Clothing protects the human body from adverse environmental conditions and, above all, ensures an optimal thermal state. Hygienic requirements for clothing are developed taking into account climatic (or microclimatic) conditions and the nature of human activity.

The hygienic characteristics of clothing as a whole depends largely on the quality of the materials used in its manufacture. When carrying out a hygienic examination of fabrics intended for the manufacture of children's clothing, the nature of the fibers and the structure of the fabric (they give a description of the structure of the fabric - knitted, woven, etc.), the mass of the fabric, the volumetric weight and thickness, air permeability, vapor permeability, hygroscopicity, maximum and minimal water capacity - bone, wettability, capillarity. All clothing studies are conducted on both unwashed and washed materials.

When carrying out an experimental wearing of clothes, the physicochemical and chemical properties of it are repeatedly (2-4 times) investigated, indicators characterizing the thermal state of children and their feeling of heat are systematically recorded.

When evaluating fabrics and clothing using polymeric materials, laboratory studies are carried out using special methods that make it possible to establish that clothing is not a source of emission of harmful chemical compounds potentially hazardous to health, and its properties such as sorption, electrostatic, etc.
Posted on ref.rf
do not reduce the optimal state of the body. In particular, the intensity of the electrostatic field on the surface of products should not exceed 0.3 kV / cm2.

Of particular importance in the hygienic assessment of clothing are physiological and hygienic studies carried out in natural conditions and aimed at studying the functional indicators of the child's body. In such conditions, a study of the heat-shielding properties of clothing is carried out.

Currently, control over the release of new samples of children's clothing is based on the following regulatory documents "Hygienic requirements for children's clothing" (guidelines), M., 1981 and "Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of clothing and footwear made of polymer materials" No. 1353-76, M ., 1977 The study is carried out according to the following scheme˸

1. Basic hygiene requirements for children's clothing.

2. Features of sanitary supervision over the production of children's clothing using chemical materials.

3. Determination of the thermal resistance of clothing.

Evaluation of data from laboratory studies of physical and mechanical parameters characterizing fabrics and "package" of fabrics. Evaluation of heat-shielding properties of children's clothing. In assessing the heat-shielding properties of clothing, observation of some of the general reactions of the body can be used. This is the determination of the amount of energy consumption, the amount of sweat released, the calculation of the pulse rate, respiration, etc. When considering the heat-shielding properties of clothing, the subjective assessment of these properties is also important - a verbal report on well-being. However, the most complete picture of the thermal insulation properties of clothing is provided by the study of the body's energy consumption, the change in the value of skin temperatures and the study of the heat flux density.

Overalls designed for workers in hot shops exposed to intense infrared radiation should be made of several layers of fabric: linen (outer layer), wool absorbing heat rays (middle layer), and soft hygroscopic cotton fabric (inner layer). In addition, special types of fabrics covered with a metal layer with a high reflectivity have been proposed for local protection against radiation.

An example of the adaptation of the cut of clothing to specific working conditions can be an overalls, which are intended for work that is dangerous by being involved in moving parts of mechanisms. This jumpsuit is made completely smooth (without straps) and supplied with internal pockets, and it must be made of fragile, easily torn fabrics (calico).

Another example of a tailored garment is the anti-dust suit, which is a blank jumpsuit made of heavy moleskin with a fitted helmet.

When evaluating workwear, one should take into account not only the protective properties, but also its hygienic qualities: breathability, hygroscopicity and thermal conductivity. In those cases when the selected fabric does not meet these requirements, it is necessary to correct the deficiencies due to the design features of the clothing in the form of cuts and holes that increase the ventilation of the warm air under the clothing.

It is also advisable to apply such materials in the form of patches on individual parts of the garment. For some professional groups of workers, in addition to protecting the skin, it is necessary to ensure the protection of the head from mechanical damage, burns and water ingress. For this, special types of hats should be used, for example, helmets and helmets for miners, cloth and felt hats for workers in hot shops, etc.

In addition, when carrying out some production processes, it is mandatory to use special footwear made of specific materials (shoes for miners, workers in hot shops, for protection against electric current, etc.). Enterprises should provide for separate storage of workwear and home clothes, as well as regular ventilation of workwear, dust removal and frequent washing.

