What is included in the concept of exploitation. Basic concepts and definitions of the theory of equipment operation and repair. Which rooms are wet
5 group
Topic 1. General provisions of current norms and rules when working in electrical installations
1.What is an electrical installation?
Answer: A set of machines, apparatus, lines and auxiliary equipment intended for the production, transformation, transformation, transmission, distribution of electrical energy and its transformation into another type of energy 2. Which electrical installation is considered to be operational?
Answer: An electrical installation or part of it that is energized, or to which voltage can be applied by turning on switching devices 3. What electrical installations according to PUE are called closed (or internal)?
Answer: Electrical installations located inside buildings, protecting them from atmospheric influences, with the exception of electrical installations protected by canopies, mesh fences, etc.
4. Which rooms are called electrical rooms according to the Electrical Installation Code?
Answer: Premises or fenced-off parts of the premises in which electrical equipment is located, accessible only to qualified service personnel
5. What, in accordance with the Electrical Installation Code, is called a consumer of electrical energy? Answer: An electrical receiver or a group of electrical receivers, united by a technological process and located in a certain area
6. What is included in the concept of "Operation"?
Answer: stage of the product life cycle at which its quality is implemented, maintained or restored 7. What is included in the concept of "Secondary circuits"?
Answer: A set of rows of clamps, electrical wires and cables connecting devices and control devices, electroautomatics, blocking, measurement, protection and signaling 8. What electrical installations are subject to the requirements of the Electrical Installation Code?
Answer: For newly constructed and reconstructed electrical installations of direct and alternating current with voltage up to 750 kV, including special electrical installations
9. How are electrical installations divided according to the terms of electrical safety?
Answer: Electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V and above 1000 V 10. Which electrical installation is considered to be operational?
Answer: An electrical installation or its part, which is energized, or to which voltage can be applied by switching on the switching devices 11. Who are covered by the Labor Protection Rules (safety rules) during the operation of electrical installations?
Answer: For employees of organizations, regardless of the form of ownership and organizational and legal forms, and other individuals engaged in the maintenance of electrical installations, conducting operational switching in them, organizing and performing construction, installation, commissioning, repair work, testing and measurements 12. Who is the subject of the Rules for the technical operation of electrical installations of consumers?
Answer: For organizations, regardless of their forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms, individual entrepreneurs operating existing electrical installations with voltages up to 220 kV inclusive, and citizens - owners of electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V
13. What liability is provided for violation of rules and regulations during the operation of electrical installations?
Answer: In accordance with applicable law
14. For what, in accordance with the Rules of Technical Operation of Electrical Installations of Consumers, are employees directly servicing electrical installations personally liable?
Answer: For violations that occurred through their fault, as well as for their improper elimination of violations in the operation of electrical installations in the serviced area
15. For what, in accordance with the Rules for the Technical Operation of Electrical Installations of Consumers, are employees who carry out repairs to an electrical installation personally liable?
Answer: For malfunctions caused by poor quality of repair 16. For what, in accordance with the Rules for the technical operation of electrical installations of consumers, are the head of the Consumer and the person responsible for the electrical system personally liable?
Answer: For failure to comply with the requirements provided for by the Rules and job descriptions
17. For what, in accordance with the Rules for the technical operation of electrical installations of consumers, are the head and specialists of the energy service personally responsible?
Answer: For violations in the operation of electrical installations due to untimely and unsatisfactory maintenance and failure to comply with emergency measures
18. What should an employee do when he notices faults in the electrical installation or protective equipment?
Answer: Immediately report this to your immediate supervisor, in his absence - to a superior supervisor 19. What electrical consumers belong to the second category electrical consumers?
Answer: Electrical receivers, a power outage of which leads to a massive under-shipment of products, massive downtime of workers, machinery and industrial transport, disruption of the normal activities of a significant number of urban and rural residents
20. What electrical consumers belong to the first category electrical consumers?
Answer: Electrical receivers, a power outage of which may entail: danger to human life, threat to the security of the state, significant material damage, disruption of a complex technological process, disruption of the functioning of especially important elements of communal services, communication and television facilities 21. How many power sources are needed to organize power supply electrical receivers of the second category?
Answer: Two independent mutually redundant power supplies
Answer: In the process of designing a power supply system based on regulatory documents, as well as the technological part of the project
23. How are premises classified in terms of the risk of electric shock to people?
Answer: Premises without increased danger, premises with increased danger, especially dangerous premises
24. What premises are classified as hazardous premises?
Answer: Any of the listed premises refers to premises with increased danger. 25 What, according to the Electrical Installation Code, is called an electrical room?
Answer: Rooms or parts of a room fenced off (for example, with nets) in which electrical equipment is located, accessible only to qualified service personnel 26. What premises are called damp?
Answer: Rooms where the relative humidity exceeds 75% 27. Which rooms are wet?
