, order and etc.; V) fold, lay down, lay down, put aside and etc.; G) get used to, get used to, get used to and etc.

Verbs with bound stems are overwhelmingly a legacy of the past, and their morphological composition is often obscured; individual verbs with far removed meanings even became completely isolated from their root group and lost their distinctness (understand, borrow, take away ); Only in rare cases do prefixes more or less retain their meaning. In this regard, they will usually appear in the review among formations with a darkened meaning of the prefixes.

A characteristic feature of verbal prefixes is that among them there are widely represented pairs of antonym prefixes: bring in, take out, put in, put aside etc. Comparison of such prefixes helps to understand their meanings, but due to the polysemy of prefixes, their opposite in meaning covers only some cases of their use. Console in- (in-) indicates the direction of action inward, which is especially pronounced in verbs of motion that control the accusative case with a preposition V; unprefixed verbs do not indicate the direction of movement: to go - to enter the city, to carry - to bring into the dining room, to paste a page into a book and etc.

Console You- has several widely divergent meanings. In the first group, the initial designation of the direction of action is “outward”; in these cases You- acts as an antonym of the prefix V-; the designation of an object from within which the action is directed is expressed in the genitive case with prepositions from, from; go - leave the city; carry - take out of the dining room, pour out of a bottle, pull out of the water, unload from a car and etc.

The initial meaning of the prefix is distance from the observer and advancement beyond an obstacle or object; in these cases the verb controls the accusative in the preposition behind: go - go behind the house, go - go behind the mountain and etc.

Console from- only in rare cases does movement outward matter, in accordance with the preposition from: drive out - expel from the country, remove from the eye and etc.

Console from- expresses movements that begin with separation from some limit. This meaning is clearly expressed when there is a noun with a preposition from: drive - drive away from the village, fly - fly away from the airfield and etc.

Console under- denotes a movement aimed at placing an object below an object or directing an action (for intransitive verbs) under an object; in this case the verb controls the accusative case with a preposition under: put - put under the car, drive - drive up under the bridge and etc.

Console y- What matters is the movement from the object to its complete removal, as well as the completion of the action.

Deletion is clearly expressed in verbs of motion; the starting point is indicated by the genitive case with prepositions from, from, with: leave the Caucasus, leave the theater, sail away from the shore, leak from the bucket and etc.

Console on the- indicates restriction of movement upon contact with an obstructing object, primarily its surface; in this case the verb controls the accusative case with a preposition on: drive - run over a bollard, run into a pole and etc.

Console With-, on the one hand, it means downward movement and separation, on the other, counter movement and unification. Thus, the downward movement is especially clearly reflected when accompanied by a controlled genitive case with the preposition With: drive down the mountain, throw off the roof and etc.

Adjacent to this value is the value of removal from the surface, to the side or without specifying a direction: remove the dust from the carpet and etc.

Complex console under- has the meaning of incompleteness of action, it is opposed to the prefix re-: underfulfill (overwork), underfulfill (overfulfill) and etc.

The complex prefix obez- (obes--) forms verbs from nouns and indicates the deprivation of the object or property that is denoted by the nouns: depopulate, disarm, behead; weaken, depreciate and etc.

We have named only a few prefixes used with verbs; there are many more.

Adverb prefixes

Word formation of adverbs is also carried out through prefixes. But in adverbs they interact closely with suffixes.

Console By- and suffix - And form adverbs: fatherly, brotherly, Czech, bird-like, fox-like and etc.

Console By- and the suffix - oh (him) form adverbs from relative and (less often) qualitative adjectives and pronouns: summer-like, winter-like, rich, new and etc.

Cases of forming adverbs from other adverbs by adding prefixes are unproductive: always - forever, now - from now on, tomorrow - the day after tomorrow and etc.

In this article we will look at the functions of prefixes in combination with verbs of motion. Verbs of motion themselves are a difficult topic, and the large number of prefixes complicates it even more. But it is always worth remembering that language is logical, and everything in it has its own meaning. If you have not yet learned all the pairs of verbs of motion and have not practiced them until they become automatic, then it is better to analyze the topic “prefixes + verb of motion” on one or two verbs.

So, let's look at how prefixes change the meaning of verbs. In the description we use the word "object". It could be anything that somehow participates in our movement or is a witness to it: a house, a mountain, a bridge, and so on.

Console IN-, IN- means:
movement into an object or movement upward (with certain verbs).

A student entered the classroom(verb "to go")
The tractor drove up the mountain(verb "to go")

Console VZ- (Sun-, VZO-) means upward movement.

We must climb this mountain(verb "to go")

Console YOU- means:
movement from inside an object;
absence (provided that the subject will return soon);
departure (provided that we know the departure time).

