Gypsies have been living in Russia for several centuries. They can be found throughout the country - from the borders in the west to the Far East. Not a single horse market in the 19th century could do without their active participation. A well-deserved fame was brought to them by a special dance and musical art. And what language do these people speak, is there a single gypsy language? After all, gypsies are different. There are Ukrainian Serves, Romanian Vlachs, German Sinti, Crimean and Moldavian Gypsies. What does gypsy linguistics say about this? Let's try to figure out what language the gypsies speak. What words are borrowed from it into our vocabulary?

The process of language formation

Very often some people are called gypsies. What is it connected with? Most likely, they cannot sit in one place, change their place of residence all the time or like to beg for something. Very interesting people - gypsies. Europeans believed that they originally came from Egypt, so in many languages ​​the word "gypsy" is a derivative of "Egypt".

In fact, a thousand years ago, several tribes from the north and west of India migrated to other countries. So they became gypsies. Some tribes ended up in Persia, others wandered around the lands of Turkey, some reached Syria, Egypt and North Africa. Being natives of India, these people retained the Indian language for communication.

Later, the gypsies migrated to the Balkans, to Russia, Hungary. Then they appeared in European countries: Germany, England, France, Spain, Sweden and Finland.

Centuries of wandering led to the fact that the Romani language borrowed words from other languages. After all, the gypsies had occupations that allowed them to roam. Some were engaged in woodcarving, others made dishes, others danced, sang, wrote poems, guessed. They all loved horses and traded them. In Spain, the gypsies danced beautifully flamenco.

So, the gypsy language belongs to the Indo-Aryan group of Indo-European languages. This language is still used by the inhabitants of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh. It is this dialect that is considered the only Balkan language of Indian origin. The gypsy dialect has two close relatives - the Domari language (used by the inhabitants of Jerusalem) and Lomavren (formerly used by the Armenians).

Since the gypsies traveled all over the world, the development of their dialect took place in the form of separate dialects. In each country where the gypsies lived, some peculiarities of the dialect were formed.

Although the gypsies separate themselves from other peoples, a single "gypsy society" has not yet formed. This leads to the extinction of gypsy dialects.

Countries where gypsies live

How widespread is the gypsy dialect today? The largest number of representatives of this people live in Romania - about half a million people. The next country in terms of their number is Bulgaria - 370 thousand. About 300,000 Roma live in Turkey. Over 250,000 people are in Hungary. The next country is France, where about 215,000 Roma live. The following list will show you the number of Romani users in other countries:

  • in Russia - 129,000;
  • Serbia - 108,000;
  • Slovakia - 106,000;
  • Albania - 90,000;
  • Germany - 85,000;
  • Republic of Macedonia - 54,000;
  • Ukraine - 47,000;
  • Italy - 42,000;
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina - 40,000.

In all other European countries, their number is less than 20,000 people. In the UK, Spain and Estonia there are only 1000 representatives each.

A bit from the grammar of the gypsy dialect

Gypsy dialect is characterized by a definite article of difference in gender and number. The presence of seven cases is distinguished: nominative, accusative, dative, dative, possessive, instrumental, vocative. All nouns have abstract masculine concepts. Pronouns have only six cases, without a vocative. The infinitive of the verb does not exist. Adjectives are inflected when referring to a noun.

Dialects

Sometimes speakers of different dialects of the Romani language do not understand each other well. Only conversations on everyday topics are generally understandable. The modern Romani language has three mega-groups:

  1. Romani.
  2. Lomavren.
  3. Domari.

Each large dialect zone is divided into smaller groups, including phonetic and grammatical innovations. Borrowings depend on the habitat. The existence of the following largest dialect zones is noted:

  • Northern. This includes Scandinavian, Finnish, Baltic Gypsies, Sinti, Russian Roma.
  • Central. Austrian, Czech, Hungarian, Slovak dialects.
  • Vlashskaya. The dialects are Lovari, Vlach, Kalderari.
  • Balkan. Serbian, Bulgarian, Crimean gypsies.
  • Servite. Received a strong influence of northeastern dialects.

In Russia, the Vlach dialect, borrowed from the language of the Romanian gypsies, is considered the most common. From it came the local northern Russian dialect. It is similar to Polish, Czech, Slovak, Lithuanian dialects. It is important to note that on the basis of the Kalderari dialect, a project was drawn up for a supra-dialect Koine - a common gypsy language.

Moldovan and Romanian gypsies

In 2002, it was first celebrated in Moldova. For the first time, Moldovan gypsies were mentioned in 1428. Representatives of this people in Moldova, as in Romania, are subordinate to their baron. For many years, Moldovan Roma have been subjected to harassment. After all, in the nineteenth century it was still possible to buy a whole family of gypsies and use them as slaves.

The baron of the Gypsies of Moldova today is Arthur Cerare. Here, these people are mainly engaged in handicrafts. Gypsy houses can be recognized from afar, just like their clothes. They paint them colorfully, put whole pictures on the walls. Most often, the owners have enough skills for landscapes and flowers. There are also rich representatives of this people. Their houses are like mansions, churches or temples.

Features of the dialects of Russian gypsies

The ancestors of Russian Gypsies came to the country from Poland. They were engaged in horse trading, divination, music and were Orthodox Christians. Now they can be found throughout the Russian Federation. People especially like their songs and dances. With the advent of the October Revolution, the gypsy merchants were completely destroyed, and the horse markets were closed. The Nazis also subjected.

The dialect of Russian Roma is filled with tracing papers from Polish, German, Russian. Suffixes and prefixes were borrowed. The most important feature of the Russian dialect is the use of the ending -ы. It is used in feminine nouns and adjectives and is similar to the ending -i. Examples: romny (gypsy), parny (white), loli (red). But with the ending -i: khurmi (porridge), churi (knife).

Here are examples of words that have common gypsy roots: dad (father), give (mother), gray (horse), vast (hand), yakh (eye), yag (fire), pany (water). We will also give examples of words with borrowings from the Russian language: reka (river), rodo (genus), vesna (spring), bida (trouble), tsveto (color). Words taken from the Polish language: sendo (court), indaraka (skirt), skempo (stingy). The following borrowings were taken from the Germans: feld (field), fanchtra (window), shtuba (apartment).