Answer: Premises in which the relative humidity is more than 60%, but does not exceed 75% 28. What premises are called dry?
Answer: Rooms where the relative humidity does not exceed 60% 29. What is the nominal value of the parameter of an electrical device?
Answer: Manufacturer's specified electrical device parameter value
30. How are power tools and hand-held electric machines classified according to the method of protection against electric shock?
Answer: Divided into 4 classes - zero, first, second and third
31. Who exercises state energy supervision over compliance with the requirements of rules and regulations of electrical safety in electrical installations?
Answer: Rostekhnadzor
32. In what case is a comprehensive testing of the main and auxiliary equipment of an electrical installation before commissioning considered carried out?
Answer: Under the condition of normal and continuous operation of the main and auxiliary equipment for 72 hours 33. In what case is a comprehensive testing of a power transmission line before commissioning considered carried out?
Answer: Under the condition of normal and continuous operation of the main and auxiliary equipment within 24 hours 34. Is it possible to take into operation electrical installations with defects and deficiencies?
Answer: Acceptance of electrical installations with imperfections into operation is not allowed
35. What frequency of revision of instructions and diagrams is the person responsible for the electrical system obliged to provide?
Answer: At least once every three years
36. How is voltage supplied to electrical installations admitted in accordance with the established procedure for operation?
Answer: After obtaining permission from the energy supervision and the presence of an agreement with the energy supply organization 37. In which electrical installations is the appointment of the person responsible for the electrical equipment carried out?
Answer: In all electrical installations, except for those where the owners of electrical installations above 1000 V are citizens or electrical facilities includes only ASP, lighting installations and electrical equipment with a voltage not higher than 380 V 38. Who should ensure the reliability and safety of the operation of electrical installations?
Answer: Consumers 39. Which of the following is the responsibility of the person in charge of the electrical equipment?
Answer: Organization of training, instruction, knowledge testing and admission to independent work of electrical personnel 40. How are the zero working (neutral) conductors designated?
Answer: They are designated with the letter N and blue 41. What letter and color designation is used for protective earthing conductors in electrical installations?
Answer: Letter designation PE and color designation with alternating longitudinal or transverse stripes of the same width (for tires from 15 to 100 mm) in yellow and green
42. What letter and color designation is used for combined zero protective and zero working conductors?
Answer: PEN lettering and color coding: blue along the entire length and yellow-green stripes at the ends 43. What designations are used for busbars with alternating three-phase current?
Answer: Phase A bus designation - yellow, phase B - green, phase C - red
44. How are busbars designated at constant current?
Answer: Positive bus (+) - in red, negative (-) - in blue and zero working M - in blue
45. With what neutral mode should electric networks with a voltage of 10 kV work?
Answer: With isolated neutral
THEME 2
Measures for safe work during the repair, adjustment and maintenance of certain types of electrical radio equipment.
During repairs and adjustments, occupational safety rules must be strictly adhered to. Failure to follow these guidelines may result in electric shock or injury. It should be remembered that the most dangerous for humans is the current with a frequency of 50 Hz.
It can be repaired and checked under voltage only in cases where it is impossible to carry out work in a device disconnected from the mains (setting, adjusting, measuring modes, finding bad contacts in the form of "cold soldering", etc.). When doing this, it is imperative to be careful to avoid energizing. Beware of burns on heating elements.
Whenever working with a switched on instrument or device, it is imperative to use a tool with well insulated handles. Work with one hand, wearing long sleeves or oversleeves. At this time, you must not touch the body of the device and other grounded objects (pipes of central heating, water supply, etc.) with the other hand.
Measuring devices should be connected to the circuit only after disconnecting it from the network and removing residual charges from the circuit elements. Instrument wires must be terminated with test leads and have good insulation. The bodies of the measuring instruments should be connected to the body.
It is prohibited:
Soldering live wiring.
Repair the device connected to the electrical network, if the room in which it is located is damp or has a cement or other conductive floor.
It is located near the device to persons who do not repair it.
The effect of electric current on the human body is reduced to two types of injury: electrical injury and electrical shock.
Electrical injury- These are local damage to body tissues (electrical burns, electrical signs, skin metallization and mechanical damage).
Electric shock - this is the excitation of living tissues of the body by an electric current passing through it, accompanied by an involuntary convulsive muscle contraction, incl. muscles of the heart and lungs. Taking into account the dependence on the origin of the "current" action, electric shocks are conventionally divided into the following four stages:
I - convulsive muscle contraction without loss of consciousness;
II - convulsive muscle contraction with loss of consciousness, but with preserved breathing and heart function;
III - loss of consciousness and impaired cardiac activity or breathing and blood circulation.
