Hello dear friends! It's time again for new and more interesting information. 🙂 I think that an article on what the types of climate will help you will decide on holidays at all times of the year.

In winter, rain and rare snowfall are mainly cyclones. At the end of summer and autumn, hurricanes (or typhoons) are observed, especially in the northern hemisphere.

This type of climate is typical for the west coast of the mainland in the south and north of the tropics. In North Africa and Southern Europe, such climatic conditions are characteristic of the Mediterranean coast, which also allowed this climate to be called Mediterranean.

This type of climate is also found by the central regions of Chile, Southern California, in the Far Southern Africa and in a number of areas in the south of Australia.

In these areas, summer is roast, and winter is soft. In winter, just like in in wet subtropics, occasionally, there are frosts.

In summer, in the inner areas of temperature is significantly higher than on the coast, and often the same as in tropical deserts. Also in the summer on the coast, close to the oceanic currents pass, there are often fogs.

With the passage of cyclones in winter, when Western air flows are shifted to the equator to the equator, the maximum precipitation is associated. The dryness of the summer season determine the effect of anticyclones and groaned air flows over the oceans.

Under the conditions of the subtropical climate, the average annual rainfall ranges from 380 mm to 900 mm, and maximum values \u200b\u200breaches the mountain slopes and on the coast.

In the summer, usually, precipitation is not enough for normal growth of trees, so there is developing a specific type of evergreen handicraft vegetation, known under the names of Mali, McVis, Maccia, Chaparal and Finbosh.

Semi-hospital climate of moderate latitudes.

Synonym for this type of climate - steppe climate. Preferably it is characteristic of intramicious areas, which are distant from the oceans - sources of moisture - and mostly located in the rainy shadow of high mountains.

The main areas with the semi-diarid climate are large plains and trains of North America and the steppe of Central Eurasia. The intramametric location in moderate latitudes is caused by cold winter and hot summer.

The average temperature is below 0 ° C at least in one winter month, and the average temperature of the warmest summer month exceeds 21 ° C. Depending on the latitude, the temperature regime and the duration of the smokery period varies significantly.

To characterize this climate, the term "semi-garden" is used, because this climate is less dry than the actual arid climate. The annual amount of precipitation, partly, more than 500 mm, but not less than 250 mm.

Since, for the development of steppe vegetation in conditions of higher temperatures, you need more precipitation, the latitudinal and geographical and high-rise area of \u200b\u200bthe area determine climatic changes.

During the year, the general patterns of the distribution of precipitation for the semi-hospital climate does not exist. For example, in those areas that are adjacent to the domains of a wet continental climate, the sediments are mostly in the summer, and in areas bordering subtropics with a dry summer, the maximum of precipitation is celebrated in winter.

Most of the winter precipitation brought cyclones of moderate latitudes. They fall often in the form of snow, and may also be accompanied by strong winds. Often summer thunderstorms are having a hail.

Semi-diarid climate of low latitudes.

This type of climate is typical for the outskirts of tropical deserts (for example, the deserts of Central Australia and Sahara), where the downstream air flows in the subtropical zones of high pressure eliminate precipitation.

This climate is different from the semi-hospital climate of moderate latitudes with warm winter and very hot summer. The average monthly temperatures above 0 ° C, although it is sometimes freezing in winter, especially in those areas that are most distant from the equator and are located at large altitudes.

Here is the amount of precipitation that is necessary for the existence of closed natural herbal vegetation is higher than in moderate latitudes. On the external (southern and northern) outskirts of the desert, the maximum of precipitation falls in winter, while the rain in the episode line is mainly in the summer.

The precipitation is preferably falling out in the form of thunderstorms, and in winter it rains are cyllated.

Arid climate of moderate latitudes.

This type of climate is mainly characteristic of the Central Asian deserts, and in the West - only for small sections in the trains.

Temperatures here are the same as in the areas of the semicaride climate, but there are not enough precipitation for the existence of closed natural vegetation cover and usually the average annual precipitation amounts are not exceeded 250 mm.

The amount of precipitation that defines arid, as in semicaride conditions, depends on the temperature regime.

Arid climate of low latitudes.

This is a dry and hot climate of tropical deserts, which stretch along the southern and northern tropics, and a significant part of the year are influenced by subtropical anticyclones.

Only in the mountains or on the coast, which is washed by cold ocean flows, you can find salvation from the depleting summer heat. Summer temperatures on the plains noticeably exceed 32 ° C, and winter, as a rule, above 10 ° C.

The average annual precipitation for the most part of this climatic area does not exceed 125 mm. It makes it even so that several years in a row on many meteorological stations are not registered at all.

The average annual precipitation can reach 380 mm, but this is only enough to develop rarefied desert vegetation.

Along the western shores of Africa and South America, cold ocean flows are hampered by the fallout and the formation of clouds, the most arid areas are located.

Fogs are frequent phenomenon on this coast. They are formed by condensation of moisture in the air over the coolest surface of the ocean.

Replaceable wet tropical climate.

Areas of this type of climate are tropical sub-lift belts for several degrees south and north of the equator. Also, this climate is also called monsoon tropical, since it prevails in those parts of South Asia, which are under the influence of monsoons.

Other areas of this type of climate - the tropics of Northern Australia, Africa, South and Central America. The average temperatures in the winter of about 21 ° C, and in the summer usually about 27 ° C. As a rule, the hottest month is preceded by the summer season of rains.

The average precipitation over a year ranges from 750 mm to 2000 mm. Definishing effect on the climate, throughout the summer rainy season, has an internal convergence zone. There are often thunderstorms, and sometimes, for a long period, continuous cloudiness is preserved with protracted rains.

Since subtropical anticyclones are dominated this season, winter is dry. It rains in some areas do not fall out for two-sterling winter months. The wet season in South Asia coincides with the summer monsoon, which from the Indian Ocean brings humidity, and in the winter there is an Asian continental dry air mass.

This climate is also called the climate of wet rainforest. It applies to equatorial latitudes in Amazon's pools in South America and Congo in Africa, on the Islands of Southeast Asia and on Malacca.

The average temperature of any month in wet tropics at least 17 ° C, and the average monthly temperature is about 26 ° C. As well as in interchangeable wet tropics, due to the same duration of the day throughout the year and high half-day solstice over the horizon, seasonal fluctuations in the temperature are small.

The thick vegetation cover, cloudiness and humid air interfere with night-cooled and maintain maximum daytime temperatures below 37 ° C. In wet tropics, the average annual precipitation ranges from 1500 mm to 2500 mm.

The precipitation is predominantly associated with a internal convergence zone, which is located a bit north than the equator. In some areas, seasonal shifts of this zone to South and North leads to the formation of two maxima of precipitation throughout the year, which are separated by more dry periods. Thousands of thunderstorms are hammered over wet tropics daily.

