Abbreviation VKS recently began to meet quite often. But for many people, she is incomprehensible. And many are asked a logical question: what is VKS? Well, you should give a response to him.

Definition

Another task is to manage satellite systems (both dual and purely military purposes). The launch of spacecraft is also included in the list of duties of VKS. Also all their strength and the possibility of troops are obliged to use in order to provide the military and commander-in-chief of the necessary information about what happens at all (or does not occur, this is also important) in air and outer space. Finally, the forces undertake to maintain in working condition and the means by which their launch is carried out.

As you can see, many tasks must be performed by VKS. This is really a very serious military unit. Therefore, to serve in such troops - honor and at the same time responsibility.

The legitimate military presence in Syria is one of the advantages of Russia on a diplomatic front. The air-space forces of the Russian Federation operate in the Arab Republic on the basis of an agreement dated August 26, 2015, which allows Moscow to keep the aviation grouping in the country.

The first blows on the "Islamic state" * were inflicted on September 30, 2015. Military equipment, vehicles, warehouses of weapons, ammunition and fuel and lubricants (fuel) have been subjected to bombardment.

In total, in two years of operation, Russian VKS has committed more than 92 thousand aircraft. As of September 2017, aviation of the Russian Federation destroyed more than 53.7 thousand militants, 8.3 thousand teams, 17.2 thousand reference points, 970 training camps and 9.3 thousand facilities of the infrastructure of terrorist organizations.

Also, PCS strikes were aimed at undermining the financial welfare of the game *, which earned the energy trading. According to the Ministry of Defense, Russian aircraft bombed 132 fuel pumping stations and columns of tankers, 212 oil fields and oil and gas complexes and 6.7 thousand warehouse of fuel.

Aviation wing

The main task of VKS is support for the land operations of the Syrian army. At the initial stage of the Russian mission, government troops were in a very serious situation. Various groupings of militants occupied 85% of Syria.

The effective work of Russian aviation made it possible to reduce the offensive capabilities of the militants at the end of 2015. In 2016, the Syrian army was able to take several major cities, including Aleppo, and during the spring and summer campaign 2017 released the central part of the country.

It is expected that by the end of this year, government troops will choose terrorists from East SAR, and the Islamic State will cease to exist as a military structure. On September 22, the Defense Ministry reported that in the past two years 2235 settlements were liberated from IG, or 87.4% of the territory of Syria.

The composition of the Russian aviation group in Syria constantly changed. In September 2015, it was the basis of 12 SU-25 cm storms, 12 Su-24m bombers, four multi-purpose heavy generation fighters 4+ Su-30cm, helicopters Mi-8 and Mi-24.

In October-November 2015, the aircraft increased to about 70 units due to bombers and fighters. In February 2016, after reaching agreement on the truce, the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin ordered to reduce the aircraft group.

Today, regular combat units make not only operational-tactical, but also distant aviation - Tu-22m3, Tu-95ms, Tu-160. As a rule, strategic bombers fly from Engels Sratov region airfield.

• Tu-22m3 rocket bombers while applying aviation strikes on terrorist facilities in Syria
• RIA News

Bombs and rockets

The main means of defeat terrorists are the Su-24M and Su-25cm "Grac". Machines are capable of carrying a significant amount of ammunition, primarily adjusted and freely falling aviation bombs. It is these types of ammunition produced in the Soviet period most often used in the Syrian operation.

The reasons for the mass use of aviation bombs in SAR are several. First, the WFC of Russia was required to unload warehouses with Soviet ammunition, which were subject to disposal. Secondly, the fugasic bombs work perfectly with the task of destroying engineering facilities of terrorists.

Aviation bombs are not high-precision weapons, but most of them are equipped with homing heads, which made it possible to increase the accuracy of the bombing to the highest possible level.

The accuracy of even 500 kilogram bombs can reach several meters. As a result, Russian VKS received an effective and relatively inexpensive means of defeat.

However, VKS often use rockets, including the newest. For example, on November 17 and 19, 2015, the long-standing bombers were released on the IG objects a strategic wielding rocket using radar substitution technologies X-101.

The rocket is the development of the Moscow Rainbow Moscow Region. X-101 is designed to replace X-55, in armament since the 1980s. In the course of combat use in Syria, the ability of X-101 from a long distance (up to 5,500 km) to strive static and moving goals with a deviation no more than 10 meters was proved.

Martial baptism in SAR was obtained by far aviation aircraft Tu-95 and Tu-160. On November 17, 2015, 25 strategic bombers carried out a massive rocket bombing at the positions of terrorists. 14 of the winged rockets were destroyed 14 ig objects.

The crews of Russian aircraft demonstrated their combat readiness and the ability to real use of high-precision weapons.

During the operation, Russian VKS lost one car (excluding the losses of several helicopters, which relate to army aviation). The tragedy occurred on November 24, 2015. The F-16 fighter-released F-16 rocket "air-condition" struck Su-24m. Pilot, Lieutenant Colonel Oleg Peshkov, died, navigator Konstantin Mushitina managed to save.

After the incident, Russian attack aircraft and bombers, including far aviation machines, fly to a combat task only under the cover of fighters. In addition, Russia has transferred an anti-aircraft missile complex (SprK) S-400 Triumph to Syria.

• SU-25 attack aircraft VKS Russia
• RIA News
• Olga Balashova

Test for skill

Operation in Syria allowed the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation to check the combat readiness of almost all military pilots.

As of September 2017, the combat experience received 86% of the BVC.

In particular, the Syrian campaign passed 75% of the crews of far aviation, 79% - operational-tactical, 88% of military transport aircraft and 89% of army aviation (helicopters).

According to the results of combat departures, positive and negative aspects of flight preparation were revealed. They formed the basis for changing the process of training personnel, which will make the work of pilots more efficient. The training centers put new simulators, changed air combat management schemes.

Almost no large-scale operation costs without the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (CAP). Russia has shifted in SAR intelligence "Orlans-10", "ENICH-3", which monitor the territory around the database of Hmeimimm, and heavy "outposts", carrying out the shooting of bombing blows of aviation at the positions of militants.