The student left the class(verb "to go")
The man went out to smoke(verb "to go")
We're leaving in ten minutes(verb "to go")

Console AT- means achieving a goal.

We came to the sea (verb "to go")

Console PRO- means:
through traffic;
moving past something;
quantitative result of movement.

You have to walk two blocks to get to the market.(verb "to go")
Don't pass by(verb "to go")
We walked more than twenty kilometers in one day(verb "to go")

Console PERE- means moving from one place to another. And also a perfect short action that describes movement.

He crossed the bridge(from one bank to the other) (verb "to go")

Console BY- means the beginning of a movement or the intention to make a movement in the future.

In the morning I will wake up and go to work(verb "to go")
In summer we will go to the sea(verb "to go")
Walking in the fresh air before bed is beneficial(verb "to walk")

The prefix U- means removal for quite a long time, for a long time.
I got tired of the party and went home(verb "to go")

Console UNDER- (PDO-) means approaching (provided that a small distance has been covered)
The guy approached the girl and asked her to dance(verb "to go")

Console FROM- (GTO-) means removal (provided that a small distance has been covered).
When it started to rain, we went under a tree(verb "to go")

Console BEFORE- means movement to a specific place.
There was a strong thunderstorm, I somehow got home(verb "to go").

Console BEHIND- means:
movement as a result of which the subject finds himself behind something (behind something);
movement with a stop;
moving to some place for a short time.

He walked around the corner and realized that he was lost(verb "to go")
On the way home I stopped at the store and bought bread(verb "to go")
Come visit us(verb "to walk")

Console ABOUT- (ABOUT-, OBO-) means:
movement around;
covering the entire object with movement;

He walked around the house looking for the keys.(verb "to go")
During our walk we walked around the entire park(verb "to go")

Console WITH- (CO-) means:
downward movement. Used in combination with the endings -СЯ, -Сь;
perfect movement back and forth.

In the evening we came down from the hill(verb "to go")
I went to the store for milk(verb "to walk")

Console ONCE- (ASD-, RAZO-) means movement in different directions. Used in combination with the endings -СЯ, -Сь.
It's late, time to go home(verb "to walk").

Task 1. Read the sentences, pay attention to the words that spread prefixed verbs of motion.

V- /VO-/: movement of a subject or movement of an object inside any room or enclosed area, crossing the border of two spaces;

1. I opened the gate and went into the yard, and a dog ran in after me. 2. The workers carried the box from the yard to the warehouse. 3. At midnight our car drove into the city. 4. The secretary came to the director of the institute. 5. The truck drove into a construction site and stopped.

YOU- - movement from within / antonymous to verbs with a prefix IN-/

- short-term absence;

Departure somewhere /the time of poisoning is indicated, the circumstances of the start of the movement are given, sometimes the urgency is emphasized/;

Unexpected arrival at some place for the subject of movement, his appearance in open space, movement towards a landmark.

1. The football players ran onto the field from the gym. 2. The snow on the streets was removed and taken out of town. 3. The motor ship left the port into the open sea. 4. The director has left, please call back in twenty minutes. 5. I left the pulpit during your report and did not hear the last part of it. 6. We left Moscow at 11 am and by three o’clock we were already in Suzdal. 7. The ambulance has already left, wait! 8 We wandered around the old city all day, got lost, and in the evening we unexpectedly came to the hotel. 9. Go straight along that street and exit to the metro. 10. The speaker went to the podium and began his speech, 11. The student took a drink to the board and began to solve the problem.

Task 2. Come up with lines that correspond to these situations, use verbs of motion with the prefix B- in the required form.

Example: A late student took his seat in the classroom without the teacher's permission. What will the teacher tell him? - Why did you come in? V class without permission?

1. They call, you open the door and see your friends. How will you invite them to your apartment? 2. Your daughter is studying for exams in her room. What do you say to her little brother who wants to open the door there? 3. The lesson has begun. What request would a late student make to the teacher? 4. Your husband forgot the keys to the apartment. How will he explain why he was waiting for you near the house? 5. What is the response to a knock on the door?

Task 3. Write out from the text the verbs of motion with the prefix YOU- with dependent words. Using the written phrases, retell the text, changing the tense and type of verbs.

In the morning I go out into the yard and start doing exercises. It’s still early, but our neighbors’ children are already running out into the yard. The younger ones take out their toy cars. The eldest son takes his motorcycle out of the garage, gets on it and rides out the gate. The younger brothers run out to them with their toys. I enter the house. Our neighbor comes out to meet me. She takes the carpet outside to be cleaned. I have breakfast at home and go to work half an hour later.

Task 4. Ask questions in the following situations, use verbs with the prefix YOU-.