Climate of highlands.

Significant in highland areas is due to a latitudinal and geographical position, a different exposure of the slopes in relation to wet air flow and the sun and the orographic barriers.

Sometimes, even on the equator in the mountains falls snow. The lower boundary of eternal snow falls to the poles, in the polar areas reaching the sea level. More precipitation is obtained by the windy slopes of ridges.

The decrease in temperature can be observed on the mountain slopes that are open to the intrusions of cold air.

In general, it is characterized by higher clouds, lower temperatures, a more complex windy mode and more precipitation than for the climate of the plains on the appropriate latitudes. The character of precipitation and seasonal changes here is usually the same as on the adjacent plains.

It was a description of the types of climate, which, I hope, helped you very much to understand this matter. To new meetings on the blog pages!

The climate within the surface of the earth varies zalla. The most modern classification, which explains the reasons for the formation of a type of climate, was developed by B.P. Alisa. Its foundations include the types of air masses and their movement.

Aerial masses- These are significant air volumes with certain properties, the main of which are temperature and moisture content. The properties of the air masses are determined by the properties of the surface on which they are formed. Air masses form a troposphere like lithospheric plates, of which the earth's crust is.

Depending on the formation area, four main types of air masses are distinguished: equatorial, tropical, moderate (polar) and arctic (antarctic). In addition to the formation area, the nature of the surface (dry or the sea) has the nature of which air accumulates. In accordance with this, the main zonal types of air masses are divided into marine and continental.

Arctic air masses form in high latitudes, above the icy surface of polar countries. Arctic air is characterized by low temperatures and low moisture content.

Moderate air masses Clearly distributed to marine and continental. Continental moderate air is distinguished by low moisture content, high summer and low winter temperatures. Sea moderate air is formed over the oceans. He is a cool summer, moderately cold in winter and constantly wet.

Continental tropical air It is formed above the tropical deserts. It is hot and dry. Sea air is characterized by less than high temperatures and significantly greater humidity.

Equatorial air Forming the zone at the equator and above the sea, and above the land, has a high temperature and humidity.

The air masses are constantly moving after the Sun: in June - to the north, in January - to the south. As a result, the territory of the land is formed on the surface of the Earth, where one type of air mass is dominated during the year and where air masses replace each other by season of the year.

The main sign of the climatic beltis the domination of certain types of air masses. are divided by maintenance (during the year one zonal type of air mass) and transitional(Air masses replace each other for seasons). The main climatic belts are designated in accordance with the names of the main zonal types of air masses. In transitional belts to the name of the air masses, the prefix "sub" is added.

Basic climatic belts: Equatorial, tropical, moderate, arctic (antarctic); transitional: Subequatorial, subtropical, subarctic.

All climatic belts except equatorial, steam room, that is, there are also in the northern and in the southern hemispheres.

In the equatorial climatic belt Equatorial air masses dominate all year round, low pressure dominates. Throughout the year, wet and hot. Seasons of the year are not expressed.

Tropical air masses (hot and dry) all year round dominate tropical belts. Due to the downward movement of air, the predominant during the year, very few precipitation falls. Summer temperatures here are higher than in the equatorial belt. Winds - trade winds.

For moderate beltscharacterized by the dominance of moderate air masses throughout the year. Western air transfer prevails. Temperatures in the summer are positive, and in winter is negative. Due to the predominance of reduced pressure, many precipitation falls, especially on ocean coasts. In winter, the precipitation falls in a solid form (snow, hail).

In the Arctic (Antarctic) beltround year dominated cold and dry arctic air masses. Characterized by the downward movement of air, north and southeastern winds, predominance during the year of negative temperatures, permanent snow cover.

In the subequatorial belt There is a seasonal change of air masses, expressed seasons of the year. Summer in connection with the arrival of equatorial air masses roast and wet. In winter, tropical air masses dominate, so warm, but dry.

In subtropical beltmoderate (in summer) and arctic (winter) air masses are changed. Winter is not only harsh, but also dry. Summer is significantly warmer than winter, with plenty of precipitation.


Inside climatic belts, climatic areas are highlighted with different types of climates - sea, continental, monsoon. Marine climate typeit is formed under the influence of marine air masses. It is characterized by a small amplitude of air temperature over seasons of the year, high cloudy, a relatively large amount of precipitation. Continental climate typefood away from the ocean coast. It is distinguished by a significant annual amplitude of air temperature, a small amount of precipitation, the clear severity of the season of the year. Monsonic climate type It is characterized by changing winds by seasons of the year. At the same time, the wind with the change of the season changes the direction to the opposite, which affects the mode of precipitation. Rainy summer is replaced by dry winter.

The largest number of climatic areas is within the limits of moderate and subtropical belts of the Northern Hemisphere.

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Climate - This is a long-term weather mode characteristic of a particular area. It is manifested in a natural change of all weather types observed in this area.

The climate has an impact on a living and non-living nature. In close dependence on the climate there are water bodies, soil, vegetation, animals. Separate sectors of the economy, primarily agriculture, are also very dependent on the climate.

The climate is formed as a result of the interaction of many factors: the amount of solar radiation coming to the earth's surface; Circulation of the atmosphere; The nature of the underlying surface. In this case, climate-forming factors themselves depend on the geographical conditions of the locality, primarily from geographic latitude.

The geographical latitude of the area determines the angle of falling the sun's rays, obtaining a certain amount of heat. However, getting heat from the Sun depends on nearby Ocean. In places located away from the oceans, the precipitation falls a bit, and the mode of their loss is distinguished by unevenness (in the warm period more than in cold), cloudiness is low, winter cold, summer is warm, the annual temperature amplitude is large. This climate is called continental, as it is typical for places located in the depths of the continents. Over the aqueous surface, the marine climate is formed, for which the smooth flow of air temperature, with small daily and annual temperature amplitudes, a large cloudiness, uniform and sufficiently large amount of atmospheric precipitation.

Great influence on climate and sea currents. Warm currents warm the atmosphere in areas where they proceed. For example, the warm north-atlantic flow creates favorable conditions for the growth of forests in the southern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula, while most of the Island of Greenland, lying around the same latitudes as the Scandinavian peninsula, but outside the zone of the influence of the warm current, all year round covered with a thick layer of ice.

A large role in climate formation belongs relief. You already know that with lifting terrain for each kilometer, the air temperature is reduced by 5-6 ° C. Therefore, on the high-mountain slopes of the Pamirs, the average annual temperature is 1 ° C, although it is slightly north of the tropic.

The location of the mountain ranges has a great influence on the climate. For example, the Caucasian Mountains are delayed wet sea winds, and on their atmosphered slopes facing the Black Sea, much more precipitation falls than on leeward. At the same time, the mountains serve an obstacle to the cold northern winds.