Gypsy words in Russian

Borrowings not only penetrate into the gypsy dialect, but also leave it. Especially they are filled with street, criminal, restaurant and musical lexicon. Everyone knows that the word "lave" means money, because many gypsies often ask for it for divination. "Steal" also comes from the gypsy dialect and means "steal". Often, instead of "eat and eat," the slang "hawal" is used. To play a musical instrument, sometimes they use "labat". And very often young people use the word "dude", which means "your boyfriend."

The most common gypsy phrases

If you want to study the most popular phrases of the nomadic people, you can refer to the gypsy dictionary. The very phrase "gypsy language" is written in it as "romano rakirebe". Here are the most commonly used greeting phrases:

  • bahtales - hello;
  • dubridin - hello;
  • mishto yavyan - welcome;
  • deves lacho - good afternoon.

In addition to greetings, you may be interested in other standard phrases:

  • yaven saste - be healthy;
  • nais - thank you;
  • laci ryat - good night;
  • cheese here kharen - what's your name;
  • sorry - sorry;
  • me tut kamam - I love you;
  • me here manga - I ask you;
  • me sukar - I am fine;
  • miro deval - my God!

In literature and art

Gypsy dialect is more often used as colloquial. Nevertheless, some books are written in this dialect. The following writers used it to write works: Lexa Manush, Papusha, Mateo Maximov. It is also worth noting Georgy Tsvetkov, Valdemar Kalinin, Janusz Panchenko, Dzhura Makhotin, Ilona Makhotina. There are a number of other writers who used the gypsy dialect in their works.

Mostly small prose forms and poems were written on it. Poetry has always been traditional entertainment for this people. But you cannot write a prose work without some preparation.

There is a theater "Pralipe", where performances are played in the gypsy dialect. The first operetta by Nikolai Shishkin also puts on productions in the Roma language.

Two directors who make films in this language have received wide acclaim. This is Tony Gatlif. The Roma language was used in the films "Strange Stranger", "Lucky", "Exiles", "Gypsy Time".

Gypsies in the USA

Roma can also be found in Canada and the USA, but there are very few of them here. They are represented by all three branches of European gypsies: Kale, Sinti, Roma. How representatives got to America They came there in different years. These were mainly Roma artists from the countries of the former USSR, as well as from the Czech Republic and Romania.

For American gypsies, there is no single way of life and a single culture; they have dissolved among the most diverse segments of the population. Some have become marginalized, others have become big businessmen. Guitar virtuoso Vadim Kolpakov, professor Ronald Lee, writer Emil Demeter, musician Yevgeny Gudz became famous in North America.

Most Americans have vague ideas about this people. Gypsy culture seems distant and exotic to them. It is estimated that there are about one million Roma in the United States. Some of them have to suffer from employment stereotypes.

The threat of extinction of gypsy dialects

Some European gypsies are still nomadic, but most are accustomed to a sedentary lifestyle. The dialect of this people was strongly influenced by Slavic and other languages. Therefore, there is a high probability of losing it. In all European countries, there are about 3-4 million native speakers of the Roma language. The main obstacle to its spread is considered to be the low level of literacy of the Roma. Although Kosovo, Macedonia, Croatia, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Germany, Finland, Hungary recognize it as a minority language.

The big disadvantage of the gypsy dialect is neglect. Grammar and vocabulary are quite in a primitive state. It is even easier for this people to maintain identity at the level of everyday life, but at the level of speech it is very bad. There are very few gypsy prefixes and particles, so the language is littered with Russian elements. However, today groups are working in some countries to standardize the Roma language. In Romania, there is even a unified system for teaching the Romani language. In Serbia, some channels and radio broadcasts are broadcast on it.

I ask you not to judge me particularly strictly - the words are arranged at random and only those that I can now remember. Over time, the vocabulary will take on more definite forms.

here - you

tume - you

tuke - to you

terE - yours

miri (peace) - my (my)

mange - me

mander - with me

kokuro - himself

ki tu - to you

yune - she

amoro - our

amore - our

kai - where

Savo - what

sarEsa - quite

sneakers - when

nothing - nothing

con - who

Karik - where

cheese - like

palso - why

but - how much

darik - here

fool - there

kadyake - so

nipples - why

dulEski - because

chayuri (tea) - girl, girl

chaYale - girls, girls

chavoro (chavorAle) - boy, guy

chavale - boys, boys

Roma - gypsy, husband

romany - gypsy, wife

Gila - song

kamam - love

mae tut kamam - i love you

mangav - please

me here manAv - I beg you

jav ke me - come to me

jav darik - come here

shunEsa? - do you hear?

avEn - let's go

Kher - house

avEn khare - let's go home

from kiras? - What do we do?

from that KamES? - what do you want?

Tu bi world - you without me

Mme biterO - I am without you

dumindem - thought

with mange te kira? - what should I do?

that Jeans? - You know?

mae na jinom - i don't know

peng - to say

so tu pyeongyang? - what you said?

who is the smoke? - who's there?

nichi me tuter on mangawa - I don't ask you for anything

nichi me tuter na pengawa - I won't tell you anything

chamudEs - you kiss

mae jin, so tu man kamEsa - I know that you love me

tyrdev! - stop! Wait!

dey sy - so it is

tehas - to eat

with Texas? - what to eat?

sneakers wow? - where did you go?

tu miri kamlY (tu miro kamlo) - you are my favorite (you are my favorite)

me biterO tydzhevAu na muzhinAv - I can't live without you

mae bang o li - I'm to blame

ripirava - remember

from manza? - what happened with me?

SHURU DUKHAL - Head hurts

me here rodAm - I'm looking for you

tu me lahtem - I found you

that on holyasov - don't be angry

sorry Sorry

KamEsa? - Want?

play - drink

AvEsa tyrdEs? - Will you smoke?

on tyrdY! - do not smoke!

pale - forward

angel - back

traduny - machine

dates - from here

avEn datYr - send from here

Zaker - closed

utkErdo - open

me here morAva - I will kill you

chachipe - true

hohavEsa - deceiving

na uja - don't go

now me java - now I will come

devel - god

te scarin man deval! - May God punish you!

dade - dad

yes - mom

bibi - aunt

how - uncle

pheng - brother

pshAn - sister

yavEla - will come

de boot? - at what time?

tasya - tomorrow

pal tasya - after-tomorrow

DadyvEs - today

dyvEs - day

blowA - door

churi - knife

balA - hair

chibe - bed

angrusty - ring

chirgin - stars

chirgenori - asterisk

yakh - eye

yakhA - eyes

tere yakha cheese chirginYa - your eyes are like stars

yak - light

pair - white

kalo - black

lulo - red

liloro - sheet, passport

barO - big

bang - damn

manush - man

gajo is not a gypsy

chacho - true

bJav - wedding

panI - water

bravInta - vodka

so! - Look!

de mange podykhav - let me see

deshuek - 11

deshuduy - 12

deshutrin - 13

bishte - 20

triYanda - 30

Stardash - 40

panchdeshA - 50

COMPILED

P. Istomin (Patkanov)

Typolitography of the Russian Association of Printing and Publishing.