1.You are on the bus. Your stop is next. What will you ask the people in front of you?

2.You are in a hurry. What do you ask of passengers who are leisurely getting off the trolleybus?

3.You are traveling on the subway with your friend. Your friend knows the way. Ask when your stop will be?

4.You don’t know the enemy well and asked your neighbor on the bus to warn you when your stop will be. How will he do this?

5. On the bus, a woman is given a seat, but she refuses, since her stop is next. How will she say this?

Task 5. Insert instead of dots the verbs GO-WALK, GO-DRIVE and CARRY-CARRY with the prefixes B- or YOU-; Determine the tense and type of the verb based on the context.

1. I heard the door slam: someone... V entrance.

2. Motorcade... beyond the city limits.

3. In the surges of the train, the lights were turned on: the train... into the tunnel.

4. When the room...removed the extra furniture, it became more spacious.

5. The door to my father’s office opened, and into the corridor... father.

6. Pavel opened the apartment door with the keys and we... entered a small corridor.

7. Children every summer... to the dacha or to pioneer camps.

8. We bought tickets at the box office and... in the cinema lobby.

9. Are you... at the next stop?

Task 6. Read the sentences, pay attention that verbs of movement with the prefix YOU- can mean the beginning of movement or emphasize the need to urgently go somewhere.

1. We left at dawn.

2. It’s already eight, we need to go out, otherwise we might be late for class.

3. Having received a telegram about his mother’s illness, he urgently flew to Moscow.

4. The competition begins on Wednesday, our team has already flown to Kyiv.

5. The ambulance immediately left for the scene.

6. Sonya opened the telegram and read: I’m leaving today, meet me, mom.

7. I think we left too early: there are still two hours before the train.

Task 7. In the following sentences, replace the verbgoa suitable verb of motion with the prefix YOU-.

1. Hello! Nina, is that you? We're leaving in 5 minutes, get ready quickly and wait for us!

2. What time will you leave home tomorrow so that I can meet you at the metro?

3. Olya always leaves home early and picks up her friend in her car.

4. Do you leave at 7 o'clock? So early? When you go, call me!

5. Buses leave from the garage at 6 o'clock in the morning.

Task 8. Express your opinion in the following situations: /in remarks use the following expressions: I think; hardly; I'm afraid that...: I doubt that.../

Sample: - Kostya just called. He leaves in 15 minutes.

Coming out in 15 minutes? I think he won't come out in 15 minutes,

1. Yesterday there was a telegram from my father. His business trip ends, he flies out in two days.

2. Petrov called in the morning. He finished his business in Kyiv and leaves home in the evening.

3.The head of our delegation has just arrived. We are leaving for Finland in three days.

4. Yura called now. He has already had breakfast and is leaving in five minutes.

Task 9. Read the sentences. Pay attention to the possibility of using a verb of motion with the prefix YOU- in the meaning arrive somewhere end up somewhere.

1. We walked along the path and soon came to the river.

3. The compere came on stage and announced the next number.

4. Come at six o’clock, I’ll come out to meet you.

5. We were walking along a narrow street and suddenly came out into a wide square.
6. A new speaker came to the podium, and five minutes later half of the hall was dozing, he spoke so monotonously and sluggishly.

Task 10, Make up sentences using the following phrases:

go out to the station, go out to the board, go out onto the road, go out to the first place, go out in front, go out into the sienna, go out into the clearing, run out on the threshold, swam out, into the middle of the river.

Task 11. Read the dialogues, determine the meaning of verbs of motion with the prefix YOU-.

Tell me, can I talk to the dean?
- With pecans? He left. Sit for a while.

Please ask Galina Nikolaevna.

She's out, call me in an hour

Excuse me, where can I find the chief engineer?

Engineer Lazarev? He's here, but he went out somewhere.

Task 12. Explain the difference in the use of the prefixes YOU- and У- with verbs of motion in the following situations.

1.- Can I see the head of the department?

The working day is over. She left. -- Please wait. She went out.
2.- Hello! Can I have Ivan Ivanovich?

He left for lunch. Call later. - Ivan Ivanovich came out. What shall I tell to him?
3.-Where is Katya?

She doesn't feel well and went home. - She left, she’ll be right back.

Task 13. Compose dialogues in the following situations, using verbs of motion with the prefixes YOU- and U-.

1. They ask your sister on the phone. She

a/ went for bread and will be back soon
b/ I went to college and won’t be back soon.

2.The visitor wants to see your colleague. What will you answer him? If He

a) went to the ministry

b) went to another room.

3.In the hostel there was a knock on your door. They ask your roommate. What will you answer if she /on/

a) in class

b) went to the kitchen.

Task 14. Replace the highlighted phrases in the following sentences with verbs of motion with the prefixes YOU- and B-.

