The fact that the offices in speech, that is, inappropriate, deliberately zavel words and expressions, is a problem, she said Chukovsky's roots (he was not only a children's writer, but also a very good literary critic). The term he called these words is based on the example of serious medical terms (otitis, meningitis and, unexpectedly, the Office). By this, he expressed Ironyu on "empty", not carrying information of acknowledged words only for the sake of acknowledged words.

Stationery Words is the truth in many ways the disease of speech, although it is not so terrible, like his little. Sometimes the officessels are quite appropriate, and in the artistic work, from where their people with a good taste for the word ruthlessly strike, carry an important function. By the way, and "carry an important function", and "by the way" are examples of the stationery. It is impossible to completely delete from the text, without yielding to deliberate simplification, and, even in articles, angry denial of the office, as a phenomenon, the careful reader will find a couple of examples of these most stationery.

Let's figure out what the offices are in Russian, what a danger carry, how to deal with them, and most importantly, when it really needs to be struggling.

A little about origin

In Russian, there are only five functional styles of speech. The word "functional" describes the differences between them. In speech of spoken, art or formal business, various appointments, different areas of application. We will not stop on the features of each style, pay attention immediately to the necessary us.

Chancelleryrs - It is an outcom from an official-business style, or rather from the "state" language of Tsarist Russia, and later from the Soviet bureaucratic reality, where it was necessary to write a statement to writing the statement, and all this on a speech pattern (in this regard, little has changed, just The phenomenon ceased to be new and no one is not impressive).

Chancelleryrs - These are words and expressions peculiar to official-business style (that is, the language of applications, petitions, legal references), and used in the artistic, jetty or conversational style of speech.

Especially not to the place and often use the stationery in journalism. In essence, journalistic speech, that is, the speech of newspapers, magazines, posts in publics and on news sites should be written at the junction of artistic style (as artistic text) and conversational (to facilitate perception). Journalists for some reason complicate their texts. Even worse, when artificially complicated artistic texts, because then it suffers not only content, but also a form.

When do the offices are used? Examples

Stationery vocabulary is in more consuming inexperienced authors usually in order to

Make the text more dusty, cause more reader trust. In some sense it works. People are really more trusted by business, funeral texts written with maximum seriousness. It creates the impression of the author's competence, as if he writes in the usual subject for himself. But artificially complicated by keycases the text is very difficult to read and understand. Behind the vesizated forms, the meaning is poorly visible. It means, in speech styles, where the main task is to give the reader information, the officessels are not needed, it is necessary to get rid of them;
Increase text volume. Sometimes the authors seem that the more text, the better. It does not work so much, Chekhov also stated that the real talent in conciseness. With the words you need to handle carefully, with frequent use, they lose the "color and shape", like things with daily washing.
Let's see what the stationery speech style is and when it is not necessary to use it. Consider examples and types of stationery.

Replacing verbs by other parts of speech

The verb is an action, this is a movement. In artistic texts, journalistic works, in everyday speech, the dynamics is very important if the text is not dynamic, then read it is boring.

How are the office of "kill" the dynamics of the text? Simple example:

- "We are discussing this book today"?
"No, today there is a discussion of the book."

It would seem that the difference is not great, the point is the same. But what happened in the text? The verb "is discussed", which carried the concrete meaning of a particular action, while passed the dynamics, is replaced with the verb "pacifier" in the semantic sense "occurs" (without context, it is not clear what "occurs") and a noun "discussion". The meaning, if you figure it out, the same, "discuss the book" and "there is a discussion of the book", semantically, that is, the meaning is the same.

But in the first case, the offer is easier for perception and there is more movement. "We are discussing" is an event, and "talking" is a word for a business report. This is one of the favorite techniques of the stationery style. But the style of business paper and should be not dynamic and dismandable, but in the artwork or journalistic, it is almost always inappropriate.

Inoyasic terms

Sometimes without borrowed terms do not do. The world develops very quickly, the Russian language simply does not have time to create his own words to express some phenomena. If we decide to write an article or essay about the blockchain, then it will be difficult for us (read as impossible) not to use "new-fashioned" terms, definitions, sometimes even warvarisms (borrowing from another language not by the rules of borrowing, but "as is"). The only thing that can be done to facilitate text in this case is simply and intelligibly explain the essence of phenomena with complex names.

But the majority of serious terms from Wikipedia and desktop dictionaries have analogues from the everyday vocabulary of the average person. In the previous sentence, we said an "counterparts", and could say "replacement".

The use of terms is not bad, but when there are many of them, it becomes difficult to read. Few people agree to read sitting with the dictionary.

Therefore, in the article for linguists, it is normal to see the phrase "allocation of affixes in the names of speech", but in an artistic story for children it is wiser to write out that "Pete asked to find the endings of nouns and adjectives." "Pet asked to allocate affixes in the names of speech" - this is or stationery and mixing styles, or weekdays student philologist.

Replacing the "active" revolutions "passive"

In a good not business text, the reader is very important to feel involvement in what is happening. It does not matter, its, participants of events or the heroes of the artistic work, but that the event fascinated, he must have actors. The presence of the acting person expresses the "active" speech turnover. Chancellery is a replacement with "active" to "passive turnover". This is how it happens:

"We see how this young artist conquers new vertices of creativity" - In this expression, the "young artist" acts, and the reader comongs.

"We see the conquest of new peaks with this young artist" - the feeling that the tops are conquered by themselves. The hero is no longer so you want to empathize.

Funny prepositions

Pure stationery, which is very difficult to avoid. But not because it is necessary to use the prepositions that are formed from the nouns to write a good text, but because it is very familiar to write with inserts like "in force", "due to", "in terms of", sometimes they really help hide weak logic in The relationship between proposals or parts of the sentence.

Therefore, after writing the text, it is best to re-read it and remove those deemed prepositions that are not cleaned to the detailed sense, and the others leave on their conscience (or to carry out more serious work and understand why it is not logical without such a bundle).

Templates and stamps

The template expressions are in any style of speech, in each of its own. But stationery templates are truly omnipresent. They are piss, bad artwork and speech of very serious people in administrations and offices. "Currently," "should be noted", "today", etc. From all these designs, it is easy to get rid of the detailed sense and language of the work. But you should not show fanaticism, because sometimes it is really necessary to write about what the case is "today."

In any case, associated with the language, you should not exercise fanaticism in anything. Therefore, the answer to the question "Office" - what is it? " Not always "ruined text". Sometimes office can be useful. After all, there is a difference between the hero, which "says" and the hero, which "speaks relative to the question." There is a difference between the use of multiple terms in the article by the newspaper, designed for a wide audience, and the article is highly specialized, scientific.

In this article:

Inexperienced copywriters love to use the offices, so that beautiful words (in their opinion) make the text more serious and more valid. But the seriousness and respect are not supplied by the stationery and stamps, but concrete and facts.

In this article, consider proposals with the Office: when it is appropriate to use them, and when not. If you do not distinguish this thin line, the author can easily lose the reputation. Let's start with simple: why copywriters love to use the offices. And at the end of the dessert: 3 steps to get rid of the stationerys today.

The first example is familiar to most residents of high-rise buildings:

Without respect
Dear tenants! Vodokanal is informed that from April 4 to April 6, there will be no water in your house. We apologize for the inconvenience!

Yours faithfully
Water will not be from 4 to 6 April. Your entrance will come a truck with free water from the artesian well at 6:00 and 18:00.

In your house, old pipes broke through. Repair them is not economical and dangerous, so we will replace new ones. Water will be clean, and you can drink it from the crane. To catch up on time, water will work around the clock.

Sorry for the inconvenience! Head of Vodokanal Izuv Ivan.

Left: Vodokanal speaks in her usual style - without respect with the offseeliers. Right: in unusual, but with respect in the information style. Noticed the difference? How nicer and more interesting to read the second option although it is longer.

Now let's talk about what is the office and what to do to be more likely to be.

What is Chasesenelism

Chancelleryrs are words and phrases that are used in an official-business style. If you have ever read agreements, certificates, acts, protocols and other official papers, they could not not notice the words that we do not use in everyday speech. Using these words in info-lyrics, the authors allow a stylistic error.

Examples of stationery in Russian

Here is a list of words that copywriters adore to use in their articles. Words of the Office:

to date
currently
namely
as well as
necessary

is an
to avoid
declare
realize
Can not be noted

be able to
directly
The above
Sales
Pay attention

You can print and watch when you write text. Or read on the article and find out how to learn to recognize these words. After all, they are much more than in the list.

Officearis as the basis of a business style

The term "Customer" introduced the roots of Chukovsky. In the book "Live as a Life", he explained in the examples that in the middle of the 20th century, hesweelite penetrated deeply into a conversational style.

Info-businessmen often use them to make importance to their words. And the headsower people like to indulge the scammers, wrapping a lie in dull phrases. And, what is there, wanting to appear smarter and add weight to text, copywriters also fall into the office. But believe me if you write honest selling texts, use the stationery is meaningless. Do you have accurate facts? - Operate them! Then the need to "seem" smarter will disappear, the facts will do everything for you.

Cancelira
Being sick, I could not go to school.

We will turn on to the campaign on the organization of the struggle for sweeping streets.

Abundant precipitation fell.

Spoken style
I got sick and could not go.

Take the streets.

