Additional material for preparation for the OGE in social studies "Ethnicity: nations and nationalities". Nations and national relations What is ethnos

PROFILE - grade 11

1 - option.

1. Ethnic communities include

1) communities 2) elites 3) marginals 4) nationalities

2. Which of the features primarily distinguishes ethnic groups?

1) community of professional interests

2) a similar level of income and quality of life

3) common historical experience, historical memory

4) belonging to the same age group

3. One of the main trends in the development of modern interethnic relations, associated with the gradual rapprochement of various peoples and nations in the economic, political, spiritual spheres of society, is called

1) international differentiation 2) international integration

3) cultural pluralism 4) interethnic conflict

4 . One of the ways to prevent the reversal of inter-on-qi-o-nal-conflicts in the de-mo-kra-ti-tish society:

1) consistent na-ra-schi-va-ni-en-no-go po-ten-tsi-a-la of the state

2) a compact distribution of people of one na-tsi-o-nal-no-sti in the pre-de-lah of a many-na-tsi-o-nal-no-state

3) ensuring the rights and freedoms of all citizens not-for-vi-si-mo from na-tsi-o-nal-noy

4) the creation of na-tsi-o-nal-but one-kind-of states

5 ... Are the following judgments about interethnic relations correct?

A. Interethnic relations are woven into other social relations (political, economic, ecological, spiritual, linguistic).

B. Interethnic relations exist in a pure form, in isolation from other social relations.

6 ... Are the following judgments about national identity correct?

A. National identity is a mandatory sign of an ethnic community.

B. National identity is formed from unconscious or semi-conscious stereotypes of behavior that distinguish one nation from another;

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

7. One of the constitutional principles of national policy in the Russian Federation is:

1) exaggeration of the place and role of national and cultural autonomy within a single federal state

2) creating conditions for the isolated residence of small peoples in the national environment

3) equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation in relations with federal government bodies

4) the priority of human rights, the establishment of privileges for the "indigenous" nation

8. Are the following judgments about the trends in the development of nations at the present stage correct?

A ... The process of rapprochement, unification of nations based on economic integration.

B ... The process of differentiation of nations, expressed in their desire for self-determination.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

9. In a democratic state, national policy is implemented through:

1) guaranteeing the rights of indigenous peoples

2) constitutional consolidation of the national electoral qualification

3) granting rights to citizens on a national basis

4) restriction of the use of the national language

10. Find the forms of transnational integration in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.- 2 points.

1) religious fanaticism

2) the interpenetration of religions and cultures

3) protectionism in the economy

4) transnational corporations

5) globalization

Criteria for evaluation: 11 b. - "5" 10 - 8 p - "4" 7 - 5 p. - "3" less than 5 p. - "2"

Test on the topic: “Ethnicity and nation. Interethnic relations ”.

PROFILE - grade 11

Option 2.

For correctly completed tasks 1-9 - 1 point.

1. What community are characterized by the following features: peculiarities of language, culture, common historical memory?

1) professional 2) territorial

3) demographic 4) ethnic

2. One of the signs of a people as an ethnocultural community is:

1) uniform citizenship 2) unity of conviction

3) community of social status 4) community of religion

3. The is-to-ric varieties of ethnic communities include:

1) states 2) tribes 3) estates 4) confessions

4 . Are the following judgments about national politics correct?

A. In the Russian Fe-de-ra-tion na-tsi-o-nal-naya po-li-ti-ka na-right-le-na for-mi-ro-va-de-mo- kra-ti-che-me-ha-niz-mo of the resolution of the tsi-o-nal and inter-na-tsi-o-nal-nal problems.

B. Ha-rak-ter na-tsi-o-nal-noy poli-ti-ki depends on specific historical conditions.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

5 . Towards a culture of interethnic relationsnot applicable:

1) the implementation of the rights and freedoms of persons of any nationality

2) respect for national identity

3) recognition of the right of every people to access the achievements of world civilization

4) manifestation of national distrust

6 ... Are the following judgments about the ethnos correct?

A. As an ethnos develops, its biological features decrease and socio-political ones increase.

B. Ethnic groups include tribes, nationalities and nations.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

7 . One of the ways to resolve interethnic conflicts is:

1) the presence of a democratic rule of law

2) the use of armed forces in conflicts

3) national isolation

4) absolutization of national sovereignty

8 . Are the following judgments about the ethnic identity of the people correct?

