What is neologism in Russian. Neologisms. Neologisms in the sports field

Introduction

Neologisms or new words

The causes of the appearance of neologisms

Explanation of the appearance of neologisms and phrases

What are new words that replenished our lexicon

Lexico grammatical changes in the language of the media

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

For almost two decades, the state of the Russian language is characterized by extreme instability. The state of the modern Russian language at the end of the 20th century, the changes that in it are now actively happening, need to be attentive learning and coverage in order to develop assessments and recommendations from the standpoint of objectivity and historical feasibility.
The dynamics of language development is so sensible that it does not leave indifferent in the circle of linguistic public, nor in the medium of journalists and publicists, nor among ordinary citizens who are not professionally related to the language.
The media give a truly an impressive picture of the use of the language, which causes conflicting judgments and evaluating what is happening. Some scrupulously collect rough mistakes in speech, focusing on the traditional literary rate of the past; Others - welcome and unconditionally accept "verbal freedom", discarding all kinds of restrictions in the use of the language - up to the admissibility of printed use in the language of coarse surprise, jargon and obscene words and expressions.
The purpose of this work is to study those new phenomena and processes that occurred in Russian 1990-2000. An illustrative material for such work will be the texts of the media, and the study method - the study of various language levels in this context and the most noticeable phenomena as a whole.

New words, or neologisms (from Greek. NEOS - "New", Logos "Word"),

New vocabulary - these are relatively recently included in our language of the word, the novelty of which is felt by saying: Bakhtiniki (science studying the works of the domestic philosopher literary critic M.M. Bakhtina), chaos, fault, broker, voucher, voucherization, gkchp, racepist, digest (Print Overview), impeachment (attraction to the court of the parliament of senior officials of the state), Dudayevtsy (supporters of J. Dudayev), Conversion (now - transition of enterprises of the military industry for the release of peaceful products), MP (small enterprise), Riot, Omonets, SP (joint venture), special forces, Stalinist, Tinager (young man aged 12 to 20 years old), Thriller (horror movie), TOO (limited liability partnership), phytodizain (design of premises with plants), etc.

Neologisms appear in the following reasons.

They arise as the name of the new realistic, a new subject, a new concept that appeared in our lives. These are from the above examples: bachtinist, broker, voucher, voucherization, gkchp, hacchapist, impeachment and ne. Dr., as well as the dem., Marketing, Armrestling (manual struggle), video cassette, clip, marketing, CIS, sponsor, supermarket, hit shows (presentation, list of the most popular singers, ensembles, etc.), shaping (view of gymnastic Exercises that helps improve the figure), shopping tour, charter flight, etc.

2.2 The appearance of some neologisms and combinations of words is explained:

The need to designate phenomena, and before those present in our lives, but did not have the appropriate designation in the language, since the existence of these phenomena was silent. Such, for example, a refusal book (one who refuses to fulfill his duties, in particular from service in the army), a human rights activist (a public figure who speaks to the authorities with respect to the compliance with them of generally accepted human rights and freedoms) or mafia, racket, racketer, stagnation ( The era of stagnation) and some. Dr. In some cases, these words appear also because the language team seeks to give a new assessment of the fact that the estimated neutral combination of words was previously designated, for example: stagnation, the era of stagnation (the years of the Board of L.I. Brezhnev), Stalinist (before Raper Staline, one who follows Stalin's ideology), etc.

Sometimes a new word appears simply as a more convenient single designation of what was called with the help of phrases. Such, for example, the above words digest, teenagener, as well as makeup artist (artist persons), establishment (ruling and privileged groups of society, as well as a system of power and management, with the help of which they carry out their domination), image (image "itself", Which creates a television journalist, a politician, fashion model, etc.), rating (indicator of the popularity of any person), etc.

In some cases, new words arise as a result of the need to emphasize the partial change in the subject in our changing society. Such, for example, Sberbank (before - Sbercass), office (office, office space), etc.

Finally, sometimes the appearance of new words is due to the impact that this time has a culture of any other country in Russian life at this time, and simply fashion for foreign words included in the lexicon of this country. Such an influence of American life, music, culture, etc. is explained, for example, the appearance in the youth jargon of recent years of numerous Britishism: Girla (girl), men (man, man), Piple (people, people, company), Shuza (shoes), Flat (apartment), etc.

The development of society, technical progress, items and processes in everyday life - all this is reflected in the language, and specifically - in the emergence of new words and phrases. They will be called neologisms - that translated from the ancient Greek means nothing more than a "new word" ("Neos" - the new, "Logos" - the word).

