Problems of development of children's speech.

From the moment of birth, a child is surrounded by many sounds: human speech, the rustle of leaves, birds singing, splashing water and much, much more. Gradually growing up, children begin to listen more carefully to the speech of the people around them and try to repeat it. It is not always possible for a child to correctly pronounce the sounds and words he hears, so he often resorts to gestures and facial expressions using demonstrative pronouns: there, this, here, etc. Parents, touched by the actions of the child, willingly fulfill his wishes, without trying to force the child to pronounce the words correctly.

In many families, adults even try to adapt to the speech of their babies and, when talking to them, use the wrong childish pronunciation of words, hoping that it will be clearer and easier for the child.

There are children who soften consonant sounds by pronouncing them inaccurately or replace hard-to-pronounce letters with easier ones for them. At the same time, it is possible that in one word the child pronounces the sound correctly, in another he skips it, and in the third word he replaces it with another sound.

Sometimes speech flaws are not very noticeable, so parents do not pay attention to them, referring to the age of the child: he will grow up and everything will be corrected by itself.

However, adults should be aware that age-related features of children's speech can really disappear by the age of four or five, but only if they do not have the nature of speech disorders. Only specialists can understand this and correctly qualify the disturbed sound pronunciation.

Remember that any deviation from the correct pronunciation of words in preschool children is a speech disorder, leading to a delay in speech development.

The child has become a first grader, the delay in speech development immediately becomes noticeable and negatively affects the entire educational process. The fact is that the correct pronunciation of sounds and words during the period of literacy is of great importance. This is due to the fact that the formation of written speech occurs on the basis of oral speech. Over time, deficiencies in speech development actively develop and lead to persistent violations of written speech (dysgraphia) and specific disorders of oral speech (dyslexia).

How insulting it is for parents when their child, on whom so many hopes were placed, does not study well. It would seem that they devoted a lot of time to preparing the child, carefully chose the school, and the kid himself seems smart, intellectually developed, talented, but the long-awaited “fives” or at least “fours” are still missing. And, unfortunately, it’s not about teachers’ nit-picking — the child really doesn’t read well, makes a lot of mistakes when writing, is inattentive in class, is easily distracted, and is unable to solve a completely simple task.

Many parents associate their child's poor studies only with his personal qualities (does not do homework, is distracted in the classroom, inattentive, careless, lazy, not hardworking, etc.). Unfortunately, in most cases, dads and moms are wrong, taking complex speech disorders, such as dysgraphia and dyslexia, for simple inattention or negligence.

What can these violations lead to in the future? Illiterate writing with a lot of errors, unformed and incorrect speech, poor vocabulary, inability to express one's thoughts, and, finally, and most importantly, a lack of understanding of causal relationships. It is the latter circumstance that leads to sharp complications in the assimilation of mathematical subjects. Gradually growing up, a teenager is practically unable to express his thoughts, and therefore, write presentations and essays, not to mention the solution of mathematical equations and problems.

Disadvantages of speech development have a huge impact on the process of psychological development of the individual. Children with impaired sound pronunciation understand that their speech is different from the speech of their peers, and gradually become silent, shy, indecisive and, as a rule, withdraw into themselves. Misunderstanding of adults irritates them, and they become somewhat aggressive. Failures in studies form a low level of self-esteem in the child, cause difficulties in relationships with peers and teachers. The child is constantly afraid of ridicule from peers. With age, all these processes in the child progress and result in a loss of interest in learning and a persistent, conscious unwillingness to attend school.

Practice shows that more than half of primary school students have deficiencies in speech development, making ridiculous mistakes in speaking and writing. At the same time, the guys do not know how to concentrate on the main thing, they are absent-minded and inattentive.

Most children aged 7-8 years suffer from such disorders. Moreover, in boys it is observed 5 times more often than in girls.