A ... Ethnic self-awareness of the people fixes inherited cultural traditions, understanding of their place among other peoples.

B ... The ethnic identity of the people has not yet formed at such a stage in the development of an ethnos as a tribe.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

9. The trend towards interethnic integration in society reflects

1) separatism 2) rapprochement of peoples

3) national isolation 4) national differentiation

10. Find forms of international differentiation in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.- 2 points.

1) protectionism in the economy

2) transnational corporations

3) nationalism in various forms in politics and culture

4) globalization

5) self-isolation

Criteria for evaluation:

11 b. - "5"

10 - 8 b - "4"

7 - 5 p. - "3"

less than 5 p.- "2"

Test

, Competition "Presentation for the lesson"

Lesson presentation

Back forward

Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the presentation options. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Lesson objectives:

To find out:
- what is ethnos,
- what types of ethnic groups exist,
- what influences the education of ethnic groups,
- what is the role of ethnic groups in history.
Improve the ability to analyze, compare.

Lesson type: combined (lecture elements, work with a textbook, heuristic conversation, student speeches, multimedia presentation).

Lesson provision: textbook, handouts, student reports, computer, multimedia projector.

Lesson plan.

What is ethnos. Ethnicity signs. Types of ethnos.
Tribe. Distinctive features of the tribe.
Nationality. Distinctive features of the nationality.
Nation. Signs of the nation.

Basic concepts of the lesson: Ethnicity, tribe, nationality, nation, ethnogenesis.

During the classes

I. Updating students' knowledge.

Many of those concepts that today I will be called in the lesson are well known to students from the course of history (tribe, nationality, nation). It is suggested to remember what they mean. The teacher points out that all these concepts are united by the concept of ethnos.

Demonstrated slide 2... The objectives of the lesson are named. Demonstrated slide 3... In notebooks, students write a lesson plan.

II. Learning new material.

1. What is ethnos.

Humanity throughout the history of its existence consisted of various peoples (ethnic groups). What is ethnos?

Students are offered handouts (Appendix 1), on the basis of which it is necessary to complete the following task: “Before you are the definitions of the concept of“ ethnos ”, given on various Internet sites. What do all these definitions have in common? "

A broader interpretation of this term is that it unites the concepts of tribe, nationality, nation. Demonstrated and commented on slides 4, 5, 6.

The development of various types of ethnos is associated with the growth of productive forces, the expansion of economic ties, the formation and development of certain social and cultural prerequisites. For example, clan and tribe, for which society are these social communities characteristic? - For the primitive.

2. The tribe. Distinctive features of the tribe.

The tribe is historically the first step in the formation of an ethnos. The tribe includes a significant number of clans and clans. Demonstrated slide 7.

3. Nationality. Distinctive features of the nationality.

Nationality takes shape with the emergence of classes and states. This social community is characteristic not of primitive society, but of the era of slavery and feudalism. The decisive role in the transformation of the union of tribes into a nationality was played by the state. It united vast territories, establishing a closer connection between people and ethnic groups. Most often, closely related tribes are consolidated into a nationality, and often unrelated ethnic groups are also included here.

Demonstrated slides 8, 9.

4. Nation. Signs of the nation.

On the basis of nationalities, nations are formed - the highest historical type of ethnos.

Capitalism activates economic and cultural ties, creates a single national market, eliminates the economic fragmentation of the medieval state, rallies the various nationalities included in it into a single national whole. A nation emerges. Demonstrated slide 10.

Nations are more numerous than nationalities; they number tens and hundreds of millions of people. On the basis of common territories, a single national character and psychological makeup is formed. There is a strong sense of solidarity with your nation.

Assignment to the class. Why do you think it was at this time that national-patriotic and national liberation movements, interethnic strife, wars and conflicts arise?

National patriotic and national liberation movements, ethnic strife, wars and conflicts arise as a sign that a nation has formed and is fighting for its sovereignty.

Large ethnic groups now exist only as a nation, while small ones that have survived from ancient times are included in nations as ethnic minorities.

Ethnicity: nations and nationalities

Ethnos - a historically formed ethnic community - a tribe, nationality, nation; who lives in a certain area. Has its own language and culture.

