What is the first-axis world. The essence of the teachings of Pythagora about the number as the origin of the world. Can a person know the world around
From physics, we know that
- The substance consists of molecules.
- Molecules from atoms.
- Atoms from protons, neutrons and electrons.
- Those, in turn, from some very small particles, particles from first-frequencies (?), Those from something else. And, in the end, presumably, we are at some depth of nesting the structure of the micromyr, reach the level on which there is nothing but energy and information. And this primary energy is called a "single field", an absolute vacuum, primary nothing ... and rather - n e.what, the main element from which all reality is built is - the first priority of matter. It is said more precisely - suggest scientists.
Sorry for too free and not very scientific terminology, but I wanted to briefly offer the scheme, and not a description of scientific views and hypotheses. I just wanted to make an emphasis on the fact that in the structural depth - the matter ends somewhere, and something, called a field, energy, etc. begins there, and completely disappears what we are accustomed to perceive like a solid substance. In addition, the concepts adopted in physical science are abstractions, which in life no one has seen eyes. They also have a character, rather - hypotheses, mathematically described artificial concepts, and not real objects. So, we can say that physical concepts, in the main mass, is a product of the mind, and not a reality. And in this regard, science is similar to the same esoteric or church beliefs - scientists believeJ. In the fact that the atom exists. You can believe in God, and you can - into matter or scientific concepts.
At my opinion, the most reliable belief is in a person and his widest, albeit little mastered and low-core opportunities. And the reality ... For each of us, it is real and obvious only what fits into his personal understanding and does not contradict the worldview and life experience!
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Recently, unorthodox physicists put forward many different hypotheses about the fact that the primary is not so much the field as the Universal Consciousness (God?). And these hypotheses are based on an extensive experimental, statistical and theoretical base. It looks like the science "found God" and is trying to bring a new theoretical justification under his find. And this is probably good. It turns out that believers in God, esoteric, yoga and other people who have an unconventional worldview are not right away! They have about the primancy of the world their opinion based on the internal experience ... more precisely - several different opinions, views, even exercises. And these are not theoretical surveys, but quite practical knowledge, more precisely - experimental.
First-Russian world, is it some space (?), Possessing ... just possessing some set of qualities. It is difficult for us to judge them from the standpoint of a three-dimensional physical world, because All our judgments will be nothing more than a three-dimensional idea (projection on our three-dimensional concepts), assumptions about the original truth. But still, some understanding we are quite capable of having, even about such an incredibly difficult phenomenon, as the first-pool of the world.
It is interesting here, not even how correct is the point of view offered on the pages of this site, as far as it is close to the true state of affairs. Interesting and important is another, namely -corollaryarising from this description, this scheme, if you want - models. Consequences and conclusions it is quite possible to use in practice ... at least for the purposes of positive self-tuning.
So, primo-pool is a space that has a number of certain qualities. We can work with these qualities directly, because We ourselves are from the "matter" of the primacy of the world, and therefore we have these qualities to some extent, we have initially and since we have, it means that we can interact with their help with any higher-order structures than a person - " this interacts with this!"- with the planet, our galaxy, creator ... and myself aboutthe first-axis world, as a total consciousness and total, generalized qualities of all of our reality.
Based on this interaction, we can create your personal (straight) channel with the Creator (God, the Absolute, the First-Property World, ... - Term, choose to your taste), or planet, or with what we want to start interacting. By the way, the first-pool of the world is the space (?) Of superlilateral velocities and instant interactions!
The difficulties and limitations of any of our communication (interaction) are determined by the settings of the contact channel, and those, in turn, depend on the level of development of our consciousness and our current self-settings.
Note:The qualities listed below are "true", because, initially does not carry an imprint of a single personality, which means there are no distortions made by personal perception. They, these qualities, in their initial primary form are present in all elements of reality, from the atom and sandbank, to galaxies, to any elements of reality, physical, fine and ultrathin plans. So, they are available for perception by any person.
The fact that this information is formulated on this particular (Russian) language and contains the appropriate linguistic limitations, does not matter. It does not matter that this description carries an imprint of the perception of the author of these lines. All this does not matter and is not a distortion, because anyone can establish interaction with the primary world only through its own initial structures, of which we are all! The reader must create his own channel of interaction with the first-axis of any element of the world directly - through its primancy.
This channel (see Echo response. Feedback) is able to supply any person true knowledge projected on his personal understanding. Those. Truth will be presented in the form adapted for each person individually, it can only be perceived by his consciousness, because There is no other tool of perception! The degree of completeness and accuracy of contact perception is limited and determined only by the capabilities of our own consciousness. In addition, each of us is free to perceive contact information - in its own way, in accordance with your personal features and preferences.The information contained in this section is "Lighthouse", Indicating the initial truth, and at the same time and pre-self-adjustment to create the desired communication channel. As a person wants to take advantage of it, and whether he wants at all depends on his personal decision and perception opportunities. In more detail, the principles and complexity of the perception of information will be discussed in the section "Resonance as perception."
True information is perceived and understood individually, in accordance with the capabilities of each particular person.
So, let's list some qualities of the world:
1. Consciousness (developing information).
2. Primal information - a project, a hologram of developing reality.
3. Energy (reason and means of implementing processes).
4. Intention, desire (desire for the eternal evolutionary individual development of each element of reality).
5. Statistics.
6. Dynamics.
7. Perception.
...
It should be noted that "all true", all true structures and qualities, have one common feature - "full-featured quality" ... globality, that whether it means that if we consider, for example, energy, then the true energy is smooth , powerful, filled, "solid" throughout the frequency attitude - it evenly fills the "all-rainbow" frequencies, without weakening and breaking.
For example, true information is information containing information about everything, the information is accurate and undisputed.
True statics and dynamics, it is in principle the same thing. Just the dynamics has ultra-light high-speed characteristics, which, from the position of our understanding (perception), seem simply a monolith that frozen blocks, static state. Although statics can be viewed as an instant "snapshot" of the state of any object of reality ...
But, probably, an instant snapshot - it is not possible in principle, because, starting with certain frequency levels, the concept of time, as such - is missing, and the concept of an instant one turns into an infinitely small segment on the "axis of time" ... Although, the concept Spaces, which means that the segment is also absent there. So, our three-dimensional approach, carried out in terms of the human language, is little applicable to phenomena, states and concepts of subtle multidimensional reality plans.
But after all, if we want to discuss something, the beginning of the world.that, without language structures, we will not be able to do, and therefore we will have to be attached to the dictionary terms originally containing, to put it mildly - inaccuracies. And each participant of the discussion will be interpreted said, based on his own experience and knowledge.
As a result of this situation, one conclusion can be made:"More or less faithful knowledge" on subtle plans of reality can be obtained not from books or communication, but solely on the basis of your own practice.
But there are still true qualities of the person, say - a person. Here there is also truth, but it is already relative and details the current level of his personal evolutionary development. For example, the true consciousness of man is the consciousness of its united structures, ranging from the level of "mineral-material", and ending with the eternal structures of the soul. And not only the current incarnation, but all the incarnations, past, present and future, as if coexisting at the same time. Those. Current evolutionary development, it's as it were "covered by the perception" section of a true human personality, a plot of his eternal path to the state of God.
This section of the true consciousness of a person has the nature of relative truth. And the absolute truth of the consciousness of a person is all consciousness, from the moment of birth, to the state of the god like ... and, probably, on.
Those. Search for contact with any true quality, with any true condition - this is a search for the perception of global structures and concepts. We, naturally, cannot realize them, but the feeling, the state of fullness, arising from such contacts, is very useful at least what we can, in the process of work in this state, harmonize yourself and the surrounding space with simultaneous filling it all what It is lacking in it, in what we or the surrounding need the need. In the global, true state there is everything! Working with him, we just need to learn to absorb everything to what we are ready.
Chapter 3. Antique World Philosophy
Philosophy of ancient Greece
What was an ancient Greek state?
Greece has not been a single state for many centuries. There were polls, separated by natural boundaries from each other. In each policy, they spoke on their dialect, preferred a cult of one or another God or hero. Despite regional differences, antique culture is a single whole.
What concept was the main for an ancient Greek citizen?
The concept of freedom. Freedom was understood by life together in accordance with the general law. All emerging problems needed to be solved by open public discussion.
What ancient Greeks understood the virtue?
Virtue is the ability of a person to find a place in society, to implement its destination.
What are the ancient Greeks seen the manifestation of wisdom?
Wisdom manifests itself in art to own a word. The word draws up the thoughts of man. Beautiful thoughts must sound beautifully. Therefore, in ancient Greece, the concept of Logos was developed.
What was understood by the Logos?
Logos is a word, language. Later, the Logos began to understand how thought, mind, the world law, which stands even over the gods.
What ideas became fundamental in Greek philosophy?
The ideas of harmony, order that dominate nature and in society.
What tasks set an ancient Greek philosophers?
Finding "Arhea" - the primancy of the world and the root cause of all phenomena. The second is to develop universal techniques of thinking, not limited to nothing external - primarily faith and sensory experience.
Philosophy Falez.
Biographical reference
Years of life about 624-547 BC. Fales was born and lived in the city of Millet. A merchant, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and politician, he took part in state affairs, traveled a lot and applied his theoretical knowledge in practice: Fales built bridges, invented hydraulic clock.
What is the main thing in the teaching of Falez?
The basis of the whole Fales considered water. It all starts with water and returns to it. Water evaporation nourish celestial lights - the sun and other heavenly shine, then in the rain the water returns and goes into the ground, etc. According to the ideas of the thinker, water is an eternal, endless moving matter.
For Falez, the purpose of philosophical reflections is to find the first acquisition of the world - "Archa".
Philosophy Anaximandra
Biographical reference
Years of life: 610-546. BC. Anaximandr was born in the city of Milts, for which he got the nickname Miretsky. He was a student and follower of Falez. Anximandra is attributed to the device of the sunny clock - gnomon. He first made a geographical map. According to Anaximandra, the Earth has a cylinder shape and freely ferry in the air, not supported. The eternal rotational movement of the Earth is a source of heat and cold.