Passed strong rains.

But with copywriting everything is much worse.

How to recognize the office in copywriting

Chase office is meaningless. Where it is more useful to distinguish their categories. They are divided into five categories:

Verbal noun.
Participle.
Tempecia.
Passive voice.
Foreign words.

We wish for each.

Sevective noun

Sevective nouns are a dead verb. They appear due to a weak subject and upload a proposal by abstract concepts:

Yes
We repair MacBooks.

We teach teenage english language and prepare for the exam.

We deliver pizza in 30 minutes throughout Moscow. If you are late, we will give free.

To add separate nouns in the offer, you need a design with the verb in type implement, render, produce, exercise. This design kills the action and energy of the sentence. Leave one verb:

The charm of reception is that words have become less, but no sense has changed.

Participle

Communion in the form of a ungalled adjective:

A team working without holidays.

Not
A team working without holidays.

An employee who was late for half an hour is dismissed without proceedings.

Ministry of Health issued decree.

Bank, which gives a loan to $ 1 million.

Yes
The team works without days off.

If an employee is late for half an hour, he will be fired without proceedings.

Ministry of Health issued a decree.

Bank credit to 1 million.

Either replace communion on the verbs, or delete. Without communion, the offer will become cleaner and more.

Tempecios

Temploying in the form of a separable adverb:

After graduating from Moscow State University, Igor went to work in Google. Working in the office, he met a long-time Valera. While still children, they dreamed of being workers in Google. But a month later, the bosses decided to dismiss them.

Almost always, verbalia can be removed and not losing the meaning. We remove verbalia, fill the proposal by the facts:

Not
After graduating from Moscow State University, Igor went to work in Google.

Working in the office, he met a long-time Valera.

While still children, they dreamed of being workers in Google.

But a month later, the bosses decided to dismiss them.

Yes
After MSU, Igor went to work in Google programmer.

At work in the office, he met a long-time Valera.

They dreamed of working in Google when Igor was 7, and Valera 8.

But a month later, the bosses fired them, they were late for 2 hours every day.

Teperysty lubricate specifics and attract the facts behind the ears. Delete verbalia, add facts and examples.

Passive voice

The suffering deposit is the most perverted way to deprive the verb of action. It's harder to read with him, it loads the text with garbage. Compare how the suffering deposit complicates the offer in contrast to the actual:

Passive
Aphon repair is successfully completed.

Due to the difficult task, the project's delivery will be implemented in the next few days.

Valid
The master renovated an iPhone.

Programmer Nakosyachil. He needs 2 days to fix everything.

Not
The director was introduced ...

The event will be held on the street ...

Money was successfully translated.

Yes
Director introduced ...

The event will take place on the street ...

I transferred money.

Find the acting person, arms the actual deposit and the offer will revive:

Not
"Mona Lisa" was written by Leonardo da Vinci in 1503

The rest was successful.

Access keys were provided after the project is completed.

Yes
Leonardo da Vinci wrote "Mona Lisa" in 1503.

I rested.

The performer gave the owner of the access keys when completed the project.

Either use the verb, and the offer will come true, or remove the verb.

Foreign words

Foreign words are divided into 3 types: scientific, philosophical, technical. Inexperienced copywrites thoughtlessly and mechanically make them in the Russian text. It seems to them as if the text becomes more accurate and solid, but in reality it turns out an ax and distorted nonsense:

Not
Today Sam experiences prostration due to unforeseen circumstances.

Sam nourishes a pronounced frustration to dogs.

The next morning, Sam passed the state of affect, and he took appropriate measures.

Yes
Today Sam flew from the flock of street dogs. It is emotionally depleted and wants to relax alone.

Sam so much angry with dogs, which is preparing a plan, how to revenge.

The next morning Sam cooled and began to prepare a plan: how to help the neighbors so that the street dogs do not bite them.

Foreign words make text not only dry and treason, they distort and thought. Or replace foreign words to Russians, or delete. Without them, the text will become more interesting, and the thought is clearer.

Chancellery and speech stamps

A stamp is a template design of several words. Often it is the winged expressions that we use in speech so as not to go into details, but simply pass the essence. Sometimes such phrases are appropriate, but if there are many in the article, it seems that the text is "nothing about."

Not
Our income is lame on both legs.

Sold a house with all the guts.

We are a team of professional masters that provide a full range of services for quality repair of McBooks.

Yes
Our income fall.

Sold a house with furniture and appliances.

We repair and diagnose MacBooks in any condition: Although filled with water, even broken. We repair original items. Warranty 3 years. If McBuck breaks down, reed at your own expense.

With stamps nothing is clear. Either explain the stamps, or delete. Otherwise, your articles will be like bitter candy in a colorful wound.

Is it bad to use the offices in speech

Office alerts are acceptable to use where the place is in business papers. But when the offices are penetrated into the spoken and information style, horror begins: the laconicity kill extra words, interest is intelligent information, and the truth is etched by bhamatic assessments and bhavalia.

Office auction is the most common, the most malignant disease of our speech. From them the phrase becomes motionless. Its essence can be expressed twice, three times shorter - and will come out live and expressive.

Office alerts steal energy and paints from the supply. And then the reader instead of watching a colorful film, looking a black and white picture:

Black and white picture
Pushkin is busy writing poems.

Confectioner carries out brownie cake.

The tanker performs oil transportation through the Pacific Ocean.

Colorful film
Pushkin writes poems with pen.

The confectioner cuts Brown's cake.

The tanker is transporting oil through the Pacific Ocean.

Use the officessels where they are not a place, the same thing that there is a soup with stationery clips - nonsense.

How to do without stationery

The offseeorism is impregnated with verbal garbage and lack of benefit. If the author understood the material badly or he has very little data, he will write with offsefficient. Slender this garbage is able to informational style.

If you can not explain it with simple words, you do not understand it until the end.
Albert Einstein

Information Style is editorial techniques that help make text concise, interesting and honest.

Laconic - it means without unnecessary words:

Not

Yes
We prepare and repair the premises.

Interesting means with useful information:

Not
We provide high-quality and honest services for the preparation and repair of premises.

Yes
Cover or endure furniture from the room. Building materials buy from proven suppliers and do not carve money when buying. We repair original tools.

Honest means without barracks and bhamatic estimates:

Not
We are highly professional wizards for the repair of premises.

Yes
97% of customers are satisfied with the quality of our repair.

If you want to take possession of your reader, describe complex things with simple words this is the main rule of infantail. And then you will not be ashamed of your text.

When not to do without office

In copywriting without offsefficials, it is impossible to do where it is necessary to hide the truth for many empty words and not get on the ears from the boss. Still at copywriters have an unhealthy habit. They think that in legal documents without stationery, it is not necessary to do. But in the law there is no such requirement.

But, on the other hand, there is a category of people who think by the headswearers are lawyers and officials. Kohl is your target audience. Your article will not help you. Such people appreciate speech by the number of marriage words, and if you do not use them Loss.

"Yes, he has disense!"

On business
The doctor believes that the patient is idiosyncrasy.

The fencer was beautifully parked the counterattack of the enemy.

Psychologists gave the definition of the concept of "disncess."

In the office of the case there is nothing wrong.

How to check if I do not use the Office

In the service of Glavred.ru you can check yourself on the stationery bureaucrat. Insert the text into the working field, wait 5 seconds and the challenges shows the quality of the text in points: from 1 to 10.

Glavond highlights possible errors and gives links to them with articles.

Three steps to get rid of the stationeryrs today

Check yourself in Glavred.ru.
Read the Book of Nora Gal "Word Live and Dead" and the book of Kornea Chukovsky "Live as life."
Remember the group of officeons: a separable, noun, communion, verbality, a stratifying deposit and stamps.

After reading the books you will probably be able to clearly identify for yourself the words that prevent your reader to understand the thought. We will not be "checked" in the commanders in order not to miss a muddy sense.

My IMHO

Without stationery, the text will become brighter, more and more expressive. But this does not mean that they need to be removed everywhere. If the couple is slipped - it is not scary, the main thing is not to "reduce" your text. Remove the office by the mind, and not template: if they are in the case - leave if not - in the furnace.

It is no secret that readers are interesting to articles in which the clear language is described what they want to figure out. If the author himself did not understand what he wrote, but disadvantaged by the text by the Office, it is unlikely that his work will be valuable to the reader. Therefore, the author's debt is to attract the reader, and not push it off by the office.

With the analysis of errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistic painted vocabulary, special attention should be paid to the words related to the official-business style. Elements of formal-business style introduced into the context stylistically alien for them are called offices. It should be remembered that these speech funds are referred to by the offseleamism only when they are used in speech, not related official-business-style standards.

Stamps - These are beaten expressions with a sweat lexical value and erased expressiveness. The stamps are words, phrases and even entire proposals that arise as new, stylistically expressive speech products, but as a result of too frequent use, the initial imagery is lost. Example: When voting rose the forest of hands. A variety of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most common and uncertain values: question, task, raise, provide Both. Usually, universal words are accompanied by screenwrites: work - Casual, Level - High, Support - Hot. Numerous journalistic stamps ( field workers, city on the Volga), literary crime ( exciting image, angry protest)

Speech stamps are becoming widespread words and expressions with erased semantics and sweat emotional color. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression is beginning to be used in a portable value to obtain a residence permit (each ball flying into the net grid receives a permanent registration in the tables; Muza Petrovsky has a permanent registration in the hearts; Aphrodite entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now she is spelled out in our city ).