Unfortunately, in school practice, the identification of such shortcomings in children as dysgraphia and dyslexia occurs with a great delay, somewhere at the end of the second - the beginning of the third grade, and sometimes later. In school conditions, it is almost impossible to engage in speech corrections. This is due to the fact that, on the one hand, not all schools have speech therapists, and on the other hand, the school speech therapist does not have time to seriously deal with precisely these shortcomings. There is also another situation. Parents turn to a private speech therapist, but the method of work proposed by the speech therapist, including dry articulation and boring training exercises in front of a mirror, turns out to be tedious and ineffective for the child. Dads and moms should know that not everyone, even the best speech therapist, can work with dysgraphia and dyslexia. It all depends on the individuality of the child and the nature of his speech disorder. The most effective results are achieved when working with children under 10 years old and only with regular classes for 8-12 months. Later, the correction is much more difficult and, as a rule, with less success, and the speech disorder itself takes on the character of a persistent chronic disorder.

In all cases, regardless of the age of the child, the first and main role in the process of correcting his speech and psychological development should be played by parents. Take a closer look, and most importantly, listen carefully to your child. How he speaks, what mistakes he makes in speaking or writing, how he behaves, etc. If your child does not yet know how to write and read, then carefully analyze his oral speech and, if you have suspicions, immediately contact a speech therapist and. If your child already reads and writes, look through his Russian language notebooks and analyze his mistakes according to some of the signs below:

Omissions of letters and syllables - "trva" (grass), "krodil" (crocodile);

Rearrangement of letters and syllables - “onko” (window), “zvyal” (took);

Building words with extra letters - "tarava" (grass), "bababushka" (grandmother);

Missing letters - "red" (red), "shovel" (shovel);

Continuous spelling of words - "hunting" (hunting);

Replacing one letter with another - "zuki" (beetles), "punk" (bank);

Not writing a soft sign - “cornflowers” ​​(cornflowers), “kon” (horse);

Inability to coordinate adjectives with nouns - "five white mushrooms";

Wrong choice of case form - "sleigh ride".

Violation of speech and psychological development, as well as dysgraphia and dyslexia, requires mandatory correction and elimination.

There are specially designed diagnostic tests that allow to determine the possibility of future speech disorders in children aged 5-6 years, to find out the causes of speech and psychological delays and to conduct preventive corrective classes aimed at preventing dysgraphia and dyslexia.

The developed technique allows to solve the problem of possible violations of reading and writing even before the start of the child's education at school. This will help the child avoid numerous mistakes when mastering the basics of literacy and spelling rules, make it easier for him to study at school and increase interest in the learning process.

Elena MURAVIEVA,

candidate of pedagogical sciences

Tips speech therapist - How to get rid of "porridge in the mouth."
Parents often find out that a child has speech problems when it is time to go to school. And everything would be fine, but they don’t want to take children with speech defects to prestigious modern gymnasiums and lyceums. Then moms and dads in an accelerated mode begin to teach the baby to speak everything correctly. But this burden for the child is so great that you can discourage any desire to go to school. After all, it is impossible to learn in three months what needed to be mastered for 4-5 years.

What problems do children usually suffer from? Among the most common are dyslalia (the child cannot pronounce or incorrectly pronounce some sounds), phonetic-phonemic disorders (the child not only pronounces poorly, he perceives some sounds incorrectly). Of course, there are even difficult situations when a child has underdeveloped speech, poor vocabulary, poorly perceives and pronounces sounds, and is not able to speak coherently.

So what should a child be able to say? After reading this article, you should not think that almost after the first “aha” you need to take the baby to a speech therapist. Not at all. You can calmly develop up to three years, and then it's time to listen. At this age, the child has every right to mispronounce sounds and sentences. His task is to understand what his parents want from him (this is easily checked by small tasks: bring me something, etc.) A three-year-old kid should be taken to a speech therapist if he does not say anything at all or cannot understand your elementary appeals.