Chistye Prudy, Mylnikov lane, own house.


[original title:]

Gypsy language.

GRAMMAR & MANUAL

to the practical study of the colloquial speech of modern Russian gypsies,

WITH APPENDIX:

translations of gypsy songs into Russian, exemplary conversations, stories, collections of typical expressions and a dictionary of common words, with indication
their correct pronunciation.

COMPOSITION

P. Istomin (Patkanov)

Tipo-lithograph. "Russian T-va publ. and publisher. affairs."

Chistye Prudy, Mylnikov per., Own. house.

[*In square brackets - page numbering according to the original 1900, as well as additions and comments.]


Foreword

In undertaking this (as far as I know) the first edition in Russian on the proposed subject, I was guided in this case by the sole purpose of giving amateurs the opportunity of a practical study of the spoken language of modern Russian Gypsies.

In view of this, without completely touching on the question of the origin of the language and, consequently, of the tribe itself, which would divert too much from the topic, I tried mainly to group those few of the essential rules that underlie the language, already half forgotten by the gypsies themselves.

The question of the origin, historical life and fate of this nomadic tribe, if circumstances permit, I will try to subsequently set out in a separate brochure.

It has long been known that the language of the gypsies is the same everywhere. The only difference is in the dialects and the stock of new, foreign words that they learned in each country. This is also confirmed by the famous English missionary Borrow, who worked hard to study this tribe and even translated the Gospel into their language.

Thanks to the eternal wandering and nomadism of the gypsies in different parts of the world, their language was subjected, over a number of centuries, to very significant changes. Gradually losing the typical forms, although poor at the core, but characteristic of the dialect and imperceptibly assimilating words and even whole expressions from the time immemorial of the surrounding foreign dialects - this language, at this time, is a very strange, painted in national color, mixture of words from various languages ​​​​of the world, to understand which, to separate the wheat from the chaff, would present an interesting task for a linguist-philologist.

Here, along with Sanskrit words (closest in kinship with the gypsy language), Greek, Romanian, Turkish, Armenian, Italian, German, Polish, Russian, etc.

Each of the peoples mentioned, imperceptibly, gradually, put its stigma on the language of this restless, persecuted from everywhere, tribe, but in all this kaleidoscope of heterogeneous words, it is clearly felt that this is still, once, in the distant past - language, - language , with all its typical, characteristic features.

Its comparative purity is partly noticed in the songs of the gypsies: in these rather crude samples of their poor poetry, the main theme of which is the glorification of the aspects of camp life, marriage and arrogant daring by theft.

Getting closer to the language and not looking at the whole mass of innovations, barbarisms that have entered this dialect and sometimes darken it so much with themselves, you still involuntarily feel a certain stability of some grammatical rules that govern and on which this rather original language is based. In it, as in any language, there are declensions, conjugations of verbs in various moods, but even here such a dispersion is sometimes noticed that it is positively impossible to enumerate all the exceptions and irregularities of forms. Perfect knowledge is achieved only by practice, i.e. learning by experience of all correct and incorrect forms of language.

Until now, too little has been done to study the language of the gypsies. Yes and no, and there were no good reasons for especially careful study of it: it could not serve as a contribution to science, due to the lack of significance of the gypsies in the general historical life of peoples.

Representing an element alien to Europe, an accidental one, this tribe, alien to all others and, by virtue of its nomadic instincts, scattered over the entire face of the earth, at the present time personifies the obvious fact of degeneration, and with it noticeably dies out, the language itself is forgotten.

It is this, precisely, the remnant of the grammar of the language that has survived, so to speak, and all that small vocabulary spoken by all modern gypsies, and mainly ours - Russians - and constitute the essence of the proposed book.

I know that the gypsies will not be grateful to me for her.

Hidden by nature and, according to historical reasons, they themselves are very reluctant to initiate the newcomer into the secrets of their language, which, with their current, almost general, Russification in Russia, is the only still reliable shield that protects from the curiosity of an outsider everything secret, intimate, everything, so say, the common interests of their fellow tribesmen.

They need their native language both in the matter of choral singing in the capitals, as in divination and fortune-telling, as well as in the widespread horse-trading.

Many years of personal practice and a thorough acquaintance with this dialect prompted me to implement an old idea: to give everyone the opportunity to easily learn to understand and speak fluent Gypsy.

It goes without saying that in order to achieve rapid success in mastering this, for many a completely new and unfamiliar language, a certain amount of ability is needed, but otherwise, diligence and a fairly attentive attitude to all the rules indicated in this brief guide will also easily help. .

I recommend that each form of declension or conjugation studied for the first time be repeated mentally or aloud, until completely memorized, and then, if possible, try to independently compose whole sentences, phrases, conversations from the already memorized words and rules. This is the best way to get started with the language. Further improvement is achieved, of course, only by practice and when the ear itself gets used to distinguishing typical pronunciation with a national accent - from the lips of the gypsies themselves.

Adapting this guide to the goals of an exclusively practical study of the spoken language of the gypsies and in the absence of their national writing, we must necessarily write all the words of this language in Russian letters and indicate the somewhat original pronunciation of some of them.

The alphabets of European languages ​​also do not exhaust all the letters or sounds inherent in this dialect.

Here are the letters (sounds) used in the gypsy language.

b-b pronounced like in Russian.

But there is more Ґ-ґ - burry. Pronounced like r French, or like Russian R- in Hebrew, burr pronunciation. Unlike G, g ordinary, it is everywhere, in all the words encountered, will be marked with a special icon (In the original, the sign is used G-G with a circle above the top bar. Here it is highlighted in bold. From the description it sounds like G- fricative, long, as in the southern Russian dialect and Ukrainian, denoted in the alphabet of the 1920s by a special sign Ґ-ґ, but at the same time it can be R- burr, like Vlach "rr". It is significant that this special character (Ґ-ґ) is used inconsistently. Where in place of the usual Г-г is pronounced, most likely, a fricative type of the Ukrainian sound [h], this edition introduces an underscore G-G. - V.Sh.). For example: P G end - nut, G amo- collar.