The use of UAV allows you to determine the goals of artillery strikes and carry out rescue operations. Suffice it to say that with the help of "Orlans", the navigator was discovered from the SU-24M.

The terms of the contract with Damascus about renting Hmeimim do not limit Russia in choosing and the number of aircraft and ammunition. This means that the CVC command at its discretion can change the composition of the airfold and test new lethal and non-lethal weapons.

• Russian servicemen at the airbase Hmeymim, Syria
• RIA News
• Maxim Blinov

Base from scratch

The undoubted achievement of the Ministry of Defense is to deploy within a month of airbases in Latakia. The military department solved a complex logistics task, chases to use the resources of transport aviation and fleet, which carry out the supply of aircraft group.

Only in 2015, in the framework of the preparation of the infrastructure of the airfield, the Hmeimim crews of heavy aircraft Il-76 and An-124 Ruslan were performed more than 280 flights and 13,750 tons of cargo were transported. Transport aircraft throws military equipment to SAR, food and various equipment.

However, foreign media argue that the leading role in the material and technical support of the Khmeimim base is played by the so-called Syrian Express - regular flights of large landing ships (BDK) of the Navy, as well as chartering the Ministry of Defense Civil Courts.

Hmeymim is 50 km of the port of Tartus, which from Soviet times is the provision of the Navy. At the moment, Russia is upgraded by the port.

On the basis were created and uninterrupted all the systems of material and engineering support for airgroups. Dozens of objects are deployed at the airfield - refueling techniques, warehouses for storing fuel, missiles and other ammunition.

It is believed that the Russian command adopted the experience of conducting the Soviet troops of war in Afghanistan. The Syrian base was created in the likeness of the 14th military town, where the headquarters of the 103rd airborne division were stationed in Kabul, the 50th parachute-gauge regiment, 1179th artillery regiment and part of the provision.

For the creation of the necessary residential and administrative infrastructure in the mining of the Ministry of Defense used universal containers in size two to six meters - kimb (engineering modular block design).

Constructions can be equipped with a residential block with beds, air conditioning, shower and noise insulation, as well as under other household (facilities of food, baths, laundry, mobile bakeries) and military (control and communication points).

Eschelonated defense

The number of military and civilian personnel base Hmeimim is classified. It is known that in addition to flight crews, engineers, staff of ensuring and leadership on the basis of the military police station and the fighters of the 810th individual Marine Corneal Brigade of the Black Sea Fleet are deployed.

Huge attention of the Ministry of Defense paid the line of the echelonized system of protection of the base from the attack from sushi and air. The first line of defense is the calculations of air defense, the second - the blocks of marines, placed around the entire perimeter of the base, the third - engineering structures, fourth - Bottoms of the Syrian military.

For the anti-air defense of Hmeimima, the S-400 SP, the anti-aircraft rocket and cannon complex of the near radius of the action "Pancir-C1", a medium radius of the beech-m2, "Osa" complexes, Pezers-2M and C-200. Also deploy the complex of the radio electronic struggle "Krasuha-4". The dosage of the external perimeter of the base is carried out using UAV.

Such security measures are fully justified, since when the base is erected, the front line ran literally at 5-10 km. Moreover, at the side of the militants attempts to mortar shelling and applying a bomb strike with light drones.

• Applying blows on objects of terrorists in Syria

Invaluable experience

Professor of the Academy of Military Sciences Vadim Kozulin said RT that Russia gained the necessary experience in using transport and combat aviation. The test in Syria passed almost all types of aviation equipment. This made it possible to identify their advantages and disadvantages.

"The Syrian air surgery gave serious food for analysis and subsequent work. A huge reservoir useful information is hidden from the public. But one should not doubt that the necessary conclusions were made, "said Kozusulin.

In his opinion, Russia confirmed the reliability and high efficiency of SU-24 and Su-25 in Syria. Kozusulin also drew attention to the fact that the operation in SAR allowed "unload" warehouses with Soviet bombs.

At the same time, almost all ammunition were equipped with modern heads of homing. Special operations are engaged in adjustment of bomb strikes, and the test of the results of the bombing is carried out by the BPL.

"I would like to note that Syria suggested Russia to the urgent need to introduce new unmanned systems and complexes for the destruction of enemy UAVs. Even in the conditions of war with a technologically weak opponent without drones, it is impossible to do, "Kozulin noted.

The interlocutor RT believes that the Ministry of Defense does not cute, arguing that the fighting in Syria is stacked in the framework of the military budget. The operation in the Arab Republic does not require billionth costs, and the invested funds pay off by obtaining invaluable experience in combat application.

"War does not like the bill. But Russia extremely rarely applied expensive weapons, except for non-far aviation flights, although they are absolutely justified. The Ministry of Defense is getting rid of old ammunition, and VKS in general makes such a number of flights that must. We carry out the most important security improvements without large-scale costs, "said Kozulin.

* "Islamic state" (IG) is a terrorist group prohibited in Russia.

Last Wednesday, October 14, Solving Bosphorus by the course of the Mediterranean Sea passed the auxiliary vessel of the Russian Navy "Dvitnica-50". Externally - nothing unusual, dry cargo ship as dry cargo ship. Not very large, displacement of only 4.5 thousand tons and 108 meters long. But you can not doubt that this passage of the Black Sea strait will notice the military even behind the ocean.

The fact is that a few months ago, the ship's species (1985 built) on all those who were on board the documents were called quite differently - "Alican Deval". And on his mast a completely different flag. Namely - Turkish. But relatively recently "Alican Deval" was sold, replaced the owner and went to Novorossiysk. There raised the military flag of our auxiliary fleet. And on October 10, I got up to the Novorossiysk pier for loading. Almost no one doubts that goods are intended to our military in Syria.

Immediately there were reports that in fact the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation was urgently acquired in Turkey not one, but at once eight used transport ships. All of them will be urgently set on the route Novorossiysk - Syrian Port Tartus. Then this route, and without former Turkish cargoges, quite livenily in recent months, will make it easy in a mad pace. And all together means that the scope of the participation of the grouping of the air-space forces of Russia in the war in Syria in the foreseeable future will only increase. Thus, the forecast published on October 14 in the article under the heading very quickly found its confirmation.