1. I opened the door of the house and found myself in a small hallway.

2. The guys were running with the ball in the yard, and now they are already playing in the street.

3. We shared niches across the field and suddenly saw a river in front of us.

4. We left the hall and found ourselves in a spacious hall.

5. I walked through the gate and found myself in the green hall of the stadium.

6. Where did you go? I decided to get some fresh air.

7. The speaker rose to the podium,

8. The artists were already on stage when distinguished guests appeared in the main box.

Consoles at~, y-

AT- achieving the final goal of movement, the arrival of a subject or delivery of an object to a certain place / synonymous - he is here, he has arrived /

U - absence of a subject or object in a named place or removal from this place / synonymous - it is not here, it is now in another place./

Task 1. Read the sentences, pay attention to the adverbial extenders of the verbs.

1. Is your father at home? - Yes, he has already come from work. 2. The train arrived in Kyiv in the evening. 3. We have guests. A brother came to us from Yerevan. 4. Tomorrow the football championship opens in Moscow. Football players from France arrived yesterday, the Italians are arriving today. 5. Father came from a business trip And I brought everyone a bunch of gifts. 6. Will you come to the institute today? Please bring me my book that I gave you.

1. More than two years have passed since I left Kyiv. 2. The concert is over. The artists left. Dina also left. She was taken away by the same thin and black man. 3. My brother is gone, he went to work. Unfortunately, he took with him the book I told you about. 4. The bird was very careful, it noticed movement in the bushes and flew away. 5. Tomorrow I’m leaving for Vladivostok.

Task 2. use verbs of motion with the prefix PRI-, watch the use of the type of verbs.

Sample: - Yesterday, I think, you had with you the magazine “Russian Language Abroad”?

Yes, I brought it, I wanted to show one article

1. - In summer there are many tourists in Moscow. - ... 2. - It seems like Andrey Pyl was with you yesterday? - ... 3. The director was at school for a short time yesterday. - ... 4. Various interesting people are often invited to speak at our school: writers, artists, scientists. -...? 5. It’s already half past ten. All the students were probably already gathered in the classroom. - 6. Our friends, it seems, have already returned from a trip to Central Asia. - ... They probably, as always, have interesting photographs, books, postcards. - ... 7. Where are these magazines from? Was someone here while I was gone? -...? 8. Your parents are probably returning from vacation soon? Plane next week? - ....

Note: Please note that SV verbs in the past tense report that the subject of the movement has arrived / or the object has been delivered / and is in a certain place or with a specified person; NSV verbs can:

- to state the fact of being somewhere in the past,

- convey a repetitive action,

- indicate the cancellation of the result of an action,

- convey real action.

! Verbs NSV with the prefix PRI- cannot convey movement in its process.

Pay attention to the use of types and the change in the meaning of the statement depending on the type of verb with the prefix U-: When I left, I remembered that I forgot to call him = I didn’t call And When I was leaving, I remembered that I forgot to call him = I called

Task 3. Read the text. Insert appropriate verbs of motion with the prefix PRI-, watch the use of verb types.

We've been living here for a long time. And you probably just recently... came here?

Yes, recently. I also live here now. And before... here only for the holidays.

When they reached the house, Maria Mikhailovna said:

Come see us tomorrow and look at my son’s collection of stones. He was a geologist. Are you planning to become a geologist too?

Yes, someday I will,” the boy answered seriously.

The whole next day, Maria Mikhailovna thought about her son: how he went to the mountains, how... stones came home and how dissatisfied she was with the disorder in the house. On this day the boy... at exactly six o'clock. Maria Mikhailovna... him to her son's room. The stones lay as their son had left them.

Do you want me to... stones that are not in your collection?

It won't be bad. - Maria Mikhailovna approved.

The next day he... a piece of green malachite.

Why don't you become the curator of our collection. Everything will be at your disposal, you can... whenever you want, and I will be pleased that there is a geologist in the house.

“Well,” he said, but something tightened in his throat. He's already used to it... here .

“I’ll tell you... one thing,” he said one day and handed Maria Mikhailovna a large shell.

Truly extraordinary!

She is from the Caribbean. Not... one sailor. Now you will have it.
/According to V. Lidin/

Set-top box software

Task 4. Read the sentences, compare the use of verbs of motion with prefixes, explain the meaning of the prefixes.

1. Victor will be back now: he went to the dean’s office to find out his new schedule. - Victor felt bad and went home. 2. My brother is not at home, he went to the theater. - My brother is not at home, he went to the theater. 3. After graduating from college, he went to work in the North. – After graduating from college, he went to his home in the North.