Her as in Russian.

Her- pronounced a little harder that, i.e. How O, with upcoming soft sign b.

Among the original letters we also include the letter G, g= jj, pronounced like italian g before i or e. We will refer to it as - g. To better understand this letter, take, for example, the word pang- five (in gypsy). The whole word is pronounced almost like "punch". But as in the letter h- a combination of letters is heard T And w, so in g- a combination of sounds d And and.

W, h like Russian letters.

But, unlike the latter, there is also a letter b ú - pronounced as if with a soft sign at the beginning. For example, let's take the phrase - "at the judge." Speaking separately at the judge, we will get exactly that letter in the last sound b ú in question. So: from pig- ú , rook- ú .

R, R similar to Russian letters.

There is one more X aspirated, like French h, or German h [in the original gothic script], likened to the sound of exhalation through an open mouth. So, for example, to say " n(h)у́c"- straw," t(h)av"- thread, or" t(h)ud"- milk, it is necessary when pronouncing each first letter, i.e. coming before h- exhale air quickly and simultaneously with her mouth. This letter X- we will designate the aspirate in French h. [In original h not particularly highlighted, but ph And th referred to periodically as ph And th.]

W, w how in Russian

uh, uh- harder and rougher than Russian uh.

When pronouncing this letter, the lower jaw drops and moves forward a little. This sound is slightly reminiscent of - ы.

And + aʹ = pronounced like - yaʹ. For example, " bibi"- aunt. To say: auntie, need to bibi- add ending - akiro but say: bibyakiro”, i.e. i+a – as yaʹ.

D+z= like dz, for example, dzevely- fried eggs, bandza- shop (petty), vanzlo- node.

Icon ` , found above the letters in almost every word, represents the necessary stress or the so-called accent.

So, there are only five original letters (sounds): Ґ, ґ, G, g, ьI, ьi, h*, h, and E, e. [*So in the original. Breathing ( ph, th) for Patkanov is fundamentally different from Ґ, ґ at the beginning of a word, so there is no need for a capital letter for it. – V.Sh.]

Noun

Nouns come in two genders: masculine and feminine. There is no middle one: it is replaced by the masculine gender.

The gender of nouns is very difficult to distinguish by any external signs: they do not have definite endings and lack the initial member, so common in European languages. [Cm. about particles oh uh on pages 29-30]

The gender of a noun is recognized only by the form of declension in cases that it takes in the practice of the spoken language. So, for example, the word chib"- language, in the genitive case of the singular it is pronounced -" chibater", in the dative -" chibake". Judging by these endings, which are exclusively inherent in the declension of feminine nouns, we can unmistakably conclude that the word " chib"- language, in the language of the gypsies - the feminine gender.

Let's take another word, for example, " xyl"- butter [butter - V.Sh.]. In the genitive case, this word has - " xylester» , in the dative - " xileske". There are already other endings and, therefore, we are already dealing with a masculine noun.

In the dictionary attached at the end of this book, for the convenience of students, the gender of each noun will be indicated.

Here are some examples of the declension of this part of speech.

Rum husband, gypsy (Masculine).

Singular.

name. rum husband, gypsy

Give birth. rum ester husband.

Dative rum-eske husband.

Vinit. rom-es husband.

Creates. rum-esa husband.

Suggestions rum-este[about] husband

Plural.

AND. Roma husbands, gypsies.

R. rum ender husbands.

D. rum enge husbands.

IN. romaine husbands.

T. rom-enza husbands.

P. rom-ende husbands.

Romny- wife, gypsy (feminine).

Singular.

AND. Romany wife, gypsy.

R. romn-yater wives.

D. romn-yake wife.

IN. roman-i wife.

T. romn-yasa wife.

P. romn-yate wife.

Plural.

AND. roman-i wives, gypsies.

R. romn-ender female

D. romn-enge wives.

IN. roman-en wives

T. roman-enets wives.

P. romne-ende wives.

All masculine nouns ending in the nominative singular with a consonant, like: rum- husband, bar- stone, ruv- wolf, dad- father, etc. in the nominative plural (as can be seen from the previous example), they take a letter at the end - A(with emphasis on it) like this: Roma- husbands, gypsies, bara- stones, Ruva- wolves, Yes Yes- fathers, etc.

Ending in the nominative singular with a vowel O, - replace in this case this last one - with the letter - uh. For example, bacrot- ram, hello- son, mardo- hour, dykhlo- a handkerchief, in the plural will be: bacra- sheep, chave- sons marde- watch, dykhle- scarves, etc.

Feminine nouns ending in the nominative case of the singular with a consonant letter, in the same case of the plural take at the end, some - the letter A, some are I. So the words: chib- language, bush- sash, yakh- eye, pushhum- flea Kimin– price, nhen- sister, in the plural will be:

chiba- languages, shrub- belts Yakha- eyes, pushuma- fleas, Kimina– prices, phenya- sisters treasure house- keys, locks cladyn- key).

Ending in a vowel, as, for example: Romany- wife give- mother, sasuy- mother-in-law chiuri- knife, etc. - in the plural they take the letter - I. This will be: romnya– wives, daya- mothers sasia- mother-in-law churya- knives, etc.

Note: These rules, as we will see below, are also common to possessive pronouns and adjectives, with the same endings in O- in men's, and on y , And- in the feminine.

Male gender.

Singular.

AND. nai nail

R. nai-ester nail

D. nai-eske nail

IN. nai nail

T. nai-esa fingernail

P. nai nail

AND. hulai master

R. hul-aster host

D. hul-aske owner

IN. hul-as host

T. hul-asa host

P. hul-aste host

Plural.

AND. nai-ya nails

R. nai-ender nails

D. nai-enge nails

IN. nai-ya nails

T. nay-enza nails

P. nai-ya nails

AND. fuck me hosts

R. hul-under hosts

D. hul-ange hosts

IN. hul-an hosts

T. hul-anza hosts

P. hul-ande hosts

Female.

The singular number.