A stamp can be any frequently repeated speech tool, such as template metaphors, definitions that have lost their shape due to the permanent appeal to them, even beaten rhymes (tears are roses). However, in the practical stylist, the term "speech stamp" was gaining a narrower value: so called stereotypical expressions that have a stationery painting.

Among the speech stamps, which arose as a result of the influence of official-business style on other styles, you can select primitive speech speeds: at this stage, in this period of time, today, stressed with all the sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do nothing to the content of the statement, but only clog the speech: In this period, the difficult situation has developed with the liquidation of debt to enterprises-suppliers; Currently, it is taken under unreasonable control of payroll miners; At this stage, Iquomet from Caracia is normal, etc. The elimination of the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

The speech stamps also include universal words that are used in various, often too broad, uncertain values \u200b\u200b(question, event, row, carry out, deploy, separate, defined, etc.). For example, a noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what food issues in the first 10-12 days are particularly important; there are big attention to the issues of timely tax collection from enterprises and commercial structures). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (Wed: food is especially important in the first 10-12 days; it is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

The word is as universal, too often superfluous; This can be seen by comparing two edits of proposals from newsstands:

Unjustified use of verbs-ligaments - one of the most common stylistic shortcomings in special literature. However, this does not mean that the ligaments should be banned.

Satellite words are related to speech stamps; The use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of another (Wed: the event - spent, scope - wide, criticism - sharp, the problem is unresolved, urgent, etc.). Definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they generate speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, saving the need to look for the necessary, accurate words, deprive the specificity of concreteness. For example: the current season was conducted at a high organizational level - this proposal can be inserted into the report and cleaning of the hay, and about sports competitions, and the preparation of housing in the winter, and the grape fees ...

A set of speech stamps change over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and distribution of stamps.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. Language standards are called prepared, reproducible means of expressions used in a journalistic style. Unlike the stamp, "Standard ... does not cause a negative relationship, as it has a clear semantics and economically expresses the idea, contributing to the speed of information transfer." Language standards include, for example, such combinations that have received sustained nature: budget workers, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, power departments, branches of the Russian authorities, according to informed sources, - phrases such as life service (nutrition, health, health , recreation, etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, as it is impossible in each particular case to invent new means of expression.

Chancelleryrs - verbal stamps and template expressions, grammatical forms and designs inherent in the official-business style of a written speech and a "bureaucratic" version of the oral, special "office" (definition of K. Chukovsky), the jargon of officials, "officials". This, for example, "incoming" and "outgoing" (paper numbers, documents), "execution of the decision to entrust (report)", "provide assistance", "assist" (instead of "helping", "promote"), "I ask consider "," to work out a question ( decision) "," to use (resource, people, departments, etc.) "," in accordance with the decision "," according to the decision "(instead of" by decision "), etc. - PK - regular linguistic language phenomenon; They facilitate drawing up, reading and, ultimately, passing papers. instantia". K. - idiomatic expressions of a special kind, among them there are many archaic, inherited modern bureaucracy from the predecessors of the XIX century. K. can be considered as result Linguistic "energy conservation" - with the help of stamps and templates to write and speak much easier and faster than using bright, expressive, artistic speech and linguistic agents.

Elements of formal-business style introduced into the context stylistically alien for them are called offices. It should be remembered that these speech funds are referred to by the offseleamism only when they are used in speech, not related official-business-style standards.

The lexical and phraseological offselerances include words and phrases, having a typical color-style painting (presence, for lack of, avoiding, living, withdrawn, the above, is also the same.). The use of them is involved in the inexpressive (if desired, you can make a lot to improve the working conditions of the workers; there is currently no pedagogical personnel.

As a rule, you can find many options for the expression of thought, avoiding stationery. For example, why write a journalist: in marriage there is a negative side in the activities of the enterprise, if we can say: bad when the company issues marriage; Marriage is unacceptable in work; Marriage is a great evil with whom you have to fight; It is necessary to not allow marriage in production; It is necessary to finally stop the production of defective products!; You can not put up with a marriage! Simple and concrete wording is stronger than the reader.

The stationery color of speech often give the separable nouns formed with the help of suffixes -, -ani, and others. (Identification, finding, taking, inflatable, summation) and Bessfix (tailoring, hijacking, ration). The stationery shade will be aggravated by the prefixes of non-, underestimated, under-compliance). Russian writers often paroded the syllable, "decorated" by such chancellery [case about the ardent of the planned mice plan (hertz); The case of planetic and breaking the glass of Crown (IP.); Announced Vanina's widow that in the unclusion of the sixtheyathist brand ... (Ch.)].

Sevective nouns do not have categories of time, species, inclination, pledge, face. This narrows their expressive opportunities in comparison with the verbs. For example, accuracy is devoid of such a proposal: from the head of the farm V.I. The slab was manifested by a negligence attitude towards the milking and feeding of cows. You might think that the head heard was bad and fed the cows, but the author wanted only to say that the head of the farm V.I. Shelk did nothing to facilitate the labor of the milk, harvesting feed for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the exclusive nouns The value of the pledge can lead to the ambiguity of the design of the type of approval of the professor (Professor claims or claim it?), I love singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with exclusive noun, the faugible is often expressed by the suffering form of communion or a return verb, it deprives the activity of activity and strengthens the stationery color of speech [At the end of the familiarization with sights of tourists, their photographing was allowed (better: tourists showed sights and allowed them to photograph)].

However, not all ungalled nouns in Russian belong to official-business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic color, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical value and word formation. There is nothing in common with the offseeorism with the exclusive nouns with the value of the face (teacher, self-taught, rubber, bully), many nouns with the value of action (running, crying, game, wash, shooting, bombing).

Separate nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral (meaning, name, excitement), many of them have changed in Lena, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (Wed: Pirogov's cookies - Sweet Cookies, Circling Cherries - Cherry Jam). Others retain close relationship with verbs, speaking as distracted names of action, processes (adoption, non-recovery, prevention). It is likely that the stationery is most often inherent and inherent in the stationery, it is not only those who have received in the language strict terminological importance (drilling, spelling, adjoining).

The use of the stationerys of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the tame", i.e. The replacement of a simple verby led by a combination of an exclusive noun with auxiliary verb having a weakened lexical value (instead complicates, leads to complication). So, they write: this leads to complication, confusing accounting and increase costs, and it is better to write: it complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, it is impossible to fall into extremes, rejecting any cases of consumption of verbal-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In the book styles, such combinations are often used: they took part instead of participating, gave an indication instead indicated, etc. In an official-business style, the verbal-nominal combinations were admitted to declare gratitude, to adopt to execute, impose a penalty (in these cases, the verbs to thank, execute, to recover inappropriate), etc. The scientific style uses such terminological combinations, as the visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is made, etc. In the journalistic style, the expressions of the workers declared a strike, there were clashes with the police, an attempt was made on the minister. In such cases, without separable nouns, it is not necessary and there is no reason to consider them by the headseeans.

The use of verbal-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, a combination of becoming hot participation more capacious in meaning than verb to participate. The definition of nouns allows you to give the verbal-nominal combination of the exact terminological value (CP: help - provide emergency medical care). Using the verbal-nominal combination instead of verb can also contribute to the elimination of lexical meaningfulness of verbs (Wed: Give the beep - to buzz). The preference of such verbal-nominal combinations of verbs naturally does not cause doubts; The use of them does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives speech greater effectiveness.

In other cases, the use of the verbal-nominal combination makes a stationery painting in the proposal. Compare two types of syntactic structures-with verbal-nominal combination and with verb:

As we can see, the consumption of turnover with the exclusive noun (instead of a simple fag) in such cases it is inappropriate - it generates multi-climb and rejects the syllable.

The influence of official-business style is often explained by the unjustified use of replacing prepositions: along line, in the context, in terms of, in fact, in terms of purposes, to the address, in the area, in terms of level, at the expense, etc. they got a big Distribution in book styles, and under certain conditions, the use of them is stylistically justified. However, it is often a passion for them causes damage to the presentation, reflecting the syllable and giving him the stationery. This is partly due to the fact that the replacement prepositions usually require the use of exclusive nouns, which leads to the rolling of cases. For example: due to improving the organization of repayment of payroll and retirement debt, improving customer service culture should increase trade in state and commercial stores - the accumulation of exclusive nouns, many identical case forms made an offer to heavy, cumbersome. To straighten the text, it is necessary to exclude from it the remote preposition, if possible, replace the exclusive nouns with verbs. Suppose such an option: to increase trade in state and commercial stores, you need to pay a timely salary and do not delay the retirement to citizens, as well as increase the culture of customer service.

Some authors use the loan prepositions automatically, without thinking over their meaning, which in part in them is still preserved. For example: due to the lack of materials, the construction is suspended (as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of replacing predictions often leads to the illogical statement.

An exception from the text of the reported predictions, as you can see, eliminates the verbose, helps to express the thought more specifically and stylistically correctly.