The dependence of the climate and from dominant winds. In the territory of the East European Plain, the Western winds coming from the Atlantic Ocean prevail during almost the entire year, so winter on this territory is relatively soft.

Areas of the Far East are under the action of monsoons. In winter, winds from the depths of the mainland are constantly blowing. They are cold and very dry, so there are little precipitation. In the summer, on the contrary, the winds bring a lot of moisture from the Pacific. In the fall, when the wind from the ocean subsides, the weather is usually solar, quiet. This is the best season of the year in this area.

Climatic characteristics are statistical conclusions from perennial rows of weather observations (in moderate latitudes, 25-50-year-old rows are used; in the tropics, their duration may be less), primarily above the following main meteorological elements: atmospheric pressure, speed and direction of wind, temperature and air humidity, cloudiness and atmospheric precipitation. The duration of solar radiation, visibility range, the temperature of the upper layers of soil and water bodies, the evaporation of water from the earth's surface into the atmosphere, height and state of snow cover, various atmospheric phenomena and ground hydroelectors (dew, ice, fog, thunderstorms, blizzards, etc.) . In the XX century The number of climatic indicators included the characteristics of the elements of the heat balance of the earth's surface, such as the total solar radiation, the radiation balance, the heat exchange magnitude between the earth's surface and the atmosphere, the cost of heat to evaporation. Comprehensive indicators are also used, i.e. the functions of several elements: various coefficients, factors, indices (for example, continentality, dryness, moisturizing), etc.

Climatic belts

Perennial averages of meteorological elements (annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, etc.), their sums, repeatability, etc. are called climatic standards: Appropriate values \u200b\u200bfor individual days, months, years, etc. are considered to be a deviation from these norms.

Cards with climate indicators are called climatic (Temperature distribution map, pressure distribution map, etc.).

Depending on the temperature conditions, the prevailing air masses and winds allocate climatic belts.

The main climatic belts are:

  • equatorial;
  • two tropical;
  • two moderate;
  • arctic and Antarctic.

Between the main belts are transitional climatic belts: subequatorial, subtropical, subarctic, subnutrctic. In transitional belts, air masses change over the seasons. They come here from neighboring belts, therefore the climate of the subequatorial belt in the summer is similar to the climate of the equatorial belt, and in the winter - with a climate of tropical; The climate of subtropical belts in the summer is similar to a climate of tropical, and in winter - with a climate of moderate belts. This is due to the seasonal movement over the globe of the beans of atmospheric pressure after the Sun: in the summer - to the north, in the winter - to the south.

Climatic belts are divided into climatic regions. For example, in the tropical belt, Africa allocate areas of a tropical dry and tropical wet climate, and in Eurasia, the subtropical belt is divided into the field of Mediterranean, continental and monsoon climate. In the mountainous areas, a high-rise explanancy is formed due to the fact that with a height temperature drops.

Variety of land climates

Climate classification gives an ordered system to characterize climate types, their zoning and mapping. We give examples of climate types prevailing in extensive territories (Table 1).

Arctic and Antarctic climatic belts

Antarctic and Arctic climate dominates in Greenland and Antarctica, where average monthly temperatures are below ° C. In the dark winter season, these regions do not receive solar radiation at all, although there are twilight and polar beams. Even in the summer, the sun rays fall on the ground surface at a low angle, which reduces the effectiveness of the warm-up. Most of the suitable solar radiation is reflected in ice. Low temperatures are dominated by both in summer and in winter in the sublime areas of the Antarctic Ice Cover. The climate of the internal areas of Antarctica is much colder than the climate of the Arctic, since the southern mainland is distinguished by large size and altitudes, and the northern architect ocean softens the climate, despite the widespread package of packing ice. In the summer during short warming drifting ice sometimes melts. The sediments on the glacial seals fall out in the form of snow or small particles of the ice fog. The internal areas receive only 50-125 mm precipitation every year, but on the coast can fall out more than 500 mm. Sometimes cyclones bring cloudiness and snow to these areas. Snowfalls are often accompanied by strong winds that carry significant snow masses, blowing it from the skate. Strong Stock Winds with snowstorms blowing with cold glacial spits, pulling out snow on the coast.

Table 1. Earth climates

Climate type

Clima-tic

Medium-nai pace, ° С

Mode and the number of atmospheric precipitation, mm

Circulation of the atmosphere

Territory

Equatorial

Equatorial

During a year. 2000.

In the region of low atmospheric pressure, warm and wet equatorial air masses are formed

Equatorial areas of Africa, South America and Oceania

Tropical monsoon

Subaurva-Torial

Advantageous during the summer monsoon, 2000

South and Southeast Asia, Western and Central Africa, North Australia

Tropical Dry

Tropical

During the year, 200

North Africa, Central Australia

Mediterranean

Subtropical

Advantageous in winter, 500

In summer - anticyclones at high atmospheric pressure; Winter - cyclonic activity

Mediterranean, South Coast of Crimea, South Africa, Southwestern Australia, Western California

Subtropical dry

Subtropical

During a year. 120.

Dry continental air masses

Internal parts of the mainland

Moderate marine

Moderate

During a year. 1000.

Western winds

Western parts of Eurasia and North America

Moderate continental

Moderate

During a year. 400.

Western winds

Internal parts of the mainland

Moody monsoon

Moderate

Advantageous during the summer monsoon, 560

Eastern outdoor Eurasia

Subarctic

Subarctic

During the year, 200

Cyclones prevail

Northern outskirts of Eurasia and North America

Arctic (Antarctic)

Arctic (Antark-tichetic)

During the year, 100

Anticyclones prevail

Waterlife of the Arctic Ocean and Mainland Australia

Subarctic continental climate Forms in the north of the mainland (see atlas climate map). In winter, the Arctic air is dominated here, which is formed in the areas of high pressure. The Arctic air applies to the Eastern regions of Canada.

Continental subrctic climate In Asia, it is characterized by the largest air balloon amplitude (60-65 ° C). The continentality of the climate reaches the limit value here.

The average temperature in January varies around the territory from -28 to -50 ° C, and in lowlands and hollows due to the caution of air its temperature below. In Oymyakone (Yakutia) recorded for the northern hemisphere Negative air temperature (-71 ° C). The air is very dry.

Summer B. subarctic belt Although the short, but rather warm. The average monthly temperature in July ranges from 12 to 18 ° C (daily maximum - 20-25 ° C). Over the summer, more than half of the annual amount of precipitation makes up in the flat territory of 200-300 mm, and on the windward slopes of elevations - up to 500 mm per year.

The climate of the subarctic belt of North America is less continentile compared to the corresponding climate of Asia. There is less cold winter and colder summer.

Moderate climatic belt

Moderate climate of Western coasts of continents It has pronounced marks of the sea climate and is characterized by the predominance of marine air masses throughout the year. It is observed on the Atlantic Coast of Europe and the Pacific Coast of North America. Cordillera are the natural border separating the coast with the sea type of climate from the incontinental districts. The European coast, except Scandinavia, is open to free access of marine moderate air.