Neologism - This is a word or phrase, which is relatively recently appeared in the language. Most often these are borrowed words from other languages. Over time, words lose the status of neologism.

The specificity of neologisms is that against the background of common words, they may not be understood, belong to the category of passive vocabulary, and they may look somewhat colorful and original. There are no such new words from the dead languages, but the developed languages \u200b\u200bare replenished with them not even annually, but every month and daily. This is due to the very rapid development of progress, information technologies, the sphere of relationship, thanks to which these words appear in everyday life.

Talking about what is neologismIt should be noted that in this status the word will be only a certain period of time. After losing her innovation and incomprehensibility, becoming a familiar word for most people, neologism goes to the category of commonly used concepts. And new words come to shift, and this is how language is being updated.

Examples of neologisms.

Let us give an example several non-socialism words with their meaning:

Florist - Specialist Botany, studying plants (flora). Often apply to sellers in flower shops. In most cases, it means a person who is versed in colors and the sale of flowers and other plants.

Manager - Company employee dealing with anything. Currently used too wide to give a precise definition. Initially, the manager is the manager (from the English. "Manage" - manage, manage, manage).

Security - Guard. A word borrowed from English - Security is translated as security. Borrowed like fashion for "glamorous" posts. This is just a security guard, not a securiti or security manager.

- Shoes from Christian Labuthen.

Types of neologisms.

Experts divide neologisms into several groups, highlighting:

general language;
copyright (words are created by the authors of artistic works).

Also isolated lexical neologisms, and semantic - old words, but with a new meaning (menu, zebra).

Author's neologisms are distinguished by unusuality, while it is important that they are usually tied to a certain artistic work and in another context may not be understood. Among the most famous authors who wrote new words and phrases such Corifean as V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov, and Northerner, M Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Features of the appearance of neologisms

Neologisms in Russian, as in any other, constantly appear, but they are particularly a big influx of them in special periods:

a change in the type of society, the forms of government, social structure (revolution, war, coup);
modernization and technical progress.

Cardinal changes in society entail various changes in all areas, and the language will not be an exception. After October 1917, a huge number of neologisms appeared: Komsomol, Rabafak, drummers, collective farms and others.

The rapid development of technologies at the end of the XX-earlysXXI centuries, various political and economic processes was also the reason for the appearance in the language of new words: Offshore, Likhak, Coach, Selfie, Roaming, Security, Spredded, Rating, Catering and many others.

Before proceeding with the consideration of the course of the course work, it is still worth clarifying what neologisms and what they are.

Using the definition taken from the Russian Encyclopedia, it can be said that neologism (from the Greek Neos - "New", Logos - "Word") - this word or turnover of speech, created to designate a new subject or expressing a new concept.

In the modern Russian, neologisms are divided into linguistic and author, or individual-stylistic 2.

Language neologisms Created mainly to designate a new subject, concept. They enter the passive vocabulary and are marked in Russian dictionaries 3. Neologism is the word until the fresh one is felt. So, at one time, the word "cosmodrome" was neologism. Now this word is included in the lexical composition of the modern Russian language. And this, in turn, suggests that if the concept is relevant and calling his word is well associated with in other words, the word will soon cease to be neologism.

Examples of linguistic neologisms in the Russian press mass. Take at least borrowed from the English word rating (A digital indicator of assessing whose activities, the popularity of anyone, of anything in relation to others, is usually based on the results of public surveys or in expert opinions). "In November ratingdeputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, according to the All-Russian Center for Studying Public Opinion (WTCIOM), finally made a sign leap up, reaching a level 13-17% "//" Russian Newsweek "dated November 27, 2006.

However, if you deepen in the classification of new words, then among language neologisms, lexical and semantic can be distinguished.

TO lexical neologism There are those words that are newly formed by models available or borrowed from other languages \u200b\u200b4.

An example of a lexical neologism formed by models in language can serve as a word video Constrabanda (illegal secret replication and distribution of video products that violate the copyright of its creators). "The counterfeit video products in our markets did not become less. On the contrary video Constrabandaflourishes. " // "Russian Newsweek" dated November 27, 2006. As we can see, the word is formed on the Russian soil by adding the root of video and the words of smuggling.

An example of a borrowed lexical neologism - technical term decoder (Device for decoding digital encoded data; synchronous decoder). "The whole problem is that today most of the MMDS television networks is not encrypted, so illegals may not buy decoders- And therefore - do not pay the subscription fee. " // "Russian Newsweek" dated November 20, 2006.

This neologism was borrowed due to the appearance of a new device, which did not exist before.