To maintain the REA in good working order, it is extremely important not only to know and master it perfectly, but also to be able to organize and conduct its operation on a scientific basis. When developing the theoretical foundations of operation, the following tasks should be solved:
Ø substantiation of the scope and content of work and activities carried out at various stages of operation;
Ø development of methods for organizing the work of service personnel and technology for various types of work in the process of operation;
Ø determination of the composition of operational and technical characteristics (ETC) and indicators characterizing the quality of operation;
Ø development of criteria and methods for quantitative assessment of ETC;
Ø study and analysis of factors affecting the quality of operation and ETH, as well as the development of recommendations for improving ETH;
Ø development of the basics of automation of the operation process;
Ø study of the economic problems of operation and the implementation of the results of these studies into the practice of operation.
Consider a number of basic concepts and definitions used to characterize and describe the operation.
Exploitation is a set of works and organizational measures to maintain the electronic equipment in constant technical serviceability.
The exploitation process consists of a number of stages. The operation stage is a definite part of the operation process, completed for its intended purpose. Usually, the process of operating an electronic equipment consists of the following basic stages: storage, transportation, preparation for use, intended use, maintenance, repair.
Operating conditions is a set of factors acting on the electronic equipment during operation. Operating conditions include climatic conditions, mechanical and electrical loads, electromagnetic radiation, qualifications of service personnel, and availability of spare parts.
Under storage of electronic equipment it is customary to understand its content in a technically sound condition within a specified period prior to implementation. During storage, favorable conditions for maintaining equipment should be created, in which the preservation of its operability is ensured.
Transportation- transportation of electronic equipment under conditions that ensure the preservation of its performance.
Preparation of CEA for use is a set of works on preparing the equipment for normal operation in accordance with its purpose and technical conditions.
Use of CEA for its intended purpose is a set of works that ensure the normal functioning of the equipment in accordance with the technical conditions.
Maintenance is a set of works (operations) to maintain the electronic equipment in good or efficient condition
during preparation and use for the intended purpose, storage and transportation.
Repair- a set of operations to restore serviceability or operability and restore the resources of the electronic equipment or its components.
Taking into account the dependence of the degree of aging, the nature of malfunctions, the complexity and volume of work, repairs are divided into planned and unplanned. Planned repair is called staging, which is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the normative and technical documentation. Unplanned- this is a repair that is carried out without prior appointment.
Repair carried out to ensure or restore the operability of an object and consisting in replacing or restoring its individual parts is usually called current. It is carried out after the occurrence of a failure and can be performed at the location of the electronic equipment.
Repair performed to restore serviceability and partial restoration of the resource of objects with the replacement or restoration of component parts of a limited range and control of the technical condition of component parts, carried out in the amount established in the normative technical documentation, is usually called average.
Repair carried out to restore serviceability and full or close to full restoration of the resource of an object with the replacement or restoration of any of its parts, including basic ones, is usually called capital.
The operation of household electronic equipment has some peculiarities. So, preparation for its use includes pre-sale preparation, installation and regulation of equipment after purchase at home from the owner. Pre-sale preparation involves preparing the equipment for operation, checking its operability (adjustment and tuning if necessary), as well as a 2-hour electric run of the equipment in the store with four disconnections from the network lasting 15 minutes each.
Another feature is essentially that in the periods between maintenance and repairs, the equipment is operated by the consumer himself, ᴛ.ᴇ. the intended use is carried out by the owner of the equipment. Since the equipment does not have absolute reliability, during this period of operation, malfunctions occur and the parameters of the devices go out of tolerance limits. These circumstances require the creation of special repair bodies and the conduct of appropriate periodic maintenance of household electronic equipment at the home of the owner of the equipment.
The tasks of the operation of the electronic equipment are the organization and implementation of various activities that ensure preparation for use, use as intended, and maintenance of good condition.
The operational properties of electronic equipment are understood as its reliability, readiness to perform basic functions, adaptability to maintenance, and efficiency. Let's take a look at each of these properties.
Reliability- this is the property of an object to perform specified functions, keeping in time the values of the established operational indicators within the specified limits, corresponding to the specified modes and conditions of use, maintenance, repairs, storage and transportation.
Readiness is a property of an object that characterizes its adaptability to transfer from any initial state to a state of direct application to its intended purpose.
Aptitude for maintenance - the property of equipment to effectively perform its tasks when carrying out maintenance of a given duration at a certain frequency.
Profitability- a property characterizing the costs associated with the operation of the electronic equipment.
Reliability is one of the most important operational properties of electronic equipment, since it largely determines the efficiency of using the equipment for its intended purpose, and also the required level of reliability largely determines the cost of manufacturing the electronic equipment.
Reliability is a complex property. Taking into account the dependence on the purpose of the electronic equipment and the conditions of its operation, reliability can include reliability, maintainability, preservation and durability.