The permanent transfer of sea air is accompanied by a large cloudiness and causes protracted spring, in contrast to inside the continental regions of Eurasia.

Winter B. moderate belt Western coasts warm. Ocean's sweeping influence is enhanced with warm sea currents that wash the western banks of the continig. The average temperature in January is positive and varies around the territory from north to south from 0 to 6 ° C. When invasion of arctic air, it can be reduced (on the Scandinavian coast up to -25 ° C, and in French - to -17 ° C). During the spread of tropical air to the north, the temperature sharply rises (for example, it often reaches 10 ° C). In winter, large positive deviations of the temperature from the medium latitudinal (20 ° C) are noted on the West Coast of Scandinavia. The temperature anomaly on the Pacific Coast of North America is less and is not more than 12 ° C.

Summer is rarely hot. The average temperature in July is 15-16 ° C.

Even during the day the air temperature rarely exceeds 30 ° C. Because of frequent cyclones, for all seasons, cloudy and rainy weather is characterized. Especially a lot of cloudy days happens on the west coast of North America, where in front of mountain systems Cordiller cyclones are forced to slow down their movement. In connection with this, the big monotony is characterized by weather in the south of Alaska, where there are no time in our understanding. There is an eternal autumn, and about the occurrence of winter or summer resemble only plants. The annual precipitation ranges from 600 to 1000 mm, and on the slopes of the mountain ranges - from 2000 to 6000 mm.

In conditions of sufficient moisture on the coasts, broad-sided forests are developed, and in excessive-coniferous conditions. The lack of summer heat reduces the top border of the forest in the mountains up to 500-700 m above sea level.

Moderate climate of eastern coasts of continents It has monsoon features and is accompanied by a seasonal change of winds: the North-Western flows prevailed in the summer - southeast. It is well expressed on the east coast of Eurasia.

In winter, a cold continental moderate air is distributed with the northwestern wind on the mainland coast, which is the cause of the low average temperature of the winter months (from -20 to -25 ° C). Clear, dry, windy weather prevailing. In the southern regions of the coast of precipitation little. The North of the Amur region, Sakhalin and Kamchatka often fall under the influence of cyclones moving over the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, in winter there is a powerful snow cover, especially in Kamchatka, where its maximum height reaches 2 m.

In summer, the south-eastern wind on the coast of Eurasia is distributed by sea temperate air. Summer is warm, with the average temperatures of July from 14 to 18 ° C. Frequent precipitation, which are due to cyclonic activities. Their annual amount is 600-1000 mm, and most of the part falls in summer. At this time of year, fogs are frequent.

Unlike Eurasia, the East Coast of North America is characterized by sea features of the climate, which are expressed in the predominance of winter precipitation and the sea type of the annual movement of air temperature: the minimum occurs in February, and the maximum in August, when the ocean is warm.

Canadian Anticyclone, in contrast to Asian, unstable. It is formed away from the coast and is often interrupted by cyclones. Winter here is soft, multiserry, raw and windy. In the snowy winters, the height of the snowdrifts reaches 2.5 m. With southern wind, it is often an idol. Therefore, some streets of individual cities in the east of Canada have iron railing for pedestrians. Summer cool and rainy. Annual precipitation - 1000 mm.

Moderate continental climate The most distinctly expressed in the Eurasian mainland, especially in the districts of Siberia, Transbaikalia, the North of Mongolia, as well as on the territory of the Great Plains in North America.

A feature of a moderate continental climate is a large annual amplitude of air temperature, which can reach 50-60 ° C. In the winter months, with a negative radiation balance, the earth's surface is injected. A particularly large cooling effect of the surface of the sushi on the surface layers of air in Asia, where a powerful Asian anticyclone is formed in winter and the weighted, windless weather prevails. Moderate continental air has a low temperature (-0 ° ...- 40 ° C) formed in the anticyclone region. In the valleys and hollows due to radiation intagnese, the air temperature may decrease to -60 ° C.

In the middle of winter, the continental air in the lower layers becomes even colder than the Arctic. This very cold air of Asian Anticyclone spreads to Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, southeastern areas of Europe.

Winter Canadian anticyclone compared to Asian anticyclone is less stable due to the smaller sizes of the North American mainland. The winter is less severe here, and their severity does not increase to the center of the mainland, as in Asia, but, on the contrary, somewhat decreases due to the frequent passage of cyclones. Continental moderate air in North America has a higher temperature than continental moderate air in Asia.

The formation of continental moderate climate has a significant impact of the geographical features of the territory of the mainland. In North America, the Cordiller Mountain Ridges are a natural border separating the coast with the sea climate from inside the mainland areas with a continental climate. In Eurasia, a moderate continental climate is formed on the huge Sushi space, from about 20 to 120 ° C. D. Unlike North America Europe is open to free penetration of sea air from the Atlantic deep into the inner areas. This contributes not only to the western transfer of air masses, prevailing in moderate latitudes, but also the plain nature of the relief, the strong slices of coast and deep penetration into the land of the Baltic and North seas. Therefore, a moderate climate of less continentality is formed over Europe compared to Asia.

In winter, the sea atlantic air moved over the cold surface of the sushi moderate europeous latitudes, long retains its physical properties, and its effects extends to the whole of Europe. In winter, as the atlantic effect is weakened, the air temperature from the west is east. In Berlin, it is in January 0 ° C, in Warsaw -3 ° C, in Moscow -11 ° C. At the same time, isotherms over Europe have a meridional orientation.

Eurasia and North America's conversation with a wide front to the Arctic basin contributes to deep penetration on the mainland of cold air masses throughout the year. The intensive meridional transfer of air masses is especially characteristic of North America, where often the Arctic and tropical air is replaced by each other.

The tropical air entering the plains of North America with southern cyclones is also slowly transformed due to the high speed of its movement, large moisture content and solid low cloudiness.

In winter, the consequence of intense meridional circulation of air masses is the so-called "racing" of temperatures, their large cross-day amplitude, especially in areas where cyclones are frequent: in the north of Europe and Western Siberia, the great plains of North America.

In the cold period, snow cover is falling out in the form of snow, the snow cover is formed, which protects the soil from deep freezing and creates moisture supply in the spring. The height of the snow cover depends on the duration of its location and the number of drop-down precipitation. In Europe, the steady snow cover on the flat territory is formed east of Warsaw, its maximum height reaches 90 cm in the northeastern regions of Europe and Western Siberia. In the center of the Russian Plain, the height of the snow cover is 30-35 cm, and in Transbaikalier - less than 20 cm. On the plains of Mongolia, in the center of the anticyclonic region, snow cover is formed only in some years. Lack of snow along with a low winter air temperature determines the presence of many years of permissal, which is no longer observed anywhere on the globe under these latimes.