At the age of four, the requirements for speech are already changing a little. The child should express himself more clearly so that not only parents, but also strangers, educators, can understand him. If only his mother can understand his speech, then it is worth taking the baby to a speech therapist. If even the grandfather-neighbor understands most of the baby's phrases, then the child develops quite normally.

According to the developed standards, at the age of five, it is normal for a baby to only have a poor pronunciation of the sound “p”. Everything else must be correct. But at the age of six, when you will soon have to go to school, you need to say everything correctly, use cases, build sentences competently and coherently.

Speech therapists advise children who speak and eat poorly to develop jaw muscles. They should be given meat slices, bread, whole fruits and vegetables to eat. Also show your child how to take air into his mouth and roll it from cheek to cheek. It is very important to pay attention to fine motor skills: tie shoelaces, fasten buttons. First, let the baby do it on you or on the dolls, and later on yourself.

The problem that we will talk about in our article is familiar to many parents. It consists in the fact that the child “swallows” the endings, and even whole words, speaks indistinctly, as if without much desire. At the same time, there are no obvious defects in diction: all sounds are pronounced separately, but the general speech is fuzzy. In everyday life, such a defect is called "porridge in the mouth." What causes this phenomenon and how to deal with it? Let's try to figure it out.

A typical remark that children hear with "porridge in their mouth" sounds something like this: "Well, why are you too lazy to open your mouth?" Oddly enough, there is some truth in this, because the defect described above is associated primarily with a poorly developed articulatory system, which includes the work of the lips, tongue and jaw. They then need to be trained in the first place, so that speech becomes clear and clear. While the child has not gone to school, it is worth visiting a doctor, it is possible to undergo a course of treatment with him. A speech therapist will help preschoolers faster than a schoolboy. Firstly, because it is easier to allocate time for classes (there is no need to learn lessons). Secondly, because it is easier to correct diction when it is still being formed than to correct something that has become seriously a habit.

A standard articulatory warm-up begins with lip gymnastics. This includes such exercises familiar to everyone since childhood as “smile tube”, “kisses”, “pulling lips over teeth”. The “curtain” exercise is also very effective: we tightly close our teeth, then we try to raise, as if by a thread, the upper lip. The lower lip should remain relaxed. Then we lower the second "curtain". All exercises should be done in full force: ask the child to try to reach the opposite wall with his lips, without leaving the spot. Carry out articulation gymnastics in a playful way, because it is very important that the child is interested in classes.

After training the lips, move on to exercises for the tongue. You can invite the child to tease in different ways, roll tubes from the tongue, stick it to the palate, or clatter like a horse. The purpose of these exercises is to learn how to manage your own language. To check the result of the exercises, ask the child to change the position of the tongue to match your claps: for example, roll into a tube for the first clap, and relax for the second.

Working with the jaw is the most difficult and important element of the articulation warm-up, because it is this clamp that is the most difficult, and the older the child becomes, the harder it is to correct the situation. In order for the words to be pronounced clearly, the jaw must open wide. There are many ways to develop this habit: the most popular of them are speech with a cork in your mouth or with nuts behind your cheeks. The following exercise is also useful: a hand clenched into a fist should be brought to the mouth, opening the jaw, as if you want to bite off a piece of an apple.

The key to the success of articulatory warm-up is the constant repetition of exercises. At the same time, they should not become boring, because, as we have already said, do not forget to present each task as a fun game. When you see the results of work on the articulatory apparatus, try introducing tongue-twisters into your classes. They can be used in different ways: to read, playing a certain role, to pronounce rhythmically, beating a tennis ball off the floor for each word, or to combine with any movements. You can even come up with a simple dance and perform it at the same time as reading the tongue-twister. Thus, you can consolidate the accumulated results and perfectly discipline the child's speech.

Only that porridge in the mouth is good, which was previously cooked with love on the stove. A minor speech impediment can harm your child in the future, when it becomes much more difficult to deal with it. We wish you success in having fun teaching children!