Reliability- there is a property of an object to remain operational for some time or some operating time. In this case, the operability (operable state) is understood as such a state of the electronic equipment, in which it is able to perform the specified functions, keeping the values of the specified parameters within the limits established by the regulatory and technical documentation. If the value of at least one specified parameter does not meet the established requirements, then the object is in an inoperative state.
Broader, characterizing the technical condition of the electronic equipment, is the concept of "serviceability", or "serviceable condition".
A good condition is understood as such a state of the electronic equipment, in which it meets all the requirements established by the normative and technical documentation. From this definition it is clear that the concept of "serviceability" is broader than the concept of "serviceability", since the electronic equipment must be faulty, but efficient (meeting the requirements for ensuring the performance of specified functions), if it does not meet those requirements that do not affect the quality of its functioning (for example, requirements for external examination). If the electronic equipment does not meet at least one of the requirements established in the regulatory and technical documentation, it is considered faulty.
The transition of CEA from one state to another is called an event.
An event consisting in a violation of the serviceable state of an electronic equipment or its parts due to various influences and in its transition to a faulty state is called damage.
An event involving a hardware failure is called a failure. As follows from the definition, a failure should be understood not only as a complete loss of performance, but also its deterioration due to a change in the value of the parameters.
Refusals are subdivided into:
1) by the nature of the change in parameters before the failure occurs - into sudden and gradual.
Sudden is called a failure characterized by an abrupt change in one or more parameters.
Gradual a failure is called, characterized by a gradual change in the values of one or more specified parameters;
2) according to the relationship with each other - into dependent and independent. Addicted is called the failure of an element of an object caused by the failure of another element.
Independent is called the failure of an element of an object not caused by failures of other elements;
3) by the nature of the time of malfunctioning - to failures and intermittent.
Failure is called a self-correcting failure, leading to a short-term disruption of performance.
Intermittent a failure is a multiple occurring failure of the same nature;
4) by the presence of external signs - into explicit and implicit.
Explicit is a failure that is detected immediately after its appearance without the use of measuring instruments.
Implicit (hidden)- this is a failure that has no external signs of manifestation and should be detected only with the help of appropriate measurements;
5) for reasons of occurrence - for design, production and operational.
Structural is called a failure resulting from a violation of established rules or norms for the design of an object.
Production refers to a failure resulting from a violation of the established process of manufacturing or repairing an object.
Operational is called a failure resulting from a violation of established rules or conditions of operation of an object.
At the same time, the entire electronic equipment and its component parts are divided into repaired and non-repairable. Refurbished is called such an object, the serviceability and operability of which, in the event of a failure or damage, must be restored. An object whose serviceability and operability cannot be restored is usually called not repairable.
Maintainability is understood as the property of an electronic equipment, which consists in its adaptability to the prevention and detection of the causes of its failures, damage and restoration of an operational state through maintenance and repairs.
During operation, the electronic equipment can be transported and sometimes stored for a long time.
The property of electronic equipment to continuously maintain a serviceable and efficient state during and after storage, transportation is usually called persistence.
Durability- this is the property of the electronic equipment to remain operational until the onset of the limiting state with the established system of maintenance and repairs. The limiting state is called such a state in which the further operation of the electronic equipment should be terminated for the following reasons:
§ irreparable violation of safety requirements;
§ unrecoverable departure of the set parameters outside the established limits;
§ irreparable decrease in operating efficiency below the permissible level.
The signs of the limiting state are established by the normative and technical documentation.
Basic concepts, definitions and tasks of operation. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Basic concepts, definitions and tasks of operation." 2017, 2018.
STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR
OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
EXPLOITATION OF TECHNIQUE.
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
GOST 25866-83
Developed by the USSR State Committee for Standards.
Introduced by the USSR State Committee for Standards.
Approved and put into effect by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated July 13, 1983 No.
This standard establishes the terms used in science, technology and production and definitions of basic concepts in the field of operation of technical products.
The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation, scientific and technical, educational and reference literature.
There is one standardized term for each concept.
The use of terms-symbols of the standardized term is prohibited. For individual standardized terms, short forms are given as a reference, which are allowed to be used in cases excluding the possibility of their different interpretation. The established definitions can, if necessary, be changed in the form of presentation, avoiding violations of the boundaries of concepts.
In cases where the necessary and sufficient features of a concept are contained in the literal meaning of the term, the definition is not given and, accordingly, a dash is put in the "Definition" column.
The standard provides an alphabetical index of the terms it contains.
The reference Appendix provides explanations for some of the standardized terms.
Standardized terms are in bold type, their short form is in light type.