As words-wegnor Most often act:

particles (index hereSurvising well, Modal perhapsaffirmative so, questioning yes, emotional expressive just and straight and comparative as if), modal words (of course, probably probably seems), introductory units (in general, in general, in principle, let's say, it means, in short, for example, you understand, say so, listen to, actually it became so to speak) I. proponation (Signable pronoun this is, combination of index and determining pronovation is the most, a combination of a questioning pronoun what and particles, combination of placed adverbing and subject-personal pronouns like it, locomotive adverb there).
Examples:
"So I came to you ... Here ... But you ... here ... I didn't find" (Uch-to 7 cl.).
"That's when we were on the excursions, well, so ... here ... when they dropped to the river ... So ... and this ... they saw the beaver ..." (Uch-Kl.).
"In the village ... here ... Every year more and more ... here ... unfamiliar. I come ... here ... - and almost do not know anyone ... here" (woman 26 years old) .
"Well, let's say, the language is styled on styles. Well, let's say, there are five styles of the language" (Felol student. F-TA).

19. Speech gogistics. Word formation as a source of speech wealth.

Wealth Speech - A set of language tools (lexical, grammatical, stylistic), which owns and skillfully uses a separate person in accordance with the situation. The wealth of speech is determined by the ability of a person to express one and the same thought, the same grammatical meaning in many ways.
The richness of speech is associated with a variety of used speaking means of expressing thought, synonyms, ways to build a statement, text organization.
To achieve this quality, it is necessary to replenish your vocabulary by reading the literature, pay attention to the grammatical and stylistic features of the readable texts, to be in shades of words, notice the stamps, beaten phrases.

The level of speech culture depends not only on the knowledge of the norms of the literary language, the laws of logic and strict following them, but also from ownership of its wealth, the ability to use them in the process of communication.

The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and developed languages \u200b\u200bof the world. His wealth is in the innumerable reserve of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic saturation of the dictionary, in the limitless possibilities of phonetics, word formation and combination of words, in the manifold of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and options, syntactic structures and intonations. All this allows you to express the finest semantic and emotional shades. "There is nothing like that in the world in the world around us and in our consciousness," says K.G. Paust, "that it could not be conveyed by the Russian word: and the sound of music, and ... shine of the paints, and the noise of rain, and the fantasticity of dreams, And the heavy rumble, and children's bow, and the nursing rockness of the surf, and anger, and great joy, and the sorrow of the loss, and the recovery of the victory. "

The wealth of speech of a separate person is determined by how the arsenal of the linguistic means it owns and how "skillfully in accordance with the content, theme and the task of the statement enjoys them in a particular situation. It is worthwhile, the more richer, the more widely used in it and the ways of expressing the same thought, the same grammatical meaning, the less often repeated without a special communicative task, unintentionally the same language unit.

In this article we will talk about such a language concept as "Office". Examples, the basic properties and the seference of this will be considered by us especially in detail.

In Russian, the offices are referred to as a linguistic group as speech stamps. Therefore, we'll figure it out to begin with what is the phenomenon.

What is speech stamps

Let's start with the consideration of the most frequent errors that are allowed both in the letter and in communication.

Stamps and offices (examples of which will be presented below) are closely interrelated. More precisely, the language phenomenon under consideration is one of the types of stamps (this concept calls such words and expressions that are often used, by virtue of which they lost their meaning). Therefore, such structures simply overload the speaker's speech and are considered redundant.

The stamps are words and speeds often used in speech. Typically, such language phenomena do not have any specificity. For example, the turnover "The meeting was held at the highest level" is used instead of bringing a detailed event report.

in russian language? Examples

In Russian, there are a number of words, the use of which is considered appropriate only in this particular words include the office. This term is customary to call words, grammatical structures and forms, as well as phrases, the use of which is enshrined in the literary language for an official-business style. For example: apply, should, activities, not haunting profit goals, conduct control etc.

Signs of stationery

Now we define signs of such words and consider examples.

Chancellery - words of formal business style, however, in addition, they have a number of purely language signs. Among them can be allocated:

Consumption of invincible (hijacking, tailoring, otguch); suffix (taking, identification, inflatability, finding).
Replacing the composite nominal leakable simple verb (splitting of the facility). For example: show wish - instead wish to make a decision - instead decide to assist - instead to help.
Using replacing prepositions. For example: in terms of line, by virtue, in the address, in the section, in the area, at the expense, in terms of, in the case, at the level.
Handling of cases, usually a pet. For example, conditions necessary to raise the level of culture of the population of the region.
Replacing active revolutions for passive. For example, active turnover we installed - on passive the establishment was carried out by us.

Why can not be abused by stationery?

Chancellery and speech stamps (examples confirm), often used in speech, lead to the fact that it loses its imagery, expressiveness, conciseness, individuality. As a result, the following shortcomings arise:

For example: after the short-term precipitation fell in the form of rain, over the reservoir in all its glory, the rainbow.
The ambiguity that the exclusive nouns generate. For example, the phrase "approval of the professor" can be understood and as "professors claim", and as "Professor claims."
Multi-climb, weighing speech. For example: by improving the level of service should significantly increase trade in commercial and state stores.

Chancellery, examples of which we presented, deprive the speech of imagery, expressiveness, persuasiveness. Since they are frequently used expressions with an erased lexical value, sweat expressiveness.

Usually, journalists are prone to the use of stamps. Therefore, in the journalistic style, such expressions are especially common.

What words refer to offseleamism

It looks naturally only in business speech Office. Examples of their use suggest that very often these words are used in other speech styles, which is considered a coarse stylistic error. To prevent such an oversight, it is necessary to know exactly what words are referring to offselerances.

So, the offices can be characterized by:

Archaic solemnity: the named, the above, charge, take the subservation, should be requested, such.
At the same time, offices can be everyday business: spoke (in meaning discuss), hear, progress, pushing, concrete, developments.
Apply a speech official-business coloring nouns formed from verbs, with the following suffixes: - ut, -Th, -an, -In: Beginning, Take, Finding; Bessfix: okule, hijacking, tailoring, hiring, supervision; Words having consoles non-, not-: Neeading, mischief, no failure.
In addition, a number of nouns, communions, shorter, verbs-ligaments and adjectives have a strict attitude towards the business sphere of communication. For example: side, customer, customer, principal, owner, face, report, victim, vacant, outgoing, immediately, free, to be, to be.
A number of servicewords are distinguished by official-business paintings: to the address, at the expense, on the basis of and so on. For example: according to the Agreement, in connection with the termination of the Agreement, in the event of a refusal to comply with the Agreement, as a result of the study etc.
The following components include such revolutions: food, power departments, vehicle, budget sphere, diplomatic relations.

In which cases it is appropriate to use the term "office"

Chancellery (examples of words we considered in detail above), according to the laws of the literary language, should be used only in an official-business style. Then these revs do not stand out against the background of the text.

The term "Office" is appropriately used only in cases where such words and turnover are used in someone else's style. Then the speech acquires an inexpressive, stateless nature, deprived of emotionality, liveliness, naturalness and simplicity.

Chancellery as a stylistic reception

But not always refer to the speech shortcomings. Examples from artistic works show that often similar words and turnover are used as a stylistic reception. For example, for the speech characteristic of the hero.

Often writers enjoy offices for creating a humorous effect. For example, Zoshchenko, Chekhov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ilf and Petrov. For example, Saltykov-Shchedrin - "... The eye is not allowed, taking off the head, the spurious of the nose"; Chekhov - "The killing occurred due to drowning."

Chancellery (examples of words we have considered quite detail) in Russia have achieved the greatest spread in the period of stagnation when they penetrated all spheres of speech, including even household. This example once again confirms the idea that the language is a reflection of all changes that occur in the country and society.

Psychology editor

Chancellery, words and phrases, peculiar to the official-business literary speech, but used in other styles, in other conditions of language communication. This phenomenon is characteristic of many languages. For example, in Russian, the words "given", "such", "applied", "the above", "the following", the phrases "impress the duty", "take the execution", "due to the absence", "unwinding assistance", " After the expiration, "appropriate in the official business," office "speech. It is characterized by imperference and dryness of presentation, a high degree of standard of expressions reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relations, the desire to the accuracy of the wording, which would exclude the ambiguity of understanding said.

Being used "not in its place" - in everyday life, on the press pages, in radio and televisor, such words and turnoves create a stylistic contrast with other language means and turn into officessels. For example, the Russian turnover "takes place for a train such that" in the advertisement on the radio at the station is normal, because the announcement genre is an integral part of the official-business style. But if the passenger says: "My wife and I made a landing into the car," then it describes the household situation with the help of uncharacteristic tools for domestic communication, and the turnover "made landing" turns into office. The phrase "Due to the lack of container, your requirement cannot be satisfied" is natural as an official resolution on the official written statement, but in the phrase "You know, dear, I could not buy milk due to the lack of it in the store" the phrase "due to lack" turns into office .