Russian aviation group posted at the Hmeymim airfield in Syria

In short, I remind you: in the Middle Eastern press, with reference to sources in Baghdad, the Coordination Staff for Combating the "Islamic State" * there were reports that, according to the Syrian command, the current intensity of air raids in the position of Islamists is completely insufficient. In order to resolutely break the resistance of bearded thugs, Russian pilots must apply every three more missile bombing strikes on enemy. Namely: Instead of today's approximately 60, make an average of 200 battle departures per day.

In order to fight at such a pace, at least three things are needed:
- The first - urgently increase the grouping of our shock aircraft and helicopters in Syria.
- Second - to equip for them, at least one airfield. Since the one is called the Hmeimim Air Base, works at the limit of possibilities.
- The third is to dramatically increase the rear supply of a growing aviation grouping.

The first item, judging by the reports that appears, is already being executed. This week in the Syrian sky first marked the emergence of our newest shock helicopters. A few more days there were no. In the fire support for the upcoming Syrian troops and in the protection of the perimeter provided by Russia, the Hmeymimm airbase was previously participating relatively old Russian combat helicopters. Part of which still remembers the sky Chechnya. And then both Afghanistan.

Where in Syria are new "Night Hunters"? Not through Iran and Iraq, they flew? For this, none of the military will answer you. But it can be assumed that helicopters were delivered to the warring country last Saturday with two aircraft of Russian military transport aircraft. Because it was on Saturday that our two landed in Latakia. As the Russian Defense Ministry announced, "with humanitarian care for the Syrian population." Perhaps on board these giants were not only jars with stew and condensed milk. Somewhere in the distant corners of the bottomless fuselants "Ruslanov" "Night Hunters", probably, just shuffled.

Almost at the same time, as reported by the Arab media, a civil airport in Latakia, previously serving even international flights, is declared closed for passengers. Thus, it is very similar to that this is now the second airfield for the Russian grouping.

Of course, for the protection and defense of the second airfield, an additional marine contingent will be required. And a lot more is required. Namely, thousands of tons of aviation and automotive fuel, various kinds of ammunition, food, spare parts for technology, etc. And here we are going out on, perhaps the most difficult in organizing the combat work of the grouping of Russian air-space forces in Syria . On their rear provision.

Recently, the Financial Times was published in British, the article of the notorious hater of our country Zbignev Brzezinsky was published. Among other things, it says: " Russian naval and military air forces present in Syria are very vulnerable because isolated from their country" You can hate Brzezinsky, but he knows what he says. The supply of a fighting group is actually our Achilles Fifth in Syria.

However, Moscow is well aware of and without tips of the old American Russophoba. Everything that can be thrown today to ensure transport communications of Russia with Syria. And you can, alas, a little. Bulgarian airspace at the request of Washington closed for flights of Russian military transport aviation. Turkish - especially. For aircraft there is a long way and flying into a penny wagon through Iran and Iraq.

It is easier and cheaper, although much longer, the necessary goods deliver to Syria by the sea. Therefore, the main load in ensuring the warring group lay down on Russian military sailors.

However, at first tried to attract and civilians. Of course, no our grouping under Latakia was not yet, but the army of Assad had already fought with Islamists and needed to support Russia. We also provided it.

But two international scandals were once in a row. In January 2012, in the Cyprus port of Limassol, Westberg Ltd. was detained in the Cyprus port of Limassol. On the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, it made flight from St. Petersburg to Latakia. As it turned out - with the cargo of combat cartridges, absolutely legally purchased by Syrians from Rosoboronexport. Since Syria because of the broken civil war was under the sanctions of the European Union, Cypriot "Chariot" was released with the condition that it would change the course. But soon, as Turkish authorities reported, the cartridges were still unloaded by Tartus.

In June of the same year, the coast of Scotland was detained by the cargo ship "Alaid" with Syrian combat helicopters and air defense systems renovated in Russia. The cargo ship was owned by Volcano Shipping NV registered on Curaçao. The operator was the Sakhalin company Femko.

As a result of the proceedings, the crew lost insurance and was forced to return to Murmansk.

It became clear that the blockade would not break through civil courts. Since then, any of our military assistance of the President of the President of Bashar Assad (and from the recently - and its own grouping of air-space forces) is exclusively under the flag of the Navy. Since the decks and trims of warships are the national territory and the examination of citizens of other states is not subject to.

The fact that after 2012 began on this route, in the world known as Syrian Express. Almost the entire Cash composition of large landing ships (BDK) of all four of our fleets, for three years, for three years already smashes between Novorossiysk and Syrian Tartus. At various times, by replacing one of the other, six of the seven BDK of the Black Sea Fleet, all eight-good BDK of the Northern Fleet and the Baltic Fleet participated in this work. For thousands of the milestone of the Mediterranean Kisl, they had to have even two of the remaining ships from the Pacific Ocean.

Some of this potential was enough until September 30, the Hmeimim Air Base under Latakia did not entered the battle in Syria. As you know, it is three dozen bombers and attack aircraft. Judging by the information regularly published by the Ministry of Defense, each of them makes at least 2-3 combat departures per day. The battle load of the front-line bomber Su-34 (such in Syria is still six) - about 12 tons. His senior fellow SU-24 (there are twelve airbase) - 7 tons. SU-25 attack aircraft is about 4.5 tons.

Even if you do not count the helicopters of fire support and the four fighters that fly no less intensively, not to consider the similar needs of the enhanced battalion of marines and covering the "Hmeymim" unit of air defense, radio viscosions and electronic struggle units, it is still a daily consumption of ammunition and only Russian shock Front aircraft in Syria is calculated not one hundred tons. Every day and every night! And, let's say, the large landing ship of the project of 1171 of the "Nikolay Filchenkov" type is able to take on board a maximum of 1750 tons of cargo.

Further. To drag them in Syria is at least five-five days. We still need time for loading-unloading. Something at home repair. More couple of flights to Tartus per month for each does not come out. And this is only about 3 thousand tons of cargo. For the week of combat work, aviation is not enough.

And what will happen if she is numerical and starts to fly soon and from the former airport in Latakia? There is not enough fleet. At least from the Far East, they are causing them, at least from the Polar region.