It is worth noting that most of the neologisms found by us are lexical.

Semantic neologisms - These are previously known words that in the light of the latest language changes have acquired new values \u200b\u200bof 5. Such processes are not rare for the Russian language, so we met quite a lot of semantic neologisms in the publications under consideration.

An excellent example of this kind of neologisms can serve mac.. In the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language edited by S.I. Ozhegova and N.Yu. Swedovaya It is defined as "coat or rope of rubberized fabric." This isogenous meaning of the word Macintosh. Now it has acquired another value (the computer of Apple Computer, which is not compatible with IBM) and has become neologism. "At the awards ceremony, it was especially noted that Apple passed the entire path of the development of computer music from its origin, starting from the release of a computer" Makintosh ", and is the leading Creator ..." // "Russian Newsweek" dated December 4, 2006.

Word catalog (from Greek. Katalogos - "List") also acquired an additional value. In the Great Academic Dictionary. This word matters:

The list of any objects (books, exhibits, goods), compiled in a certain order.

Catalog Library - List of print works available in the library. In Russian libraries, they differ in purpose (reader and service directories), grouping method (alphabetic, systematic, subject catalogs), types of printing and pr.

Now this word is also a directory in computer science. "Own small LCD screen displays information about the degree of filling the drive, processes performed, on the state of the battery and even the structure of stored directories." // "Russian Newsweek" of 01/22/2007.

Copyright, individually stylistic Neologisms are created by writers, poets to give the figures of the art text 6. Neologisms of this type "attached" to the context, have the author. By the purpose of their creation themselves, they are designed to preserve the unusualness, freshness. Author's neologisms formed on productive models are called potential words.

Unfortunately, we could not find any copyright neologism in the publication under consideration. This is explained by the fact that the current magazines are quite rarely resorted to artistic means of making a picture. In the dictionaries, by itself, individual-stylistic neologisms are also not recorded. Therefore, as an example of the author's neologism, we will give a classic example from Pushkin: half-liter, a half-liter ...

Okkazionalism (From the Latin Occasionalis - "Random") is the author's neologisms created by unusual models. They do not exist outside the concrete context 7.

"This is not a bit of Moscow. It - Luzhona" // "Russian Newsweek" dated November 27, 2006.

Also in this paper we will consider updated words, which can also be attributed to neologism. On the actualization of concepts or realities we will talk below.

Neologisms are recent words that appeared in the language of either phrases. The word "neologism" has ancient Greek origin and means "new word". The novelty of such a word is usually determined by the speakers of this language. Neologisms, as a rule, are preceded by a certain number of events. For example, scientific and technical discoveries or significant changes in public life. A bright example of the appearance of a large number of neologisms is the rapid development of astronautics in the 1960s. The neologisms of modern time are connected mainly with the liquidation of computer illiteracy.

Neologisms play a large role in the language. They allow to enrich vocabulary into certain historical periods. In Russian, the neologisms of the Patriotic War period, Petrovsky neologisms, neologisms of certain cultural figures, for example, N. M. Karamzin or M. V. Lomonosov are distinguished. Thousands of neologisms appear annually in developed languages. Some of them quickly disappear, and some are fixed in the language for a long time. Science, studying neologisms called neology.

Neologisms are divided by the source of appearance, for the purpose and methods of creation. For example, the source of appearance distinguishes two types of neologisms:

General languageNeologisms that are created mainly to designate a new subject or phenomenon. Such words are neologisms as long as they retain flasking freshness. As a rule, they enter the passive vocabulary. Examples of general-language neologisms: bulldozer, nylon, astronaut.
Individually author Neologisms are created by writers to give artistic text. Such neologisms always have the author and depend on the context. Examples of copyright neologisms: "Ober-fan" (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin), "Milk" (V. V. Mayakovsky).

For purpose, four types of neologisms are known:

Neologisms denoting objects and phenomena that have not existed earlier. For example, "Cosmonaut", "Programming".
Neologisms as their own names. For example, "Kodak".
Neologisms for a more brief or expressive reduction.
Neologisms used in literature to achieve an artistic or poetic effect.

According to the methods of creating neologisms are divided into three groups:

Neologisms formed by derivation, that is, from the existing ones in the morpheme. For example, "Gulgaria", "green-skinned".
Neologisms formed by semantic derivation, that is, giving a new meaning to the word already existing in the language. For example, Zebra (transition to roadway), "Barcode" (pasta to correct errors).

Neologisms borrowed from other languages. For example, "bobsles", "punk", "sponsor".