The desire to decorate the speech by the stationery and designs K. I. Chukovsky considered a kind of disease and called the office (according to the words "bronchitis", "dipterite", etc.). "What are you crying for?", "And now they will sharpen the question of meat" - these and other examples of the Office Chukovsky leads to the book "Live as life" (1962). The cause of the office, he saw in the bureaucratization of life, in the fact that the official stamps invade both human relations and in the language. Many mistaken it seems that the use of official-business style elements in any conditions of speech communication gives statements a special weight: "Currently, it seems to them better than" now "," takes place "- more beautiful than a short" there ", and" I do a walk "- intelligent than" walking "or" walk ". Officearisms are used in fiction as a means of speech, often satirical, characteristics of characters; For example, in the speech of optimisthenko, the play character V. V. Mayakovsky "Banya": "link and coordinate", "incoming and outgoing", "there is a complete solution" to your case ", etc.; In the speech of the Bureaucrat of the victory: "The aforementioned tram", "disappear from the masses", "according to the prescriptions of the center". All these turns are consumed surrounded by everyday vocabulary, within the syntactic structures inherent in spoken speech. Partial examples of the use of stationerys in everyday life situations can be found in the speech of the characters of the works of M. M. Zoshchenko, Ilf and Petrov, M. M. Zhvanetsky and other Russian satirities.

Many believe that the literary language is a language of fiction. However, such an understanding of the term is incorrect.

The literary language is a language of culture; This is the language of cultural people. Modern Russian literary language performs both of these appointments. But it happens not always. For example, in the XVII century. In Russia, the language of written culture was mainly the Church Slavonic, and the living language of cultural people, the means of their daily communication - Russian.

Artwork works and scientific works are created in the Russian literary language, this is the language of the theater, school, newspapers and magazines, radio and television. At the same time, they speak the family, at work, in the circle of friends, in public places. That both functions perform the same language enriches culture; It is built using a living, dynamic means of communication capable of transmitting the newest, which have just arisen, and transmits their very dynamics, helps them arise and form. And the household speech wins: the very daily communication between people becomes the phenomenon of nationwide culture. The literary language with love is protected from everything that can damage him.

In different epochs of danger, threatening with the tongue are different. In the 20s and 90s of the twentieth century, this is the influx of borrowed words (trait - borrowed without need), zagonny vocabulary, spurant, i.e. Undormatical, phenomena in the field of pronunciation and grammar.

In the 30s of the twentieth century, many cultural figures fought against excessive impact on the literary language of dialects, against the influx of the slang vocabulary. Maxim Gorky wrote: "Speech whims of our country are very diverse. The task of serious writers is reduced to be selected, to select the most accurate, capacious, sonorous words from this chaos, and not to get involved in trash, like such meaningless words, how to approach, to be bought, bored and etc. " This danger in the 1930s was overcome precisely because writers, teachers, journalists, scientists struggled against her.

Nowadays, one of the dangers for literary speech (and in the end for the language) is an impact on everyday, journalistic, even on artistic speech of book stamps, especially official-business stamps. The first about this danger, the distribution of the "office", spoke to K.I. Chukovsky.

In many works of Soviet and post-Soviet times, the Office is understood as "Soviet language", "Totalitarian language", "Novoyaz". In these studies, a parallel is carried out between the distribution of the stationary speech outside the official-business style and the ideology of the Soviet state. In other works, the Office is studied in an orthological aspect. It is interpreted as the use of linguistic means of business style in unsuitable communication conditions. In this aspect, the distribution of the Office can be explained by the development of the literary language of mass culture and the dominance in the society of incompletely functional and mid-length types of speech culture, the distinguishing feature of which is "possession other than conversational speech only one - maximum two functional styles."

Thus, there are two understanding of the office. In the first case, it is considered in the historical and cultural plan, in the second - as an aspect of the culture of speech.

The problem of the functioning of the office in the context of a modern speech situation remains relevant. According to some scientists, the stamps of the government speech gradually go into the past, it becomes free. According to others, the office can not be considered the phenomenon of only the Soviet totalitarian language. One of the reasons for the existence of the Office today is the need for the official authority to be treated to present any information.

HELL. Vasilyev and E.A. Zemskaya notes that the office is inherent not only by totalitarian societies, it exists in the "democratic" states, the functions of political correctness and management, manipulating the mass audience.

In our opinion, Cancerite and today is quite common among the carriers of the Russian language. It is not so noticeable as in the Soviet era, because it is combined with anality vocabulary. This point of view proves by the survey by us, which was attended by students of universities, schoolchildren of high school classes (only 72 questionnaires). When analyzing the answers, the following results were obtained.

Respondents considered the mistake of the use of words and phrases

sophisticated (reduced and emotional-colored vocabulary, jargon) even in the texts that they themselves identified as conversational. At the same time, the subjects considered admissible to use speech stamps and the office ("enhancement of landings", "based on the above") even in a conversational style, since (according to 60% of respondents) such book expressions indicate the "wealth" of speech.

The Office manifests itself in different language levels (the material for our study also served as the texts of the media and the speech of politicians, the record of living spoken speech). The most bright, in our opinion, in modern speech there are the following features of the Office:

Nominalization, i.e. Replacing the verb with exclusive noun, communion, composite verbal-nominal combinations. Nominalization was one of the features of the Soviet language-oriented document.

Currently, such a replacement of verb forms is found in the speech of professional journalists, politicians, ordinary inhabitants (aircraft lifting, lifting the blockade and normalization of the situation, hand-made bag, reduction of the cost of the loan).

Verging (term K.I. Chukovsky). Replacing simple revolutions and words by the stationery is caused by the fact that for many carriers of the Russian language, the use of such expressions is a sign of proper book speech. Now such revolutions of speech are found mainly in official texts (persons of uncertain appointment, work), while in everyday life they have almost ceased to use.

Lexical stamps of speech. They are easily perceived and assimilated by the listener, because they do not require deep reflection, but at the same time they have a great influence on the formation of the value reference points of the Communication (servants of the people, take the situation under control, the struggle for chairs, rapid pace, advanced positions). Very often used phrases with the word problem (problems with heating, the problem of the family, the material problems of Russians, the problems of pensioners, the problem of "communal").

Sometimes lexical stamps are used, "borrowed" from Soviet times (party line, battle for the harvest);

Reference prepositions (during our meetings with voters; due to the fact that ... in view of the fact that Moscow and the region ...; by virtue of their age; in the absence of a deficit; interrogated for cottages and income).

Stamping the logical structure of official texts. The speeches of modern politicians are built on a template (democratic rhetoric, Miscellaneous Party, delight about their program, dissatisfaction with the current government), are deprived of individuality and in this sense they are unobable from the speeches of the political figures of the Soviet era. Such stereotype is characteristic not only for political speech. This is the "genonpecific trait of mass literature" [Bulls, Cupina: 30].

Thus, as the results of our observations, the emergence and functioning of the Office at different levels of the language in Soviet and post-Soviet times can be explained by the following reasons:

Customerizer exists in information societies, it needs power to manipulate the audience, for evfemic reality;

Many carriers of the modern literary language do not know how to distinguish the book language and speaking, when creating texts of oral colloquial speech, they take the language features of book styles.

Modern carriers of the literary language are focused on the norms of the media, so errors in speeches of the speakers, public figures are perceived as a sample.

Cancerizer is a disseminated, he penetrates everywhere. Translator Nora Gal compares it with a cancer tumor, which grows up to unprecedented sizes. Many, even by writing a single sentence, manage to embed there any stamp there, government turnover. As if people have learned to express their thoughts simply and understandable, in a living language.

Examples of the office infinite set - from already quite familiar

· He felt a sense of joy instead he was happy
· Movement in the conditions of the city instead of movement in the city
· A large amount of money instead of a lot of money
· We produce comparison instead comparing
· In the process of knitting, I rest instead of when I knit, I rest ...

To real verbal "monsters":

· At this time, active work is underway under sensitive guidance ...
· We are fighting for increasing the purity of the streets
· In connection with the impossibility of fulfilling its obligations by the supplier ...
· The process of creating a well-established dispute settlement mechanism
· Organization of food production work

Especially depressing state expressions in colloquial speech. People who use them probably it seems that it sounds solid, characterizes them as serious, educated people. For example, a young man to the girl's question "What do you do?" Replies: "At this time I have been working as a manager" or even better: "At the moment ..." Instead of saying "now" or at all without circumstances. It is likely that he believes that thus will make an indelible impression on the girl, will seem smart, business that such a manner is expressed gives him charm. In fact, the word "given" in the meaning of "this" is used only in official papers or in scientific works, nor in a mass magazine or newspaper, nor the more in conversation it is not a place (there is nothing about the artistic literature). Also ridiculous sounds in the conversation the expression "currently".

Or, for example, a teacher of Russian literature (!) Says: "I appreciate the presence of a sense of humor in man." Really, if she said, "I appreciate a sense of humor," someone would not understand that she appreciates the presence of a sense of humor, and not his absence? The word "presence" does not bear any semantic load, and the fact that it is used in relation to the feeling, or in our case, rather to the character line, and it is not enough: it's like saying "the presence of love" or "the presence of kindness." Very often in the speech of people there are these "presence" or "absence", "presence" ("presence of free time", for example).

Quite and next today is used the word "actively": "actively works", "actively used", "actively communicate", "actively cooperates", "actively engaged in something", "actively struggling." As if you can work and do something passively. You can say "actively resting," because there is a passive rest, but it is impossible to apply the word "actively" in relation to the verb, which in itself means an active action. In many cases, it is quite possible to do without definition: why certainly "is it actively engaged in yoga" when you can just say "is it doing yoga"? If you still need to emphasize the intensity of the action, it can be expressed and so: "It is widely used", "works hard", "they communicate a lot," "Ryano is struggling." But instead of a variety of diverse synonyms, we have the only option for all occasions - "actively". That's how the language is impoverished. When you have to write something, memory helpfully offers you a ready-made cliché - "actively engaged." And you do not need to make an effort, look for a suitable word ... Perhaps this "actively" displays modern realities: we can work like that, as it should not work, it seems to be engaged, and it seems not. Therefore, it became necessary to emphasize that it works actively, that is, the person works.