AND. Roy spoon

R. roy-yater spoons

D. swarm-yake spoon

IN. Roy spoon

T. swarm yasa spoon

P. Roy spoon

AND. sasuy mother-in-law

R. sas-yater mother-in-law

D. sas-yaké mother-in-law

IN. sas-i mother-in-law

T. sas-yasa mother-in-law

P. sas-yate mother-in-law

Plural.

AND. swarm-ya spoons

R. roy ender spoons

D. roi-enge spoons

IN. swarm-ya spoons

T. roy-enza spoons

P. swarm-ya spoons

AND. sas-i mother-in-law

R. sas-ender mother-in-law

D. sas-enge mother-in-law

IN. sas-yeon mother-in-law

T. sas-enza mother-in-law

P. sas-ende mother-in-law

All these names are nouns, with the indicated endings in oh, oh, oh- whatever gender they are - in the nominative plural they all take a letter at the end - I. So: roya- spoons, sasia- mother-in-law Naya- nails, hulaiya- hosts.

In these indicated examples of declension, special attention should be paid to the accusative and prepositional cases of the words Roy And nay, as inanimate objects and, at the same time, of different kinds: Roy- female and nay- masculine. Here we clearly see that the named cases in this case are similar to the nominative case. This rule, common to the declension of all inanimate nouns in general, extends also to their plural declensions. So: roya- spoons, Naya- nails, shrub- belts Yakha- eyes, chiba- languages, etc. in accusative and prepositional cases - will be identical with the nominative, unlike words hulai- master, sasuy- mother-in-law dad- father, Romany – wife, as animate objects, where the accusative case of both numbers will be hulas, hoolan; sasia, sasen; dades, daden; romnya, roman; and prepositional hulaste, hulande; sasyate, sasende; dadeste, dadende; romnyate, romnende... etc.

On the features of the genitive, instrumental and prepositional cases

The instrumental case of a noun (and, as we will see below, of pronouns and adjectives), answering the questions: by whom? how? – forces, at the same time, to imply a preposition in itself – With; so, for example, from the word kasht- stick, log - instrumental case will be: kashtesa- with a stick and together - with a stick. Also in the plural chestnut- with sticks and with sticks.

Royas- with a spoon and with a spoon. Romes- husband and husband. For example, mae somas hulasa- I was the owner, i.e. myself personally as well: I was with the owner.

The genitive case contains the prepositions oʹ T- for animate objects and h- for the inanimate. So, for example, kashtester- will be: from a stick; romaster- from her husband hulastar- from the owner royater- from a spoon nyender- from nails, pushumender- from fleas ....

In that sense, the genitive case, as it is understood in Russian, for example, the father’s horse, the aunt’s daughter, will already be: dadeschiro gray; bibyakiri tea, i.e. in the sense - the father's horse, aunt's daughter, answering the question: whose, whose, whose?

Thus, a noun in the genitive case is expressed in the form of an adjective - relative with a characteristic ending eskiro, akiro, engiro, and is placed in front of another noun. For example:

Greskiro is lypotymo- horse stomp (horse stomp): Manushengiro dylnype- stupidity of people (human stupidity).

This is discussed in detail in the chapter on adjectives.

In the prepositional case of animate nouns (as well as pronouns and adjectives related to them), before which any of the prepositions is clearly set, the preposition uʹ is implied by itself. So, for example, on behalf of a noun rum– husband, prepositional singular would be – romeste. If you say: about romeste, pirdal romeste or pal-o-romeste- then it will mean: on the husband, through the husband, for the husband, but if you say directly: romeste- it means: the husband. Also in all cases, i.e. and in the plural, both nouns and adjectives and pronouns, for example, tute- at your place, amende- we have, dayende- at mothers greste- at the horse (horse), gurumnyate- at the crown chawende- in children barvaleste- rich man saveste- which one, amaryate- ours, etc.

The prepositional case of inanimate nouns is not used without a forthcoming preposition. So, for example, about the bar- on a stone draw bar- in stone o-bar feast- on the rocks...

Without these same pretexts, the words bar, bar will appear in the nominative case, with which the prepositional case of inanimate objects is similar.

About accents

Most nouns have an accent on the last syllable. For example, FAQ- son, Romany- wife chiuri- knife, tower- rooster, kilo- stick, cladyn- key, yasvin- a tear, patrin- portrait, Kimin– price, Deval- God...

Nouns borrowed from foreign dialects, for the most part, have an accent on the penultimate syllable. For example, stole- king, tagari- tsar, cheaters- cab driver breathers- soap, petalo- horseshoe, Travika- shoe, etc.

The same stress is used in words borrowed from the Russian language, for example, reka - river, winter- winter, esudba- fate, ebida- trouble marquee- tent, bonfire- fire, etc.

Sometimes some of these words, to express the feminine gender, take the ending - itza, while maintaining the specified stress in the same place, so, for example, Kralitsa- queen, Tagarite- queen; pibkitsa- a tube, tent- tent, bidytsa- trouble.

vocative

The vocative case of nouns, both masculine and feminine, is formed for words ending in one of the vowels, only by transferring the stress from the end to the first syllable. For example, from the words: FAQ- son, kirivo- godfather, romny - wife, Mashari- Mother of God, - the vocative case of the singular will be: FAQ! Kirivo! Romny! Mashari! and so on.

Nouns that end in a consonant, such as: rum- husband, dad- father, pshal- brother, - in the vocative case they take a letter at the end of the word - O, with the same order in stress. Thus, the vocative case of words: rum, dad, pshal- will: Romo! Dado! Pshalo! Also from bibi- aunt and give- mother - will be: Bibo! Dayo!

The vocative plural of both genders is formed from the nominative plural of any noun by adding at the end of the particle - le. But the stress in this case no longer [does] change its place: it remains at the end of the word, i.e. where it should be in the nominative plural, before the particle itself being added - le. For example, rum- gypsies, plural: Roma, the vocative plural would be: Roma-le! Romny- wife, gypsy, plural - romnya; the vocative plural would be: Romnya-le! Bang– hell, plural – benga; vocative plural: Banga-le!

The vocative case sometimes resembles the nominative case when pronounced together with a possessive pronoun, as, for example, oh my god- my mother, mro dad- my father. In the vocative case it will also be Come on! my mother! Mro dad!- my father! - but only with a strong emphasis on mri, mro.