His scientific essay "On Nature" before our time did not come.
What is the basis of the universe?
Starting to explain the origin of the world, Anaximander believed that the basis of the universe is a certain abstract and boundless substance that is impossible to determine. Anaximandr called this substance "Aperon", literally "limitless", "endless". Thanks to the movement of "Areiro-on", some things are born, others die.
How, according to Anaximandra, the world arose?
The emergence of the world, Anaximander connected with the struggle of opposites, primarily the struggle of heat and cold inside the "Apeiron". According to Anaximandra, the world in the process of occurrence passed three steps:
1. He stood out of the world embryo - "Apeiron".
2. The separation and polarization of opposites occurred.
3. The interaction and struggle between the warmth and cold spawned the world decorated.
What ideas about the world have formed from Anaximandra?
He taught that the parts change, and the whole - the first-pool of the world remains unchanged. Anaximandr for the first time in history suggested that the moon shines not with his light, she borrows him from the Sun, and a person is the result of evolution that began with fish.
Philosophy of Anaximman Miretsky
Biographical reference
Anaximen lived in 585-524. BC e. He was born in the city of Mijers, was a student of Anaximander. Anaximen tried to determine the distance between the planets. His works did not reach this day. We are known about the philosophical concepts of Anaxammery, only from the late writings of the ancient Greeks. The legend has survived that one day, walking in a shady grove, Anaximen talked with his student. "Tell me," the young man asked, "why do you so often overcome doubts?" You lived a long life, managed experiences and studied at the great Ellinons. How is it so much unclear questions left for you? "
In thought, the philosopher ranked two circles in front of him: small and large. "Your knowledge is a small circle, and mine is big. But all that remains outside these circles is unknown. The little circle is in contact with the unknown. The wider the circle of your knowledge, the greater its border with the unknown. And henceforth, the more you will find out new, the more questions you have. "
What, according to Anaximen, is the primary world?
Air. The air is infinite, and on its qualities is defined. He is always in motion, which generates a variety of things. Changing, the air becomes fire, condensed, turns into the wind, then into the cloud, is done with water, then the ground, stones and other things. Anaximen assumed that the living world comes from not alive.
Philosophy of Democritus
Biographical reference
Democritis was born about 470-460. BC. The rich legacy of the father gave him the opportunity to make a long journey, and he visited Babylon, Persia, Egypt, spent many years in Athens.
It is known that democritus wrote dozens of works covering almost all areas of knowledge of that time, but no longer a single work has come to this day, about 200 fragments from his work "Medical Science", "that after death", " On the structure of nature, "" On Mathematics "," On Rhythm and Harmony ", etc. Date of death of democritus is unknown.
What, according to Democritus, is the primary world?
Based on the world, the smallest bodies are atoms. Atom is a "indivisible essence", the emptiness allows this "non-sublimible entity" to move when a whirlwind occurs. Atoms are indivisible and vary in shape: they are convex, concave, spherical, square, etc. Atoms differ from each other. The main property of atoms is the movement inherent in nature and existing in different forms is a whirlwind, evaporation, chaotic movement.
How did the world come from the primary atomic chaos?
The universe is infinite, infinite and the number of worlds in it. Worlds occur as a result of a atomic vortex, which generates a spherical mass. From this spherical mass, something like a shell is separated, which in the form of the sky extends over the whole world. The sun is burning due to the speed of movement.
How do things arise from atoms?
Faced in motion, the atoms are "clutch" with each other and form things. Consequently, things appeared due to the interaction of atoms. Things disappear when their atoms forming are removed from each other.
The movement of atoms is determined by mechanical causes and does not depend on the Divine Mind.
What look at a man argued democritus?
A person is a "small world", which has a soul. The soul of a person is a combination of fire-shaped atoms. A person occurred naturally from inanimate nature - from warm dirt - without the participation of the Creator.
Can a person know the world around?
A person is able to know the surrounding world through feelings and thoughts. Democritis allocated two kinds of knowledge - sensual (dark) and rational (true). According to the democritus, the thinnest images that are captured by our senses, resulting in sensations from the surface of items. But such a "dark" knowledge is not able to give knowledge in itself. True knowledge is happening with the participation of the mind, which corrects, classifies and discovers what is not perceived by feelings.
Why are errors in the process of cognition possible?
Errors are possible because the atoms of the senses can be in disarray, or because atoms on the way from the object to the senses, facing themselves, cause distorted information by the atoms of the senses.
How did democritus consider the problem of life and death?
The life and death of living organisms depend on the compound and separation of atoms. The soul of man is a mortal: when the body dies, the atoms of the soul leave it, scattering in space.
What, according to Democritus, should be a goal of human life?
Earthly happiness, which the scientist understood as a reasonable satisfaction of needs. You can achieve such a fortune with education and training. Democritis noted that "Education is a decoration in happiness and refuge in misfortunes."
Philosophy Pythagora
Biographical reference
Pythagoras presumably lived in 571-497. BC. He was born on the island of Samos. Pythagorasis is not a name, but a nickname, which means she who guesses the speech, because Pythagoras expressed the truth as always as the Delphic Oracle. Leaving their homeland because of tyranny, he went to Egypt, where he studied 22 years from the Egyptian priests. When Egypt was captured by Persians, Pythagoras as a prisoner was sent to the east, where he lived for 12 years and met the teachings of the Vabylonian priests. Returning to Greece, he founded the Pythagorean Union in the city of Crotone. Pythagoras died in the city of Metaponte.
Typhagora is attributed to the three writings, which did not reach this day: "On nature", "On Education", "About the State".
How was the training in the Pythagorean Union?
Training was built according to the following principle: the student is not a vessel that needs to be filled, but the torch that should be lit. The school did not try to bring up students, on the contrary, Pythagoras usually advised to wait and come to school in three years. If the person then returned, it confirmed his true desire to learn. After the receipt, the person has not yet been considered a student and was called "Akukomota", that is, the listener. Five or seven years old people attended classes, which conducted senior students of Pythagora. Philosophical reflections alternated with simple physical work. After many years of work on himself, "Akukommatik" became a real student. Now he wore the name Mathematics - "Hello." In the classes that Pythagoras himself conducted, mathematicians were given ideas about the overall picture of the world, the device of man and nature. The training of mathematicians also went for several years, and also only preparation for the choice of "specialty". Some began to study medicine, other ability to take care of the property. The highest level in the Pythagorean school was the training of politicians - people able to manage, based on the highest principles and laws of human society.
A plot was arranged against the school, many Pythagoreans were killed, and the survivors were forced to escape.
What, according to Pythagora, is the basis of the world?
Pythagoras believed that the world is a mathematical relationship. Cosmos is an ordered, harmonious integer, expressed in numbers. The circular motion of the celestial bodies demonstrated that these bodies obey the laws of mathematics. Things disappear, and mathematical concepts are unchanged. The number gives things proportionality and mystery. And the world, and the soul of a person have, ultimately, a quantitative measurement.
What did Pythagoras understand under the universe?
The universe of Pythagoras represented in the form of space, which, connecting with an infinite "pneumatic,", that is, "unlimited breathing" creates the world. Pythagoras first called the Universe "Cosmos", since it is inherent in order: in Greek "Cosmos" means "order", "a holistic structure". Cosmos, according to the teachings of Pythagora, "inhales the pneuma" and generates individual things.
What gives man knowledge of mathematics?
Mathematics allows you to know the world around and take care of your soul. Caring for the soul involves a ascetic lifestyle and the acquisition of scientific knowledge. The well-being of a person is consent with himself.
How does the true human worldview arise?
The true worldview, Pythagora, rests on three bases, is morality, religion and knowledge. Pythagoras tried to submit the tasks of science to the interests of religion, which should coincide with morality.
Philosophy Xenophana
Biographical reference
Xenophan lived in 6-5 centuries. BC. He was born in the city of Kolofon, from which he was expelled. He walked for a long time. Ksenofan pleaded his philosophical views in poetic form. Separate passages from his poem "On Nature" have been preserved.
What is the basis of the philosophical teaching of xenophane?
In the center of the philosophical teaching is an idea about the unity of the world. The world for xenophane is not the creation of God, the world is not cooked, but eternal and non-profit. The whole world is eternal and immobile, but its parts are changeable, arise and destroyed.
How did the sun and the earth arose?
The sun and other shtamil arose from the ignited clouds. Clouds arise from wet evaporation, water is their source. The land was originally covered with water and gradually freed from it.
Can a person know the world?
You can know the world, only one cannot be limited to sensual contemplation, because it does not allow to know the essence of things. True knowledge man gets only in the process of reflection.
Philosophy Empedocla
Biographical reference
Years of life: ok. 483-423 BC. Empedocl was born and lived in Sicily. In the ancient world, he was famous as a philosopher, poet, speaker, doctor, an active political figure, a supporter of democracy. As a doctor, Empedocl was the founder of the Italian Medical School. Empedocula is attributed to two philosophical poems: "On Nature" and "Cleansing". Of these, about 450 lines have been preserved.
What, according to EmPedocla, is the basis of the world?
Empedocle believed that the world is material that its diversity is reduced to four "roots". The roots of things he called elements that, mechanically combining, form all objects. These roots are land, water, air and fire. The roots of things are eternal, unchanged and indivisible.
How is world development?
Empedocl distinguished four periods in global development. At first there was an initial item with the complete unity of the elements. The second period is the emergence of individual things. In the third period there comes a complete disconnection of the elements. Finally, in the fourth period, the elements are again connected. Thus, the cyclical development of the universe occurs. The cosmogonic process consists of forever repeated, ever renewing four world periods.
What is a person?
The person and the outside world consist of the same elements, the subject and object is highly homogeneous, as a result of which a person is able to know the outside world.
Cognition is possible with the help of senses. Recognizing the primary meaning of sensations for knowledge, Empedocle concluded that it is necessary to check and regulate the sensations of mind.
Philosophy Socrates
Biographical reference
Socrates lived in 470-399. BC. A man of more thank birth and not rich, he never sought to improve his financial situation. Its active philosophical activity unfolded in the period 450-400. BC. By virtue of circumstances, it was the opinion that he represents the danger to the Athenian society. Socrates were tried and sentenced to death he accepted by drinking poison.