New build long. Won has just been with a sin in half a latter in Kaliningrad and only a large landing ship of the project 11,711 "Ivan Gren" ... The bagpusted with him stretches from 2004. The next such is "Peter Morgunov" - just going to lay on "Amber". In line with this BDK according to Plan will be included no earlier than 2017. So on the replenishment of the sufferers of the Syrian Express for a long time to count no longer.

What remains? I urgently purchase, where it is necessary, workable dry cargo services and put them on ensuring the front communications with Syria. That in the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and did, multiplying their capabilities with eight Turkish cargoes.

By the way, it is possible that vessels buy and bigger than the former Turkish "Alican Deval". For something started at the entrance to Tartus, rush dredging works. They are maintained by a kil-158 keyboard and a hydrographic "Donuselav" (both - the Black Sea Fleet). The task is to start taking more solid displacements as soon as possible. Because it is not excluded: war with terrorists in Syria - for a long time.

________________________________________________________________________________________

* The "Islamic State" by the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2014 was recognized as a terrorist organization, its activities in Russia is prohibited.

A source:
https://rusi.org/publication/rusi-defence-Systems/detailing-Russian-forces-Syria.
Note: Division of the 120th GW.ABR Our MO is confirmed.

So, Sutyagin reports:

Ground troops:

1. Battalion tactical group of the 810th Marine Circuit Brigade (Sevastopol) - 542th Separate asian assault battalion, headquarters and control units - approximately 580 people.
No comments

2. The 162nd Separate Intelligence Battalion of the 7th Tent-Assault Division (Novorossiysk) is about 320 people.

3. The reconnaissance battalion of the 74th Guards Motor Stretch Brigade (Yurga) is approximately 440 people.

4. Battalion tactical group of the 27th Guards Motor Stretch Brigade (Moscow) - two motorized rifle and tank company - about 300 people.

5. Special purpose battalion, probably 3rd team of special forces (Tolyatti); It is also possible that this battalion belongs to the 22nd GW.BR SPN (Rostov-on-Don) - 230 people.

6. Sniper team of the CSN "Sezhezh" (Solnechnogorsk) - the number is unknown.
No comments

7. The Gobichy Division of the 120th Guards Artillery Brigade (Kemerovo, if more precisely, Yurga.) - Eighteen 2A65 Msta-B, 270 people.
Note. MO confirmed the 5th Gabichi Battery Brigade in the area of \u200b\u200bN.P. Hamrat (Homs)

8. Two Batteries of the RSW 9A52 "Tornado", 439th Guards Rocket and Artillery Brigade (Znamenk, Astrakhan Region) - 4 Installations, 50-60 people.
No comments

9. The Gaubic Battery of the 8th Artillery Shelf (Simferopol) is six towed Gaubitz 2A65 Msta-B, seventy people.
Note. No comments

10. Flameless battery from the 20th Rhbz Regiment (Nizhny Novgorod) - Six Tos-1A "Sunchee", thirty people.

11. RACE RAB - Six P-330B PU R-330B, three stations Radiopomech R-378B and six stations of interference with radio transmissors of SPR-2 "Mercury-B", 64th Motional Brigade (Khabarovsk), approximately sixty people.
No comments

12. RACE RESER - Krasnuha-4 complex (on two cars), the 17th team of Rab (Nizhneudinsk) is expected - about twenty people.
No comments

The total number of the land component of the Russian group is estimated at about 2400 people.

Air Cosmic Force:

1. Four SU-30CM fighters from the 120th mixed aviation regiment (domain; all four aircraft are identified on the on-board numbers "26, 27, 28, 29 red").

2. Types of bomber Su-34 of the 47th Mixed Aviation Regiment (Buturlinovka; All four aircraft are identified with onboard numbers "21, 22, 25, 27 red").

3. From twenty-four to thirty bombers Su-24m and Su-24m2 of the 2nd Guards Bombarding Shelf (Shard; seven aircraft with onboard numbers "04, 05, 08, 16, 25, 26, 27 white") and 277- The bombarding shelf (harsba; five sides with numbers "71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 72, 74, 75, 76, are tied).

4. Ten Stormsovikov Su-25cm Two Su-25UB 960th Assault Aviation Regiment (Primorsko-Akhtarsk; All twelve aircraft are tied - Su-25cm Side rooms "21, 22, 24, 29 red" in a brown-green-blue tricolor camouflage , and "25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32 red" in gray color, SU-25UB with side numbers "44, 53 red").

5. Twelve Mi-24pn helicopters and two Mi-8amSH of the 113rd helicopter regiment (Novosibirsk; all fourteen helicopters are tied - Mi-24PN onboard numbers "03, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34 , 36, 37, 40 yellow ", Mi-8amtsh" 212, 252 yellow ")

6. Up to eight Mi-28N helicopters - the 2nd squadron of the 487th helicopter regiment (Budennovsk) is supposed.

7. Flying command paragraph IL-22M - from 144 Aviation Regiment DRU (Ivanovo; Registration number RA 75917)

8. One or two reconnaissance IL-20M with unknown numbers from the 257th mixed air strike (Khabarovsk).

9. Battery of air defense of six installations "Pole-C1" (SA-22) presumably 1537th anti-aircraft missile regiment (Novorossiysk) - approximately ninety-five people.

10. Aerodrome service battalion (reactive aviation) - 360-380 people.

11. Rota aerodrome service (helicopters) - 90-110 people.

12. Communication battalion and air traffic control - 240-270 people.

In general, the number of grouping of the CCED of the Russian Federation in Syria is estimated at 1200-1350 people, including 150-180 pilots, 280 aviation technicians, 690-760 people in providing up to 100 people in air defense.

It is assumed to have an additional airbase to Hmeyim, in particular with the basing of Mi-28.

P.S. Inaccuracies and mistakes in Sutyagin grabs.

How Russian military helped fight terrorists in Syria

March 14, 2016 Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered the conclusion of the fundamental forces of the Russian Federation from Syria from March 15.

At the same time, two Russian bases - Hmeimim and Tartus will continue to operate in Syria. They will continue to monitor the cease-fire regime in coordination with foreign partners.