Note: in the examples given, the verbs with the prefixes PO- and U- are close in meaning. However, the prefix U- is used when indicating the removal of the subject over a long distance, for a long time, or the absence of the subject in a given place. The prefix Pol- indicates only the departure of the subject indicating the purpose.

Task 5. Construct statements in the following situations /make up possible dialogues/, using verbs with the prefix PO- or U-.

1. You didn’t find your friend at home. You were told that he was apparently in the library, since he recently went there. 2. Friends graduated from a pedagogical institute. They were given directions to work in different cities. 3. Your friends have arrived. This is their first time in our city. You decide to show them the city and even some of the sights since you have a car. 4. You say goodbye to the city that you really liked. You took with you photographs, postcards, and books as souvenirs. 5. You have guests. Lots of strangers. Your little son was confused and hid in his nursery. 6. You agreed to meet a friend at the metro. But you were late, and your friend didn’t wait for you. 7. The postman brought a letter to your neighbor, but the neighbor is on a business trip in another city.

Task 6. Answer the questions using verbs of motion with the prefixes PO-, U-, YOU-, pay attention to the use of the verb type.

1. Why isn’t Masha in class? /she had a headache/. 2. Where did Sergei go? /he needs to borrow books from the library/. 3. I called you during the day, but you were not at home. Where have you been? /was gone for only 20 minutes, went out to buy bread for dinner/. 4. It's time to sit down at the table. Where is Victor? /talking on the phone, will be right back/. 5. You don’t know where the director is now? /he is at a meeting at the ministry/. 6. Where did the students go? /today an excursion to the Leo Tolstoy Museum/.

Task 7. Instead of dots, insert a suitable verb of movement with a prefix, watch the use of types of the verb.

come - enter

bring - bring in

1. Sister, ... please, the patient’s medical history. 2. be careful... things in the office: the floor is already painted. 3. ... the suitcases are in the room, they are at the door in the corridor.

bring - introduce

1. Mother ... son in kindergarten. 2. Who are you... with you? 3. To the operating room... of the patient. 4. I’m coming to you... my old friend, let me introduce you.

Task 8. Place the necessary verbs of motion with the prefixes B-, YOU-, PO-, U- or PR-. Indicate where the options may be.

1. Have you been outside today? - No, today I… 2. On Saturday I have… guests and won’t be for long…. I went to bed late. 3. I... leave home at 8 o'clock, and at 9... to the department. 4. The comrade was not at home, he ... to the department. 5. Seryozha will be back now, he ... call. 6. I won’t ... until I wait for the director. 7. International competitions begin tomorrow in Madrid. Today our team... is in Madrid. 8. The meeting has begun, the speaker is on the podium. 9. The film was boring, we... from the middle. 10. To be on time for classes, I need to... leave home at 8 o’clock. 11. Our car was racing along the road. A friend on the road... a hare. 12. The girl ... went to the middle of the hall and began to read poetry. 13. In the summer we usually ... go to a village that is located not far from Moscow. We... leave Moscow in the morning, and by evening we are already... at the place. 14. The pilot ... from the cockpit and jumped to the ground.

Prefixes POD-, OT-

Compare:

I took the child to my grandmother.

I brought him to my grandmother.

I took him to my grandmother.

Come to visit me. I'm free today because I took the child to grandma.
– Are you in our city again? Good to see you. - Yes, I brought the child to my grandmother and will stay here for several days.
I took my son to my grandmother because renovations had begun in our apartment.

Task 9. Read the sentences, explain the use of types of verbs.

1. I went to the kiosk and bought ice cream. 2. The ship is sailing closer and closer to the shore, the greeters have already gathered on the pier and are waiting impatiently. 3. Who was it that approached you now? - Yes, one acquaintance. 4. Attention, train number 21 is approaching the first track. 5. Give us a ride to the station! - Sit down, I'll give you a ride.

1. I took the ticket and walked away from the ticket office. 2. The current carries the boat further and further from the shore. 3. The bus left the stop. 4. I want to take my clothes to the dry cleaner. 5. In the morning I take my daughter to the garden. 6. Please move aside, you are in the way!

Task 10. Insert suitable verbs with the prefixes POD-, OT-, U-.

1. Teacher ... to the map and showed the main rivers of Europe. 2. In order not to interfere with students copying from the board, the teacher ... to the window. 3. Every evening after dinner I... go to the window, open it and breathe fresh air. 4. Afraid of waking up the sick child, the mother and father ... went to the door and talked in a whisper. 5. I was disturbed by the conversations of my comrades, and I took the book ... to another room. 6. The boy learned to swim well and was already... 20 meters from the shore. 7. The dog waved his tail and... towards me. 8. Yesterday our guests ... and the apartment became quiet.