How many times, reading the text, we bump into any "should be noted", "it is necessary to emphasize", "separately it is worth saying." Before you say something essentially, a person must certainly heat a bunch of meaningless words.

One of the sources of clogging of the literary language are verbal stamps - words and expressions, devoid of figures, often and monotonously repeated without taking into account the context, depleting speech by filling it with its template turnover killing a live presentation. A. N. Tolstoy rightly indicated: "Language of finished expressions, stamps ... so bad that it is lost a feeling of movement, gesture, image. Phrases of such a language slide on imagination without affecting the most complex keyboard of our brain."

Most often, speech stamps are created by the use of so-called stationerys - standard formulas for official-business speech, in certain genres of which their use is justified by the tradition and ease of design of business securities.

Examples of the Office: "Event", "if presence", "This is true" "notification", "is supplied"; "Assist" (instead of "helping"), "hereby communicates before you"; "According to what" with the genus. case, instead of overwhelming Multicomponent nominal structures with genus. case of type "Recovery from an employee of property damage", etc.

Unlike traditional use with inappropriate use outside of official-business style framework, the stylistic color of the office can enter into a conflict with its environment; Such use is usually considered as a violation of stylistic standards. (Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary).

Similar entities are used by writers as a means of characteristic characteristics in fiction, like conscious, stylistic reception. For example: "Without what kind of agreement, an initiative pig could not be allowed to accurate paper" (Gogol); "It is equally prohibited by the scicress of the eye, the spurning of the nose ... Taking the head ..." (Saltykov-Shchedrin); "... Flaftting and breaking the glass of Crown ..." (Pisemen); "The killing happened because of the drowsiness" (Chekhov).

The use of language funds enshrined for formal business style, outside of this style leads to clogging of the language - Office.

Usually transmitted during written contacts. It is transferred to the tick of the stationery, the main habitat of which is the Chinovkin chair. The disease "stationery virus" is mainly characteristic of people engaged in paper activities. The most susceptible to infection with adult individuals Homo bureaucracy.

Disease manifest itself in confused, non-communal construction of phrases, in heavy and unnatural speech revolutions. The conversational speech of the illness is deprived of simplicity, lively and emotionality, is made sulfur, monotonous and dry.

Treatment - immersion in a healthy linguistic environment.

In other cases, the use of the verbal-nominal combination makes a stationery painting in the proposal. Compare two types of syntactic structures-with verbal-nominal combination and with verb:

As we can see, the consumption of turnover with the exclusive noun (instead of a simple fag) in such cases it is inappropriate - it generates multi-climb and rejects the syllable.

An exception from the text of the reported predictions, as you can see, eliminates the verbose, helps to express the thought more specifically and stylistically correctly.

Chancellery - words and expressions characteristic of formal business style. They are suitable for business paper, acts, applications, certificates, etc.

Example of office audits: is this, specified, outlined, function, being located, aspect, determined etc. Headseeanism also includes turnover showing superiority over the reader: It's no secret that; No wonder, as it is known, etc.

The "Stationery" occurred from the "cassenny" official language of the royal departments. Office alerts received a mass distribution in Russian in Soviet times - not only in writing, but also in colloquial speech.

The term "Customer" introduced the roots of Ivanovich Chukovsky. He formed the term according to the pattern of words denoting diseases: "diphtherita", "colitis", "meningitis", etc. Chukovsky called the "Customer" by the language of bureaucrats (officials and lawyers), which create the appearance of violent activities, - hence their language occurs: because of the words and expressions of the "office" it is difficult to understand the meaning of the said.

He brought illustrative examples of the office in speech with the options for their correction. Here is some of them:

"My friend lives on South Street" (instead of "lives"), "Mom put me in fame" (instead "told me"), "incase" (instead "it was"), etc.

As the presence of concentrations impairs the quality of the text and makes it difficult to promote

According to the results of the study of the Center for TopExpert "The influence of various factors for website promotion", simplicity of perception is important for 82% of site visitors. Cancerize makes text unreadable for 4/5 visitors. Chancelleryrs allegedly give the "solidity" to the text, and in fact make it less unique, "deleasing" information about the company, products and services. The texts become similar to thousands of others, there is no "raisin" in them. In order to give the text of the easiest reading, the conciliations need to be removed.

The article will be discussed about such a concept as headseelerism. Properties, features, examples of the use of the stationery, which relate to the group of speech stamps. But first should be dealt with the concepts.

Speech stamps: definition

Stamps and offices are closely interrelated, the language phenomenon under consideration is one of the types of speech stamps.

Stamps are words and revs that are often used in speech and have no specificity.

They deprive the speech of expressiveness, individuality, imagery, persuasiveness. These include: template metaphors, periprase, comparisons, metonimia. For example, the light of my soul, their hearts were knocked in unison, in a single impulse and so on. Once such expressions have painted, but due to frequent use in the speech they lost their expressiveness and turned into templates.

Especially often such language forms use journalists, especially many such revolutions in journalism, for example, to stamps include expressions: "black gold", "liquid gold", "People in white coats" and so on.

in russian language? Definition of concepts and examples

In our language there are a number of words that it is appropriate to use only in a certain word to such words - these are phrases and words, the use of which is allowed only in an official-based business style, but which are used in artistic, and in conversational, and in journalistic style, What leads to stylistic errors or for example, "I was cut on a haircut based on free provision of services."

In the dictionaries, such definitions are the terms "Office":

In the Efremova T. F. Office - these are words or language revisions that are used in formal business speech.
In the big encyclopedic dictionary, these words, grammatical forms, phrases, characteristic of business style, such as "incoming and outgoing documents", "bring to your information" and so on.
In the modern encyclopedia of the Russian language and literature, the Office is elements of passive speech, which are used in artistic works for imitation of business style. That is, the authors use this kind of expression, in order to portray the official language or an image of a business document. For example, they were used by Platonov A. P. in the story "Kotlovan", where it imitates a business style when retelling the content of the "dismissal document".
In the encyclopedic dictionary on psychology and pedagogy, the Office of Speech, which are characteristic of the style of business documents and papers. In oral speech, such expressions cause a negative impact on the interlocutor.

The main features and features of the stationery

Among the main signs and features of these words and phrases can be noted:

the use of nouns formed from verbs: tailoring, hijacking, otgule, detection, finding, inflating, taking;
substitution of a simple verbal to the compound registered, for example, instead of "wishing" - "show a desire", "help" - "assist" and so on;
the use of prepositions formed from the noun, for example, through the line, in terms of, at the expense, in terms of;
excessive consumption of words in the parental case, for example, "the conditions necessary to implement the planned plan";
replacing active revolutions of speech on passive, for example, "We decided (active) - the decision was made (passive)."

Abuse of offices

Abuse in speech by such expressions and words deprives its expressiveness, individuality, imagery and leads to such linguistic shortcomings as:

mixing styles;
the ambiguity of the said, for example, the "statement of the professor" (his someone claims or he says something);
multicillion and loss of the meaning of the said.

Naturally, the offices are looking only in business speech. But the examples suggest that they are often used in other styles, which is a stylistic error. In order to prevent this, you should know which particular words refer to the offselerances.

They are characterized by:

solemnity: the submitter of this, the above-mentioned, to refine, is supplied;
weekly business suit: speak (discuss), puzzled, hear, developments, concrete;
the official and business coloring names of nouns formed from verbs: Taking, Need, Non-Flour, Frozen, and so on.

Offelyorism include:

nouns, communion, adverbs, adjectives, which are used in a strict business environment: Customer, principal, side, face, owner, vacant, victim, renowned, outgoing, free, exercise;
service words: at the expense, in the address, on the basis of, according to the Charter, during the studies;
composite names: diplomatic relations, power departments, budget sphere.

You can use such words and turnover only when they are not stand out against the background of the text, that is, in business correspondence or in official documents.

Application of offices as a stylistic reception

But not always such expressions are used only in official-business documentation, often the authors of literary works use them for the figurative characteristics of the speech of the hero or to create a humorous effect. Such techniques were used by: Chekhov, Ilf and Petrov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Zoshchenko. For example, Saltykova-Shchedrin: "Reversing the head ...".

The office of the office in our country has reached maximum distribution during stagnation, they began to be used in all spheres of speech, and in a domestic spoken language. Which once again confirms that the language reflects all changes that happen in society and the country.

The lexical and phraseological offselerances include words and phrases that have a typical colorful style for formal business style ( availability, for lack, to avoid, live, withdraw, the above, takes place etc.). The use of them is in the inexpressive (If desired, you can make a lot to improve the working conditions of workers; there is currently no pedagogical personnel).

As a rule, you can find many options for the expression of thought, avoiding stationery. For example, why write a journalist: Married is the negative side in the activities of the enterprise, If you can say: Bad when the company issues marriage; Marriage is unacceptable in work; Marriage - this is a great evil with whom it is necessary to fight; It is necessary to not allow marriage in production; It is necessary to finally stop the production of defective products!; You can not put up with a marriage!Simple and concrete wording is stronger than the reader.