In total, the Russian surgery in Syria lasted 5 months and 14 days, the joints of the air-space forces (VKS) and the Navy (Navy) of the Russian Federation participated in it.

From September 30, 2015 and in mid-February 2016, when negotiations on the cease-fire began (the agreement entered into force on February 27), Russian aviation made more than 7.2 thousand departures from the Hmeimim airbase, destroying over 12.7 thousand militant facilities .

Support for Russian CCS allowed Syrian government troops to stop the territorial expansion of terrorist groups and begin an offensive in the provinces of Hama, Idlib and Aleppo. In addition, thanks to Russian strikes, terrorists lost more than half of the income from oil illegally produced in the Syrian territory.

According to the Minister of Defense of Sergey Shoigu, Russian troops destroyed more than 2 thousand militants in Syria - immigrants from the Russian Federation, including 17 field commanders.

The fighting losses of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation amounted to three people, one aircraft and one helicopter.

How did the Russian army fought and what diplomaticefforts are being made to ensure that the success of military operations is justified - in the material of TASS.

The main stages of the operation

On September 30, 2015, the Federation Council of the Russian Federation unanimously approved the request of the President of Russia Vladimir Putin to use the country's armed forces outside its territory. This decision made it possible to begin the operation of air-space forces (VKS) of the Russian Federation against the terrorist groups "Islamic state" and "Jebhat An-Nusra" (prohibited in the Russian Federation) in Syria at the request of the President of the country of Bashar Assad.

Immediately after the decision of the Council, the Russian aviation group, located on the Syrian airfield of Hmeimim, caused the first point air strikes on the objects of the IG in the Syrian provinces of Homs and Hama.

In addition to the CTK of the Russian Federation, the Russian Navy was also attracted to the operation. On the night of October 6-1 on October 7, the ships of the Red Blank Caspian Flotilla of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation from the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Caspian Sea caused a massive blow by the waters of the Caliber's Marine Base Complex for the IG objects in Syria. 26 Rockets were released from Dagestan ships, "Grad Sviyazhsk", "Great Ustyug" and "Uglich".

On November 17, 2015, Putin demanded to strengthen the strikes of Russian aviation in Syria. This happened after the head of the Federal Security Service Alexander Bortnikov reported that the cause of the catastrophe of the Russian liner A321 in Egypt.

On the same day, in accordance with the task at the positions of militants in Syria, massive blows were deposited by the coasters of air bases and aircraft carries of the Far Aircraft of the Russian Federation, Tu-160, Tu-95 and Tu-22m3.

On November 20, Russia increased the aircraft group participating in the operation, up to 69 aircraft. At the same time, the Caspian flotilla ships were completed by 18 winged rockets for seven positions of terrorists, successfully accustomed to all the goals.

On December 8, he was first implemented a launch of winged maritime basic missiles "Calibr" from the submarine "Rostov-on-Don" from the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Mediterranean. As a result of the attack, two IS team points were destroyed in the province of Rakka.

Blows for income ig

Only in the first two months of the operation was defeated by 32 oil-producing complexes, 11 oil refinery, 23 oil pumping stations. Thousands of eighty tank trucks carrying petroleum products were destroyed. This made it possible to reduce the turnover of oil illegally produced in the Syrian territory by almost 50%.

According to the Russian military, the annual income of the Islamic state from the illegal sale of oil accounts for about $ 2 billion per year.

Russia also accused the highest leadership of Turkey and personally president of Recep Taiet Erdogan in the fact that they are involved in illegal production and transportation of the Syrian and Iraqi oil.

In turn, the head of the main operational department of the Russian General Staff, Sergey Rudskaya reported that the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation revealed three main route of oil transportation from Syria and Iraq to the territory of Turkey.

© Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Combat losses

On November 24, 2015, the front-line bombard SU-24M (the onboard number "83 White", the RF-90932 registration number) of the special aviation group of the Russian Air Force in Syria was shot down by the F-16 Air Force fighter in Syria.

The pilots managed to erase, the fire was opened on them, the pilot Lieutenant Colonel Oleg Peshkov died.

According to the Turkish side, the bomber was shot down due to the violation of the airspace of this country. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation denied the intersection of the Su-24M Turkish border.

In search of the pilots flew the helicopters of the CVC of the Russian Federation, during the operation, one of them (Mi-8amtsh) was damaged by firing from the ground, the marine contract was killed on board, Alexander Poznich's sailor. The helicopter made a forced landing on the neutral territory, the crew and the personnel of the search and rescue group were evacuated, the car itself is later destroyed by mortar fire from the territory controlled by bandforms.

On February 1, 2016, as a result of a mortar shelling, the terrorists of the Military garrison, where one of the compounds of the Syrian army is deployed, was a fatal injury to the Russian military adviser.

Coordination in heaven

The military operation demanded coordination with the countries of the region, as well as with the United States, which is headed by the coalition against the IG, already in the fall of 2014 fighting in Iraq and Syria.

The only party with which Russia had problems, was Turkey.

Putin instructed the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov intensify the participation of the Russian Federation

Lavrov, in turn, reported to the president that the operation of air-space forces contributed to the creation of conditions for the political process in Syria. The Foreign Minister recalled that Russia consistently advocated the establishment of the intersion dialogue.

It is noteworthy that the diplomatic process in Syria sharply intensified precisely with the beginning of the Russian military operation. Russia managed to get involved in the negotiations of Iran, which Moscow insisted from the very beginning of the Syrian conflict in 2011. For the first time, the head of the Iranian Foreign Ministry joined the negotiations on the Syrian settlement on October 30, 2015 in Vienna.

The second meeting in Vienna took place on November 14th. Its participants agreed to facilitate the meeting on January 1, 2016 between the Government delegations and the opposition of Syria in order to later reach the creation of a transitional managing body and begin preparations for the development of a new constitution. This process, according to the "Road Map developed in Vienna", should take about 18 months.

Peace negotiations were to resume in Geneva in late January - early February 2016. However, the parties once again could not come to a compromise. Negotiations were "put on pause."

The situation has changed dramatically after the conclusion of a truce agreement, which was agreed on the initiative of Russia and the United States. The cease-fire arrangements do not apply to the "Islamic State" and Jebhat An-Nusra group and other formations recognized by the UN Security Council. Russia and the United States leads joint monitoring of the fulfillment of the condition of the truce.