"Hygiene", V.A. Pokrovsky

See also:

Investment attraction problems

One of the tasks currently facing municipalities is to create conditions for improving the quality of life of the population. At the same time, in the conditions of the current financial insolvency of municipalities, it cannot be solved without attracting investments in the real sectors of the economy.

At the same time, according to a lot of data, today municipalities are not ready to organize activities to attract investment to their territory.

REFERENCE:

In the period from December 2012 to February 2013, the All-Russian Council of Local Self-Government, together with the Consultant Foundation for Support of Legislative Initiatives, conducted a survey among municipalities (hereinafter referred to as the survey). More than 700 municipalities of all types from all federal districts of the Russian Federation took part in the survey. The range of questions answered by the municipalities covered almost the entire range of problems related to investment activities and the current state of affairs in the economy and social sphere of municipalities. The data obtained indicate that the municipal employees who participated in the survey do not have a common understanding of what is a measure to support the attraction of investments, how to assess and where (to which sectors) to attract these investments, what are the competitive advantages of the municipality in which they live and work.
Creation of conditions favorable for the growth of investment activity is of great importance for increasing the investment attractiveness of the municipality. At the same time, there is a tendency to the presence or absence of the entire spectrum of these conditions. Thus, the presence of entrepreneurship support programs in municipalities almost always corresponds to the presence of banking structures and the Internet. In addition, such data tend to differ depending on the type of municipality. The problems of investment attractiveness are especially acute in urban and rural settlements.

REFERENCE:

The survey results showed that:

  • the share of the working-age population of municipalities, regardless of the federal district and the type of municipality, averages 55%. At the same time, the number of unemployed citizens is significantly higher in urban and rural settlements (the best picture is in urban districts);
  • the average monthly wage level in urban districts is 2 times higher than in rural settlements (while in 40% of rural settlements this difference reaches three times);
  • banking structures are present only in 73 rural settlements;
  • only 2/3 of rural settlements have the Internet, while, as noted by the regions, most often of a rather low quality (i.e., low-speed, etc.).

Investment attractiveness

The investment climate in a municipality is determined by the interaction of its two components - investment attractiveness and investment activity. Comparison of the actual and possible investment activity of a municipality shows the degree of realization of this attractiveness, that is, the real use of the investment potential of the corresponding municipality by business entities and local governments.

The investment attractiveness of municipalities is understood as a set of various objective opportunities and restrictions that determine the intensity of attracting investments, as well as the investment activity of municipalities. At the same time, the investment activity of municipalities depends primarily on the personnel potential of local self-government bodies, the level of their professionalism and training in the area under consideration. If local governments do not have an understanding of why to use the territory as a priority, it is impossible to achieve a planned and effective socio-economic development of the municipality. In addition, only those municipalities will be successful, the administration of which not only assists the initiators of projects, but is also actively looking for new market niches, offering their opportunities.

Improvement of legislation

One of the main factors affecting the investment climate is the existing system of legislation, which determines the regulatory regime for investment activities and regulates the principles and mechanism of relationships between investors and government and local authorities, on the one hand, and other participants in economic relations and business entities, with another.

The most important regulatory legal act governing investment activities in the Russian Federation is the Federal Law of February 25, 1999 No. 39-FZ "On investment activities in the Russian Federation carried out in the form of capital investments", which determines the legal and economic foundations of investment activities carried out in the form of capital investments, on the territory of the Russian Federation, and also establishes guarantees of equal protection of the rights, interests and property of subjects of investment activity carried out in the form of capital investments, regardless of the form of ownership.

In addition, Federal Law No. 131-ФЗ dated 06.10.2003 "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" among the powers of local self-government bodies emphasizes the need to adopt and organize the implementation of plans and programs for the comprehensive socio-economic development of municipalities, taking into account, first of all, investment component. At the same time, not all municipalities take this component into account, which is confirmed by the survey data.