10 minutes of not feeling well can be a stroke. How not to miss its first symptoms.

Ischemic attack  is, in fact, the same stroke

Weakness separately in the arm, leg or arm and leg on the left or right side may be one of the first manifestations of a stroke, including due to cerebral hemorrhage. Sometimes complete immobilization is possible.

The second important sign is a speech disorder (a feeling that it is simply difficult to speak, the corner of the mouth does not move, or asymmetry of the face appears) or a complete loss of speech. Moreover, these symptoms can either appear or disappear: the hand weakens, porridge in the mouth, and after 10 minutes everything is gone - and people relax. And they miss an ischemic attack - this is, in fact, the same stroke! Therefore, you need to call an ambulance immediately, even if you feel well by the time the doctors arrive. Tell me what happened. With a normal stroke, these symptoms persist for a long time. The heart does not hurt during a stroke, the head too. With a stroke, changes occur in the vessels of the brain for many years, often completely imperceptible.

Stroke can happen even after the flu

As you age, your risk of having a stroke increases. But lately he's been threatening young people too. The reasons are banal: young people smoke, abuse alcohol, and are overweight. “Rejuvenated” diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, heart failure. All of these can lead to a stroke. In addition, young people also have direct causes for a stroke: a hereditary blood clotting disorder, mitral valve prolapse. A stroke can develop even after the flu. This is a rare complication after him, but it happens.

Pregnant women are also at risk. The main reason is high blood pressure and a tendency to form blood clots. In addition, women began to give birth at a later age, and this is also a risk factor.

Strokes often occur in those who suffer from atrial fibrillation, when microthrombi form in the heart cavity. Flying away, they can clog the vessels of the brain. Therefore, with any form of arrhythmia, it is imperative to take the drugs prescribed by the doctor so that a stroke does not happen. Medications (oral anticoagulants) of the new generation reduce the risk of stroke by 35% and the risk of complications - intracerebral hemorrhage by almost 60%.

You can not suddenly reduce the pressure

Why is it dangerous? If there is arterial hypertension, then a sharp decrease in pressure is just as dangerous as a sharp increase. With arterial hypertension, the vessels, as a rule, are tortuous, the blood passes through them under pressure. If it is sharply reduced by drugs, the blood supply is disrupted. That is why it is dangerous to take blood pressure pills uncontrollably. Often you can not take them at night. Normally, during sleep, the pressure decreases by itself. If you reduce it also with drugs, you can seriously harm yourself. Therefore, you can’t put a pressure pill under your tongue every time - develop your own regimen for taking drugs.

“Yes, you have porridge in your mouth,” they say about people with unclear, blurred speech. Agree, it is difficult to communicate with a person who speaks incomprehensibly, but it is not easy for a person himself. In addition to the difficulties with everyday communication, slurred speech can be an obstacle when applying for a job. Many professions are associated with communication: bank employees, administrators, lawyers, teachers, salesmen and many others, and if a person has a speech defect, then most likely the employer will refuse him, since such an employee may have difficulties in the process of work.

What is this "porridge" and how to get rid of it? In the people, "porridge in the mouth" is called such speech disorders as dyslalia, dysarthria and takhilalia (accelerated rate of speech).

Dyslalia- this is a violation of sound pronunciation, which arose for the following reasons:

  • incorrect structure of the articulatory apparatus (malocclusion, shortened hyoid frenulum, incorrect structure of the dentition, etc.), as a result of which it is difficult for the organs of articulation to take the correct posture for pronouncing a certain sound;
  • impaired perception of sounds by ear (phonemic hearing), i.e. a person does not distinguish sounds by ear, and, therefore, cannot determine whether he said the word correctly (instead of “beetle” it can be “shuk”, instead of “goat” - “braid”);
  • incorrectly formed articulation patterns that negatively affect sound pronunciation (for example, the sound [l] is pronounced with the help of the lips like the English “w”, when pronouncing the sound [s], the tip of the tongue protrudes between the teeth, etc.).