Task 11. Make up sentences based on the following situations:

1. How can you tell that your friends are coming back if you see them from the window of your house? How can you tell that they are already close?

2. You see that a car has stopped near the house. How do you ask who has arrived?

3. You came to visit a friend, voices are heard from his room. How do you ask who is there?

4. You are reading, and your friend stands by the window and blocks the light from you. What will you ask him for?

5. The guys play under your windows and make a lot of noise, disturbing you. What will you tell them?

6. You want to give your child candy. He is standing a few steps away from you. What will you tell him?

Task 12. answer the questions using this information, using the prefixes POD-, OT-, U-, PRI-,

1. I want to buy newspapers, there is a kiosk in front. What will I do?

2.I am walking along the corridor of the institute. A large bookcase is being carried towards me. What I've done?

3. I know that my friend is sick, she is bored of being alone. What do I usually do? What will I do today?

4. I finished my course at the institute in Moscow, it’s time to go home. What am I doing?

5. It’s still a long way to go to the city. What do I ask the driver of a stopped car7

Task 13. Read the sentences. Please note that NSV verbs in the past tense can mean:

In this meaning they are often used in colloquial speech.

1. Is the young man who came up to the cash register now your brother? Was it your brother who approached you just now? You are very similar.

2. Is everyone here? Where is Katya? “She walked away for a minute. He'll come now. - Katya, where have you been? – I went to make a call (on business).

3. Look, some girl approached Sasha! – Sasha, why did that girl come up to you?

4. Tell me, did the gray car come here? – She came up, stood for 10 minutes and left.

Task 14. Ask questions according to the following sample:

Why did you approach the policeman?

I approached him to ask how to get to the Puppet Theater.

1. Why did you go to the tobacco kiosk?

2. Why did the student approach the lecturer?

3. Why does the girl approach the poster?

4. Why did these women approach the store window?

5. Why did you come to the window7

6. Why did the policeman approach your car?

Task 15. Read the sentences, remember what the prefixes PRI- and SUB- mean?

1. Yesterday to me had come comrade. He came at 7 o'clock, and we watched football all evening. 2. In the hallway towards me came up a student from my (our) group and asked where we would have our next lesson. 3. Whenever he came to us, we argued a lot and for a long time. 4. Wherever I am I saw bookstores Always he came up and started rummaging through the books. 5. Train fits to Moscow - we heard the announcer’s voice. 6. During the day came doctor. He came up to the patient's bedside and began to examine him. 7. First time mother brought children to the garden. - Come over come to me,” said the teacher. - What is your name? 8. Don’t come close to the window, it’s windy here.

Task 16. Answer the questions using the verbs COME or COME.

1. You are in the subway lobby. You don’t know how to get to the Park Kultury station. What will you do if you see a diagram on the subway wall? 2. The policeman saw a man crossing the street at a red light. How did he react? 3. Having learned that your friends have moved to a new apartment, you decided to visit them. How do you tell them this over the phone? 4. You are at the theater. During intermission, you saw someone you knew in the foyer. Have you exchanged impressions with her? 5. In the museum you admired the painting, but from a distance you could not read either the title or the name of the artist. What have you done? 6. Your friend promised that he would come to see you one of these days. How will you confirm the meeting time? 7. The performance starts at 16:30. When should you be at the theater in time to go to the buffet? 8. You walked around the city for a long time and finally saw an “Ice cream” kiosk. What have you done?

Task 17. Read the expressions, note that transitive verbs with the prefix OT- can be used in the meaning – 1. deliver to the place /to the goal/, 2. return and involve the separation of the object from the subject of movement. In this meaning they are antonymous to verbs with the prefix PRI-.

1. Where is your daughter now? - She’s not, I took her to kindergarten. 2. Where is your son now? “He’s already home, his husband just brought him from the circle.” 3. Can you give me the article you read yesterday? – unfortunately, I already took it to the library.. 4. Have you already received your luggage? - yes, we brought him from the station yesterday. 5. What did you do in the morning? - I took the watch to be repaired. 6. Do you have a new textbook? - yes, I brought it.

Task 19. Answer the question using verbs of motion with the prefix OT-.

What do you need if...

Task 19. Read the sentences, explain the difference in the meaning of verbs of motion with the prefix OT- and U-, OT- and PR-.

Task 20. Insert the necessary verbs of motion with the prefixes OT-, U- or PR-. Explain cases where options are possible.

1. Do you want to make your dress shorter? ...him in the studio. 2. Be kind, ... hence your things, they bother us. 3. The father asked his son ... dirty dishes for the kitchen and ... clean plates. 4. Where is your dog? - We... her to friends for a while. 5. Nadya, ... bring the dog into the kitchen, the children are afraid of her. 6. Where did you get this vase? - Her husband... is from China. 7. Which ... of your parents went to the village? 8. Who met you when... your parents went to the village? 9. To the store... fresh bread. 10. There are a lot of extra chairs here, ... please put them in another office. 11. Nina, ..., please, a new employee to the director. The director asked him...