+—————————-+————————————+
¦ Term ¦ Definition ¦
+—————————-+————————————+
¦1. OPERATION ¦ Stage of the product life cycle, ¦
¦ ¦ on which it is implemented, support-¦
¦ ¦ ¦ its quality is restored and restored ¦
¦ ¦you. ¦
¦ ¦ Note. Product operation ¦
¦ ¦ generally includes ex-
¦ ¦intended use, trans- ¦
¦ ¦portation, storage, technical¦
¦ ¦Maintenance and repair ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦2. MAINTENANCE ¦Part of operation, including ¦
¦ ¦ transportation, storage, technical ¦
¦ ¦ Maintenance and repair of products ¦
¦ ¦liya ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦3. EQUIPMENT OF OPERATION ¦Buildings, structures, technical ¦
¦ ¦ devices, including an instrument, ¦
¦ ¦ spare parts and operational ¦
¦ ¦ materials required for operation ¦
¦ ¦ Product description ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦4. SYSTEM OF OPERATION
¦ ¦ operation, performers and installation ¦
¦ The blending rules of their interaction ¦
¦ ¦ documentation required and available ¦
¦ accurate to perform the tasks of operation ¦
¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦5. OPERATING CONDITIONS ¦A set of factors acting ¦
¦ ¦ on the product during use ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦6. COMMISSIONING ¦Ready event ¦
¦ ¦ products for use as intended-¦
¦ niya, documented in ¦
¦ ¦ established order. ¦
¦ ¦ Note. For special views ¦
¦ ¦technics for commissioning before- ¦
¦ ¦ additionally include the preparatory- ¦
¦ ¦ work, control, acceptance and for-¦
¦ ¦ securing the product for the operating ¦
¦ by unit ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦7. BEGINNING OF OPERATION ¦The moment of putting the product into operation¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦8. REMOVAL FROM OPERATION ¦Event fixing impossibility ¦
¦ ¦ or inappropriateness of further ¦
¦ ¦intended use and re- ¦
¦ ¦ product assembly and documentary ¦
¦ ¦ drawn up in the prescribed manner¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦9. END OF OPERATION ¦ Decommissioning point ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦10. QUALITY OF OPERATION ¦According to GOST 15467-79 ¦
¦PRODUCTS ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦11. DESIGNATED USE- ¦- ¦
¦CHENIU ¦ ¦
¦Using ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦12. WAITING FOR USE
¦ FOR APPOINTMENT
¦ ¦ according to the provisions of the norm- ¦
¦ ¦ technical documentation ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦13. STORAGE DURING OPERATION- ¦Content not used by name
¦CTIONS ¦the value of the product in the given state- ¦
¦Store ¦in the storage space¦
¦ ¦ together with the preservation in ¦
¦ ¦ within a given period ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦14. TRANSPORTATION WHEN ¦Moving a product in a given ¦
¦OPERATION ¦condition with use, if necessary ¦
¦Transportation of motor vehicles, transport and cargo ¦
¦ ¦ lifting aids starting with ¦
¦ ¦ loading and ending with unloading ¦
¦ ¦ at destination ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦15. TECHNOLOGICAL ¦The complex of operations for the preparation of ¦
¦ MAINTENANCE products for use as intended ¦
¦ storage, storage and transportation and
¦ ¦bring it to its original state¦
¦ ¦ after these unrelated processes ¦
¦ ¦ maintaining product reliability ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦16. MAINTENANCE According to GOST 18322-78 ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦17. REPAIR ¦According to GOST 18322-78 ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦18. NORMAL USE
¦ ¦with current operating surcharge- ¦
¦ ¦ documentation ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦19. SUPERVISED OPERATION- Operation in order to obtain ¦
¦TATION ¦Additional information ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦20. LEADER OPERATION ¦ Normal Setpoint Operation ¦
¦ ¦ number of items allocated to ¦
¦ more intensive spending ¦
¦ ¦ resource versus the rest ¦
¦ ¦ product park ¦
¦ ¦ ¦
¦21. REAL OPERATION ¦Existing in operation ¦
¦ ¦ operating organization conditions ¦
+—————————-+————————————+
———————————
For special types of equipment, the nomenclature of types of repairs included in operation is established in the industry normative and technical documentation.
ALPHABETIC INDEX
Commissioning 6
Use 11
Intended use 11
Product exploitation quality 10
End of operation 9
Getting Started 7
Maintenance 16
Technological service 15
Pending intended use 12
Repair 17
Operation system 4
Decommissioning 8
Operating facilities 3
Transport 14
Transport during operation 14
Operating conditions 5
Storage 13
Storage during operation 13
Operation 1
Leader operation 20
Normal operation 18
Controlled operation 19
Operation is real 21
Operation technical 2
Application
(reference)
EXPLANATION TO SOME TERMS
To the term "Operation" (p. 1)
The life cycle of a product is understood as the totality of the development, manufacture, handling, operation and disposal of a product from the beginning of the study of the possibility of its creation until the end of its use. A distinctive feature of operation is the use or expectation of using the product for its intended purpose.
To the term "Means of exploitation" (clause 3)
Technical devices include machines, devices, fixtures, etc.