At dysarthria violations are more serious, since not only sound pronunciation is disturbed, but also intonation, timbre and rhythm of speech. The cause of this disorder is the insufficient supply of the muscles of the articulatory apparatus with nerve impulses, as a result of which their connection with the central nervous system is disrupted. As a result, the tone of the articulatory muscles is disturbed (increased, decreased or changing character). In this state, it is difficult for a person to control the organs of articulation, so speech turns out to be blurred. In addition to sound pronunciation, speech breathing (superficial, weak), voice (quiet, weak, intermittent) can also be disturbed, in addition, the voice becomes monotonous and inexpressive.

As you can see, dysarthria is a more serious speech disorder than dyslalia, and it requires more attention, and sometimes medication is needed to eliminate this defect.

As already noted, with both violations, sound pronunciation suffers. There are several types of speech impairment:

  • Distortion when the sound is pronounced incorrectly, for example, throaty [p] or burr, pronunciation of the sound [l] with the help of lips, etc.
  • Mixing, insufficient discrimination of sounds similar in articulation or similar in sound during pronunciation (fish-fish, fur coat-suba)
  • Substitution, the use of another sound instead of the one missing in speech (hat-fapka, hapka, fish-lyby, yyba, bag-fumka, house-tom)
  • Omission when the sound is simply not used in speech (rocket-rocket, cat-coca, etc.).

All these disorders can be both due to undeveloped phonemic hearing and due to the fact that a person cannot take the correct articulatory posture.

Unlike dyslalia and dysarthria, takhilalia it is not the sound pronunciation that is disturbed, but the tempo of speech. A person with such a disorder speaks quickly, indistinctly, “swallowing” the ending of words, rearranging syllables in places. This all happens involuntarily, but if the speaker closely follows the speech, then it will approach the norm.

There are several reasons for this problem:

  • hereditary factor;
  • imitation of the rapid speech of an adult in a child, which is fixed over time and already negatively affects the speech of an adult;
  • brain tumors;
  • traumatic brain injury, etc.

To eliminate these shortcomings, it is best to seek the help of a speech therapist. Of course, on the Internet you can find a lot of information and videos on eliminating sound pronunciation disorders, but without knowing the causes of the violation, you can either waste time using useless techniques, or even worsen your situation.

The speech therapist will be able to determine the cause of the violation, its type and, of course, develop an individual work plan to overcome the speech problem. If the need arises, a speech therapist may advise you to undergo an examination by other specialists (orthodontist, neurologist, ENT) in order to make the work on eliminating defects more effective. Perhaps, if there are problems with muscle tone, it will be necessary to conduct a course of special speech therapy massage. In addition, with violations of voice, timbre and speech breathing, special exercises are also needed, which are selected individually by a speech therapist.

Despite the complexity of the defect and the apparent impossibility of solving the problem, do not despair, work under the guidance of a speech therapist will bear fruit. The main thing to remember is that even a highly qualified specialist will be powerless if the person himself does not make efforts. Yes, correcting sound pronunciation is not an easy task at any age, but everything will definitely work out if you try.

In conclusion, we give examples from life:

Yuri, 20 years old, came for a consultation with complaints of slurred speech. During the diagnostics, a violation of the sounds [w], [l], [r], a violation of speech breathing and voice was revealed. Based on the results of the diagnosis, the speech therapist drew up an individual work plan and within a year (classes 3 times a week) they completely delivered all the sounds and eliminated other speech shortcomings, of course, the young man was interested in the results and also studied at home.

Xenia is 18 years old. I came for a consultation with a speech therapist after an independent attempt to correct the pronunciation of the sound [r]. During the year, the girl was engaged in video lessons, but did not note success. According to the results of the diagnosis, the speech therapist drew up a work plan, which included speech therapy massage, since the girl had problems with the tone of the muscles of the tongue, after six months of regular classes, the sound was put on.