Word Deval God is an exception to the general rule.

In the vocative case, singular, according to the indicated rules, as if it should be said: Davel-oh!, i.e. add a letter at the end of a word O and put the stress on the first syllable. In fact they say: Devlale! (from Devalale), using this word as if in the plural.

Examples of such use of the plural in the vocative case, instead of the singular, are also sometimes found in cases where they want to express a special degree of respect for the addressee, for example, mro paradise- my lord (master). In the vocative case, one should, as if, also say: mro paradise! but they usually say: Mr Raya! instead of: mro hulai! – Mre Khulaya! with the same strong stress on the preceding pronoun as above.

Noun diminutives

Diminutive nouns are formed by adding the ending - ro, or oro– for male and – ori- for the feminine. For example, rum- husband, diminutive will be: rum oro- hubby; mui- face, mouth ... diminutive muyoro- face, mouth Dad father, diminutive dadoro; core- road, dromoro- path, FAQ- son, FAQ- son.

Give mother, diminutive give-ori- mother, rat- night, diminutive: ratori- night. Peng- sister, phenori- sister, tea- daughter, virgin chayori- girl, etc.

Some of the feminine nouns ending in vowels y or And, when turning into diminutives, for euphony, the named letters are omitted y And And, and directly take the ending - ori. So, for example, Romany- wife gily- song, ka G now- chicken, chiuri- a knife, turning into diminutives, will be; romn-ori- woman, gil-ori- a song; ka G n-ori-hen, chiur-ori- a knife, etc.

Even G era- leg, will G er-ori- leg.

Diminutive nouns in the vocative case are subject to the same above rules on the preservation and transposition of stress, for example: Romany wife, diminutive pomnori; vocative diminutive would be: Romnori! - a wife!, i.e. the stress here is transferred to the first syllable. Also dad father, diminutive dadoro, in the vocative diminutive will be: dadoro! - father!

Kham- Sun, Khamoro- the sun, calling - Khamoro!..

Some of the nouns admit comparative irregularity in declension. Take, for example, the words mui face, mouth (masculine) and give mother (feminine).

Singular.

AND. mui face, mouth.

R. moster(vm. muyester) face, mouth.

D. moske(vm. muyeske) face, mouth.

IN. mui face, mouth.

T. mosa(vm. muyesa) face, mouth.

P. mui face, mouth.

Although muyester, muyeske, muyesa- and are incorrect in declension, but are often used in conversation.

AND. give mother.

R. dater mother.

D. dake mother.

IN. Yes mother.

T. dasa mother

P. date mother.

Plural.

AND. mui-ya faces.

R. muy ender persons.

D. muyenge persons.

IN. mui-ya faces.

T. mui-enza persons.

P. mui-ya faces.

AND. give me mother.

R. give ender mothers.

D. dai-enge mothers.

IN. dai-yeon mothers.

T. give-enza mothers.

P. give-ende mothers

Note, by the way, that the words: rum husband, gypsy Romany wife, gypsy FAQ- son, young gypsy, tea- a daughter, a girl, and all derivatives of them, are used by gypsies only when naming their fellow tribesmen, but never Russians or, in general, foreigners, for whose names there are words: gago, raklo, buzno, tsytsalo, danvaro- for the masculine gender, and ending in y , And- for the feminine gender, for example: gadi, rakly, buzny, dandvari, tsytsaly etc.

Words: rum, rum, faq, tea are also given to Russians, only in the sense: husband, wife, son, daughter.

abstract nouns

Abstract nouns are produced, for the most part, from the root of any verb by adding endings to it: ibe, ipe, ybe, yben or eben(see about the verb).

Take at random at least a verb te_mares- beat. [In the original, the continuous spelling of the particle is accepted te and verb. For example, temares. To bring these spellings closer to modern ones, the particle is separated by an underlined space: te_mares. – V.Sh.] Here te- console, es- the ending, the root of this verb - mar. By adding one of the endings to this root, for example, ibe- we will get: maribe, or mariben which means fight, fight.

In the same way from the verbs te_khel-es- play, dance te-bug-as- sing, te-pi-e c- drink, we get the words: khelybe- play, dance bagipé (bagaibe) - singing, pi-bae- drinking, etc.

In accordance with this, it is also not difficult, from almost any abstract noun, to determine the verb from which it comes. For example, the word: koshibe- scolding, swearing. Dropping the ending here ibe, we get a syllable kosh A that represents the root of the verb. Adding to it at the beginning a particle te, - and at the end the ending es, we get the word te_koshes what the verb really expresses scold, scold.

Thus, moribe- the washing up, te_mores- wash, psiribe- walking, gait te_psires- walk, phypdype- fuse (about a horse), te_purdes- extinguish, etc.

Some of the nouns, although they have common endings ibe, ipe, but do not come from verbs, but from nouns or adjectives, for example, tulype- fat, lard, from thulo- fatty. final vowel O, due to dissonance, when combined with the next vowel s, or And- goes down: thul-ype. Uchipe- height, height, from ucho- high. Hula-ibe- economy, from hulai- master, chachipe- truth, from chacho- Truth. Goodlype- sweetness from goodlo- sweet. Barvalype- wealth from barvalo- rich.

There are also nouns, although expressing abstract concepts, but not having the indicated endings - ibe, ipe and so on. These include: cherie- theft, theft, bottles- Job, hash- death, years– the mind and some others.

By the way, it should be noted that almost all nouns are abstract and, in general, with endings ibe, ipe etc. - belong to the masculine gender.

Exceptions: hash- death, halls- anger and cherie- theft is feminine.

Some of the nouns with the ending ibe, ipe, - for example, barvalype- wealth, zoralype- strength, power, etc., sometimes replace the adjective, to express a greater degree of quality of the subject; so, for example, instead of savo barvalo - how rich, they often say: savo barvalype- what wealth (what a rich man), instead of - Savo Zoralo- how strong savo zoralype- what power savo goodlo- so sweet, savo goodlype- what sweetness, etc.

The masculine gender should also include all nouns (borrowed) with the ending imo, imo. For example, hot- heat, lypotymo- stomp, squealing- screech. So it will be: savo hot- what a heat Savo Skempimo- what a miser mro lypotymo- my stomp three squealing- your scream lacro gozhimo- her beauty, etc.

In concluding this chapter on the noun, one cannot pass over in silence the following characteristic feature of this adverb.