Stationery Speech Coloring often give the exclusive nouns formed by suffixes -In- and etc. (detection, finding, taking, inflatability, summation) and bessfikh (Tailoring, hijacking, ran away). Stationery tint them aggravate consoles non- (undertaking, undervaluation). Russian writers often paroded a syllable, "decorated" by such stationery [Business Outlaw Plan Mice (Hertz.); The case of the Wleket and the breakdown of Glass Crown (PR.); Announced Vanina's widow that in the peppering it is a sixty-tooth brand ... (Ch.)].

Sevective nouns do not have categories of time, species, inclination, pledge, face. This narrows their expressive opportunities in comparison with the verbs. For example, the accuracy is such an offer: On the part of the head of the farm V. I. Shub, a negligence attitude towards the milking and feeding of cows was shown. You might think that the head was poorly drowned and fed the cows, but the author wanted only to say that The head of the Farm V. I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate labor of the milk, harvesting feed for livestock. The inability to express the exclusive nouns The value of the pledge can lead to the ambiguity of the type of type approval of professor(Professor approve or approve?), I love singing (Love sing or play when they sing!).

In sentences with exclusive noun, the fault is often expressed by the suffering form of communion or a return verb, it deprives the activity of activity and strengthens the stationery color of speech [After graduating from sights of tourists, their photograph was allowed (it is better: Tourists showed sights and allowed them to photograph)].

However, not all ungalled nouns in Russian belong to official-business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic color, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical value and word formation. Nothing in common with offsefficients do not have ungalled nouns with the value of the face (Teacher, self-taught, rubber, bully), Many nouns with validity of action (Running, crying, game, wash, shooting, bombing).

Separate nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some stylistically neutral (value, name, excitement), Many of them -Noy Changed B. -He, And they began to denote not an action, but its result (Wed: pirog cookies - sweet Cookies, Harvest Cherries - cherry jam). Others retain close contact with verbs, speaking as distracted names of action, processes (acceptance, non-recovery, prevention). It is exactly that the stationery is most often inherent in the inherent stationery, it is not only for those who have received strict terminological importance in the language. (Drilling, spelling, adjoining).

The use of the stationerys of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the facid", i.e., the replacement of a simple verbal lectured by a combination of a separable noun with auxiliary verb having a weakened lexical value (instead complete - takes to complication). So write: This leads to complication, confusing accounting and increase costs, And it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, it is impossible to fall into extremes, rejecting any cases of consumption of verbal-nominal combinations instead of verbs. Book styles are often used by such combinations: took part instead participated, gave an indicationinstead pointed out etc. The verbal-nominal combinations were fixed in official-business style. declare gratitude, take the execution, impose a penalty (in these cases verbs thank, execute, recover Inappropriate), etc. The scientific style uses such terminological combinations as spring fatigue comes, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is producedetc.

An expressions are functioning in the journalistic style: workers declared a strike, going to the police, the minister was an attempt. And so on. In such cases, without separable nouns, it is not necessary and there is no reason to consider them by the headsets.

The use of verbal-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, a combination take hot participation more capacious in meaning than verb participate. Definition with nouns allows you to give the verbal-nominal combination to the exact terminological value (Wed: help - provide emergency medical care). Using the verbal-nominal combination instead of verb can also contribute to the elimination of lexical multigid verbs (Wed: give a beep - buzz). The preference of such verbal-nominal combinations of verbs naturally does not cause doubts; The use of them does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives speech greater effectiveness.

In other cases, the use of the verbal-nominal combination makes a stationery painting in the proposal. Compare two types of syntactic designs - with a verbal-nominal combination and with verb:

1. In January-February, Irometnia is at Nalima.
2. The duty service is stiguously controlling electricity spending.
1. In January-February, Navy molds caviar.
2. The duty service strictly controls the consumption of electricity.
3. ... viewers will see how the table goes and falls, as it opens and closes

ramp.

The influence of official-business style is often explained by the unjustified use of replacing prepositions: on the line, in the context, in terms of, in fact, in force, in order to, in the area, in the plan, at the level, due to et al. They got a lot of distribution in book styles, and under certain conditions, the use of them is stylistically justified. However, it is often a passion for them causes damage to the presentation, reflecting the syllable and giving him the stationery. This is partly due to the fact that the replacement prepositions usually require the use of exclusive nouns, which leads to the rolling of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of debt on the payment of salary and pension, improving customer service culture should increase trade in state and commercial stores- The stock of the exclusive nouns, many identical case forms made an offer to heavy, bulky. To straighten the text, it is necessary to exclude from it the remote preposition, if possible, replace the exclusive nouns with verbs. Suppose such an option Edit: To increase trade in state and commercial stores, you need to pay a salary timely and do not delay retirement to citizens, as well as to increase customer service culture.

Some authors use the loan prepositions automatically, without thinking over their meaning, which in part in them is still preserved. For example: Due to the lack of materials, construction is suspended (as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of replacing predictions often leads to the illogical statement.

Compare two edits of proposals:

1. Over the past ten years, achievements have been achieved in Ethiopiain eradicationsuch eternal enemies of mankind, like ignorance, illness, poverty.
2. At the line of speed

withinmotorcycle competition suffered an accident of Hans Weber.

1. Over the past ten years, Ethiopia has achieved significant success in the fight against ignorance, diseases, poverty.
2. On motorcycle sports competitions, Hans Weber crashed at high-speed arrival.

The influence of official-business style usually associates the use of speech stamps. Speech stamps are becoming widespread words and expressions with erased semantics and sweat emotional color. So, in a wide variety of contexts, the expression is started in a figurative value. getting a residence (Each ball that flies into the net grid receives a permanent registration in the tables; Muz Petrovsky has a permanent residence in the hearts; Aphrodite entered the permanent exposition of the museum - now she is spelled out in our city).

A all-frequently repeated speech tool can be a stamp, such as template metaphors, definitions that have lost their shape due to the permanent appeal to them, even beaten rhymes (I tears - roses). However, in the practical stylist, the term "speech stamp" was gaining a narrower value: so called stereotypical expressions that have a stationery painting.

Among the speech stamps arising from the influence of official-business style to other styles, you can select primitive speech speed: at this stage, in this segment Ere. meni, today, emphasized with all the sharpness etc. As a rule, they do not contribute to the content of the statement, but only clog speech: In this period, the difficult situation has developed with the liquidation of debt to enterprises-suppliers; Currently, it is taken under unreasonable control of payroll miners; At this stage, the crucible is ok etc. The exception of the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

The speech stamps also include universal words that are used in various, often too wide, uncertain values \u200b\u200b( question, event, row, spend, deploy, separate, determined etc.). For example, noun question, speaking as a universal word, never indicates what they ask (especially issues are important in the first 10-12 days; Large attention deserve issues of timely tax collection from enterprises and commercial structures). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (Wed: Especially important is nutrition in the first 10-12 days; You need to collect taxes from businesses and commercial structures in a timely manner).

Word be as a universal, too often superfluous; This can be seen by comparing two edits of proposals from newsstands:

1. The use of chemicals for this purpose is very important.
1. For this purpose, it is necessary to use chemicals.
2. Significantly increase productivity of the new stream line in the Vidnovsky shop.

Unjustified use of verbs-ligaments - one of the most common stylistic shortcomings in special literature. However, this does not mean that the verbs of the ligament should be banned, consumption of them should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Krechev stamps include paired words, or satellite words; The use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of another (Wed: event - spent, scope- wide, critics - sharp, problem - unresolved, crown etc.). Definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they generate speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, saving the need to look for the necessary, accurate words, deprive the specificity of concreteness. For example: The current season was conducted at a high organizational level. - This offer can be inserted into the report and the cleaning of the hay, and about sports competitions, and the preparation of housing in the winter, and the collection of grapes ...

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. Language standards are called prepared, reproducible means of expressions used in a journalistic style. Unlike the stamp, "Standard ... does not cause a negative relationship, as it has a clear semantics and economically expresses the idea, contributing to the speed of information transfer." Language standards include, for example, such combinations that have been sustainable: Budget Workers, Employment Service, International Humanitarian Assistance, Commercial Structures, Power Offices, Branches of the Russian Power, according to informed sources, - phrases like service of Byta (nutrition, health, restetc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, as it is impossible in each particular case to invent new means of expression.

Comparing the journalistic texts of the "Brezhnev settlement" period and the 90s, a significant reduction in the stationery and speech stamps in the newspaper and magazines can be noted. Stylistic "satellites" of the command-bureaucratic system has come from the stage in "Post-Communist Time". Now the stationery and all the beauty of the bureaucratic syllable are easier to meet in humorous works than in newspaper materials. This style is witty paroding Mikhail Zhvanetsky:

Resolution to further deepen the expansion of constructive measures taken as a result of consolidation to improve the condition of all the interaction of all conservation structures and ensure an even greater activation of the problems of workers of all masses on the basis of the rotational priority of the future normalization of the relations of the same workers according to them.