To the term "Operation system" (clause 4)
An integral part of the operation system is a system of technical maintenance and repair of equipment.
To the term "Operating conditions" (clause 5)
External factors affecting the product during operation include natural conditions, thermal, chemical and mechanical influences, dustiness, humidity, etc.
To the term "Start of operation" (clause 7)
For household products, the beginning of operation is the moment they are sold through a retail network or received by the buyer for off-market consumption.
The commencement of operation of components and components coincides with the commencement of operation of the main product.
To the term "Repair" (clause 17)
Repair of products can be accompanied by its modernization.
For special types of equipment, some types of repairs may not be part of the operation.
To the term "Technological service" (clause 15)
Technological maintenance is an integral part of the intended use, transportation and storage.
In some cases, technological maintenance can be carried out during the intended use, transportation and storage, for example, cleaning an excavator bucket from adhering soil, cleaning products stored in an open area from snow, etc.
To the terms "Normal operation" (clause 18)
and "Leading exploitation" (p. 20)
For special applications, the term “Normal Operation” may be used instead of “Normal Operation”.
Approved by
and put into effect
Decree of the State
USSR Committee on Standards
Date of introduction -
CHANGE N 1 GOST 25866-83.
OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Table. Column "Definition". For term 3, replace the words: "technical devices, including a tool" with "means of technological equipment";
for term 5, state in a new edition: "The totality of external influencing factors affecting the product during its operation";
for term 15, replace the words: "not related to maintaining the reliability of the product" with "the need for which is not determined by the reliability of the product";
supplement the table with the term - 22:
+—————————-+————————————+
¦ Term ¦ Definition ¦
+—————————-+————————————+
¦22. OPERATING COSTS¦- ¦
+—————————-+————————————+
Supplement the alphabetical index with the term (in alphabetical order): "Operating costs" (22).
Application. Delete the name "To the term" Means of exploitation "(clause 3) and an explanation.
GOST 25866-83 Operation of equipment. Terms and Definitions
1. General provisions for the operation of equipment
1.1. Basic concepts and definitions
According to GOST 25866, operation is the stage of the product life cycle at which its quality is sold, maintained and restored. The operation process includes: use of the product for its intended purpose, transportation, storage, maintenance and repair.
Operation is subdivided into two components: the intended use of the machines and technical operation.
Intended use is the use of a product (machine) for the purposes stipulated by the technical specifications and instructions approved by the supplier.
Technical operation includes transportation, storage, maintenance and repair of the machine.
Here are some of the terms that are used in the normative and technical documentation for the operation of equipment.
Means of operation- buildings, structures, technical devices, including tools, spare parts and operating materials necessary for the operation of the machine.
Operation system- a set of machines, means of operation, performers and documentation that establishes the rules and procedure for their interaction.
Operating conditions- a set of factors acting on the machine during its operation.
Pre-sale preparation- purposeful activity of legal entities and (or) individuals performing a list of due work, ensuring the compliance of the machine with the established requirements and transferring it to the buyer in good (complete) condition.
Commissioning- an event recording the readiness of the machine for use as intended and documented in the prescribed manner.
Start of operation- the moment of putting the machine into operation.
Storage during operation(storage) - the maintenance of a machine that is not used for its intended purpose in a given state in a place designated for its placement, ensuring its safety for a given period.
Transport during operation(transportation) - movement of the machine in a given state using, if necessary, transport and lifting equipment, starting with loading and ending with unloading at the destination.
Repair is a complex of operations to restore the serviceable or operational state of an object.
Maintenance is a complex of operations to maintain the operational or serviceable state of an object.
Normal operation- operation of the machine in accordance with the current normative and technical documentation.
Supervised exploitation- operation for the purpose of obtaining additional information.
Real exploitation- operation in the conditions prevailing in the operating organization.
Decommissioning- an event fixing the impossibility or inexpediency of further use for its intended purpose and documented in the prescribed manner.
End of operation- the moment of decommissioning.
Technical service- purposeful activity of legal entities and individuals who are not consumers of machines to ensure their efficient and safe operation.
Proprietary method of maintenance and repair- performance of maintenance and repairs by the manufacturer's acceptance.
Since the operation of machines has as its goal the implementation, maintenance and restoration of quality, we will consider the basic concepts of quality and its relationship with the operation of equipment.
Quality- a set of properties and characteristics of a product or service that give them the ability to meet the conditioned or implied needs of the consumer in accordance with the purpose.
Property- an objective feature of a product or service, which is laid down during its creation (implementation) or manifests itself in the process of operation.
Quality indicators- a quantitative characteristic of one or more properties that determine quality.
The technical and economic concept of the quality of a product or service covers only those properties that are associated with the ability to meet certain social or personal needs of the consumer in accordance with the purpose.