Nation - a historically established stable community of people formed in the process of forming a community of their territory, economic ties, literary language, cultural features and spiritual image.

Nation - a territorial cultural-political and socio-economic community that arises in the process of state formation.

Ethnicity signs:

1) consanguinity

2) stable intergenerational continuity - Each generation, on the one hand, continues the inherited activity, culture in new conditions. And the other side modifies and complements the old - and so from generation to generation, i.e. there is a continuity between generations. (they grew bread, produced metal - has changed in modern conditions)

3) common historical destiny - There were glorious pages in the historical past of different peoples. But there are dark pages in history. They must be perceived with pain and indignation, not to hide inconvenient facts, this is the historical path of every nation. The historical path of each nation explains the emergence of national traditions and customs.

4) common self-awareness - National identity is the awareness that you belong to some people, an inseparable part of it, realizes the history of your people, common national values - writing, language, appreciates the people's contribution to world culture, shares the success of the nation and contributes to its development ...

5) the unity of language - Language is a distinctive feature of an ethnic group. Ethnic groups form a common language. Over time, it is enriched with new words, expands, changes, but the essence remains the same.

6) a certain territory - It, as a language, can expand, be updated. Sometimes they can move, develop new lands. The connection between ethnicity and territory is very close. Ethnic groups often fight for the land of their ancestors for life and death.

7) general culture and traditions. Each nation has its own inherent traditions

Tribe - historically the first stage of the formation of an ethnos. The tribe includes a significant number of clans and clans

In the 9th century, a state was formed among the East Slavic tribes - with the center in the city of Kiev - Kievan Rus.

At the end of the X century. ended the unification of these tribes into a single state.

Submitting to the authority of the Kiev prince, each tribe sent its militia to defend the state. In military campaigns, the soldiers were united by a common goal, they felt their kinship with each other "We are from the Russian clan" declared with pride In the process of communication, local differences in language were gradually smoothed out, a single ancient Russian language arose and developed. Over time, people ceased to identify themselves with the glades, Drevlyans, began to consider themselves a single whole. This is how the Old Russian nationality gradually took shape.

Nationality develops with the emergence of classes and states. This social community is characteristic of the era of slavery and feudalism. The decisive role in the transformation of the union of tribes into a nationality was played by the state. It united vast territories. By establishing a closer connection between people and ethnic groups.

As a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion in the 13th century, the ancient Russian nationality was disunited. Since the XIV century. the political center of the Russian ethnos shifted from the steppe zone of Kiev to the northeast. Northeastern Russia, although it turned out to be dependent on the Golden Horde, most fully preserved the ancient Russian culture and language. The inhabitants of Southwestern and Western Russia were included in the possessions of Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary. But they did not dissolve among the peoples of these states, they were united by the Orthodox faith. At the same time, not being able to communicate with North-Eastern Russia, they retained the peculiarities of local dialects, way of life and culture. In the XV century. Muscovite Russia achieved independence and gradually restored the unity of the Russian lands. From the once united ancient Russian nationality, the Russian, Ukrainian is formed. Belarusian nationalities.

Later, with the formation of a centralized state and the development of a capitalist attitude, a nation was formed - the Russians. On the basis of nationalities, the highest historical type of ethnos is formed- nations ... Capitalism activates economic and cultural ties, creates a single national market, eliminates the economic fragmentation of the medieval state, rallies the various nationalities included in it into a single national whole, and a nation emerges.

So a tribe is historically the first stage in the formation of an ethnos, a nationality is a second stage, an insufficiently stable community, a nation is a stable and most developed stage of the formation of an ethnos. (Diagram)

Ethnos - This is a collective name for large consanguineous groups of people forming a tribe, nationality or nation.

Nation - an autonomous political grouping, not limited by territorial boundaries, whose members are committed to common values and instruments

Nationality - a collective name for large consanguineous groups of people forming a tribe, nationality or nation

Tribe - historically the first stage of the formation of an ethnos; representatives have their own language or dialect, territory, form of organization, general ceremonies

Option No. 14717

When completing tasks with a short answer, write in the answer field a number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, word, sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be written without spaces or any additional characters. Separate the fractional part from the whole decimal point. You do not need to write the measurement units.

If the variant was set by the teacher, you can enter or upload answers to the tasks with a detailed answer into the system. The teacher will see the results of the short answer assignments and will be able to rate the uploaded answers to the extended answer assignments. The points given by the teacher will appear in your statistics.