The accumulation of exclusive nouns, chains of identical case forms, speech stamps are firmly "blocked" the perception of such statements that cannot be comprehended. Our journal

nalistry successfully overcame this "style", and he "decorates" only the speech of individual speakers and officials in government agencies. However, while they are in their leadership posts, the problem of combating offices and speech stamps has not lost relevance.

In the new building of the theater ... In front of the viewer, the table will also occur and lower the table, opening and closing the ramp.
Weighing is the eventually input of the flow line in the Visnin-SCOM workshop.
See: Kostomarov V. G. Russian language on the newspaper strip. - M., 1971.
Kozhin A. N., Krylova O. K., Odintsov V. V. Functional types of Russian speech. -FROM. 114.

Psychology editor

Speech stamps and offices - what is it?

no comments

Special requirements exist to officially business style. It is necessary to select words and adhere to the required manner of writing. But the main thing is to remember that any information should be alive.
A terrible enemy for the author are the officessels.

Cancerizer is a speech filled with verbal stamps, template formulas in an official-business style. It looks inanger, devoid of emotional coloring and sincerity. In this language, it is difficult to transfer the mood and direct the reader to make any actions (purchases, subscriptions, comment on the article). Such a language will not be able to create
Stamps and offices are "enemies" of Russian speech.

Chancelleryrs

Chancellery - the word, phrase or speech turnover, which is characteristic when writing official and business texts, but used in an unusual place for it (artistic presentation, oral speech).

In the literature, we use artistic turns instead of concrete words ,. Word the road is changed to the road fabric. If such a turn is applied when writing artwork, this is a stationery, but the official-business language is the opposite.

Due to the extra use of the stationery, the language becomes not expressive and heavy.
Foreign official design does not make sense, it can be removed from the text. The essence of the presentation will remain clear, the officessels are replaced by another word or phrase, which is suitable for style, affects.

Get rid of texts from the office and stamps

Types of stationery

In Russian, there is a classification that teaches them on time to recognize and eliminate them.

1. Otgal noun

It contains suffixes -, -ani- (taking, calculation, reconciliation, coercion), as well as nouns without suffixes (ration, sewing).

Sometimes the authors exacerbate the tint of the office. To do this, they use the prefixes of non- (no failivity). Office alerts do not have a category of time, view, inclination, pledge, face. Their expressiveness and comparison with verbs narrows.

Example 1:
The identification of unwanted mistakes was its main work.
Feeding and making cows in the first place in workers early.

Office alerts are driving a syllable. The proposal becomes verbal and monotonous.
Sevective noun can be two types:

Stylistically neutral (understanding, walking, shooting) The end of the word on "Nie" - indicates that the action continues. If you transform "Nie-" in "Nye-", then the final result is obtained.
Nouns, closely related to the verbs that spawned them. This is the name of a certain action or process (writing, reading, consideration). Such nouns have a bad stationery color. Exceptions include strict terminological importance (treatment, spelling).

2. Feed preposition

Official-business style is expanded due to the fact that there are certain words, for example: due to, by force, with the goal, at the level.

They can be used in moderate quantity, but the excessive cluster can give the text of the unwanted stationery. A distinctive feature of the stationery is that they are associated in the text with the previous view. They can't do each other.

Example 2:
By the improvement of weather conditions.
Due to the adoption of the law.
In order to assimage.

Reference pretexts are harmoniously combined with exclusive nouns.
If we use such a bundle at the beginning of the presentation, I will pull all the officessels, as well. It is necessary to carefully use the phrase in the text, such words are a real magnet for the stationery vocabulary.

3. Pattern speech turnover

This type of office is associated with a speech stamp. Common template speech revolutions that have entered the fiction on official-business style: today, at this stage, currently and others.

Example 3:
To date, all construction work go according to plan.

The proposal carries the desired meaning and without turnover. And so it is clear that this is the present. For such criteria, other words that have massive use can be eliminated.

Speech stamps

The use of speech stamps in the text is deprived of its clear, specific and individual properties. Sometimes they interfere with the reader to catch the meaning.

Pleasant speeds change every year, the oldest are replaced with new ones. Behind this replacement, you need to constantly monitor in order to prevent modern, but empty offers in your text.

Speech stamps are an infallible word or expression, beaten by unnecessary phrases. They are often used in oral speech, which gives it meaninglessness.

If you use a stereotypical or template word, then the live speech quickly becomes dim and inexpressive. Very often, the narrators do not take into account the context.

Often you can meet speech stamps in the media and journalism. TV presenters and journalists believe that if popular phrases are used, then their article will become more interesting, will. But this is a delusion.
Stamps in journalism, examples: ... Time will show, wait and see if there is a place.

Speech stamps and their types

Speech stamps are divided into several species.

The universal word used in a different incomprehensible and indefinite sense. Because of them, the specifics are lost in oral or written presentation, and information is lost.
Paired words applied in the conversational text, but they do not protrude with phraseologism. Such stamps include template thoughts, for example: stormy applause.
Fashionable word, phrase, phrase, which are distributed, but over time, due to frequent use, lose originality and become a template.

Property and characteristics that indicate the uniqueness of the subject, over time go into speech stamps.

Controversial questions about speech stamps

Stamps and offices and their conditionality.
Some people believe that they need to completely refuse them, and the rest are on the contrary. The latter are confident that stamps and office suits the speech of modern times. We are completely satisfied with the simple repetition of speech phrases, which automates the process of speech, facilitates communication.

The main goal is to save mental work. Therefore, only you decide how to talk.

What is dangerous speech stamps?

There are several reasons because of which it stands to abandon the template phrases:

It is deprived of concrete thoughts and ideas.
The conversation becomes fad and boring.
People who use such expressions become not interesting for the interlocutor.
People who use similar phrases in their speech, over time, lose the originality of the thought, also lost

As we can see, the consumption of turnover with the exclusive noun (instead of a simple fag) in such cases it is inappropriate - it generates multi-climb and rejects the syllable.

An exception from the text of the reported predictions, as you can see, eliminates the verbose, helps to express the thought more specifically and stylistically correctly.

The word is as universal, too often superfluous; This can be seen by comparing two edits of proposals from newsstands:

Unjustified use of verbs-ligaments - one of the most common stylistic shortcomings in special literature. However, this does not mean that the ligaments should be banned.

In other cases, the use of the verbal-nominal combination makes a stationery painting in the proposal. Compare two types of syntactic structures-with verbal-nominal combination and with verb:

As we can see, the consumption of turnover with the exclusive noun (instead of a simple fag) in such cases it is inappropriate - it generates multi-climb and rejects the syllable.

An exception from the text of the reported predictions, as you can see, eliminates the verbose, helps to express the thought more specifically and stylistically correctly.

As words-wegnor Most often act:

19. Speech gogistics. Word formation as a source of speech wealth.

In this article we will talk about such a language concept as "Office". Examples, the basic properties and the seference of this will be considered by us especially in detail.

In Russian, the offices are referred to as a linguistic group as speech stamps. Therefore, we'll figure it out to begin with what is the phenomenon.

What is speech stamps

Let's start with the consideration of the most frequent errors that are allowed both in the letter and in communication.

in russian language? Examples

Signs of stationery

Now we define signs of such words and consider examples.

Chancellery - words of formal business style, however, in addition, they have a number of purely language signs. Among them can be allocated:

Consumption of invincible (hijacking, tailoring, otguch); suffix (taking, identification, inflatability, finding).
Replacing the composite nominal leakable simple verb (splitting of the facility). For example: show wish - instead wish to make a decision - instead decide to assist - instead to help.
Using replacing prepositions. For example: in terms of line, by virtue, in the address, in the section, in the area, at the expense, in terms of, in the case, at the level.
Handling of cases, usually a pet. For example, conditions necessary to raise the level of culture of the population of the region.
Replacing active revolutions for passive. For example, active turnover we installed - on passive the establishment was carried out by us.

Why can not be abused by stationery?

For example: after the short-term precipitation fell in the form of rain, over the reservoir in all its glory, the rainbow.
The ambiguity that the exclusive nouns generate. For example, the phrase "approval of the professor" can be understood and as "professors claim", and as "Professor claims."
Multi-climb, weighing speech. For example: by improving the level of service should significantly increase trade in commercial and state stores.

Usually, journalists are prone to the use of stamps. Therefore, in the journalistic style, such expressions are especially common.

What words refer to offseleamism

So, the offices can be characterized by:

Archaic solemnity: the named, the above, charge, take the subservation, should be requested, such.
At the same time, offices can be everyday business: spoke (in meaning discuss), hear, progress, pushing, concrete, developments.
Apply a speech official-business coloring nouns formed from verbs, with the following suffixes: - ut, -Th, -an, -In: Beginning, Take, Finding; Bessfix: okule, hijacking, tailoring, hiring, supervision; Words having consoles non-, not-: Neeading, mischief, no failure.
In addition, a number of nouns, communions, shorter, verbs-ligaments and adjectives have a strict attitude towards the business sphere of communication. For example: side, customer, customer, principal, owner, face, report, victim, vacant, outgoing, immediately, free, to be, to be.
A number of servicewords are distinguished by official-business paintings: to the address, at the expense, on the basis of and so on. For example: according to the Agreement, in connection with the termination of the Agreement, in the event of a refusal to comply with the Agreement, as a result of the study etc.
The following components include such revolutions: food, power departments, vehicle, budget sphere, diplomatic relations.