Socrates did not write anything, his teaching came to us thanks to other authors, mainly Plato, in the dialogues of which Socrates play a major role.
What is new to Socrates in ancient philosophy?
He first raised the question that there is wisdom at all. Socrates sought to also build a holistic doctrine of a person.
Socrates developed a philosophical method built on issues and answers: asking for a number of questions, you are outlining the interlocutor in contradictions. With this method, Socrates created the doctrine of a person. In his teaching, he emphasized that we cannot explore the nature of the person in the same way we reveal the nature of physical phenomena.
What, in terms of Socrates, determines the value of human life?
Critical, experiencing, knowing the relationship. "And without testing ... life is not to life for a person."
What should a man take care in the first place?
About his soul. "After all, I just do that I go and convince each of you, young and old, take care earlier and more not about the bodies of your or money, but about the soul, so that it can be as much as possible ..."
Caring for the soul means that a person must educate virtue and moral and reasonable behavior. Socrates believed that the main ability of the soul is a mind that is opposed by passion coming from the body and provoked by the outside world. Through the mind, you can achieve power over your passions.
A person will know the world and himself, too, with his soul. The life of the soul is self-knowledge, search for answers to questions, understanding the world.
What did Socrates understand under mind?
The ability of a person to think logically, arguing. It is the mind - a source of composure, which gives power over the vital impurities. With the help of self-control, a person comes to power over himself.
What does power mean over himself?
Such power means freedom. From the point of view of Socrates, one who knows how to manage passions is free. "Does not everyone imbued with the conviction that abstinence is the basis of virtue, and it is primarily to stock in the soul? What slave of sensual pleasures will not bring to a shameful condition and body and soul? "
What is the wisdom of a person?
Wisdom consists in the ability to distinguish between good and bad, useful and harmful. From the point of view of Socrates, the real hero is a sage that defeated its internal enemies.
The main responsibility for a reasonable person is to avoid bad and strive for good.
What is the benefit?
The desire for good, it considered Socrates, should be the main desire of a person.
Fortunately combines certain qualities. It:
1. Good health and bodily forces, because they contribute to moral life.
2. Spiritual health, mental abilities.
3. Art and science, because they are useful for a happy life.
4. Consent between parents, children, brothers, because they are created for mutual assistance.
5. Civil community or state, because if they are comfortable, they provide citizens with great benefits.
How can a person achieve good?
Rising virtue.
Socrates allocated three main virtues: composure, courage, justice. Take together, they are nothing but wisdom. Virtue always has knowledge, vice - always ignorance.
Philosophy Plato
Biographical reference
Years of life: 427-347 BC Born in Athens. Aristocrat named Aristoclon, he got nicknamed Plato for his powerful figure. He was a student of Socrates, and the death of the teacher deeply shocked him. Plato set himself a task to disclose the principles on which you can build a reasonable state policy. He tried to apply his political ideas in practice - in the city of Siracusa during the reign of Dionysius I (430-367 BC) and his son Dionysius II (367-344 BC). These attempts suffered a full fiasco, and Plato miraculously managed to return to Athens. In 388, he founded not far from Athens his school, calling her academy. Over the entrance to the Academy there was a saying: "No one can go without knowing geometry." Up to our time, about 30 dialogues came, as well as a number of Plato letters.
What is the ideal state of Plato?
In an ideal state, everything is built on a clear plan, which cannot be disturbed by any of the citizens. In such a state, the law and justice reign.
A fair society is that in which everyone is busy with the work that suits him best.
To create an ideal state, you need to pass power into the hands of philosophers. To achieve this goal, you need a universal education system in which every citizen can find a place corresponding to its abilities.
What should be the education system in an ideal state?
All children, regardless of origin, have the same opportunities to study. From 10 to 20 years old, everyone gets the same education, after which there is a selection of the best students who continue their studies. The rest should become artisans, farmers and merchants. In 30 years, the second selection is provided, and those who have passed it, studying philosophy for another 5 years. Those who do not pass the second selection become warriors (guards). Those who passed all three steps, for another 15 years should participate in the practical life of society, acquiring management skills. When they are 50 years old, they can become rulers.
Such a system of education, according to Plato, allowed to divide society for 3 estates not by origin, but according to abilities.
What is Platon who saw the problem of philosophy?
The task of philosophy, according to Platon, is to summarize the accumulated ideas and create a new approach to the knowledge of the world. You can know the world with your mind. The mind should recheck sensual impressions. Plato was noted: "The one who comes up to each thing with the means of thought alone, not attracting a view during reflections, nor other than feeling and not one of them, without taking into satellites, he knows the truth."
What is the basis of the existing world?
Plato considered that the world is based on a "one-judicial one" - a certain animated "order" created by Demiurge, that is, the Creator, from the "disorder."
Plato believed that there was also a world, inaccessible to human senses: he placed the entire set of superweight objects separately from the visible world, in a special place - in the "Znebesy" region. Plato emphasized: "This area is colorless, without outlines, informant essence, truly existing, visible only to the feed of the soul - a true knowledge of knowledge is directed to it."
The philosopher called this area of \u200b\u200bsuperweight objects by the world of ideas.
What did the Plato understand under the idea?
The idea is the perfect prototype of a thing. Each thing has its perfect sample. The thing is an imperfect copy of the idea, and the idea is an inaccessible sample to which the thing seeks.
How did Plato represent the world of ideas?
Ideas may be more or less common, so the world of ideas is a hierarchically organized system. There is a common idea that is located on the top of the hierarchy. This is the idea of \u200b\u200bgood. It gives rise to all other ideas in all their many and varieties. First there are five common ideas generated by blessing. This is being, peace, movement, identity, distinction. The rank below is equality, inequality, similarity, dissimilarity. A stepping below in the hierarchical structure of the world of ideas placed mathematical and geometric objects.
Why Plato created his world scheme ideas?
In order to explain the world affordable sense authorities. In the sensually perceived world, everything is happening in the same scheme as in the world of ideas, but in hardened form. The world of ideas is a plan, sensually perceived world - the implementation of the plan.
When a person knows the world around him, his soul "recalls" what she saw in the world of ideas, where he lived before the birth of man.
What did Plato consider the highest moral duty of man?
Like Socrates, care for the soul. Caring for the soul involves her cleansing from sensual attachment to the body. Leading a virtuous life, a man cleans his soul. For the concept of "cleansing the soul", Plato introduced a special term - "catharsis". In Platonovskaya interpretation "Qatarsis" is achieved with rationally logical knowledge, and it consists in the fact that passions are enlightened by the light of the mind. That is why the main means of "Qatarsis" is science.
Why did Plato consider the body with the root of all angry?
The body is a source of passions that generate hostility, ignorance and disagreement. You can only defeat evil through the concern about the eternal soul.
Caring for the soul transforms a person and ultimately relieves sensual from the world.
Plato argued that the soul lives forever. She is able to know the stationary and eternal - the world of ideas - and therefore has the same nature as the perfect world. Otherwise, all the eternal would remain inaccessible to the soul.
Philosophy Aristotle
Biographical reference
Years of life: 384-322 BC. Aristotle was born in Macedonia. At the age of 17-18, arrived in Athens and became a listener of the Platonic Academy and stayed in it for 20 years. After the death of Plato, several travels committed and more than 3 years was a mentor Alexander, who later became known as Alexander Macedonian. After the arrival of Alexander, he moved to Athens and founded in 335 BC. Own school - lyceum. Aristotle's school had another name - peripatetic, because the training went during walks: "Peri" means "around", the verb "Patein" is "strolling". In the morning, Aristotle conducted classes in a close circle of the nearest students (acricamatic lectures), and after lunch, they read publicly available (exoteric) lectures. In 62, Aristotle was forced to move to Halkis to Evbee, where he soon died.
Why are Aristotle consider an encyclopedist?
His works are set out knowledge in all sectors of the science of that time. The most famous from those who have reached to this day are: "Physics", "About the Sky", "About the Soul", "Politics", Rhetoric, Poetics, "Animal History", "On Animal origin".
What is the specificity of the Aristotelian type of philosophizing?
Aristotle argued the principle of the historical approach, according to which, before expressing his own opinion, should be carefully examined what predecessor expressed on this subject matter and only then challenge any of the well-known or add a new one. He sought to systematically and methodical. Only a gradual movement in the steps of knowledge will allow the truth to open. Aristotle, as opposed to Plato, believed that it was necessary to allocate common to knowledge. Cognition is a continuous detail, in the process of which we discover the laws of becoming things.
What classification of science offered Aristotle?
Aristotle divided the sciences that existed in ancient Greece into three groups:
1. Theoretical, or "speculative" - \u200b\u200bphilosophy, mathematics, physics.
2. Practical, or "judgment" - ethics and politics.
3. Creative, or "productive" - \u200b\u200bart, crafts.
Aristotle believed that the main sciences are creative: relying on them, a person can go to knowledge more general, theoretical.
How, according to Aristotle, the world arose?
The world originated and began to develop thanks to the "firstwother" - the Divine "Nusu". "NUS" (Nous) in Greek "Mind". Nus is the top of all the universe. It contains the world plan and comprehensive the world, increasing its completeness and wealth. The activity of "Nusa" is life in all its manifestations. He is the "firstwother" of the world, and all moving is concluded in it.
What are the relationship between the real world and "nus"?
The world is fixed to "Nusu" as unattainable perfection.
What did Aristotle think about the Platonian world of ideas?
Aristotle believed that there was no separate ideas of ideas. The idea cannot exist separately from the thing: the idea of \u200b\u200bthe thing is in it itself, without idea it is impossible to understand what this thing is.
The immobility of Platonov's ideas Aristotle replaced the activities of the mind: in his teaching "NUS" not only contains the plan of the world, but also thinks him. Comprehending ideas, "NUS" improves them.
Why do things exist?
Aristotle taught that each thing exists due to the form and matter. All things have a form, in addition, they are created from matter. If we take the visibility of the form that makes it a form, it will turn into non-existence. In fact, there is only decorated matter. Aristotle allocated four principles of the existence of every thing as the body: matter, form, acting cause, goal.