In North America on the great plains, snow cover is insignificant. To the east of the plains in the front-end processes, the tropical air begins to take part, it aggravates the frontal processes, which causes abundant snowfall. In the Montreal area, snow cover is held up to four months, and its height reaches 90 cm.

Summer in the continental regions of Eurasia is warm. The average temperature of July is 18-22 ° C. In the arid areas of the south-east of Europe and Central Asia, the average air temperature in July reaches 24-28 ° C.

In North America, continental air is somewhat colder than in Asia and Europe. This is due to the smaller length of the mainland by latitude, the large slication of its northern part of the bays and fjords, the abundance of large lakes and more intensely intensive in the internal areas of Eurasia by the development of cyclonic activities.

In a moderate belt, the annual precipitation on the flat territory of the mainland changes from 300 to 800 mm, on the alps of the alps, the Alps drops over 2,000 mm. Most of the precipitation falls in summer, which is primarily due to the increase in air moisture content. Eurasia has a decrease in precipitation in the territory from the west to the East. In addition, the amount of precipitation decreases from the north to the south due to a decrease in the repeatability of cyclones and an increase in air dryness in this direction. In North America, the decrease in precipitation on the territory is noted, on the contrary, towards the West. What do you think why?

Most of the sushi in the area of \u200b\u200bthe continental temperate climate is occupied by mountain systems. These are the Alps, Carpathians, Altai, Sayan, Cordillera, Rocky Mountains, etc. In the mountainous areas, climatic conditions differ significantly from the climate of the plains. In summer, the air temperature in the mountains quickly drops with a height. In winter, at the invasion of cold air masses, the air temperature on the plains is often lower than in the mountains.

Great influence on precipitation. The precipitation increases on the winding slopes and at some distance in front of them, and on the leeward - weaken. For example, differences in the annual precipitation between the Western and Eastern slopes of the Ural mountains are 300 mm. In the mountains with a height of precipitation increase to a certain critical level. In the Alps, the level of the largest amount of precipitation falls at a height of about 2000 m, in the Caucasus - 2500 m.

Subtropical climatic belt

Continental subtropical climate Determined by the seasonal change of moderate and tropical air. The average temperature of the coldest month in Central Asia places below zero, in the north-east of China -5 ...- 10 ° C. The average temperature of the warmest month is in the range of 25-30 ° C, while the daytime maxima may exceed 40-45 ° C.

The most strongly continentality of the climate in the air temperature mode is manifested in the southern regions of Mongolia and in the north of China, where in the winter season there is a center of Asian Anticyclone. Here, the annual amplitude of the air temperature is 35-40 ° C.

Sharply continental climate In a subtropical belt for high-mountainous areas of the Pamir and Tibet, the height of which is 3.5-4 km. The climate of the Pamirs and Tibet is characterized by a cold winter, cool summer and a small amount of precipitation.

In North America, a continental arid subtropical climate is formed in closed plateau and in the intermoreflakes located between the coast and rocky ridges. Summer roast and dry, especially in the south, where the average July temperature is above 30 ° C. The absolute maximum temperature can reach 50 ° C and higher. The temperature of +56.7 ° C was registered in the death valley!

Wet subtropical climates It is characteristic of the eastern coasts of the continents to the north and south of the tropics. The main areas of distribution - southeast of the United States, some southeastern areas of Europe, North India and Myanmar, East China and South Japan, Northeast Argentina, Uruguay and South Brazil, Natal Province coast in South Africa and the east coast of Australia. Summer in wet subtropics prolonged and roast, with the same temperatures as in the tropics. The average temperature of the warmest month exceeds +27 ° C, and the maximum +38 ° C. Winters are soft, with average monthly temperatures above 0 ° C, but random freezers have a destructive effect on plantation of vegetable and citrus. In wet subtropics, the average annual amounts of precipitation range from 750 to 2000 mm, the distribution of precipitation for the seasons is quite uniform. In winter, rain and rare snowfall are brought mainly by cyclones. In summer, the sediments fall mainly in the form of thunderstorms associated with powerful incidents of warm and wet ocean air, characteristic of the monsoon circulation of East Asia. Hurricanes (or typhoons) are manifested at the end of summer and in the fall, especially in the northern hemisphere.

Subtropical climate With a dry summer, typical for Western coasts of continents north and south of the tropics. In Southern Europe and North Africa, such climatic conditions are characteristic of the coasts of the Mediterranean, which served as a reason to call this climate also mediterranean. A similar climate in Southern California, the central regions of Chile, in the South Africa and in a number of districts in the south of Australia. In all these areas, hot summer and mild winters. As in wet subtropics, frost occasionally occasionally. In the inner areas in the summer, temperatures are significantly higher than on the coasts, and often the same as in tropical deserts. In general, clear weather prevails. In the summer on the coasts under which the ocean flows are passing, there are often fogs. For example, in San Francisco Summer is cool, foggy, and the warmer month is September. Maximum precipitation is associated with the passage of cyclones in winter, when the prevailing air flows are mixed towards the equator. The effect of anticyclones and descending air flows over the oceans determine the dryness of the summer season. The average annual precipitation in the conditions of the subtropical climate ranges from 380 to 900 mm and reaches maximum values \u200b\u200bon the coasts and slopes of the mountains. In the summer, precipitation is usually lacking for normal growth trees, and therefore there is a specific type of evergreen shrub vegetation, known as McWis, Chaparal, Mal and Maccia and Finbosh.

Equatorial climatic belt

Equatorial type of climate It is distributed in the Equatorial latitudes in the Amazon basins in South America and the Congo in Africa, on Malacca and on the Islands of Southeast Asia. Usually the average annual temperature is about +26 ° C. Due to the high midday standing of the sun over the horizon and the same duration of the day throughout the year, seasonal temperature fluctuations are small. Wet air, cloudiness and thick vegetation intercoms interfere with night-cooled and maintain maximum daily temperatures below +37 ° C, lower than in higher latitudes. The average annual rainfall in wet tropics ranges from 1500 to 3000 mm and they are divided into seasons usually uniformly. The precipitates are mainly associated with the intrachetic convergence zone, which is located a bit north of the equator. Seasonal shifts of this zone to the north and south in some areas lead to the formation of two precipitation maxima during the year, separated by more dry periods. Daily thousands of thunderstorms rolled over wet tropics. In the intervals between them the sun shines in full force.

The climate is the long-term weather regime characteristic of this area by virtue of its geographical location.