Any product has many different properties that can be manifested during its creation, operation or consumption. Moreover, the term "exploitation" is applied to such products, which in the process of use consumes their resources, and the term "consumption" - to products that, when used for their intended purpose, are consumed by themselves. Conventionally, product properties can be divided into simple and complex. For example, the complex property “reliability” is determined by such relatively simple properties as reliability, durability, maintainability, preservation, etc.
Quality indicators quantify the suitability of a product or service to meet specific needs. The nomenclature of quality indicators depends on the purpose of the product or service and can be very diverse for a product or service for multi-purpose purposes.
In fig. 1.1 shows the classification of quality indicators for machines for various purposes.
Rice. 1.1. Classification of quality indicators of machines
The classification according to the characterized properties includes a set of operational properties of the machine, determined by its purpose. In each specific case, a specialist who analyzes the operational properties of a machine forms the required complex using the system analysis methodology. Let's take a look at some of these properties.
Purpose of the machine- a complex property that includes a number of properties that characterize the suitability of a machine to meet certain needs.
Machine safety- a property that ensures the elimination or minimization of the consequences of emergency situations.
Ergonomic- a property that determines the convenience and ease of control of the machine and affects the general condition and performance of the driver-operator. Ergonomics is a complex property and includes physiological, psychological, anthropometric and hygienic properties.
Physiological properties characterize the correspondence of the machine to the power, speed and energy, visual and auditory capabilities of the operator-operator or driver.
Psychological properties characterize the compliance of the workplace with the existing and newly formed skills of a person, as well as the ability to perceive and process information.
Anthropometric properties characterize the compliance of the controls, the shape and size of the workplace with the size and shape of the human body.
Hygienic properties characterize the levels of noise, vibration, illumination, temperature, humidity, dustiness, toxicity, i.e. levels of harmful factors affecting the human body.
Environmental friendliness- a property characterizing the level of impact of the machine during its operation on the environment.
Environmental indicators include the generated external noise, the content of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases of cars with gasoline engines, the smoke of the exhaust gases and the emissions of harmful substances from diesel cars, the level of radio interference.
Technical aesthetics- a property that characterizes the combination of technical and artistic solutions in the design of a machine in order to meet the psychological and aesthetic needs of a person.
The main elements of technical aesthetics are stylistic conformity (conformity to fashion); functional and constructive fitness; organization of volumetric-spatial structure; cleanliness of joints, fillets, mating surfaces, brand signs and signs; color coloring; the quality of coatings and surface finishes, as well as symmetry, rhythm, contrast, proportionality and composition.
Versatility- a property that characterizes the possibility of using a machine with various replaceable working elements.
Informativeness- a property that characterizes the operator's ability to obtain information about the state, operating modes of the machine and pre-emergency situations directly in the cab of the machine.
Classification according to the methods for determining the quality indicators of machines includes various analytical and experimental methods for determining the numerical values of these indicators.
Measuring method It is based on the use of various technical means and serves to determine the units of physical or chemical quantities characterizing the quality, for example, the mass of the machine, the speed of movement, the concentration of harmful substances, the size of the cabin, the efforts on the levers.
Registration method is based on observations and counting of the number of events, items or costs identified, for example, product failures during testing and operation.
Calculation method is based on the use of existing theoretical and (or) empirical relationships between various quality indicators and is used to determine those indicators, the measurement of which by other methods leads to significant costs of funds or is dangerous to the health and life of the testers.
Organoleptic method is based on the perception of information by the human senses and the analysis of the received sensations based on the available experience. In this case, it is possible to use technical means that increase the sensitivity and resolution of the human sense organs, for example, a magnifying glass, a microscope, etc.
Expert method based on the decisions made by experts as a result of the analysis carried out according to a certain method. It is used, for example, in assessing the indicators of technical aesthetics or the coefficients of weighting of various indicators of quality (i.e., a quantitative characteristic of the significance of a given indicator of quality relative to other indicators).
Sociological method is based on an analysis of the opinions of actual or potential buyers of cars and is carried out through an oral survey, distribution of questionnaires, as well as through conferences, meetings, exhibitions. It is most often used in assessing the quality of services.
Classification according to the number of characterized properties subdivides quality indicators into single characterizing one property (for example, pump flow); complex that determine several properties (for example, a pump power indicator, which characterizes a number of properties); group related to a certain group of properties (for example, ergonomic); generalized, i.e. group indicators with weight factors, selected for assessing a specific machine, and integral, which are the ratio of the total beneficial effect from the operation of the machine to the total costs of its creation and operation.
Classification by mode of expression includes the expression of quality indicators in units of physical quantities, i.e. N, m / s, kW, etc. (for example, destination indicators); v points(for example, when assessing indicators of technical aesthetics); dimensionless coefficients(when assessing reliability indicators) and units of value(when assessing economic indicators).