How does a person know the world?
Initial knowledge is based on sensual experience. Then the person must, relying on the mind, make the transition from the knowledge of the individual to the knowledge of the general. This allows you to get true knowledge.
To understand the phenomena of the surrounding world, you need to know the reasons that the world made the world as it is.
What did Aristotle talk about the soul?
An animated creatures possess the soul.
Life implies the choice of functions, therefore, the soul must have parts responsible for performing certain functions. Aristotle divided the fundamental functions of life into three groups:
1. Vegetative functions - birth, nutrition, growth.
2. Sensually motor functions - sensations and movements.
3. Mental functions - knowledge, self-determination, choice.
Based on this, Aristotle divided the soul into three parts: the vegetative soul, the sensual soul and the rational soul.
Vegetative and sensual souls are initially present in a person, the rational soul comes from Nusa. It has a supertending and supreme nature, she is the divine part in man.
What did Aristotle considered the Higher Virtue of Man?
Justice. Justice is associated with a reasonable measure in all matters. A person must find the middle way between extremes.
To determine the reasonable measure, reasonableness and wisdom are necessary. Insudacy determines what is coming for good, and that in harm what habits are useful, and what are harmful. With the help of wisdom, you can know the highest reality.
Philosophy of Epicura
Biographical reference
Years of life: 341-270. BC. Epicur was born on the island of Samos. From the age of 14, he began to engage in sciences and philosophy. He lived in Athens, then in different cities of Malaya Asia, where he met the teachings of a democritus. At the age of thirty, epicuria engaged in teaching philosophy. In 307 BC He returned to Athens and founded his school - "Head of Epicur". The inscription on the gate above the entrance to the "Garden of Epicur" said: "Wanderer, here you will be fine, here is the highest good - pleasure." All, including women and slaves, could visit "Garden". Epicurious writings did not reach us. Only three of his letters have been preserved, in which the main provisions of his teachings are compressed.
What, according to Epicur, the purpose of philosophy?
The purpose of philosophy is that a person reaches happiness. In order to be happy, a person must know the laws of nature. Epicur wrote that "without natural science cannot be purchased non-executed pleasures."
Philosophy in understanding Epicura is a practical activity that is aimed at creating a person a happy life.
What is happiness?
Happiness is the absence of suffering. Happiness is possible only when you live wisely, morally and fairly. Happiness is the state of wisdom and imperturbability of the spirit.
What is freedom?
Epicur believed that the most important thing for a person is freedom, it is she who gives the opportunity to be happy. Freedom is that a person himself makes a choice. The gods should not interfere with people.
How was it supposed to ensure happiness to every person?
Life should have the right relationship between enjoyment and suffering. For this, a person must calculate his actions. According to Epicur, it is wiser to abandon short-term pleasure, followed by a long suffering. The beginning of the greatest good is prudence.
What kind of pleasures should the person strive?
Only to reasonable. Epicur believed that reasonable pleasures are literature, science and friendship between people. Really long and durable can only be spiritual pleasures and goods: knowledge, friendship. The highest form of bliss is spiritual peace, imperture. Wisdom and happiness are that a person achieves independence and peace of mind, avoids all the displeasure.
What role should public laws play?
Laws existing in society must regulate enjoyment. For compliance with laws, fear is required before the punishment.
What is the soul?
The soul is the finest body scattered throughout the human body.
How did our world arose?
The world has always been in principle how it is now. The universe consists of bodies and emptiness. Bodies consist of indivisible and unchanged atoms. The world itself is imperceptible and endless. Cosmos as a whole and the diversity of phenomena exist due to the mechanical movement of primary material particles in an empty space.
Atoms are eternal, indestructible, unchanged and indivisible, they are in continuous movement.
The philosophy of ancient Rome
What questions were the main in the system of ancient Roman philosophy?
The philosophers of ancient Rome, as well as Greece, were interested in the origin, the development of peace and man. Unlike ancient Greece, in ancient Rome, philosophers paid a lot of attention to legal issues.
The most famous Ancient Roman philosophers were Lucretia, Seneca, Mark Azeri, Cicero and Dam.
Philosophy Tita Lucretia Kara
Biographical reference
Years of life: 95-51. BC. (according to other sources - 99-55). Life Lucretia is known. Almost 500 years after his death, Christian theologian Evgeny Jeronim wrote about 95 BC, that this year the poet of Lucretia was born, who ended suicide in his 44 years.
Tit Lucretia was a supporter of an atomism. His main work is a philosophical poem "On the nature of things."
What purpose did Lucretia put, writing his poem?
He wanted to describe the nature - such as it really is, and thereby drive out the fear and superstition from the soul of man. Lucretia sought to build a worldview emanating from nature itself and its laws.
What did Lucretia talk about a person?
Man is part of the world, not his goal and the owner. It is entirely subordinated to the laws of nature and cannot exceed them. The main value of a person is his mind.
How can a person know the world?
Giving great importance to the senses, Lucretia saw their limitations. This incompleteness of sensual knowledge should fill the thought. The thought is impossible as a zellen. Free wiping of the mind that does not enjoy common sense and with sensual perceptions gives a man true knowledge of the world.
What is the first-axis world?
Indivisible starts (atoms) that are eternal and unchanged. They are invisible, but nevertheless, bodies. Originally differ from each other by the form, movements, intervals among themselves. They form various combinations - things.
How did life arise on Earth?
Live, sensual, according to Kara, is born from non-living due to the combination and movement of primary bodies (atoms).
What did Lucretia wrote about death?
Death is not the transition of being into non-existence, and the collapse on initially, as a result of which the living becomes inanimate. Death and life are inseparable.
Philosophy Luce Anneya Seneki
Biographical reference
Seneca lived in 6-65. AD He was born in an aristocratic family and received a versatile formation. At the insistence of the father of Seneca became a lawyer and in this capacity acquired great fame. For his sympathy, the Republican ideas of Seneca was expelled from Rome to Corsica. After an eight-year reference, he returned to Rome, received the position of Pretor and became the teacher of twelve-year-old Nero. In 57, Seneca received the position of consul - the highest in the Roman Empire. In 65, he was accused of conspiracy and sentenced to death. He died, eliminating the life of suicide.
The largest work of the Seneki are "Letters to Lucilia", "On Anger", "About Mercy". He outlined their views on nature in labor "natural historical issues".
What image of the world was created in the teaching of the Seneki?
The world is a circulation of animated matter. In a general cycle, everything is subordinate to the strict necessity, and everything is repeated after a certain time. The material world is a body of mind-God, and God is a source of life. Everything happens with the inevitability, inexorable fate dominates in the world.
What did Senek understand fate?
Fate - without blinding cosmic power, it has a mind and consciousness. Seneca characterizes fate as something else, wise and omnipresent. Fate particles are available in every person. Fate is a deity that dominates all things and events. Nothing can change it. "Fates are leading someone who wants, and drags the one who does not want."
What is the happiness of man?
The happiness of a person is to live according to nature and adhere to a reasonable need that is inherent in nature. A happy person is the one who can voluntarily submit to life adversities. Happiness, according to the Seinee, inside a person, and not outside it.
Where did Seneca see a virtue of man?
Virtue is to obey fate. Moral, virtuous person who obeys fate. Everyone's misfortune considered only a reason for the person to improve in virtue.
What is the purpose of life?
The main goal in life is to develop absolute impertility of the spirit. To do this, you need to defeat the feeling of fear before death. Death is a holiday and peace, because it frees from suffering. Death is not a punishment, she is the lot of all people and is fair to the law of nature.
What are the responsibilities of a person?
The first duty is not to harm the members of society, since all the lides are particles of a single body. A person is obliged to take care of others, to show love and compassion for them.
How to confront the existing evil?
With the help of self-restraint and moderation. Seneca wrote: "We cannot change the global relationship. We can only one thing: to gain high courage, a worthy of a virtuous person, and with it, stealing everything that brings fate to us. "
Philosophy Plotin.
Biographical reference
Plotin lived at about 203-269. AD He was born in Egypt, which was at that time the Roman province. Plotin carried away philosophy. He stayed 11 years old in the teaching at Ammonium Sakkaas, then joined the army of the Roman Emperor Gordian III to get into Persia and get acquainted with the worldview of Persians. The army was broken, the dams fled to Rome, where he founded his school. After the death of the dam, 54 labor remained, who were given to his student Porphyria. Porfiry did not keep the chronological order of manuscripts, he distributed them thematically for six topics and gave them title. In each topic turned out to be 9 essays. So it turned out six nine - "Ennad". Hence the name of the dams of the dam in general - "Ennads".
What is the concept of a central place in the Plotina philosophy?
The concept of one. One is the Supreme Beginning of all existing, this is the highest divine essence. One cannot be limited or closed in itself. An excess of completeness leads to the fact that the unified "expires", goes beyond the boundaries of himself and thus generates the world.
How is the world?
The world is a generation of a single, higher entity.
The world includes a single, mind, global soul and space.
The mind is an admiral consciousness, the ideal meaning structure of space. The world soul is an eternally mobile, dynamic beginning, which serves as a source of eternal activity for the world as a whole and for each element separately. Cosmos is a specific embodiment and exercise of the world soul and mind.
How did Nature arose?
Nature arose from the matter into which the Divine penetrated initially. Comparing it was initially with the light, the dam liked the matter: the world is formed from the matter due to the fact that the light emitted by the divine one penetrates it.
What did the dams understand under matter?
Matter - the result of the fuss of light. Where the glow of a single fade is, where darkness is closed, and matter occurs. For the dam, all the evil of the world is concluded in matter. Unlike a single, Matter knows a person.
What, according to the dam, is a person?
The person consists of three parts, this soul is breathing, the closest to the Divine, the soul is sensual and, finally, the body.
What is the purpose of human life?
The goal is to achieve ecstasy, in which a merger with the deity occurs. Ecstasis is achievable using catharsis, that is, purification from bodily and low. Cleaning, the soul can be free from the body and merge with one. Thus, a single person is available.