Version for printing and copying in MS Word

The government of country Z has decided to support the Singing World competition of choirs. This example demonstrates the interaction of spheres of society

1) political and economic

2) economic and social

3) political and spiritual

4) spiritual and social

Answer:

Inna found out that Zoya had invited all her work colleagues to a picnic, except her. She did not begin to find out the reason for this act, she just stopped talking to Zoya. What way of behavior in interpersonal conflict does this example illustrate?

1) avoiding a conflict situation

2) mediation

3) compromise

4) cooperation

Answer:

Schoolchildren, on the instructions of a biology teacher, conducted observations and identified the main sources of pollution in school classes. What activity does this example illustrate?

1) economic

2) research

3) political

4) production

Answer:

Are the following judgments about personality correct?

A. Personality is manifested in the physical qualities and characteristics of a person.

B. Formation of personality occurs throughout a person's life.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

Pavel is a second year student at the university. He plays in the student theater, often plays in the basketball team of his faculty. What level of education is Paul in?

1) secondary vocational

2) higher professional

3) basic general

4) average general

Answer:

Are the following judgments about the role of science in the modern world correct?

A. Science helps a person to systematize knowledge about the world around him.

B. Science strives for the reliability of the results obtained.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

Bridging the government budget deficit can help

1) reduction of income tax

2) an increase in the size of the state fee

3) expanding funding for education

4) increase in the salary of medical workers

Answer:

Mandatory payments levied by the state from individuals and legal entities are

3) dividends

4) insurance payments

Answer:

Which of the following examples are you talking about keeping your savings from depreciation?

1) Tatiana bought an apartment in a prestigious area

2) Sergey keeps the savings at home

3) Ivan bought a new car

4) Marina insured her jewelry against theft

Answer:

Are the following judgments about private property correct?

A. Transfer of state property to private hands is called nationalization.

B. Private property is the backbone of the command economy.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

The socially significant signs that determine the position of a person in society include

1) educational level

2) worldview

3) physical data

4) features of temperament

Answer:

Masha and Olya's parents died in a car accident. The girls live and are brought up by their grandmother. Their family is

1) patriarchal

2) large

3) incomplete

4) small (nuclear)

Answer:

Are the following judgments about the ethnos correct?

A. Unlike a nationality, a nation is a more stable community of people, and its stability is given by the community of economic life.

B. The state forms nationalities and nations, unites territories and establishes ties with ethnic groups.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

The hallmark of a political party is

1) uniting people with common interests

2) the creation of an extensive organization

3) the right to initiate legislation

4) the desire to participate in the exercise of political power

Answer:

In many countries, members of parliament are prohibited from working in government offices. This is manifested

1) the supremacy of parliament

2) republican form of government

3) unitary state structure

4) separation of powers

Answer:

Are the following judgments about politics correct?

A. Any power relationship is political in nature.

B. Politics as a sphere of public life has developed in an industrial society.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

What is the hallmark of the rule of law?

1) the existence of a system of legislation

2) equality and equality of citizens before the law

3) the functioning of law enforcement agencies

4) the presence of sovereignty

Answer:

Choose the correct statement:

President of Russian Federation

2) appointed for a period of 5 years

3) elected by the State Duma

4) approved by the Federal Assembly

Answer:

In which of the following cases does the RF Law "On Protection of Consumer Rights" come into effect?

1) The warehouse accepted for storage a batch of products that do not have a certificate of conformity.

2) A citizen purchased a car for personal use, in which a defective part was found.

3) A citizen purchased a consignment of poor-quality goods for resale in another city.

4) The company delivered a batch of expired drugs to pharmacies in the city

Answer:

Are the following judgments about family law correct?

A. All property acquired during marriage is the common property of the spouses.

B. The issue of divorce in case of disagreement of one of the spouses or the presence of children in the family is decided only in court.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are true

4) both judgments are wrong

Answer:

The following list shows the similarities between science and art and the difference between science and art. Select and write down the ordinal numbers of the similarities in the first column of the table, and the ordinal numbers of the differences in the second column:

1) is an area of spiritual culture

2) uses artistic imagery

3) requires the accuracy and validity of the statements

4) creates spiritual values

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between facts and spheres of public life: for each element given in the first column, select an element from the second column.

Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	V	G

Answer:

Read the text above, each position marked with a letter.

(A) The globalization of the world economy is a controversial process that has both positive and negative consequences. (B) The extinction of biological species is a negative consequence of globalization. (C) The transition to an information society is not in itself a global problem.

Determine which positions of the text:

1) reflect the facts

2) express opinions

Write down the numbers in the table indicating the nature of the relevant provisions.

A	B	V

Answer:

In country Z, a survey was conducted among adults on the topic: "Who should be primarily involved in raising children?" The results of the survey as a percentage of the number of respondents are presented in the table.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the table, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Almost equal numbers of respondents, both among men and among women, believe that the father should be primarily involved in raising children.

2) The smallest part of the respondents among women believe that, first of all, education should be done in schools and kindergartens.

3) A fifth of the women surveyed believe that the mother should be primarily involved in raising children.

4) The smallest part of the men surveyed believe that, first of all, older family members should be involved in raising children.

5) More than half of both the men surveyed and the women surveyed believe that, first of all, one of the parents should be involved in raising children.

Answer:

In country X, sociological surveys of citizens were conducted in different years. They were asked the question: "How do you assess the financial situation of your family at the present time?" The results of the polls are shown in the table.

Which of the following conclusions directly follow from the information obtained during the survey? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Country X is experiencing slow but steady economic growth.

2) On average, the standard of living in the state can be described as low.

3) The economy of country X is characterized by a rapid rise in prices.

4) One can state the strengthening of social stratification in country X.

5) The strengthening of social stratification is associated with the growth of unemployment in state X.

Answer:

Make an outline of the text. To do this, select the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

(According to E. Benes)

Based on the text, name three factors that are the reasons for the decentralization of public administration.

The problem of centralization and decentralization of public administration and legislative power in different states and societies manifests itself in different ways, depending on the circumstances, the needs of the people and the state. Depending on the circumstances, this problem appears in some states as federalization, in others - as autonomization, in others - as simple local decentralization and a reasonable division of competences between central and local executive and legislative bodies. In some places, decentralization is forced by the question of the heterogeneous composition of the population, in other cases - too large a territory, in the third - the cultural or economic maturity or immaturity of certain areas. On the European continent, a very common argument in favor of decentralization is historical traditions and vestiges of the past in public administration, conditioned by how states were formed or expanded at the expense of different provinces and new territories.

Democracy in its theory and political practice proceeds not from collectivist consciousness, but from the consciousness of the individuality of an individual person, and considers the human being as primary and basic, and the state, which is made up of individuals, as secondary. Strong centralization is the first and basic condition of every dictatorship; democracy, on the other hand, draws its greatest strength from the free conviction of citizens in their belonging to the state and the people.

However, no state, including a democratic one, will embark on widespread decentralization if it is threatened by separatist movements and aspirations. If it is under the threat of losing part of its territory as a result of voluntary decentralization in favor of the separatists, then no one in the world will force it to voluntary decentralization. If decentralizing movements arise only from rivalry and personal ambition, from the desire for power or the establishment of party rule, then a great sin and crime against their own state and people is being committed.

(According to E. Benes)

The solutions for the expanded answer tasks are not automatically checked.
The next page will ask you to test them yourself.

Using the content of the text, name three characteristics of democracy that the author highlights.

(According to E. Benes)

The solutions for the expanded answer tasks are not automatically checked.
The next page will ask you to test them yourself.

(According to E. Benes)

The solutions for the expanded answer tasks are not automatically checked.
The next page will ask you to test them yourself.

The author writes that decentralization movements can lead to the commission of a great sin and crime against their own state and people. Relying on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments in support of the author's position.

The society of most countries is divided not only into classes, but also into ethnic groups. Ethnic groups are large groups of people connected by a common origin (biological component), language, customs, traditions, beliefs, perception of the world (social component).

The roots of modern ethnic groups go back centuries, in the tribal system. The first ethnic group was a clan, an association of blood relatives living together. He performed both the function of a family and a production function.

Then, along with the clan, another ethnos appears - the tribe. The tribe unites several clans, uniform in origin (fraternal), but already separated from each other and settled in the neighborhood. The tribe is still based on consanguinity, but it no longer performs economic functions. Its main task is to protect the territory of the tribe, regulate relations with other tribes. Thus, society took the first step towards separating ethnic ties from family and clan ties. Ethnic ties were even more distant from family ties after the emergence of a coupled family.