Almost every noun has an instrumental particle at the beginning O or uh. For example, O-dad- father, e-give- mother, and if any noun is pronounced separately, she, this particle, should be clearly audible. This particle is often omitted, especially in cases where the noun is preceded by a word ending in one of the vowels, for example, lacho dad- a good father lachi give me- good mother but it should again be clearly audible when 1) a sentence or phrase begins with a noun, e.g., oh dad manga father asked e-give gaya- the mother left, or 2) if the noun is preceded by a word ending in a consonant, for example, mae mangyeom e-dades I asked my father yo kamel e-yes- She loves her mother.

Of course, it is quite unmistakable to say dad or o-dad and the correct use of these prefixes is achieved only by skill, habit, and is also conditioned by a certain degree of ability in assimilating the characteristic, typical aspects of colloquial speech.

Pronouns

personal pronouns

Me- I Ame- We

That- You Tume- You

yov- He Yone- they, one* [* obsolete, female]

To her- she

Declension of personal pronouns

Me- I. That- You.

AND. me- I. AND. that- You.

R. mander- (from me. R. tuter- (from you.

D. manga- to me. D. tuke - you.

IN. man- me. IN. here- you.

T. manza- by me. T. tusa- by you.

P. mande- to me. P. tute - you.

yov- He. To her- she.

AND. yov- He. AND. To her- she.

R. lester(From him. R. later(from her.

D. leske- to him. D. lake - to her.

IN. les- his. IN. la- her.

T. lesa- them. T. lasa- by her.

P. laste- it. P. late - her.

Ame- We. Tume- You.

AND. ame- We I. tume- You.

R. amender(from) us R. tumender(from you.

D. amenge- us. D. tumenge- to you.

IN. amen- us. IN. fog- you.

T. Amenza- by us. T. Tumen– by you.

P. amende- us. P. tumende - you.

Yone, one- they, one.

AND. Yone- they, one.

R. lander- (from them

D. lenge- them

IN. lan - their.

T. lanza- by them.

P. lande- them.

Possessive pronouns.

Male. kind. Women's kind.

Miro, mro- my. Miri, mri- my.

Tyro, tro- is yours. Tiri, three- yours.

Leskiro, Leskiri,

lascro- his. lescri - his.

Lakiro, Lakiri,

lacro- her. lakri - her.

Amaro - our. Amari - our.

Tumaro - your. Tumari- yours.

Lengiro, Lengiri,

lengro- their. langry - their.

Peskiro, Peskiri,

pescro- mine. pescri - its.

Coneskiro- whose. Koneskiri- whose.

Plural.

Mira, mre- my.

Dash, tre- yours.

Leskire, lescre- his.

Lakire, lakre- her

Amare- ours.

Tumare- yours.

Lengire, lengre- their.

Accidentally stumbled upon.

Gypsy language (romano rakirebe).

greetings

Hello - bahtales
Hello - dubrIdin
Welcome! - Mishto yavYan!
Happy stay! (to many people) - te yavEn bahtalE!
Happy stay! (to a man) - te yavEs bakhtalO!

Good afternoon (everyone) - devEs lachO (sarEnge)

Standard phrases

Thanks - Nais
Be healthy - yavEn saste
Good night - lachi ryat
How are you doing? - Cheese tere business?
How are you? - Cheese tu jivEsa?
Everything goes well! - Sa avela mishto!
What is your name? - the cheese is kharen?
My name is... - man kharen...
You have a beautiful name - tUte gojo laf
I'm sorry - I'm sorry
What you said? - So Tu PyeongYang?
Can you hear me? - Tu man shunEsa?
Understood)? - Polyyan?
How do you feel? - Do you feel the cheese?
What should I do? - So mange te kira?
What do you want? - From that KamES?
I love you - me here kamAm / kamAv
I hate you - me here nakamAm / nakamAv
I give you my word - dava tukE mirO laf
It hurts… - man o dukhal…
I beg you - me here mangav
You know? - that JinEs?

Let's go home - yavEn khare
I will come - me avav
I won't tell you anything - nichi me tuter on pengawa
Wait! (Stop!) - tyrdЁv!
So it is - dey sy
It's true - hell chachipe
Who's there? (when they knock) - condy?
Don't go! - wow!
Come here - yav darik
Get out of here - jadad kher / yav durik
I beg you - me here mangawa
I see - me dykhav
I thought - mae doumindyom
I don't know how to say it - na ginom, hell peng cheese
Look! - Duc!
Do not be angry - on holidays
Do not smoke - on tyrdY; are you going to smoke? - AVESA TYRDES?
It's my fault? - me bango?
I remember everything - me sa rapirAva
Bought for me - manga kimle
What are you going to eat? - So that lEse tehAs?
Will I sit here? - Me datE pobushala?
Do you know where to go? - Tu dzhinEs, karik te dzhyas?
Where are you ball? - Kai tou sanAs?
We are leaving - ame karadasa
I'm fine - me shukAr
I went (we went) - mae gaeom (ame gaeom)
Done - gata
My God! - miro devel!

Closed - Zaker
Open - utkErdo

Pronouns

I - me
With me - mander
Me - mange/mange
With me - manza
Without me - bi world
I have - man o / mande
To me - ke me
My (my, mine) - world (world, world)

We are AME
Nam - amEnge
Our (our, our) - amorO (amorI, amorE)
To us - ke yame

You are the one
You are here
You have - tute
To you - tuke
Yours (your, yours, yours) - cho / terO (ti / terI, terE, tiR / terO)
To you - ki tu
Without you - bi terO

You are tume
Yours (your, yours) - tumarO (tumari, tumarE)

He is yov
Him - laske
His (in the genitive case) - les
His (as an adjective) - laskO

She - her/youne
Her - la

They are Ana
Im - lenge
Their (in the genitive case) - len

Himself - Kokuro
Own - pengo
Yourself - peskE
Yourself - pes

This is hell
This one is like

Everything - sa (saro)
All - saverE
Everyone - SarEn
Everyone - sarEnge
Quite - sarEsa

Who - con
Nobody - nikon
With whom - kasa

So - kadyake
Together - khetane
Because - dulEski
What - with

Questions

What? - So?
Where? - Kai?
Where? - Karik?
How? - cheese?
For what? - palso?
Why? - nipples? (but more often - the same as in Russian)
When? - sneakers?
Who? - con?
How many? - but?
Which? - Savo?