This made it possible to start a chance to start a new round of negotiations, which would be impossible if it were not for the efforts that Russia took on the diplomatic and military direction over the past months.

How weapon used the Russian Federation

Initially, the Russian group includes 48 aircraft and helicopters, including SU-34 and SU-24M bombers, Su-25 attack aircraft, Su-30cm fighters and SU-35S, Mi-8 and Mi-24 helicopters.

An agreement on the placement of the Russian aviation group at the Hmeimim airfield in Syria was concluded on August 26, 2015 the presence of Russian aviation, according to the document, "is defensive and not directed against other states." The contract is concluded for an indefinite period.

The military operation also participated in the RF Aviation Aviation Aviation Aviation Tu-160, Tu-95 and Tu-22m3 and about 10 ship Navy.

On November 26, 2015, an anti-aircraft missile complex S-400 "Triumph" was transformed at the Hmeymim airfield to protect the Russian aircorder.

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Su-24m "Fehetovaler"

The main shock power of the Russian air group in Syria is a modernized front-line bomber Su-24m.

Su-24 (according to NATO classification - FENCER-D) - front-line bomber with a wing of a variable sweep, for his elongated nose received a nickname "Fencer". Designed to apply rocket-bomb shocks in simple and complex meteo conditions, day and night, including at low altitudes. Chief Designer - Evgeny Felsner.

The plane made the first flight in 1976. The bomber is equipped with a special computing subsystem SVP-24 "Hephaest", which was adopted in 2008, which expands the possibilities of the aircraft to find and destroy the goals. Su-24m is able to fly at low height with rope of terrain. The bomber can strike both ground and overwar targets using a wide range of ammumbers, including high-precision weapons samples, including corrected aviation bombs (Kab). The maximum flight speed in the Earth is 1250 km / h, the distillation range is 2,775 km (with two pendant fuel tanks PTB-3000). The aircraft is equipped with two Al-21F-3A turbojet engines 11,200 kgf each.

Armament - 20 mm cannon gun, on 8 points of the suspension can carry the rockets of "air - surface" and "air - air", corrected and free incidence of aviation bombs, as well as unmanaged aviation rockets, removable cannon installations. On board can carry tactical nuclear bombs.

Currently, the Su-24 and its modifications are in service with the Air Force of Russia, as well as Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine. The order of 120 modified units is planned to be replaced by SU-34 by 2020.

© Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Su-34 "Duckling"

Multifunctional fighter-bommer generation "4+" Su-34 (on NATO classification - Fullback) is designed to apply high-precision rocket-bomb shocks, including using nuclear weapons, for land and surface targets at any time of the day. The main drum aircraft of the air-space forces of Russia.

Among the Russian military, Su-34 received the nickname "duckling" due to the nasal part of the aircraft resembling the beak of the duck.

The all-weather front-line bomber is the upgrade of the Su-27 fighter. Chief Designer - Rolland Martirosov.

The first flight performed on April 13, 1990. Russian Air Force adopted on March 20, 2014. Serially produced since 2006 at the Novosibirsk Aviation Plant named after V.P. Chkalova. The maximum speed is 1900 km / h, the flight range is more than 4,000 km without refueling (7,000 km - with refueling), the practical ceiling is 14,650 meters. Armament - a 20 mm gauge gun, on 12 suspension nodes can carry aviation missiles "Air - air" and "air - the surface" of different types, unmanaged reactive shells and air bombs.

The aircraft is equipped with a fuel refueling system in flight. Su-34 is equipped with two AL-31F M1 turbojet engines with a 13,300 kgf tight on "Fast and Furious" mode. The aircraft crew is 2 people.

According to information from open sources, in December 2014, 55 units Su-34 consisted in service with the Air Force of Russia. The entire Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation intends to adopt 120 Su-34.

© Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

SU-25SM "GRCH"

Armored subsonic attack aircraft Su-25cm (according to NATO - Frogfoot-a), which received the nickname "Grache", is designed to directly support the ground forces over the battlefield during the day and at night with the direct visibility of the target, as well as the destruction of objects with specified coordinates around the clock in any meteo conditions .

The aircraft differs from the SU-25 base model by the presence of the on-board target-navigation complex PRNAK-25cm "Bars" and equipment for working with the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was also seriously updated equipment of the cabin - added multifunction displays (MFD) and a new indicator on the windshield (ILS) instead of old sights.

Su-25cm is able to apply a wide range of ammunition, including high-precision weapons. The aircraft is equipped with a 30-mm double-barreled aviation gun GS-30-2. The maximum flight rate near the Earth is 975 km / h, the radius of the flight is 500 km. The aircraft is equipped with two RD-195 turbojet engines 4,500 kgf for maximum mode.

Su-25 became the most warring aircraft of the Russian army. He participated in many combat actions (Afghanistan, Angola, South Ossetia). It is the "Graci" left at each parade of victory over the red square of color smoke loops in the form of the flag of the Russian Federation.

© Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Su-27cm

Multipurpose SU-27CM fighter (according to NATO classification - Flanker-B mod.1). Designed to conquer domination in the air. The effectiveness of the aircraft compared to the basic Su-27 increased by 2 times when working on air targets.

Su-27cm is equipped with new complexes of onboard radio electronic equipment (BDEO). The plane cabin is equipped with multifunctional displays (MFD). The nomenclature of used aviation means of lesion (ASP) has been expanded.

On Su-27cm3 aircraft, two additional suspension points under the consoles of the wing are installed.

Su-30cm

The task of the Su-30cm fighters (according to NATO classification - Flanker-H) - to cover bombers and attack aircraft, which strike the positions of militants "Islamic state".

The Russian Double Multipurpose Heavy Fighter of Generation "4+" was created on the SU-27UB base by its deep upgrades.

It is intended for both the conquest of domination in the air and to apply strikes on land and surface targets. In the design of the aircraft, anterior horizontal plumage (PGO) and engines with a controlled vector of thrust (WTW) are applied. Due to these solutions, the aircraft has ultra-supersay.