In accordance with the classification according to the stage of use, different quality indicators dominate at different stages of the life cycle of a machine. At the stage of issuing a technical task as a result of a predictive assessment, predicted indicators are obtained. At the design stage, the main indicators are unification and patentability. In the production of a machine, the most important indicator of manufacturability, and in the process of operation - indicators of purpose, safety, reliability, ergonomics, environmental friendliness, technical aesthetics, and efficiency.
The base values are the values of the indicators taken as the basis for the comparative assessment of quality. These can be the values of indicators of the best foreign and domestic samples, the quality of which there is reliable data, as well as the values of quality indicators in a certain previous period of time, or the planned values of indicators of promising samples, found experimentally or theoretically. It is possible to use the indicators specified in state standards, industry standards, technical conditions and other regulatory documents as basic ones.
The ratio of the value of the quality indicator of the evaluated product to the base is a relative indicator of quality and is expressed in dimensionless coefficients or percentages.
Based on the analysis of quality indicators, quality management systems are developed. At present, in Russia, the quality management of products of machines and services is based on a series of international standards ISO 9000 "Product quality management" and on domestic standards developed on their basis.
Quality control are operational methods and activities used to satisfy quality requirements.
Quality system- the set of organizational structure, responsibilities, procedures, processes and resources, ensuring the implementation of overall quality management.
Quality assurance- a set of planned and systematically carried out activities necessary to create confidence that a product (machine) or service meets certain quality requirements.
Quality program- a document regulating specific measures in the field of quality, the allocation of resources and the sequence of actions related to a specific product (machine), service, contract or project.
ПТЭЭП Terms Operating electrical installation - electrical installation or its part, which is energized, or to which voltage can be applied by switching on the switching devices.
255-3.What is the definition of "Operation"?
PTEEP Terms Operation - the stage of the product life cycle at which its quality is sold, maintained or restored
256-4. What is the definition of "Secondary transmission circuits"?
ПТЭЭП Terms Secondary power transmission circuits - a set of rows of clamps, electrical wires and cables connecting devices and control devices of electroautomatics, blocking, measurement, protection and signaling
257-5.What is the definition of "Target Briefing"?
PTEEP Terms Target instruction - instructions for the safe performance of specific work in an electrical installation, covering the category of workers determined by an order or order, from the issuer of the outfit, who gave the order to a member of the brigade or performer
258-6.What is the definition of "Solidly grounded neutral"?
PTEEP Terms Solid-grounded neutral - The neutral of a transformer or generator connected to the grounding device directly
259-7. What is the definition of the concept of "Power electrical circuit"?
ПТЭЭП Terms Power electrical circuit - an electrical circuit containing elements, the functional purpose of which is the production or transmission of the main part of electrical energy, its distribution, transformation into another type of energy or into electrical energy with other parameter values
260-8. What is the definition of "Busbar system"?
| Set of elements connecting the connections of the electrical switchgear |
| An electrical circuit containing elements, the functional purpose of which is the production or transmission of the main part of electrical energy, its distribution, transformation into another type of energy or into electrical energy with other parameter values |
| A device made in the form of buses or wires with insulators and supporting structures, intended for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy within a power plant, substation or workshop |
| AC or DC electrical network designed for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy used in control circuits, automation, protection and signaling of a power plant (substation) |
PTEEP Terms Busbar system - a set of elements connecting the connections of an electrical switchgear
261-9.What is the definition of "Conductor"?
| A device made in the form of buses or wires with insulators and supporting structures, intended for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy within a power plant, substation or workshop |
| Set of elements connecting the connections of the electrical switchgear |
| AC or DC electrical network designed for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy used in control circuits, automation, protection and signaling of a power plant (substation) |
| An electrical circuit containing elements, the functional purpose of which is the production or transmission of the main part of electrical energy, its distribution, transformation into another type of energy or into electrical energy with other parameter values |
PTEEP Terms Conductor - a device made in the form of buses or wires with insulators and supporting structures, designed for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy within a power plant, substation or workshop
262-10. What is the definition of "Transformer substation"?
| An electrical substation designed to convert electrical energy of one voltage into electrical energy of another voltage using transformers |
| An electrical installation serving for the reception and distribution of electricity and containing switching devices, busbars and connecting buses, auxiliary devices (compressor, battery, etc.), as well as protection devices, automation and measuring instruments |
| A set of machines, apparatus, lines and auxiliary equipment (together with structures and premises in which they are installed) intended for the production, transformation, transformation, transmission, distribution of electrical energy and its transformation into another type of energy |
| An electrical installation intended for the production of electrical or electrical and thermal energy, consisting of a construction part, equipment for converting various types of energy into electrical or electrical and thermal energy, auxiliary equipment and electrical switchgear |
PTEEP Terms Transformer substation - an electrical substation designed to convert electrical energy of one voltage into electrical energy of another voltage using transformers
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