Created: 04/06/2016 01:51

Updated: 04/27/2016 01:48

Was it that you feel embarrassed when heard in ...

Was it so awkwardly, when he heard in the speech of a person incomprehensible to you words? And now they are becoming more and more ...

Our country is developing rapid pace, and many trends in the Western world and even neighboring countries are reflected not only in business and scientific, but also in the domestic aspects of our lives.

When it comes to business and education, we often focus on leading specialists in Europe and the United States. We gradually adopt their technology and some elements of culture.

One of the results of such a "exchange of experience" was the words that appeared in Russian relatively recently. From the dictionary: neologism (Dr. Greek. έέος - new, λόγος - speech, word) - the word, meaning of the word or phrase, recently appeared in the language (newly formed, absent earlier).

Such words are not understood, and are usually elements of special vocabulary inherent in some kind of specific subject or field of activity. However, there are very popular neologisms that we hear in business communication in the news, we encounter thematic articles, literature and video. Some "new-fashioned" words we ourselves use in our speech almost every day, and do not even think about the fact that they are neologisms.

There are neologisms that were formed with the development of the Russian language itself, but the overwhelming majority of neologisms came to us from foreign languages. They are in their essence are foreign words converted into Russian way. Today we will look at some examples of neologisms: both domestic and those that are found in business, the Internet, etc.

Neologisms in life

There are many simple and very popular new words.

For example, moneywhich we pay every day in the bus and store, originated from the Tatar word " tanka"What does it mean "Silver coin", but vinegarwhich many chefs and housewives add to their culinary masterpieces, comes from the Greek "ξύδι", which means "vinegar".

Other curious household neologisms include such words as:

pencil (from Turkish. "Karataş" - "black slate");
chandelier (from lat. "Lustrare" - "Lighting");
cake (from lat. "Tortus" - "twisted");
ranger (from him. "Ranzen" - "Bag");
railway station (from English. Vauxhall - Park Name in London)
sport (from English. "Sport" - "Entertainment")

So each of us to some extent uses neologisms in their speech daily.

Neologisms in business

After the collapse of the USSR in the economic development of his participating countries, a new round was happening. And although the Western culture began to penetrate the "iron curtain" in the 1980s, when the first restaurants of the world-famous network of fast food McDonalds began to open in Moscow and selling the first bottles with Pepsi-Koloy, the truly free of our economy and the entrepreneurial sector were only after Falling the Union. Foreign capital, and, together with him, foreign experts have fun to conquer new markets, and brought with them many new technologies, the forms of building business, and, of course, neologisms :)

Today, many of these words seem to us with something unusual, but still there are people who, who heard quite common, albeit foreign, the word, do not immediately understand what we are talking about. Here are some popular and not very business neologisms:

Neologisms on the Internet

The Internet is a separate topic in the field of neologisms. With the advent of the countless number of forums, social networks and other means of communication between people were born and used simply an incredible set of new words. Many of them are too specific and generally unpopular, but here we will consider only those neologisms who are familiar to many:

Troll. We are confident, you met this word a huge number of times on the Internet. To give this neologism some clear definition is difficult. The most common meanings of the words "troll" is "with the help of sarcastic, ironic or ulcer comments to bring out a person on the Internet" and "publish on sites or on social networks knowingly provocative messages in order to cause an explosion of negative emotions from readers." It happened from the English slang word "trolling" having an identical meaning.
Spam. This word you see every day in your mailboxes on Maylru and other services. It came to us, again, from the English language, where the word "spam" means "unnecessary emails sent in large quantities." Have you cleaned the spam from your mailbox for a long time? If not, we advise you to do it right now.
Sysadmin. When you break or hangs a computer - a sysadmin comes to the rescue. This neologism is the abbreviated form of the English phrase "System Administrator", which is translated as a "system administrator." In general, this is a hardware specialist (computers) and computer networks.
Webmaster. This neologism is a tracker (literal copying) of the English word "Webmaster", meaning "a person who is responsible for debugging and the work of the site on the Internet." If you see the working site on the Internet - know, for each such site (including for ours) closely monitors the webmaster :)
Mem. Every day, in the tapes of your social networks, you see a huge number of these memes. This neologism, again, is a tracing in the English slang word "MEME", which means "picture, phrase or video, which are distributed among people and are always used in certain situations."

Conclusion

Languages \u200b\u200bare an incredibly interesting subject of study. Language possession allows you to better transfer your ideas, share with our own knowledge, getting valuable information from literature written in another language, expand your horizons, opportunities and quality of life in general.

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