A multifunctional radar control station (RLSU) is installed on Su-30cm with a passive phased antenna array (PFAR) "Bars". The component of the fighter ammunition nomenclature includes a wide range of lesion funds, including air-air rockets and high-precision air-based controlled weapons. Su-30cm can be used as an aircraft to prepare pilots for promising single fighters. Since 2012, the construction of these aircraft for the Air Force of the Russian Federation is underway.

Su-30cm is able to perform combat operations associated with high range and flight duration and efficient control of a group of fighters.

On the Su-30cm installed a refueling system in the air, new navigation systems, the composition of the group actions management equipment is expanded, and the life support system is improved. Due to the installation of new missiles and system management systems, the combat effectiveness of the aircraft is significantly increased.

© Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Su-35s

The Russian multi-purpose super-sound supermowsor SU-35S fighter refers to a 4 ++ generation. It was designed in the 2000s of the Final Council Bureau. BY. Dry based on the front-line Su-27 fighter. The first flight of Su-35 committed in 2008.

The aerodynamic scheme of the aircraft is made in the form of a two-way high population with a three-level retractable chassis with anterior counter. Su-35 is equipped with turbojet engines with an afterflowing chamber and controlled in the same plane vector Al-41F1c traction.

For super-primacy, the Su-35 is replied by the engine 117c. It is designed on the basis of its predecessors AL-31F installed on SU-27 airplanes, but differs from them increased 14.5 tons (versus 12.5), a large resource and reduced fuel consumption.

On the Su-35 - 12 nodes of the external suspension for fastening high-precision missiles and airbabes. Two more - to accommodate Rab containers.

The armament of the SU-35 includes a whole set of controlled missiles of the type "air - air" and "air - surface", as well as unmanaged rockets and airbones of various calibers.

According to the nomenclature of bombarding and unmanaged missile armaments, SU-35 as a whole does not differ from today's SU-30MK, but in the future it will be able to apply advanced and new models of airbabes, including with laser correction. The maximum mass of the battle load is 8000 kg.

The fighter is also equipped with a 20 mm GS-30-1 GS-30-1 gun (150 ammunition).

© TV channel "Star"

Far aviation

Tu-22m3

A long-range supersonic rocket-bomber with a variable wing geometry.

Designed to defeat supersonic controlled missiles of ground and maritime purposes at any time of the day and in any meteo conditions.

Chief Designer - Dmitry Markov. The first flight was committed on June 22, 1977, the mass production was launched in 1978, the USSR Air Force was adopted in March 1989.

About 500 Tu-22m different modifications were built. The maximum aircraft speed is 2,300 km / h, the practical range is 5,500 km, the practical ceiling is 13,500 m. The crew is 4 people. Can carry winged rockets of various types with a conventional or nuclear charge.

Currently, repair and modernization of aircraft of this model in service with the Russian Air Force is being carried out.

© Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Tu-95ms

Turbopovaya strategic bomber-rocket staff.

It is intended for damage to nuclear and ordinary weapons of important goals in remote military-geographic areas and in the deep rear of continental theaters of hostilities.

Chief Designer - Nikolay Basenkov. The aircraft was created on the basis of Tu-142MK and Tu-95K-22. The first flight performed in September 1979. Adopted by the USSR Air Force in 1981.

The maximum speed is 830 km / h, the practical range is up to 10,500 km, the practical ceiling is 12,000 meters. The crew is 7 people. Armament - high-range winged rockets, 2 cannons of a 23 mm caliber.

Currently, the military-industrial complex of Russia consists of about 30 units. Modernization is underway to the Tu-95 MSM version, which will extend the operation of the aircraft until 2025.

© Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Tu-160.

A supersonic strategic bomber-rocket maker with a variable wing geometry.

Designed for damage to nuclear and ordinary weapons the most important goals in remote military-geographic areas and in the deep rear of continental theaters of hostilities.

Chief Designer - Valentin Beyniek. The first flight machine performed on December 18, 1981, was adopted by the USSR Air Force in 1987.

The maximum speed is 2,230 km / h, the practical range is 14,600 km, the practical ceiling is 16,000 m. The crew is 4 people. Armament: up to 12 winged missiles or up to 40 tons of air bombs. The duration of the flight is up to 15 hours (without refueling).

At least 15 cars of this type consist of armament of the far aviation CCS Russia. Until 2020, ten modernized Tu-160m machines are expected.

© Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Helicopters

MI-8AMTSH "Terminator"

At the airbase, the Humble Mi-8amsh "Terminator" was posted on the airbase. This is the newest modification of the well-known and proven Mi-8 military-transport helicopter.

The Terminator is intended for the defeat of technology, including armored, shelter and firepoints, the alive of the enemy.

In addition to unmanaged weapons used, in addition to unmanaged weapons, in addition to unmanaged weapons, there are high-precision weapons samples, in particular anti-tank controlled rockets (Ptti) 9M120 "attack" or 9M114 "assault". The helicopter can transport up to 37 paratroopers to 12 wounded onto stretchers or transport up to 4 tons of cargo, perform search and rescue and evacuation operations.

The helicopter is equipped with two VK-2500 engines of increased power. Mi-8amsh are equipped with a complex of protection against defeat. The crew cabin of the new helicopter is equipped with multifunctional indicators, which displays a digital map of the area, and the latest aerobatic navigation equipment operating with GPS and GLONASS navigation systems. Mi-8amsh Helicopters are also characterized by improved resource indicators, allowing to save significant means on servicing helicopters during the life cycle.

The crew is 3 people. The maximum speed is 250 km / h, flight range is up to 800 km, the practical ceiling is 6,000 meters.

Universality and high flight specifications made Mi-8 helicopters among the most popular Russian helicopters in the world.

Mi-24P.

The Mi-24P impact helicopter (according to NATO classification - Hind-F) is designed for visual observation and organization of the security area in the airfield of Hmeimim, as well as search and rescue work. It is an upgraded version of the Mi-24.

Each Mi-24P used in Syria carries four blocks of 20 unmanaged aviation missiles. The helicopter is also equipped with controlled rockets and 30-mm double-rolling automatic Aviation gun GS-30K (ammunition - 250 shells), is able to develop speed up to 300 km / h and rising to a height of up to 4,500 meters. May fly at extremely small heights from 5 to 10 meters.