Biography
The history of Pythagora's life is difficult to separate from the legends representing it as a perfect sage and the great dedicated to all the sacraments of the Greeks and Varvarov. Yet Herodotus called him "the greatest Allenian sage." The main sources in life and the teachings of Pythagora are the compositions of philosopher-neoplatonic Yamblich (242-306) " About Pythugorn Life"; Porphyria (234-305) " Life Pythagora»; Diogen Lanertsky (200-250) CN. eight, " Pythagoras" These authors relied on the writings of earlier authors from which the student should be noted Aristotle Aristocsen (370-300. BC. Er) come from a tarrant where the positions of the Pythagoreans were strong. Thus, the earliest known sources about the teachings of Pythagora appeared only 200 years after his death. Pythagumo himself did not leave writings, and all the information about him and his teachings are based on the writings of his followers, not always impartial.
Pythagore's parents were Menarch and Partenida from Samos Island. Menarh was Kamnerise (D. L.); According to Porphyria, he was a rich merchant from Tira, who received self-country citizenship for the distribution of bread in a lack of town year. The first version is preferable, since the pavans leads the genealogy of Pythagora through the male line from Hippas of the Isleponnennenne Flunth, which fled to the Samos and became the great-grandfather Pythagora. Partenida, later renamed her husband in Pyfaid, was from the noble kind of Anqua, the founder of the Greek colony on the self.
The birth of a child seemed to predict Pythia in Delphi, because Pythagoras and got his name that means " the one who announced Pythia" In particular, Pythiy informed the member that Pythagoras would bring so much benefit and good to people how many did not bring and would not bring anyone else in the future. Therefore, on joys, Menarch gave his wife a new name of Pytipide, and the child - Pythagoras. Pytipide accompanied her husband on his trips, and Pythagoras was born in Sidon Phoenician (by Yamblich) Approximately 570 BC. e.
According to the ancient authors, Pythagoras met almost all the famous sages of that era, Greeks, Persians, Haldea, Egyptians, I absorbed all the knowledge gained by humanity. In popular literature, Pythagora Olympic victory in boxing, confused Pythagora-philosopher with his task (Pythagora, Son Krattta from Samos), who won his 48 games over 18 years before the birth of the famous philosopher.
At the young age, Pythagoras went to Egypt to gain wisdom and secret knowledge from Egyptian priests . Diogenes and Porfirywrite that self-aid tyran Polykrat.supplied Pythagore with a letter of recommendation to Pharaoh AmasisuThanks to which he was admitted to learning and is dedicated not only to the Egyptian achievements of medicine and mathematics, but also in the sacraments, forbidden for other alien.
Yamblichhe writes that Pythagoras left the native island at the age of 18 and, having traveled wise men in different parts of the world, got to Egypt, where he stayed 22 years old, while his Persian king was in Babylon Cambizwho won Egypt in 525 BC. e. In Babylon, Pythagoras stayed for another 12 years, communicating with the magicians, until finally was able to return to Samos at the 56th age, where compatriots recognized him with a wise man.
By PorfiriaPythagoras left Samos due to disagreement with tyrannoe power Polycrataat 40 years of age. Since this information is based on words Aristochena, Source of IV century BC. er, then considered relatively reliable . Polykrat. Came to power in 535 BC. e., hence the date of birth of Pythagora is estimated at 570 BC. er, if you assume that he went to Italy in 530 BC. e. Yamblichreports that Pythagora moved to Italy in the 62nd Olympiad, that is, in 532-529. BC e. This information is well agreed with Porphyria but completely contradict the legend itself Yamblich (Rather, one of its sources) about the Babylonian captivity of Pythagora. It is not exactly known whether Pythagoras attended Egypt, Babylon or Fianch, where she gained, on legends, oriental wisdom. Diogen Laertsky quotes Aristochena, who said that the teaching is its own, at least concerns the instructions in the lifestyle, Pythagoras perceived from the priests Feminocals DelphicaThat is, in places are not so distant for the Greeks.
Disagreements with Tyran Polycratom could hardly serve as the departure of Pythagora, rather he needed the opportunity to preach his ideas and, moreover, to implement his teachings to life, which is difficult to implement in Ionia and Mainland Hellade, where many people have lived in matters of philosophy and people's policies. Yamblichreports:
« His philosophy spread, all of Ellada began to admire them, and the best and the wisest men came to him on the Samos, wanting to listen to his teaching. Fellow citizens, however, forced him
participate in all embassies and public affairs. Pythagoras felt heavily, obeying the laws of the Fatherland, simultaneously engaged in philosophy, and saw that all the former philosophers lived in a foreign land. Thinking on all this by going away from public affairs and, as some say, considering the insufficient low assessment of his teachings, he left for Italy, considering his fatherland, where more capable of learning people.»
Pythagoras settled in the Greek colony of Crotone in southern Italy, where he found many followers. They were attracted not only mystical philosophy, which he convincingly pleaded, but also prescribed by the way of life with
elements of healthy asceticism and strict morality. Pythagoras preached the moral reference to the ignorant people, to achieve which is possible where the power belongs to the caste of wise and knowledgeable people, and which people obey themselves unconditionally, as children to parents, but in the rest consciously, obeying moral authority. Pythagora tradition is attributed to the introduction of words philosophy and philosopher.
Pythagorean disciples formed a kind of religious order, or the brotherhood of dedicated, consisting of a caste of selected like-minded people, literally deifying their teachers - the founder of the Order. This Order actually came in Crotone to power, however, due to antiphagorean moods at the end of the VI century. BC e. Pythagora had to be removed into another Greek colony Metapont, where he died. Almost 450 years later, during the times of Cicero (I century. BC), in Metaponte, as one of the attractions showed a crypt of Pytagora.
Pythagora had a wife named Feano, the son of Telavl and the daughter of Mnya (according to another version of the son Arim Sub and the daughter of Arignat).
According to Jamblich, Pythagoras headed his secret society thirty-nine years, then the approximate date of death of Pythagora can be attributed to 491 BC. er, to the beginning of the era of Greco-Persian wars. Diogenes, referring to Geraklida (IV century BC), says that Pythagoras died peacefully at the age of 80, or at 90 years old (according to unnamed other sources). From this follows the date of death 490 BC. e. (or 480 BC, what is unlikely). Eusevia Caesarian in his chronographically designated 497 BC. e. As the year of the death of Pythagora.
The essence of the teachings of Pythagora about the number as the origin of the world
Pythagoras did not write his teaching. Scientists still fail to find out exactly what work to him belongs. Pythagora had disciples who later made records. Of course, they were followers of the teacher, but no confidence that they could not write their thoughts in the texts, which were based on the teachings of Pythagora. In addition, it is unknown, whether he brought a twist in the sand of the drawing of the pephagores theorem, known today to every student. Most of the historians of science argue that the essence of the "Pythagora theorem" was known long before him mathematicians of Babylon, China and Egypt, and the Pythagoreans gave this theorem only the most beautiful proof.
Pythagoras did not write his teaching. It is known only in the negatives of Aristotle and Plato. Heraclit argued that Pythagoras of the scholarship of all contemporaries, although it believed that in the genius it is "thin art - magic", nasty gods. "They recognized mathematically began to start the entire existing," explained Aristotle.
What is the essence of the teachings of Pythagora about the number as the origin of the world? Let's try to figure out.
As you know, Pythagoras argued that people surround different subjects. But all their diversity cannot not have a single global foundation. Of course, all things can be calculated. You can always say: two birds, ten fish, twenty trees, simply speaking, these words are combined with quantitative numerical. Thus, with the help of a number, you can express a variety that surrounds us. The number is invariably and present in completely different things, being a single basis. Therefore, the number can be considered the origin of the world.
The main number is a unit. This is explained by the fact that any other number in its essence is their combination. How does the number generate all the variety of items in our world? Pythagoras said that the unit corresponds to the point, two - two points, but in two points it is already possible to spend direct, it turns out that the number two corresponds to the straight line; Troika - three points, but if they are connected, then the plane is already obtained; Four points are built space, which corresponds to the four. It is divided into four elements: water, earth, air and fire, and then each of them is divided into different items, interacting with each other. This interaction and leads to an infinite variety of things.
From here it is clearly visible to the reverse chain, according to which everything returns to one: as it is clear from the above written, the manifold is reduced to the four elements, four elements are reduced to the space that boils down to the plane, it is not difficult to guess that the plane comes down to the line, and it is to the point which is the unit. From here it turns out that the whole natural world is built from numbers. There is a correspondence between the spatial world and numbers: line - "2", the plane - "3", the body - "4". The world of the Spirit is reduced to the number: love and friendship are identified with eight, justice with multiple numbers.
Thus, the whole world is a consistent unfolding of an ideal entity - a number.
Pythagoras believed that he would know the world - it means to know the number governing them. In addition, according to the philosopher, everything in nature is subordinate to a certain numerical combination. The main thing in the teachings of Pythagora is the doctrine of the number as above mentioned as the essence of the whole world. The manifold of physical phenomena is subject to the law, which is unity, space (the use of this name is attributed to Pythagora), i.e. order, and the basis of this order is the number. Not an arithmetic number, and the number as a metaphysical reality, communication, the law of the world, in relation to which an arithmetic number is only a form of knowledge.
Let's go back to one. In Pythagora, she is the embodiment of the unity and harmony of the universe. God, as an inhabitant essence, has its own number. Since the manifestation of God is dual (matter and spirit, male and feminine). The entire manifestation is symbolized by a number three: as a person consists of body, soul and spirit, and the universe is divided into three spheres: the world is divine, the world of human and the world is natural.
In each number, Pythagoras defined one or another principle, law, one or another active force. The opposite between odd (higher) and even (lower, generated from the highest doubling) numbers are manifested in nature in the form of a number of other opposites: light and darkness, limitless and limited, kind and evil, moving and resting, male and female, etc. .
The special importance of Pythagoras attached the numbers "7" and "10". Consisting of three and four, seven means compounds of a person with the deity, i.e. 4 personifies a person as a body, and 3 means a deity as one of three worlds. The number of ten, formed from the first four numbers - 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 -, the perfect number, the unit of higher order, for expresses all the principles of the deity, first developed, and then spilled in a new unity.