In many municipalities of the Russian Federation (mainly in urban districts and municipal districts), the issues of forming the investment attractiveness of the territory are really solved through the implementation of municipal programs or strategies for the investment development of the municipal formation,

EXAMPLE:

After analyzing the data on the availability of investment support measures at the municipal level, it should be noted that not all municipalities have developed and adopted investment support programs in the territory of the municipality. So, according to the data obtained in the course of the survey, out of 733 municipalities, with the exception of the inner-city territories of federal cities (Moscow and St. investment support falls on rural settlements.

Against the background of these data, the low level of quality of investment programs aimed at supporting entrepreneurs and the figures describing the satisfaction of the needs of municipalities in investment programs look quite natural (only in 75 surveyed municipalities, the need is satisfied by the availability of support programs).

In addition, it is necessary not only to satisfy the need for support programs for entrepreneurs, but also to raise their awareness of the existence of such programs in the municipality.

The type of entrepreneurship support program, its structure and the content of the sections should be chosen by directly analyzing all types of programs implemented in municipalities and assessing their effectiveness. The section on the implementation of the program must include provisions on control over the implementation of the program and provide for the monitoring of its implementation.

EXAMPLE:

In addition to the goals and objectives in the program "Increasing the investment attractiveness of the municipality Yegoryevsky District of Altai Territory for 2012-2016" outlines the problem and the need to solve it by program methods, as well as the expected results from the implementation of the program. The implementation of the program will achieve the following results:

  • improving the position of the territory in the regional ratings;
  • an increase in the number of implemented investment projects in priority sectors of the economy;
  • growth of innovative activity of enterprises;
  • an increase in the inflow of investments into the economy;
  • creation of additional jobs and growth of employment of the population;
  • an increase in the rate of economic growth and an increase in the well-being of the population.

Territory marketing

In addition to the regulatory framework, one of the important areas of investment attractiveness of the municipality is the marketing of the territory, or improving its "investment image" in the eyes of potential investors. In the basic municipal acts, this area should be given special attention.

EXAMPLE:

The Strategy for Investment Development of the Municipal Formation "City of Krasnodar" until 2030 * provides for the following.

"5.1.2. Marketing program and presentation activities. The main "components" of the image of the city of Krasnodar

Image concept. Creation of a verbal image. Each phrase conveyed to the target audience, each design element should communicate a certain meaning to the addressees. In order for all elements of the image policy to act effectively and as intended, a thorough study of the verbal image of Krasnodar is necessary.

The style of the city of Krasnodar. Creation of a graphic image. Style is a defined aesthetics that embraces all aspects of life. The development of the "corporate" style of Krasnodar enables the target audience to build associative rows. Touching the elements of Krasnodar's "corporate" style, noticing them in everyday life, the addressees of the image policy transfer their ideas about Krasnodar from passive to active memory, which directly influences the formation of migration preferences and the decision to invest.

The idea of ​​a certain way of life. Creation of images of consumption. One of the tasks of image policy is to develop in its addressees ideas about the way of life that they can achieve in Krasnodar. Creatively motivated people will go to Krasnodar if they feel that a creative environment is already forming in this city. This requires a set of real measures to create it and a set of PR solutions. As many different consumption patterns should be formed as target groups will be targeted. Temporary migrants who will take jobs in the industrial sector are attracted by one standard of consumption, while migrants applying for employment in the quaternary and quintuple sectors are attracted by others. This block of image policy will be most fully implemented in the Internet environment. Information about Krasnodar will be disseminated through the system of social networks, blogs, etc., involving the widest possible audience in the "Krasnodar orbit". The advantage of the Internet for brand promotion is the ability to clearly identify target groups and quantify the results of work.

The main elements of the image policy

1. Evenness. The basis for promoting the "brand" of a city is the events associated with it, forming an associative array with this city. Krasnodar, as a potentially creative city, should "specialize" in events of no less than an all-Russian scale. Small-scale events can negatively affect the image. The city should position itself as a venue for exclusive events. Events can be festivals, conferences, concerts, major political meetings, international sporting events, etc. The choice of specific events should be carried out from the point of view of positioning Krasnodar in Russia and the world. The authors of the Strategy see Krasnodar:

  • the "plenipotentiary representative" of the South of Russia in the international arena;
  • the city of exclusive presentation events, the city that is the "trendsetter" in the field of event marketing;
  • an all-Russian base for supporting UNESCO thematic initiatives;
  • an active acceptor of investments, attracting the most reliable and advanced partners for the implementation of urban planning policy and the needs of municipal administration;
  • "rear base" of the Sochi 2014 Olympics.