The helicopter made the first flight in 1974, mass production began since 1981.

The Mi-24P is designed to strike under the clusters of the live strength, combating equipment, including the armored, the destruction of low-tie low-speed air targets.

The crews of Mi-8amSh and Mi-24P helicopters are equipped with night vision points, which allows them to fly at night.

Bombs and rockets

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Betab-500 concrequency bomb

Betab-500 concretion bomb is designed in SNPP "Basalt". Designed to destroy concrete structures, bridges, naval databases. The main task of the bomb is to break through the roof of the fortified object, it may be underground warehouses of fuel or weapons, various concrete fortifications. Betab-500 is able to pierce 1 meter of concrete, swallowed in a soil of 5 meters. In the middle density ground, this ammunition forms a funnel with a diameter of 4-5 meters. Such parameters are achieved, firstly, due to the path of falling a bomb - vertically down. After discharge from the aircraft, the ammunition is revealed by a special brake parachute, which directs the betab to the ground. In addition, when the parachute is shooting, a missile accelerator is turned on in the tail part of the bomb, which creates an additional rate of ammunition meetings with a view. Mass of the battle part of the bomb - 350 kg.

Betab has a reinforced shell compared to a conventional bomb, which helps to break up concrete and other fortifications.

Rockets x-29l and x-25ml

The rockets of the X-29 family were developed in the USSR and were adopted in 1980. Now the modernization and release of ammunition is conducted by the Corporation "Tactical Rocket Arms".

The rockets of this type are designed to defeat such ground goals as durable aircraft shelters, stationary railway and highway bridges, industrial structures, warehouses, concreted runways.

In the X-29 version of the rocket is equipped with a laser head of homing head. In Syria, these rockets use front-line bombers Su-24m and SU-34 bombers.

The rocket is equipped with a fugas-penetrating combat part. Before starting a missile, a pilot can establish a rocket trigger option - instant, from the contact of the rocket for or triggering with a delay.

The shooting range of X-29l rocket ranges from 2 to 10 km.

The rocket has a powerful combat part weighing 317 kg with a mass of explosive - 116 kg.

X-25 - Aviation controlled multipurpose rocket "air - surface", equipped with a semi-active head of homing (GSN). Laser GOS installed on the Raste X-25ml.

It is designed to defeat small-sized purposes both on the battlefield and in the rear of the enemy. Can punch to 1 meter concrete.

The maximum launch range is 10 km. Flight speed - 870 m / s. Mass of the combat part (BC) - 86 kg.

Cab-500s.

This corrected bomb is intended for highly accurate defeat of stationary terrestrial targets - railway bridges, fortification facilities, communications nodes. The bomb has a high accuracy of the defeat at the expense of an inertial-satellite guidance system. Ammunition can be effectively used in the afternoon, and at night in any weather.

The bomb can be discharged at distances from 2 to 9 km from the purpose and at altitudes from 500 meters to 5 km at the speed of the carrier aircraft from 550 to 1100 km / h. The mass of the bomb in different versions - 560 kg, the mass of the fuzno-concrequate combat part - 360-380 kg.

The circular probable deviation of the bomb from the target, according to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, is 4-5 meters, according to the manufacturer - from 7 to 12 meters.

Cab-500c has a fuse with three types of deceleration.

A direct hit of two such avia bombs in Syria was destroyed by the headquarters of the formation of the formation of Liva Al-Hack, more than 200 militants were immediately eliminated.

OFAB of different masses

A fragic fugasal aviation bomb of a free fall. It is used to defeat poorly protected military facilities, armored and unjeited technology, live strength. It is used from height from 500 meters to 16 km.

In Syria, these ammunition are used by SU-25SM attack aircraft.

Winged rocket x-555

Dosvali Strategic Winged Air Base Rocket, X-55 Modification, equipped with a conventional combat part (BC).

The rocket is equipped with an inertial-doppler guidance system in which the terrain relief correction is combined with satellite navigation. X-555 can be equipped with different types of BC: a fragmentary fugasal, penetrating or cassette with different types of elements. Compared to X-55, the mass of the combat part was increased, which led to a decrease in flight range to 2000 km. However, X-555 can be equipped with conformal fuel tanks to increase the flight range of the winning rocket to 2,500 km. According to open sources, a circular probable deviation (CVO) rocket is from 5 to 10 m.

According to the data obtained from the video recordings of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Rockets of X-555 were used with the aircraft Tu-160 and Tu-95 MC, which carried them in intra-tube compartments.

Strategic missile mines of these types are equipped with the launchers of the drum type MCU-6-5, on which 6 winged airbase missiles can be placed.

Winged Rocket ZM-14

On October 7, 2015, the winged rockets of the 3M-14 complex "Calibr NK" were successfully applied during the military operation of Russia in Syria.

The three small rocket ship of the project 21631 of the Caspian flotilla ("Uglich", "Grad Sviyazhsk" and "Great Ustyug") and the project ship of the project 11661K "Dagestan" performed shooting 26 missiles on 11 terrestrial targets located at a distance of about 1500 km. This was the first combat use of the missile complex.

The rocket ships of the projects 116,61k and 21631 included in the flotilla are equipped with launchers of tactical winged missiles "Calibr" (according to NATO classification - SS-N-27 SIZZLER).

The Rocket Complex "Calibr" is designed and manufactured by the OKB "Novator" in Yekaterinburg based on the C-10 complex "Granat", first was introduced in 1993.

Based on the "caliber", complexes of terrestrial, air, surface and underwater basing, export options were created. Currently, different types of "Calibr" complexes are in service with Russia, India and PRC.

Officially disclosed data on the limit range of only the export version of the rocket, it is 275-300 km. In 2012, at a meeting with President of Dagestan, Magomedsalam Magomedov, Vice-Admiral Sergey Alemmin, who held the post of commander of the Caspian Flotilla at that time, said that the tactical version of the winged rocket of the Kalibr complex (3M-14) may affect coastal targets to 2,600 km.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the 3M-14 missile are secret information and in open access are absent.

2019 tass information Agency (CB-in Registration media №03247 issued on April 2, 1999G. committed Committee.Russian F. printing edration)

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