Pythagoras taught that the beginning and end of all things are in a certain abstract magnitude, called the monad, which is equal to one. It is an absolute unrecognizable emptiness, chaos, praodine of all the gods and at the same time accommodates all the completeness of being in the form of
Divine light. Like the ether, the monad permeates all things, but it is not specifically in any of them. It is the sum of all numbers, but is always considered as an indivisible whole.
Such was the main thought of Pythagora. At the very least, this is how the most reliable sources argue.
Modern interpretation of the teachings of Pythagora about the realism of the number
For each of us, numbers have certain properties. Using numbers, we are daily, we use their properties to quantify the events around us and processes.
Ancient Greek science, which contemporaries call natural philosophy, was born as a great limit of a single knowledge. She synthesized many exercises that existed independently, in the separation of each other. The merit of the ancient Greek thinkers is precisely the fact that they realized the need for the synthesis of knowledge into a single knowledge.
"Everything is there is a number." This universal formula operates at all levels of the hierarchy of the universe. The numbers themselves, their ordered sequences should certainly reflect the properties of the so-called universal law. The discovery of the universal law of numbers may be one of the most important discoveries of the coming millennium.
The real number, in theory, includes comprehensively both valid and imaginary part, since each substance has a visible external and invisible inner side. The positive nucleus of the atom has inside the negative core, as the kernel in the kernel, in the form of addition to the whole, to one, where the full addition will be taking into account the external compensation. In value 2, there are not 2, 4 has not 4, etc., there is zero in infinity.
The number axis and on the work of all members is equal to one, as it is born as a world from one.
In any decorated substance (core of any atom, organ, organism, organization, etc.) there is a face - a unit as a number of reference database, the center of equilibrium and polarization of three types: a sign of denial, the opposite sign and a degree sign, in the aggregate giving consistency due to Reimburse the opposite energies leaving in both sides of the polar hierarchy inside to zero and outside - to infinity.
If you hold the axis through the center of the sphere of the ball (integer), it will be divided by a unit into two parts: negative internal and positive external. In addition, each unit has its opposite on the reverse side of the sphere.
"Empirical results confirm the absolute of orthogonality and unity, on the basis of which the laws of selection, variability and heredity are lined up. The information here is not attributed to the presence of the property, but in this structure of space it exists everywhere, everything that happens outside of any object is instantly reflected inside each, another thing - we feel this or not. " (Belyaev M. - "Milogia", section Magic numbers. Monad Pytagora, M., 2007)
From Pythagora numbers, thus, it follows a complete picture of a living complex number, which is defined as the expansion of a plurality of real numbers. If you do not take into account the connection of the number with space, time, substance, the life of a person in which the number is present everywhere, then there will be a non-evalcial idea of \u200b\u200bthe numbers that exists in modern times.
Interestingly, the Pythagoreans did not use zero. This can be explained by the fact that in their life there was no need to directly operate infinitely small and infinitely large numbers. Pythagoreans called the unit boundary between "integer" and "parts". Do not forget that the unit is the boundary between quantity and quality, internal and external.
The main thing is that the Pythagoreans saw perpetual root, seed, the whole, unrequited, functionally complete. Isn't it uses the method of bringing to a unit with physicists, mathematicians, genetics and other scientists in the analysis of complex and confusing situations. On this basis, a universal systemic approach was built, the transition from non-existence to being. Currently, the number is not considered as a set made up from units. This means that one of the main categorical elements that determine the completeness of the worldview, the number hierarchy, reflective quality and quantity, internal and external, imaginary and valid are discouraged.
As can be seen and understandable, all numbers combine the holistic numerical axis, where the center is the unit, and where the positive and negative parts complement each other to one, the illusion of the outer side (from infinity to one) is comparable from the inner (from zero to one) through another sign Through. This is based on the illusory perception and understanding of the external space and internal time. Here, the relationship of the number with a living matter, space, time, with an unlimited rate of information transfer and the substance at a distance, with the life of a person as a whole, with all his surroundings is visible.
In modern practice, learning lies an incorrect position going into the roots of the erroneous worldview: zero as the beginning of the reference. The reason for this erroneous worldview lies in the improper understanding of the device of the world. What is zero? Zero is emptiness, but it is impossible to name the world that surrounds us, emptiness. It really can do everything in it.
Aristotle wrote: "The point is a unit that has a position, one is a point without position." In this expression, the concept of a hierarchical scale lacks the concept of a hierarchical scale, strictly determining its position in the hierarchy. Nevertheless, one of this statement shows that the point of reference should be the unit, and not zero.
Peering into the structure of the number of Pythagoreans, it is wrong to consider that they
we used in modern presentation only by natural numbers - "pebbles". The qualitative part of the number reflected the fraction (atom, pebbles), complementing the quantitative part to one, to one; If you take above, to a new atom, new quality at the new level, it would not be necessary to engage in both parts at the same time, as one of the same appeared. The number gave them the opportunity to distinguish things and thereby master them in consciousness. In the usual account of any items, they saw only that the number simply acquires a form, a certain image. Among the number they saw the evolution of the individual form, the evolution of its history. The figure representation of the number of Pythagoreans opened them a visual interpretation of the fundamental laws of nature (remedy, distribution, hierarchical, evolutionary).
Pythagorean doctrine of even and odd numbers was the main one for the reflection of the most important philosophical categories: female and male; Yin and Yang; Polar forms of the whole; good and evil; Positive and negative, giving a combination unit, one. This special qualitative external manifestation of the elements of the medium in the form of conditional division of the unit on polar forms reflected a stable form of positive and negative.
Thus, everything comes down to one. The whole world is a detailed system of units, their combination, in which there is opposites, as well as in which everyone takes its place, its cell.
Conclusion
Thus, it can be said that numbers associate all levels of hierarchy of living structures. The number or numerical relationship is based on human biology, interaction, psychological relations, interpersonal relations, etc. Human society can also be considered as a world in which there is also its poles: positive and negative. If we consider, for example, the PR region as a microworld, as part of human society as a whole, then the negative pole will be the so-called "black" PR, which, by the nature of its activities, is impossible to name. The positive pole will be the activities of a specialist in public relations, which does not contradict the basic principles of PR: speed and work on ahead, information openness, honesty, initiative.
The teaching of Pythagora about the number as the origin of the world is gradually gaining all the great revs and is updated every day. Of course, some researchers doubt the belonging to this teaching Pythagora, but nevertheless most of them recognize that a huge contribution that was made by him.
So, summing up this work, it can be said that the Pythagoreans understood that almost all the relationships that exist in the world, all sensually perceived things, are at the heart of their number, namely the unit. The worldview of the Pythagoreans during transformation into a modern language determines a completely new look at the world, to its belonging to this world, on the influence of technical perfection and above all over. Pythagoreans were on the right track. They have a unit of any level of the hierarchy numerically reflected a maximum simple substance, from which all subsequent levels with their form and content were built.
The exercise on the number, the Pythagoreans attached great importance. It is impossible not to say that Pythagore's philosophy is intertwined with mathematics. In essence, his whole philosophy is mathematics, since its main task was to explain the world with the help of a number, and where the number, there and mathematics. In the distant times of the thinker of Pythagore, of course there were no computing machines and many other things that is now. But it was it that they were laid by the first pool, thanks to which there is a modern development of all mankind, which is a detailed hierarchy of units.
The topic chosen by me is really very interesting. Understanding the whole globality of the teachings of Pythagora about the number, unwittingly think about those who are in all the diversity of units that surround you.
Perhaps the Pythagoreans did not manage to solve the secret of the number. But such a task, they were unlikely to put in front of them. It was necessary to leave something for greater understanding to future generations. So it turned out. I hope that this topic will not be ignored and modern science will complete the case started by the great philosopher Pythagore.
Bibliography:
1. Belyaev M. Milogia, section magic numbers. Monad Pythagora. - M., 2007. - 154 - 163 p.
2. Diogen Lanertsky. About life, teachings and sayings of famous philosophers. Book of eighth. - M.: Thought, 1986. - 386 - 391 p.
3. Emelyanov S.M. Theory and Practice of Public Relations. - SPb.: Peter, 2007. - 54 p.
4. Chanyshev A. N. Philosophy of the ancient world - M.: Higher School, 2001. - 192 - 193 p.
5. Yamvlich A. About Pythagorough Life. - M.: Aletiaia, 2002. - 24 - 27, 167 - 168 p.
6. http://www.erudition.ru.
7. http://www.wikipedia.ru.
Ancient Greek philosophy.
Milets School: Fales, Anaximandr and Anaximen
- find the invisible unity of the world -
The specifics of ancient Greek philosophy, especially in the initial period of its development, is the desire to understand the essence of nature, space, the world as a whole. Early thinkers are looking for some initially, from which everything happened. They consider space as a continuously changing integer, in which the unchanged and self-identity initially appears in various forms, experiencing all sorts of transformations.
Milets carried out a breakthrough with their views, in which the question was definitely raised: " What is all?"They have different answers, but it was they who marked the beginning of the philosophical approach to the issue of the extension: to the idea of \u200b\u200ba substance, that is, to the primancy, to the essence of all things and phenomena of the universe.
The first school in Greek philosophy was founded by the Falez thinker, who lived in the city of Millet (on the coast of Malaya Asia). The school was named Miletsky. Pupils of Falez and the successors of his ideas were Anaximen and Anaximander.