Taking into account the specialization of Krasnodar, its geographical position and other competitive advantages, the city can be offered to hold such events as the International Symposium on the Problems of Transportation of Fuel Resources, the World Festival of Agricultural Science Achievements, the International Conference on Low-Rise House Building Technologies, etc. effect to the corresponding branches of the city and region. A number of international seminars on this topic can provide a powerful impetus for the development of the event marketing industry. The image policy should contain the principles of competitive selection of events that are supposed to be held in Krasnodar. "

Thus, attracting investments in the economy of the municipality is one of the most important tasks, the solution of which will allow achieving dynamic socio-economic development of the territory. The investment policy of the municipality directly depends on the policy of the region. Therefore, the closest relationship between regional and municipal investment policy is necessary. The policy of regional and municipal authorities and the activities of business structures significantly affect the level of investment activity and the rate of economic growth of territories. Investment and, in general, economic activity largely depends on a number of objective factors and conditions, including on the investment potential of municipalities and the region. Thus, the most important condition for increasing the investment potential of a municipality is the presence of infrastructure-equipped sites for the construction or placement of investment objects, which require the interconnected work of regional authorities and local governments.

Taking measures to increase the investment attractiveness of municipalities, creating the most comfortable working conditions for investors can become an effective tool for increasing the well-being of the population, will contribute to financial stability, stability, and effective development of the economy of the municipality and the region as a whole. Among the above, it is imperative to provide for measures aimed at raising the level of qualifications of municipal employees in the field of attracting investors to the territory. The creation of a unified standard for organizing work to attract investments will help develop a specific algorithm in working with investors and improve the investment climate.

In order to change the current situation, it is also justified to search for new approaches to the impact on the economy of municipalities, in particular the least developed Russian rural settlements, which, on the one hand, are few in number and unattractive for most areas of business relative to other municipalities), and on the other hand, they are the main holders of land resources necessary for organizing new and expanding existing industries. This also needs to be borne in mind and, taking into account these factors, to develop programs and strategies for investment development for this type of municipalities.

Based on the materials of the magazine "Practice of Municipal Management"

Evgeny Smirnov

Bsadsensedinamick

# Investments

Ranking leaders

Navigating the article

  • Rating of investment attractiveness of Russian regions in 2018-2019
  • Investment attractiveness of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2019
  • ASI: rating of investment attractiveness of 2019
  • Twenty leaders in the rating of investment attractiveness of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (2019)
  • conclusions

In June of this year, at the St. Petersburg International Forum, the rating of the regions of Russia-2019 was presented, which showed all the advantages and disadvantages of the business environment of the subjects for domestic and foreign investors. The most effective practices for increasing the indicator and steps to improve the investment climate in specific regions were also announced. However, the full picture can be obtained by analyzing the indicators not only of the current year, but also of past years.

The initial information for assessing the attractiveness of investments in a particular entity is legislative acts, regional studies, publications and polls. But the most important sources for the assessment are statistical data on the development of regions, which are collected by authorized bodies. Based on the data received, Expert RA compiles ratings that allow potential investors to obtain maximum information on the subject of interest.

Rating of investment attractiveness of Russian regions in 2018-2019

There are many methods for assessing the indicator of business attractiveness of the constituent entities of the Federation. They differ among themselves by positions in the methodological calculation and by the very methods of calculation. The national rating of the constituent entities of the Federation is based on official information collected by Rosstat and authorized federal agencies. Among them is the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation.

Over the past four years, there has been a clear increase in the attractiveness of some regions for successful and long-term investment activities. However, in certain periods, the indicator of leading subjects decreased. According to the data of past years, almost 80% of all foreign investment inflows are received by only 16 regions.

Investment attractiveness of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2019

Powerful regions with great resource and raw material potential took the leading positions in the 2019 ranking. The analysis showed a decline in the business attractiveness of outsider entities. The exception is the Kaluga Region, whose authorities have made efforts to develop favorable conditions for investment in innovative and technological industries.