Answers

Yes Yes; no - nat
No - nane
Good - shukAr/mishto
Bad - nashuka
Nothing - nothing
Nobody - nikon
Everything is ready - sa gata
Many - but
A little bit of a booty
I give you my word - dava tukE mirO love

Description

Handsome - hojo
Ugly - bank
You are my (my) pretty (th) - that world (peace) pretty
Dear - drago
Favorite (th) - kamlO (kamly)
Good (pretty) - lacho (lachinko)
Fool (fool) - dyrlyny (dyrlyno)
small - small
Big - baro
Poor - charoro
Rich - barvalo
Gypsy - rom / romal
Not a gypsy - gajo
"Devil with Horns" - Beng rogEnsa
New - nEvo
Sly / cunning (cunning) - uzhYanglo (uzhYangle)
Smart - godyavir
Happy (happy, happy) - bakhtalo (bakhtali, bakhtalE)
Daredevil (male) - mursh
Gypsy - romAno
Golden (golden, golden, golden) - sanakUno (sanakUny, sanakUno, sanakUne)
There are no more like them in the world - nane ada vavir pre light

Status Description

I feel bad (I feel good) - mange nashuk (mange shukAr)
I'm tired - me kranio
I slept - me popAcio
I got sick - me zanasvaluYo
I'm over it! - Mander is enough!
New - nEvo
Happy (happy) - bahtalo (bakhtali)
I want to sleep - kamElpe tesovEs

People (monushA)

The people are crazy
Good people - lache monushA
Girl / girl - chayuri; "docha" - tea
Girls/girls - chaYale
Woman - Rumy
Boy / guy - chavoro; "son" - chavoraAle
Boys/Guys - ChavAle
Man - Roma
Fortune teller - drabarovkina
Witch - shuvani
Little boy - tykhnenko chavoro
Friend (girlfriend, friends) - vortAko (vortAka, vortAchya)
Him (her) ... years - leskE (lakE) ... bersh
Two brothers - dui pshala

Relatives

Mom - yes
With mom - yes sa
Dad - dado/dad
Son - whoa
Daughter - tea
Sister - phrEn
With Sister - PhrenA So
Brother - pshal
With brother - pe pshalEse
Brother - pshalEske
Grandpa - papo
Grandma - mami
With grandma - baba co
Daughter-in-law Bori
Husband - Roma
Wife - Romanians
uncle - how
With uncle - kakE se
Aunt - bibi
With aunt - bibya co

Time

Year - bersh
Month - Shen
Day - devEs/des
Night - ryat; at night - ryate
Morning - daediminians
Evening - dekusare
In the morning - dodesara
Today - Dadyves
Tomorrow - taYa
The day after tomorrow - halibut
Now - the same as in Russian

Place

House - kher (you can - kher)
There - dute
Here - date
Road - DrOm; on the way - pe droma
Here - darik
There - fool
From here - dates
Forward - pale
Back - angel

Body parts

Eye (a) - yakh (A)
Nose - nakh
Lips - high
Teeth - dAnda
face - mui
Hand - Vast
Head - Shero/Shuru
Hair - bala
Belly - peer
Leg - punrro
On my feet - about the hero

Products

Cooking - tekareles haben
Woman cooks - rromni keravEla
What do you eat? - from that hass?
Eat - texas
Drink - play
Boiled - carado
Apple - phabai
Pear - ambrol
Watermelon - lubenytsa
Melon - harbuzo
Apricot - baratskaya
Potato - colompiri
Cabbage - shah
Rice - rezo
Meat - mas
Sugar - prakhu
Water - PanI
Milk - thud
Coffee - kava
Vodka - bravInta

Creatures and animals

God - devel
Damn bang
Dog - jukel
Horse - gray
Bird - ChirEkly

Clothing, jewelry

Trousers - halloween
Scarf - dykhlo
Skirt - just like in Russian
Gold - sumnakay
Golden ring - sanakUno angrusty
Silver - Rupee

Miscellaneous

Conversation - rakirebe
Truth - chacho / chachipe
Lies - hohAype
Rain - brishind
Wind - balval
Heart/Soul - Ilo
Moon - shyonuto
Star - black; stars - chirgIn (I); asterisk - chirgenorI
Sun - kham
Money - love
Without money - without lovEngi
Fire - yag
Water - PanI
Blood - rat
Table - scamInd
Bed - chibe
Door - blowA
Song - Gila
Love - KamAm
Knife - churi
Light - yak
Leaflet / passport - lilOro
wedding - bjav
Stone - bar
Road/path - core
Tree - kasht

"winged"

May God punish you! - Te scarin man devel!
A dog won't bite a dog - djukel dzhukles on hala
Lying stone - pashlo bar
Sings like a bird - bagala cheese chirEkly
Your eyes are like stars - terE yakhA chirgin cheese

Miscellaneous phrases and actions

Come / come to me - yav ke me
He Knows Everything - Yeow SarO JinL
It's raining - brishind jyala
Where should I go? / Do you know where to go? - Karik tejav? / JeanEs, Karik tejYas?
Who is coming? - con avela?
We walk together - ame jyasa khetane
Don't be afraid - on dArpe
Give me your hand - de waste
I heard it - me hell shundem
I beg you - me here mangav
I don't ask you for anything - nothing me tuter on mangaAwa
I'll tell you - me here pengAwa
I won't tell you anything - nichi me tuter on pengAwa
Do you hear? - shunEsa?
Let's go (home) - yavEn (khare)
What should I do? / What do we do? - with mange te kira? / From kyrAs?
I thought (a) - mae doumindyom
It burns, but does not heat - khachen, ne on tatkirEl
Kiss - chamudEv
I remember the song - rapierAva me gily
Looking for - rodAm; found - lakhtem
You got angry - that kholysyan
Do you see it too? - Tu chi dykhes hell?
Okay, I'll come - Mishto, me java
You're lying, I know - tu hohavEsa, mae jinom
I don't know anything - Mae nichi on ginom
Me lived in ... - ame jindYam de ...
We visited ... - ame samAs de ...
We're going to the dance - ame gayom at the disco
We are leaving - ame karadasa
I want to see you - kamAm / kamAv ki tu
Come on! - mishto akana bre!
What, you left (came)? - that with, gee (javdya)?
I want to know - kamElpe jyanAv