Thinking about the device of the universe, Miletsky philosophers said the following: We are surrounded by completely different things (entity), and their variety is infinite. None of them look like any other: the plant is not a stone, the animal is not a plant, the ocean is not a planet, the air is not fire and so on to infinity. But in spite of this a variety of things, we call everything that exists around the world or the universe, or the universe, thereby assuming unity of all things. The world is still united and solid, it means that of world manifold there is a certain overall basis, one and the same for all different entities. Despite the difference between the things of the world, it is still one and solid, it means that the world manifold has a certain overall basis, one and the same for all different items. For the visible variety of things lies invisible unity.Just as in the alphabet of only three dozen letters, which generate through all combinations of millions of words. In music, only seven notes, but their various combinations create an immense world of sound harmony. Finally, we know that there is a relatively small set of elementary particles, and their various combinations lead to an infinite variety of things and items. These are examples of modern life and it could be continued; The fact that different has the same basis is obvious. Miletsky philosophers faithfully caught this pattern of the universe and tried to find this basis or unity, to which all world differences are reduced and which unfolds into an infinite global manifold. They sought to calculate the basic principle of the world, everything ordered and explaining and called him Arhet (initially).
Miletsky philosophers were the first to express a very important philosophical idea: what we see around ourselves, and what really exists is not the same thing. This idea is one of the eternal philosophical problems - what world in itself: such as we see it, or completely different, but we do not see it and therefore we do not know about it? Fales, for example, says that we see around themselves various items: trees, flowers, mountains, rivers and more. In fact, all these items are different states of one world substance - water. A tree is one state of water, the mountain is another, the bird is the third and so on. We see this single world substance? No, we do not see; We only see its condition, or generating, or forms. Where do we then know what it is? Due to mind, for what you can not perceive the eye, you can comprehend the thought.
This idea about the different abilities of feelings (vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste) and reason is also one of the main in philosophy. Many thinkers believed that the mind was much perfect feelings and more able to know the world than feelings. This point of view is called rationalism (from lat. Rationalis is reasonable). But there were other thinkers who believed that mostly need to trust the feelings (sense authorities), and not a reason that could naphantize anything and therefore completely capable of mistaken. This point of view is called sensualism (from Lat. Sensus - feeling, feeling). Note that the term "feelings" has two meanings: the first - human emotions (joy, sadness, anger, love, etc.), the second - the senses, with the help of which we perceive the world around (vision, rumor, Touch, smell, taste). On these pages it was about feelings, of course, in the second sense of the word.
From thinking within the framework of myth (mythological thinking), it began to be converted into thinking within the framework of the Logos (logical thinking). Fales liberated thinking both from the mythological tradition, and from the chains that tied him to direct sensual impressions.
It was the Greeks that managed to develop the concepts of rational evidence and theory as its focus. The theory claims to receive a generalizing truth that is not just proclaimed, which is unknown from where, but appears by arguing. At the same time, the theory, and the truth obtained with its help should withstand public testing by counterproofs. The Greeks had a brilliant idea that not only the assembly of isolated fragments of knowledge, as it was on a mythical basis already in Babylon and Egypt. The Greeks began the search for universal and systematic theories, which substantiated certain fragments of knowledge from the point of view of the general testimony (or universal principles) as the basis for the conclusion of a particular knowledge.
Falez, Anaximandra and Anaximman are called Miletsky Naturophilosophia. They belonged to the first generation of Greek philosophers.
Millet is one of the Greek policies that were on the eastern border of the Allenian civilization, in Malaya Asia. It is here that the rethinking of mythological ideas about the beginning of the world used to be the character of philosophical reasoning about how the diversity of phenomena surrounding us arose from one source - the initial element, originated - Arhe. It was natural philosophy, or the philosophy of nature.
The world is unchanged, indivisible and immobile, is an eternal stability and absolute stability.
Fales (VII-VI centuries. BC.)
1. It all starts from the water and returns to it, all things came out of the water.
2. Water is the essence of each individual thing, water remains in all things and even the sun and celestial bodies feed on the evaporation of water.
3. The destruction of the world after the "world cycle" will mean the immersion of all things in the ocean.
Fales argued that "everything is water." And with this statement, as it is believed, philosophy begins.
Falez. (approx. 625-547 BC. E.) - Investigator of European Science and Philosophy
Falez put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bthe substance is the primary source all , summarizing all the diversity in the same way and seeing the beginning of everything in water (in moisture): After all, she permeates everything. Aristotle said that Fales first tried to find a physical start without the media. Moisture and in fact the omnipresent element: everything comes from the water and turns into the water. Water as a natural start turns out to be a carrier of all changes and transformations.
In the position "All of the Water" was given by the "resignation" of the Olympic, that is, the pagan, gods, ultimately mythological thinking, and continued the path to the natural explanation of nature. What else is the genius of the Father of European Philosophy? He first came the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of the Universe.
Fales considered the basis of all the world: there is only water, and everything else is its generation, forms and modifications. It is clear that his water is not quite similar to the fact that today we understand under this word. He has she - a certain world substance from which everything is born and is formed.
Fales, like his successors, stood at the point of view gilosoism - Reviews in which life is the immanent property of matter, Valid itself moving, but at the same time animated. Falez believed that the soul was spilled throughout everything. Fales considered the soul as something spontaneously active. Falez called God universal intelligence: God is the mind of the world.
Fales was a figure that combined interest in the requests of practical life with a deep interest in the issues of the structure of the universe. Being a merchant, he used trading trips to expand scientific information. He was a hydraulic engineer who became famous for his work, a versatile scientist and a thinker, an inventor of astronomical instruments. As a scientist he became widely famous in Greece, making a successful prediction of the solar eclipse, observed in Greece in 585 BC. e.For this prediction, Fales used the astronomical information ascending to observations and generalizations of Babylonian science. Its geographical, astronomical and physical knowledge of Falez tied a slim philosophical idea of \u200b\u200bthe world, materialistic, despite clear traces of mythological ideas. Fales believed that the existing arose from some wet pavement, or "water". Everything is constantly born from this "Single Source. The earth itself keeps on the water and is surrounded from all sides by the ocean. It stays on water, like a disk or a board floating on the surface of the reservoir. At the same time, the real origin of the "water" and all the nature that occurred from it is not dead, no animation is deprived. In the universe, everything is full of gods, everything is an aimed. The example and proof of the universal animance of Fales saw in the properties of the magnet and amber; since the magnet and amber are capable of bringing the body in motion, then, therefore, they have a soul.
Falez belongs to an attempt to understand the structure of the Earth of the Universe, determine what order is located in relation to the Earth of Heavenly Luminous: Moon, Sun, Stars. And on this issue, Fales relied on the results of the Babylonian science. But he represented orderly shone the converse of the one that exists in reality: he believed that the so-called Sky of fixed stars was closest to Earth, and then the sun was. This error was fixed by its successors. His philosophical representation of the world is full of omissions of mythology.
"It is believed that Falez lived between 624 and 546 to R.Kh. Partially this assumption is based on the approval of Herodotus (Herodotus, approx. 484-430 / 420 to R.Kh.), who wrote that Fales predicted a solar eclipse of 585 to R.Kh.
Other sources are reporting to Falez's travels in Egypt, which was quite unusual for the Greeks of his time. They also report that Fales decided the problem of calculating the height of the pyramid by measuring the shadow length of the pyramid, when its own shadow was equal to its growth. The story that Fales predicted a solar eclipse, indicates that he owned astronomical knowledge, which may have come from Babylon. He also had knowledge of geometry - the field of mathematics, which was developed by the Greeks.
Fales, as claimed, participated in the political life of the Mileta. He used his mathematical knowledge to improve navigation equipment. He was the first one who accurately determined the time on the sun's clock. And finally, Falez Rades, predicting a dry lack of lawn year, on the eve of which he prepared in advance, and then favorably sold olive oil.
Little can be said about his works, since they all reached us in translating. Therefore, we are forced to adhere to their presentation of what other authors report them. Aristotle in metaphysics says Fales was a hence of this kind of philosophy, which sets questions about the beginning, from which there is all the existence, that is, what exists, and wherever everything comes back. Aristotle also says that Falez believed that this beginning is water (or liquid).
Fales asked about what remains permanent when changing and what is a source of unity in diversity. It seems plausible that Fales proceeded from the fact that changes exist and that there is some kind of start, which remains a permanent element in all changes. It is a building block of the Universe. A similar "permanent element" is usually called the origin, the "primary", from which the world is made (Greek. Arche). "
Falez, like others, watched a lot of things that arise from the water and that disappear in the water. Water turns into pairs and ice. Fish are born in water and then die in it. Many substances, like salts and honey, dissolve in water. Moreover, water is necessary for life. These and similar simple observations could bring Falez to approval that water is a fundamental element that remains constant in all changes and transformations.
From the water there are all other objects, and they also turn into water.
1) Fales raised the question of what is a fundamental "building block" of the Universe. Substance (initially) represents a constant element in nature and unity in diversity. Since that time, the problem of the substance has become one of the fundamental problems of Greek philosophy;
2) Falez gave an indirect answer to the question of how the changes occur: first-pool (water) is converted from one state to another. The problem of change also has become another fundamental problem of Greek philosophy. "
For him, nature, physis, was self-apparent ("living"). He did not distinguish the spirit and substance. For Falez, the concept of "nature", Physis, apparently, was very extensive and most closely relevant to the modern concept of "being".
Watering a question about water as the only basis of the world and the beginning of all things, Fales thereby solved the question of the essence of the world, all the variety of which is derived (occurs) from a single basis (substance).Water is that later, many philosophers began to be called Matter, "Mother" of all things and phenomena of the world.
Anaximandr (ok. 610 - 546 BC. er) was the first to rise to the original idea of \u200b\u200bthe infinity of the worlds. For the first-axis, he accepted aPIROON — an uncertain and boundless substance: Its parts are changed, the whole remains unchanged. This infinite start is characterized as a divine, creatively moving principle: it is not available to sensual perception, but comprehensibly mind. Because it starts endlessly, it is inexhaustible in its possibilities for the formation of concrete reality. It is always a lively source of neoplasms: everything is in an uncertain state as a real opportunity. All existing as it were from crumbling globacy. So small gold grains form whole bars, and the particles of the Earth are its specific arrays.
Afeiron is not associated with any particular substance, generates a variety of objects, living beings, people. Aceron is simplified, eternal, always active and dwells in motion. Being the beginning of the cosmos, Apayron allocates opposites - wet and dry, cold and warm. Their combinations are as a result of the Earth (dry and cold), water (wet and cold), air (wet and hot) and fire (dry and hot).