As for the subjects individually, the national rating of the regions of Russia in 2019 covered all participants and displays the following results:

  • Two regions (Moscow and the Republic of Tatarstan) have excellent potential and are characterized by minimal risk for investors.
  • Three regions (St. Petersburg, Tyumen and Kaluga regions) demonstrate moderate risks and high investment potential.
  • The assessment of six regions, including the Leningrad and Moscow regions, showed a slight decrease in investment attractiveness and minimal risks.
  • Four regions have low rates and extreme risk.
  • Medium potential and high risk were shown by 10 subjects.
  • 12 regions distinguished themselves with insignificant potential with high risks.
  • In eleven regions, the assessment of investment attractiveness revealed insignificant potential and risk at a moderate level.
  • The remaining subjects showed reduced potential, but moderate risks.

Low rates of infrastructure development, weak economy, negative data on the inflow of investments, development of ineffective budgets and an impressive debt burden influenced the decrease in the indicators of outsider entities. As a method of creating acceptable conditions for investors, the regions are recommended to strengthen state support and expand the possibilities of budgets in this direction.

Specialists of the Ministry of Economic Development and the Agency for Strategic Initiatives have developed an extensive "road map" to improve the investment climate - both for the subjects separately and for the country as a whole. Its implementation has become one of the priority tasks set for the state. Thus, the rating of Russian regions in 2019 inspires investment optimism, as evidenced by the assessments already carried out.

ASI: rating of investment attractiveness of 2019

As a joint project of the ASI (Agency for Strategic Initiatives), the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Russian Union of Entrepreneurs and Industrialists, as well as other business associations, the rating evaluates the steps taken by the regional authorities to improve the investment climate of the constituent entities. In the process of assessment, effective practices are identified, and the results of the rating fulfill an important goal - to create a competitive investment environment and stimulate regions to fight for investment.

This year, at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum, the national rating of Russian regions 2019 from ASI was presented. In assessing the data obtained, an important place was occupied not only by the analysis of the investment climate according to traditional indicators, but also by the criteria for the quality of the provision of various public services. Here we are talking about issuing permits and licenses, registering legal entities, supporting small businesses, and so on.

According to the tradition of recent years, the first twenty leaders were announced, but experts noted that many subjects have improved their indicators thanks to the previously developed "road map" and the economic efforts of regional and local authorities.

Top 20 in the rating of investment attractiveness of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (2019)

  • Moscow showed an increase of one indicator and received the first place.
  • The Tyumen region moved from the first to the third place. Tatarstan became the second.
  • A real breakthrough in improving the attractiveness of the business environment for investment was made by the Kaluga Region (+9 positions, 4th place).
  • St. Petersburg dropped its position and became the fifth in the ranking.
  • Tula, Moscow, Belgorod, Leningrad and Ulyanovsk regions were also in the top ten.

Experts also noted the excellent result of the Novgorod and Smolensk regions, which took 14th and 20th places, respectively, in the rating of investment attractiveness.

Rating of regions of the Russian Federation in 2018 by investment attractiveness

Subject Results of 2019 Results of 2018 Comparison of positions
Moscow 1 2 +1
Republic of Tatarstan 2 3 +1
Tyumen region 3 1 -2
Kaluga region 4 13 +9
St. Petersburg 5 4 -1
Tula region 6 5 -1
Moscow region 7 9 +2
Belgorod region 8 11 +3
Leningrad region 9 12 +3
Ulyanovsk region 10 10 0
Chuvash Republic 11 8 -3
Tambov Region 12 16 +4
Krasnodar region 13 6 -7
Novgorod region 14 29 +15
Voronezh region 15 7 -8
Republic of Bashkortostan 16 23 +7
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra 17 14 -3
Yaroslavskaya oblast 18 17 -1
Novosibirsk region 19 19 0
Smolensk region 20 31 +11

conclusions

Based on the data of the rating of investment attractiveness of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for 2019, it can be noted with confidence that good conditions for doing business, natural resources and the capital's advantages become the key to the first places in the rating.