The climate is a statistical ensemble of states through which system passes: hydrosphere → Lithosphere → atmosphere over several decades. Under the climate, it is customary to understand the averaged weather value for a long period of time (about a few decades) that is, the climate is the average weather. Thus, the weather is an instant state of some characteristics (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure). The rejection of the weather from the climate norm cannot be considered as climate change, for example, a very cold winter does not talk about climate cooling. To identify climate change, we need significant trend characteristics of the atmosphere for a long period of time of about a decade. The main global geophysical cyclic processes that form climatic conditions on Earth are the heat turnover, moisture turnover and total atmosphere circulation.

In addition to the general concept of "climate", the following concepts exist:

  • the climate of the free atmosphere - is studied by aeroclimatology.
  • Microclimate
  • Macroclimate - climate of the territory of the planetary scale.
  • Climate of the surface air layer
  • local climate
  • Climate soil
  • phytoclimat - climate of plants
  • city climate

The climate is studied by science climatology. Climate change in the past is studying Paleoclimatology.

In addition to land, the concept of "climate" can relate to other celestial bodies (planets, their satellites and asteroids) having an atmosphere.

Climatic belts and types of climate

Climatic belts and types of climate change significantly in latitude, ranging from the equatorial zone and ending with polar, but climatic belts are not the only factor, also an important influence has the proximity of the sea, the atmosphere circulation system and height above sea level.

In Russia and on the territory of the former USSR, the classification of climate types was used, established in 1956 by the famous Soviet climatologist B. P. Alisov. This classification takes into account the features of the circulation of the atmosphere. According to this classification, four main climatic belts on each hemisphere of the Earth are distinguished: Equatorial, tropical, moderate and polar (in the northern hemisphere - the Arctic, in the southern hemisphere - Antarctic). Between the main zones there are transitional belts - a subequatorial belt, subtropical, subepolar (subaarctic and subanctic). In these climatic belts, in accordance with the prevailing circulation of air masses, four types of climate can be distinguished: the mainland, oceanic, western climate and climate of the eastern shores.

Equatorial belt

Equatorial climate - climate, where the wind is weak, fluctuations in the temperatures are small (24-28 ° C at sea level), and the precipitates are very abundant (from 1.5 thousand to 5 thousand mm per year) and fall uniformly throughout the year.

Subscance belt

  • The tropical monsoon climate - here in the summer instead of the eastern trade in the transfer between the tropics and the equator there is a western air transfer (summer monsoon), which brings most of the precipitation. On average, they fall almost as much as in the equatorial climate. At the slopes of the mountains addressed to the summer monsoon, precipitation falls out, the greatest for the relevant districts, the most warm month is usually immediately before the onset of the summer monsoon. It is characteristic of some areas of the tropics (Equatorial Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Northern Australia). In East Africa and in the south-west of Asia, the highest average annual temperatures on Earth (30-32 ° C) are observed.
  • Musson climate on tropical plateau

Tropical belt

  • Tropical dry climates
  • Tropical wet climates

Subtropical belt

  • Mediterranean climate
  • Subtropical continental climate
  • Subtropical monsoon climate
  • High subtropical climate Nagrai
  • Subtropical climate of the oceans

Temperate zone

  • Moderate marine climate
  • Moderate continental climate
  • Moderate continental climate
  • Moderate sharp continental climate
  • Moderate monsonic climate

Subolar belt

  • Subarctic climate
  • Socanctic climate

Polar belt: polar climate

  • Arctic climate
  • Antarctic climate

The climate classification proposed by the Russian scientist V. Köppen (1846-1940) is widely distributed in the world. It is based on the temperature mode and the degree of moisture. According to this classification, eight climatic belts with eleven climate types are highlighted. Each type has accurate parameters of temperature values, the number of winter and summer sediments.

Also in climatology, the following concepts associated with climate characteristics are used:

  • Continental climate - "Climate, which is formed under the influence of the atmosphere of large sushi arrays; Distributed in the internal areas of the continents. It is characterized by large daily and annual amplitudes of air temperature. "
  • Marine climate - "Climate, which is formed under the influence of the atmosphere of oceanic spaces. The most sharply expressed over the oceans, but it applies to the areas of the mainland, exposed to frequent influences of the sea air mass. "
  • Mountain climates - "climatic conditions in mountainous locations." The main cause of the differences in the climate of the mountains from the climate of the plains is an increase in height above sea level. In addition, important features are created by the nature of the terrain (degree of dismemberment, relative height and direction of mountain ranges, the exposition of slopes, the width and orientation of the valleys), glaciers and fibilia fields have its influence. There are actually a mountain climate at altitudes less than 3000-4000 m and high-mountain climate at large altitudes.
  • Arid climate - "Climate desert and semi-desert". There are large daily and annual amplitudes of air temperature; Almost complete absence or a small amount of precipitation (100-150 mm per year). The resulting moisture evaporates very quickly. "
  • The humid climate is a climate with excess moisture, in which the solar heat goes in quantities insufficient to evaporate the entire moisture coming in the form of precipitation.
  • Nival climate - "Climate, where hard sediments fall more than it can wrap and evaporate." As a result, glaciers are formed and snowfriends are saved.
  • Solar climate (radiation climate) - theoretically calculated theoretically flow and distribution on the globe of solar radiation (excluding local climate-forming factors.
  • The monsoon climate is a climate, in which the cause of the change of time of the year is to change the direction of the monsoon. As a rule, with a flipper climate there is a rich sediment summer and very dry winter. Only in the eastern part of the Mediterranean, where the summer direction of monsoon is from sushi, and the winter - from the sea, the main amount of precipitation falls in winter.
  • Passat climate

Brief description of climates of Russia:

  • Arctic: t January -24 ... -30, t summer + 2 ... + 5. Precipitation - 200-300 mm.
  • Subarctic: (up to 60 degrees S.Sh.). T summer + 4 ... + 12. Precipitation 200-400 mm.
  • Moderately continental: t January -4 ... -20, t July + 12 ... + 24. Precipitation 500-800 mm.
  • Continental climate: t January -15 ... -25, July + 15 ... + 26. Sedips 200-600 mm.
  • Keeping continental: t January -25 ... -45, t July + 16 ... + 20. Precipitation - more than 500 mm.
  • Musson: T January -15 ... -30, t July + 10 ... + 20. Precipitation 600-800. MM.

Study methods

To identify the characteristics of the climate, both typical and rarely observed, many years of meteorological observations are needed. In moderate latitudes, 25-50-year-old rows are used; In the tropics their duration may be less.

Climatic characteristics are statistical conclusions from perennial rows of weather observations, primarily over the following main meteorological elements: atmospheric pressure, speed and direction of wind, temperature and humidity, cloudiness and atmospheric precipitation. The duration of solar radiation, visibility range, temperature of the upper layers of soil and water bodies, evaporation of water from the earth's surface into the atmosphere, height and state of snow cover, various atmospheric phenomena and ground hydrometeors (dew, ice, fog, thunderstorms, blizzards, etc.) . In the 20th century, the number of climatic indicators included the characteristics of the elements of the heat balance of the earth's surface, such as the total solar radiation, the radiation balance, the heat exchange value between the earth's surface and the atmosphere, the cost of heat to evaporation.