Task 21. Read the story, insert verbs of motion with prefixes.

Yesterday we had dinner at a restaurant. We took a table by the window and began to look around. After 10 minutes... the waiter and... menu. We decided to order appetizers and main course, and will order dessert later. But the waiter did not leave us a menu, but... took it with him. Igor said: You wait, and I’ll just be a minute…. I want to put my briefcase in the wardrobe, otherwise it’s in my way. When he... came to our table... some girl asked if this place was free. We replied that the place was occupied, that our friend... would not be for long and would be back soon. She apologized and... look for an empty seat. Soon... Igor and... brought his friend with him, he met him at the entrance and invited him to have dinner with us. Now we needed another chair, but there were no empty seats anywhere! Finally, the waiter agreed to bring a chair from the hall, and we promised that we would then... put it in place ourselves. And here we are... salad, fresh vegetables, cold appetizers and bread. Then the waiter... empty dishes and plates and... hot food. Everything was delicious. We were so full that we didn’t even know if we could even eat dessert. But our waiter... a whole table on wheels with different cakes and pastries. Of course, we couldn't refuse. But here's the waiter... the bill. Well, it's not that expensive. We will still have money left for a taxi. It's already late, let's take a taxi... us home or at least the metro.

Prefix DO-

Related information.

People often confuse prefixes and prepositions. Because of this, the literacy of the texts they write suffers. And this happens due to the fact that not everyone understands the difference between a prefix and a preposition. This is precisely the cause of frequent mistakes.

What is the difference between a prefix and a preposition?

To make as few mistakes as possible when writing, you should remember the rule. And it says that prefixes are parts of words and are written together. With their help you can form new words.

Prepositions are an independent part of speech that must be written separately with other words. They help link words into coherent sentences.

The difficulty in defining is created by the fact that they often sound the same. That is why it is so important to understand how a prefix differs from a preposition. This rule should not only be memorized, but also be able to be used when writing.

To make this job easier, there are practical tips.

The verb has prefixes

But prepositions never stand next to verbs. This is one of the main tips. Therefore, we can answer the question of how a prefix differs from a preposition like this: “There can never be a preposition near a verb.”

As examples, you can take the words ran away, jumped up, flew in. The prefixes s-, sub-, v- in these verbs are similar in pronunciation to prepositions. But since we see verbs in front of us, we understand that they need to be written together.

Application of the first hint in life

Examples will help to consolidate the understanding of this feature, showing how a prefix differs from a preposition.

Petka ran away from class again. On the street, his beloved dog immediately jumped up to him, who was already waiting for him, lying under a school bench.

Let's look at these examples.

Escaped; from class.

In the first case, “s” is next to the verb, which means it is a prefix, and it is written together. In the second case, “s” refers to a noun, therefore, we cannot say anything concrete yet.

Using the same algorithm, we will analyze the words “jumped” and “under the bench.” In the first word we will sign the verb together, because it is a prefix. And in the phrase “under the bench,” the preposition “under” helps connect the words in a sentence and therefore stands separately from the noun.

But it is still difficult for children to determine the difference between prefixes and prepositions. The answer is provided by the second and third practical tips.

We put the noun in the initial form

This second tip is even more important. After all, it shows how a prefix differs from a preposition when it comes to nouns. Of course, it would be very simple if prefixes only helped form verbs. To the great regret of those who have difficulty spelling, nouns also have them.

This hint helps you determine the difference between prefixes and prepositions with nouns. It turns out that after we have determined that a word is not a verb, we should put it in the initial form, that is, in the nominative case.

Example of using the second hint

Knowing how to use a practical hint that determines how prefixes differ from prepositions, 5th graders can easily cope with the task. Fifth-graders usually already accurately understand where prefixes are and where prepositions are.

The algorithm of work is as follows. Reading the text:

The leg of the table broke

I'm tired of fixing it!

I'll look out the window...

And then - cut again!

Let’s check the phrase “at the table.”

This is not a verb, therefore, it cannot be said with certainty that “y” is a prefix.
We put “at the table” in the initial form along with the preposition, we get “table”. But such a word does not exist! There is only the word "table". So, “y” is a prefix. And it must be written separately from the noun.

Let’s look at the words “broke,” “tired,” and “I’ll see.” These are verbs, therefore, a priori they cannot have prepositions. We conclude: these are the prefixes “with”, “y”, “by”. And we already know how a prefix differs from a preposition in Russian - they need to be written together with the word.