Anaximandr expands the concept of beginning to the concept of "Archa", that is, before initial (substance) of all things. It initially, Anaximandr calls Ageron. The main characteristic of Areyron is that he " infinite, limitless, endless " Although Aceron is real, nothing can be said about him, except that he "does not know old age," being in eternal activity, in eternal movement. Aceron is not only a substantial, but also the genetic start of space. He is the only reason for the birth and death, which is the birth of all things, at the same time disappears as needed. One of the fathers of the Middle Ages complained that anximander "did not leave the Divine Mind." Aceron self-sufficient. He is all the volume and controls everything.
Anaximandr decided not to call the primancy of the world with the name of any element (water, air, fire or land) and considered the only property of the initial world substance, all the formative, its infinity, unobability and incorruptibility to any particular element, and therefore uncertainty. It stands on the other side of all elements, all of them includes and called APIRON (infinite, infinite world substance).
Anaximandra acknowledged by a single and permanent source of the birth of all things no longer "water" and there is no single substance at all, and the prevalement, from which the opposites of warm and cold, giving the beginning of all substances. It was originally different from other substances (and in this sense, indefinite), no bordersand therefore there is " infinite"(Apeiron). On the extraction of it warm and cold, a fiery shell arose, laying the air above the ground. The flowing air broke through the fiery shell and formed three rings, inside of which it turned out to be a certain amount of fire broken out. So there were three circles: the circle of stars, the sun and the moon. Earth, in shape similar to a split column, occupies the middle of the world and is fixed; Animals and people were formed from the sediments of the dried seabed and changed the form when moving to land. Everyone who gratened from the boundless should return to it for their "guilt". Therefore, the world is not eternal, but the new world is allocated to destroy it from the boundless, and there is no end to this change.
Until our times, only one fragment is preserved, attributed to Anaximandra. In addition, there are comments from other authors, for example, Aristotle, who lived for two centuries later.
Anaximandr did not find a convincing basis for the statement that water is unchanged primary. If the water is converted to the ground, the earth into water, water in the air, and the air into water, etc., then this means that anything is converted into anything. Therefore, it is logically arbitrarily to assert that water or land (or something else) is "primary". Anaximandr preferred to say that the first-axis is Apeiron (Apeiron), uncertain, boundless (in space and time). In this way, he obviously escaped objections similar to those mentioned above. However, from our point of view, he "lost" something important. Namely, in contrast to the water aceron is not observable.As a result, Anaximandr must explain sensually perceived (objects and changes in them) with a sensually unresponsible apeiron. From the standpoint of experimental science, such an explanation is a disadvantage, although such an assessment, of course, is an anachronism, since Anaximandr hardly possessed the modern understanding of the empirical requirements of science. Perhaps theoretical argument against the response of Falez was most important for Anaximandra. Nevertheless, Anaximandr, analyzing the universal theoretical statements of Falez and demonstrating the polemical possibilities of their discussion, called him the "first philosopher."
In space there are an order not created by the gods.Anaximandr assumed that life originated on the border of the sea and land from the sludge under the influence of heavenly fire. From the time, the person occurred with the animals, born and evolving to an adult state of fish.
Anaximen (approx. 585-525 BC. er) believed that the origin of all things is air ("APAYOS") : all things come from it by thickening or pouring. He thought him as endless and saw in it the ease of variability and turning things. According to Anaximen, all things arose from the air and are its modifications formed by its concentration and discharge. Discharged, the air becomes fire, thickening - water, land, things. Air is more informal than anything. It is less body than water. We do not see it, but only feel.
The most hot air is a fire, more thick - atmospheric, and thicker - water, hereinafter - land and finally - stones.
The latter in a row of Miletsky philosophers - Anaximen, who achieved maturity by the time to conquer the Mileta Persians, developed new ideas about the world. Accepting the air as a pavement, he introduced a new and important idea about the process of praise and thickening, through which from the air, all substances are formed: water, earth, stones and fire. "Air" for him - breath, hugging the whole world Just like our soul, being breathing, keeps us. By nature, the "air" is the genus of a couple or a dark cloud and akin to emptiness. Earth is a flat disk supported by air, as well as soaring flat, consisting of fire, discs shone. Anaximen corrected the doctrine of Anaximander on the order of location in the world space of the Moon, the Sun and Stars. Contemporaries and subsequent Greek philosophers gave Anaximen much greater than other miret philosophers. The Pythagoreans learned his doctrine that the world was inhaling the air (or emptiness), as well as something from his teachings about the heavenly luminais.
There are only three small fragments from Anaximman, one of which is probably not possible.
Anaximen, the third natural philosopher from the Milet, drew attention to another weak point in the teaching of Falez. How is the water from its undifferentiated state converted into water in its differentiated states? As far as we know, Fales did not answer this question. As an answer, the Anaximman argued that the air considered by him as "primo-pool" is thickened while cooling into the water and with further cooling it is thickened in ice (and land!). When heated, the air is diluted and becomes fire. Thus, Anaximen created a certain physical theory of transitions. Using modern terms, it can be argued that, according to this theory, different aggregate states (pairs or air, actually water, ice or land) are determined by the temperature and density value, changes to which lead to jump-shaped transitions between them. This thesis is an example of generalizations, so characteristic of early Greek philosophers.
Anaximen points to all four substances that were later called "four origins (elements)". This is land, air, fire and water.
The soul also consists of air. "Just like our soul, being air, restrains us, so breathing and air is soluble the whole world." Air has the property of infinity. His thickening Anaximen connected with cooling, and the vacuum - with heating. Being a source and soul, and the body, and the entire space, the air is printed even in relation to the gods. The air is not created by the gods, and they themselves from the air, just like our soul, the air will push everything and control everything.
Summarizing the views of representatives of the Miletsky school, we note that philosophy here arises as rationalization of myth. The world is explained, based on it, on the basis of material principles, without participation in its creation of ultra-section forces. Melts were gilosoists (Grech.hyle and Zoe - a substance and life - a philosophical position, in accordance with which any material body has a soul), i.e. They talked about the animal of matter, believing that all things are moving due to the presence of the soul in them. They were also pantheists (Greek. Pan - all and Theos - God - the philosophical teaching, in accordance with which "God" and "Nature" are identified) and tried to identify the natural content of the gods, understanding in fact actually natural forces. In man, mite was seen, first of all, not biological, but physical nature, withdrawing it from water, air, Apeiron.
Alexander Georgievich Spirkin. "Philosophy." Gardarians, 2004.
Vladimir Vasilyevich Mironov. "Philosophy: Textbook for universities." Norm, 2005.
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Igor Ivanovich Kalny. "Philosophy for graduate students."
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Skerebeck, Gunnar. "The history of philosophy."
An ancient Greek thinker, an antique philosophy and science, the founder of the Miletsky school, one of the first fixed philosophical schools. Evalted all the variety of things to a single primaryness - water. Trying to understand the world of Fales was interested first of all what was happening between the sky and the Earth. Fales and the first Ionian scholars sought to establish from which matter of the world. According to Falez, nature, both alive and non-fat, has a driving start, which is called such names as the soul and God. Fales considers water by the original element from which the Earth arose, as if the sediment of this initial element, as the air and the fire. If the water is primary, then the earth should be resting on the water. According to Falez, the earth swims in the freshwater ocean, like a ship. On the works of Falez, he unknown wrote them at all. It is most likely that he created "maritime astronomy" (in verses, like all early thinkers). In addition to her, two more astronomical treatises (about the equinox, about solstice)
Anaximandr
Anaximandr (flourishing activity 570-560 BC), ancient Greek philosopher, a native of a mile, compatriot and a student of Falez. Anaximandra made up the famous drawing of the world and, possibly introduced Greece with the gnome invented in Babylon, the device for determining the tilt of the ecliptic to the equator. Like Fales, Anaximander tried to give a single explanation of all things, for which he chose not one of the elements, but the overall beginning, from which the whole world could develop by differentiation. This beginning, Anaximander called "Aperon" ("Uncertain"), probably because of its limitless length and the impossibility of identifying (as "water" of Falez) with some particular substance in the already existing world. Anaximandr characterized his "APAYROON" as "eternal and non-sharing", as well as the "surrounding" countless worlds and the "managing" them. Every world is a place where the couples are opposite to the essence of the elements (such as rain and drought) "pay each other with a penalty and reward for their injustice in accordance with the sentence of time." Anaximandr believed that at the beginning of the world in Aperyon, somehow stood out the core, which threatened the fire and a dark fog. Then the fog turned out, and the Earth was formed out of it. The surrounding fire broke into parts and turned into heavenly bodies, which actually the essence of the earth-hazing fiery wheels - the light of each of them breaks through the hole in an enveloping wheel of the fog. The Earth appeared to anximandra with a low and wide cylinder, flat on top, staying in one place due to equal distance from all things. The same inventive and daring the hypothesis proposed by Anaximandr about the origin of living beings: they originated in the primary dirt from the solar heat and appeared on land, released by heavily From the shell, which made them similar to marine heroes. As for man, he developed to maturity inside the fish.
Anaximenes Miletsky
about 585 - about 525 BC. e.
Anaximen (Anaximenes) Miletsky - ancient Greek philosopher, representative of the Miletsky school, anximander student. We got to us only a slight excerpt of his large essay "On Nature". The circle of scientific interests of Anaximna is more narrow than Anaximandra: the questions of biology and mathematics of Anaximman, apparently, did not interest. He is primarily an astronomer and a meteorologist.
Initially, only the land, Anaximene considered air, through a thickening or perpetration of which all things arise. The human soul itself is only air and breathing, because life is detected only by inhalation and exhalation. Initially, Anaximen recognized endless and after Anaximandr, he taught about countless worlds.
Anaximen's infinite air is the whole world, is a source of life and breathing of living beings.
Anaximen first pointed out the difference between fixed stars and planets, put forward a hypothesis explaining the eclipses of the Sun and the Moon, as well as the Phase of the Moon. Anaximen corrected anximander's mistake and put the stars further the moon and the sun. Weather status He connected with the activity of the Sun.
№2 Teaching Heraclit About Logos
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