Perennial averages of meteorological elements (annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, etc.), their sums, repeatability and other are called climatic standards; Appropriate values \u200b\u200bfor individual days, months, years and other are considered to be deviated from these norms. Complex indicators are also used to characterize the climate, that is, the functions of several elements: various coefficients, factors, indices (for example, continentality, aridness, moisturizing), etc.

Special climate indicators are used in applied climatology industries (for example, the amount of temperature of the growing season in agroclimatology, efficient temperatures in bioclimatology and technical climatology, degree-days in the calculations of heating systems, etc.).

For estimates of future climate change, the models of the general circulation of the atmosphere are used.

Climate-forming factors

The climate of the planet depends on the whole complex of external and internal factors. Most external factors affect the total amount of solar radiation obtained by the planet, as well as its distribution for seasons, hemispheres and content.

External factors

Parameters of the earth orbit and axis

  • The distance between the earth and the Sun - determines the amount of solar energy obtained by the earth.
  • The slope of the axis of the rotation of the Earth to the orbit plane - determines the seasonal changes.
  • Earth's orbit eccentricity - affects the heat distribution between the northern and southern hemisphere, as well as for seasonal changes.

Milankovich's cycles - during its history of the planet, the Earth regularly changes the eccentricity of its orbit, as well as the direction and angle of inclination of its axis. These changes are made called "Milankovich's cycles". The 4 cycles of Milankovich distinguish:

  • Precession - turning the earth's axis under the influence of the attraction of the moon, as well as (to a lesser extent) of the Sun. As Newton found out in his "beginnings", the plurality of land in the poles leads to the fact that the attraction of external bodies turns the earth's axis, which describes the cone with a period (according to modern data) of approximately 25,776 years, as a result of which the seasonal amplitude of the solar flow intensity is changing north and southern hemispheres of land;
  • Nutrition - long-term (so-called age) fluctuations in the angle of inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its orbit with a period of about 41,000 years;
  • Long-sizes of Earth Earth Eccentricity with a period of about 93,000 years.
  • Moving the perihelion of the Earth orbits and the rising orbit assembly with a period of 10 and 26 thousand years, respectively.

Since the effects described are periodic with a non-defect period, there are regularly sufficiently long epochs when they have a cumulative effect, reinforcing each other. Milankovich cycles are usually used to explain the climatic optimum of Golocene;

  • Solar activity with 11-year-old, centuries and millennial cycles;
  • The difference in the angle of falling sunlight on different latitudes, which affects the degree of surface heating and therefore, air;
  • The speed of rotation of the Earth is practically not changed, is a permanent factor. Thanks to the rotation of the Earth, there are trade winds and monsoons, and cyclones are formed.
  • The fall of asteroids;
  • Flips and foals caused by the action of the moon.

Internal factors

  • The configuration and mutual arrangement of oceans and continents - the appearance of the continent in polar latitudes can lead to coating glaciation, and the withdrawal of a significant amount of water from the daily cycle, also the formation of club supercontinents has always been accompanied by total climate aurication, often on the background of glaciation, and the location of the continents has a great influence on system of ocean flows;
  • Volcanic eruptions are able to cause short-term climate change, up to volcanic winter;
  • Albedo of the earth's atmosphere and surface affects the number of reflected sunlight;
  • Air masses (depending on the properties of the air masses, the seasonality of precipitation and the status of the troposphere is determined);
  • The influence of the oceans and seas (if the area is removed from the seas and oceans, then the continentality of the climate is increasing. The presence of the oceans is mitigating the climate of the area, the exception is the presence of cold flows);
  • The nature of the underlying surface (relief, landscape features, the presence and condition of ice cover);
  • Human activity (fuel combustion, emissions of various gases, agricultural activities, forest destruction, urbanization);
  • Planet thermal flows.

Circulation of the atmosphere

Total atmospheric circulation is a set of large-scale air flows over the earth's surface. In the troposphere, they include trade winds, monsoons, as well as the transfer of air masses associated with cyclones and anticyclones. The atmosphere circulation exists due to the uneven distribution of atmospheric pressure caused by the fact that on different latitudes of the Earth, its surface is heated in different ways and the earth surface has various physical properties, especially due to its separation on land and sea. As a result of the sharing of heat between the earth's surface and the atmosphere due to uneven heat distribution, there is a constant circulation of the atmosphere. The atmospheric circulation energy is constantly consumed for friction, but is continuously replenished due to solar radiation. In the most heated places, the heated air has a smaller density and rises up, thus the zone of reduced atmospheric pressure is formed. Similarly, a zone of high pressure in colder places is formed. Air movement occurs from a high-atmospheric pressure zone into a low atmospheric pressure zone. Since the closer to the equator and further from the pole is the area, the better it is warming up, in the lower layers of the atmosphere, there is a predominant movement of air from the poles to the equator. However, the Earth also revolves around its axis, so Coriolis strength acts on the moving air and rejects this movement to the West. In the upper layers of the troposphere, the inverse movement of air masses is formed: from the equator to poles. His Coriolisov strength constantly rejects to the east, and the farther, the more. And in areas about 30 degrees of the North and South latitude, the movement becomes directed from the west to the east parallel to the equator. As a result, there was nowhere to go to these latitude of the air at such a height, and it sinks down to the ground. The highest pressure area is formed here. Thus, trade winds are formed - constant winds, which are formed towards the equator and west, and since the wasting force acts constantly, while approaching the equator, the trade winds blow almost parallel to him. The air flows of the upper layers directed from the equator to the tropics are called antpassites. Passat and antipassatats as it were for forming an air wheel, according to which the continuous air cycle is maintained between the equator and the tropics. During the year, this zone is shifted from the equator to a heated summer hemisphere. As a result, in some places, especially in the Indian Ocean basin, where the main direction of air transfer in winter - from west to east, in the summer it is replaced by the opposite. Such air transfers are called tropical monscons. Cyclonic activity binds a tropical circulation zone with circulation in moderate latitudes and between them is exchanged for warm and cold air. As a result of the intermediary exchange of air, heat transfer from low latitudes to high and cold out of high latitudes to low, which leads to the preservation of thermal equilibrium on Earth.

In fact, the atmosphere circulation continuously changes, both due to seasonal changes in the heat distribution on the earth's surface and in the atmosphere and due to the formation and displacement in the atmosphere of cyclones and anticyclones. Cyclones and anticyclones move in general towards the east, while cyclones are deflected towards the poles, and the anticyclones - aside from the poles.

Thus formed:

increased pressure zones:

  • on both sides of the equator on the latitudes about 35 degrees;
  • in the area of \u200b\u200bthe poles on latitudes above 65 degrees.

low pressure zones:

  • equatorial depression - along the equator;
  • subolar depression - in subolar latitudes.