This is not a verb, therefore it cannot be argued that “in” is a prefix.
We put “in the window” in the initial form along with the preposition, we get “in the window”. But such a word does not exist! There is only the word “window”. So, “in” is a prefix. And it must be written separately from the noun.

However, those who are especially stubborn may insist that the “window” actually exists, because even in the example it says so - “I’ll look out the window.” So that even they have nothing to hide, we will introduce them to one more, third practical tip. It is she who ultimately shows how a prefix differs from a preposition. The 5th grade may, as we see, give answers that are not entirely accurate if students do not know how to use it.

You can insert a question between a preposition and a word

Let's return to our example again. “Through the window” - which window? As you can see, the question fits well into the phrase. And if you wish, you can insert another word, for example, an adjective, instead of a question.

We come up with the following phrase: “I’ll look through the clean window for now.” Now it is clearly visible that the preposition and the noun have been successfully separated. Therefore, “in” cannot possibly be a preposition.

Examples of using the third hint

To be one hundred percent confident in the spelling of prefixes and prepositions with words, you should always put the third hint into practice.

“Arrival” is not a verb, therefore, we try to insert a question between “at” and “flight”. We can't do anything. This means that this is one word that needs to be written together.

“Flying” is not a verb, therefore, we are trying to insert a question between “for” and “flying.” We can't do anything. This means that this is one word that needs to be written together.

Working with context hints

So, let’s work out the algorithm for using hints in practice.

Cranes flew over the blue river.

“Above the blue” is not a verb, therefore we cannot claim that it is a prefix.
We put the phrase in the initial form. “Overblue” - such a word does not exist, which means it is not a prefix, but a preposition.
“Over the winding blue river” - another word is easily inserted between the preposition and the word. This once again proves that we have a word with a preposition.
Conclusion: “above” and “blue” must be written separately.

“Fly by” is a verb, therefore, “at” is a prefix and is written together with “fly”.

Consolidating rules and prepositions in practice

There are many options for strengthening your writing skills. Here's one way.

A text is given in which both prefixes and prepositions are placed in brackets. The student needs to open the brackets, that is, write the words either together or separately.

1. (over) the mountain, (over) run, (from) return, (from) roofs, (on) an envelope, (on) cut, (in) flew, (in) house, (from) rolled (from) mountains , (along) ran (along) paths, (about) read (about) cars, (to) drove (to) a birch, (to) ran (through) the village, (about) read (about) the city.

2. (In) the yard there was a mountain. There were a lot of children (on) the mountain all day. Mitya (on) a sled (from) rolled (from) the mountain.

(In) the hall there is a fragrant Christmas tree. (On) the branches are toys. Children ran (to) the fluffy beauty.

An interesting option for strengthening spelling skills of prefixes and prepositions is to select them yourself according to their meaning and insert them into context.

...I wandered ... the barn and ... fell asleep deeply ... in a pile of hay. All the guys...ran...on ice...skating.

Outdoor games and competitions in Russian language lessons

You can work on strengthening this skill in class without writing. The game "Clap" is played. All the guys get up from the tables. Those who make mistakes will sit down. As a result, only those children who are the most attentive and know how to use the rules will remain standing.

The teacher reads the words, and the players must clap their hands if the word has a prefix.

Arrived, flying, out the window, along the path, ran, squealed, at our Masha, at Masha, got away, got away, subdued, ordered, in front of me, diligent, beautiful, took communion, communion, aspen boletus, under the aspen, licking up, covering up, taking cover , cover, cover, over the trough, covered, covered, rug, lieutenant colonel.

The children who remain standing can be “rewarded” by giving them excellent marks in the journal.

The relay race is interesting, fun and unusual in the Russian language lesson. The class is divided into three teams, it is best to do this in rows. The board is also divided into three parts - each team is allocated one third. Cards with words are placed on the table in such a way that the words themselves are not visible. The guys run out to the table one by one, take any card and read what is written. If you come across a word with a prefix, it is written down in one column, if it is a phrase with a preposition, in another.

The team that completes the task the fastest will win. But here the second condition also applies: all words must be written correctly and be in their own column. If a team finishes first, it is awarded 20 points, second place - 15, and third - 10. For each mistake, one point should be taken away. After counting the errors and remaining points, the winning team can be calculated. The teacher decides how to reward its participants. But usually the recognition itself is enough for children. And the losers can be forced to crow or tug their own ears to the music.

Such games awaken children's interest in knowledge, because excitement and the thirst for victory are the strongest feelings. It is all the more easy to consolidate skills because children have a specific goal - to win the game against their comrades. This is not some illusory task - to learn to write correctly in order to be considered a cultured person. Therefore, playing in Russian lessons is a must!