This distribution of pressure corresponds to Western transfer in moderate latitudes and oriental transfer in tropical and high latitudes. In the southern hemisphere, the zonality of circulation of the atmosphere is better expressed than in the northern, since there are mainly oceans. The wind in the trade winds changes weakly and these changes little change the nature of circulation. But sometimes (on average, about 80 times a year) In some areas of the intrachetic convergence zone ("an intermediate zone of an exemplary width of several hundred km between the trade winds of the Northern and South Hemispheres"), the strongest vortices are developing - tropical cyclones (tropical hurricanes), which sharply, Even catastrophically, change the established circulation mode and weather on their path in the tropics, and sometimes even beyond them. In the vneipic latitudes, cyclones are less intense than tropical. The development and passage of cyclones and anticyclones is a phenomenon everyday. The meridional components of the circulation of the atmosphere associated with cyclonic activity in the vneipic latitudes quickly and often change. However, it happens that for several days and sometimes even weekly, extensive and high cyclones and anticyclones almost do not change their position. Then the oppositely directed long-term meridional air transfers occur, sometimes in the entire thickness of the troposphere, which apply over large areas and even over all hemispheres. Therefore, in uniform latitudes, two main types of circulation over the hemisphere or the large sector are distinguished: zonal, with the predominance of zonal, most often western transfer, and meridional, with adjacent air transfer towards low and high latitudes. The meridional type of circulation carries out a much greater range of heat transfer than zonal.

The atmosphere circulation also provides moisture distribution both between climatic belts and inside them. The abundance of precipitation in the equatorial belt is provided not only by its own high evaporation, but also by the transfer of moisture (due to the total circulation of the atmosphere) from tropical and subevatorial belts. In the subequatorial belt circulation of the atmosphere ensures the change of seasons. When the monsoon blows from the sea, there are plentiful rains. When the monsoon blows on the side of dry sushi, the drought season comes. Tropical belt is land than equatorial and subequatorial, since the total circulation of the atmosphere transfers moisture to the equator. In addition, winds prevail from the east to the west, so due to moisture, evaporated from the surface of the seas and oceans, in the eastern parts of the continents there is quite a lot of rain. Further on the west rain is not enough, the climate becomes arid. So the whole belts of the deserts, such as sugar or deserts of Australia, are formed.

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The climate of Russia has a special differentiation, incomparable from any other country of the world. This is due to the wide length of the country in Eurasia, the inhomogeneity of the location of water bodies and a large variety of relief: from alpine peaks to the plains underlying the sea level.

Russia is mainly located in medium and high latitudes. Through the weather conditions on most of the country harsh, the change of time is clearly, and the winter is long and frosty. The Atlantic Ocean has a significant impact on the climate of Russia. Despite the fact that its water does not come into contact with the territory of the country, it manages the transfer of air masses in moderate latitudes, where most of the country is located. Since there are no high mountains in the western part, the air masses are freely passion to the Verkhoyansky ridge. In winter, they contribute to mitigating frosts, and in the summer they provoke cooling and precipitation.

Climatic belts and regions of Russia

(Map scheme of climatic belts of Russia)

4 climatic belts are presented in Russia:

Arctic climate

(Islands of the Arctic Ocean, the seaside regions of Siberia)

Arctic air masses that dominate year-round, in combination with extremely weak exposure to the Sun are the cause of severe weather conditions. In winter, during the polar night, the average daily temperature does not exceed -30 ° C. In summer, most of the sun's sunlight reflects from the snow surface. Therefore, the atmosphere is not heated above 0 ° C ...

Subarctic climate

(Area along the polar circle)

In winter, weather conditions are close to the arctic, but summer is leaily (in the southern parts, the air temperature can rise to + 10 ° C). The amount of precipitation exceeds the amount of evaporation ...

Temperate climate

  • Continental(West Siberian Plain in the south and in the central part). The climate is characterized by a small amount of precipitation and a wide variation of temperatures in winter and summer time.
  • Moderately continental(European part). Western transfer of air masses brings air from the Atlantic Ocean. In this regard, winter temperatures are rarely reduced to -25 ° C, thawed. Summer warm: in the south to + 25 ° C, in the northern part up to + 18 ° C. The sediments fall uneven from 800mm per year in the north-west to 250 mm in the south.
  • Sharply continental(Eastern Siberia). Incontinental position and the absence of ocean influences explains the strong heating of air during a short summer (up to + 20 ° C) and sharp cooling in winter (reaching -48 ° C). Annual precipitation does not exceed 520 mm.
  • Monsoon continental(Southern part of the Far East). With the onset of winter, dry and cold continental air comes, which is why the temperature of the air decreases to -30 ° C, but there are little precipitation. In the summer, under the influence of air masses from the Pacific, the temperature can not rise above + 20 ° C.

Subtropical climate

(Chernomorsk coast, Caucasus)

The narrow strip of the subtropical climate is protected by the Caucasus Mountains from the passage of cold air masses. This is the only corner of the country where the air temperature is positive in the winter months, and the duration of summer is significantly higher than on the rest. Sea wet air produces up to 1000 mm of precipitation per year ...

Climatic zones of Russia

(Map of climatic zones of Russia)

Zoning occurs on 4 conditional areas:

  • First- tropical ( Southern parts of Russia);
  • Second- subtropical ( Primorye, Western and Northwest regions);
  • Third- moderate ( Siberia, Far East);
  • Fourth- Polar ( Yakutia, more northern regions of Siberia, Urals and the Far East).

In addition to four, the main zones exists, the so-called "special", which includes areas for the polar circle, as well as Chukotka. The division on the sections with approximately similar climate is due to uneven warming up the surface of the earth by the Sun. In Russia, this division coincides with meridians, multiple 20: 20th, 40th, 60th and 80th.

Climate of the regions of Russia

Each area of \u200b\u200bthe country is characterized by special climatic conditions. In the northern regions of Siberia, Yakutia, negative average annual temperatures and a short summer are observed.

A distinctive feature of the Far Eastern climate is its contrast. Traveling towards the ocean noticeably change from the continental climate to the monsoon.

In Central Russia, division at the time of year is clearly: the hot summer is replaced by a short autumn, and after a cool winter comes spring with a high level of precipitation.

The climate of the south of Russia is ideal for recreation: the sea does not have time to cool down the warm winter, and the tourist season begins at the end of April.

Climate and seasons of the regions of Russia:

The vitality of the climate of Russia is obliged to the extensity of the territory and openness to the Arctic Ocean. A large length explains the essential difference of average annual temperatures, the uneven effects of solar radiation and heating of the country. For the most part, severe weather conditions are noted with a pronounced continental character and a clear change of temperature modes and the amount of precipitation at the time of the year.