In many countries, clan and tribal ties have survived to this day. They play a significant role in the states of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, etc.) and in the Russian republics of the North Caucasus. Among the tribes and clans there are "higher", influential ones, to whom other clans once obeyed. In Soviet times, the party and Soviet leadership of the Central Asian and North Caucasian republics was formed taking into account the influence of clans. And today, in some republics, the president represents one of the most revered families. In Chechnya, for example, the policy of the authorities is developed taking into account the relations between clans (teips). Civil war in Tajikistan 1992-1997 was largely caused by interethnic contradictions - the struggle between large clans (tribal associations).

Nationality, nationality

The next in history is a more complex type of ethnic group - nationality, or nationality, and in recent years it is this group that has been called ethnos. There are two versions of the origin of nationalities. Some scholars believe that a nationality is simply an expanded tribe or an amalgamation of several related tribes, others that it is united not so much by consanguinity, but by territorial, neighborly ties. The truth is rather closer to the second point of view: many nationalities are known that were formed not only from unrelated tribes (Bulgarians, Hungarians), but even from tribes of different races (Italians). The Russian nationality united not only the Slavic tribes, but also several non-Slavic tribes of the north and north-east of the European part of Russia.

The formation of nationalities is a long process that ended in the Middle Ages. The signs of a nationality are a common language, territory, culture and economic ties.

In most countries, the nationality has absorbed and dissolved tribal and tribal ties and differences - although, as I just said, there are still many nationalities that have retained the tribal structure.

Of course, the modern nationality (nationality, ethnos) is significantly different from the medieval. First, it merges into a broader ethnic community - the nation. Nationality acquires a number of characteristics characteristic of the entire nation. So, the Breton people in France have two native languages - Breton and French (the latter is at the same time the language of the nation). Catalans also have two native languages - Catalan and Spanish.

Secondly, the nation occupies a more extensive territory than each of the nationalities that have merged into it. Therefore, the resettlement of representatives of one or another nationality outside the indigenous territory inevitably occurs. There are more Tatars in Moscow than in Kazan. 11 million Russians live in Ukraine, 700 thousand in Latvia, 600 thousand in Estonia, etc. Millions of Chinese live in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. There is such a phenomenon as diaspora, that is, a significant group of representatives of a particular ethnic group living outside their indigenous territory.

Nation

Finally, the highest (today) form of a socio-ethnic group is a nation. It is being formed in parallel with the formation of a single market (single economic space) of the country and with the overcoming of feudal fragmentation, that is, the formation of centralized states.

The nation has the following characteristics:

1 .Community of the territory. The territory of the nation is held together by state borders. The border fences off the nation and its interests from alien invasion and creates a single space within the borders, equally accessible to every citizen.

The commonality of the territory took shape in a natural way, that is, as a result of deepening economic ties to such an extent that all barriers to such ties disappeared by themselves. For example, customs on the borders of principalities and counties were eliminated. However, the commonality of the territory was also formed by force - for example, during the formation of the Russian Empire or Germany.

2.Common language. It has evolved over the centuries. And today, even in states where nations were formed relatively late, the difference in dialects remains. In Germany and Italy, there are serious differences between the dialects of northerners and southerners. In China, dialectal phonetic differences are so great that half a century ago, the southerner's national leader Mao Zedong traveled to the northern provinces with an interpreter. Yet every nation has a common spoken language, enshrined in its writing and literature. Language holds the nation together, establishes a natural way of communication between all representatives of the nation.

True, one and the same language may belong to several related nations. So, English belongs to Americans, Australians, Canadians, New Zealanders. But they all once made up the diaspora of the English nation.

3.Community of economic life. This feature played a big role in uniting the nation around common economic interests. However, now the community of economic life is becoming more and more international from a national one.
4. General features of the mental warehouse, fixed in the peculiarities of life, customs, folklore, art, symbols, character traits. For the Russians, a distance of a thousand kilometers is a trifle; for the French, it is enormous. Russians are accustomed to the untold riches of their land, so they are not very economical. Western Europeans, on the other hand, are very careful about land and natural resources. It is not difficult to distinguish a Russian song from a Ukrainian one, and both together - from a French chanson. All these features add up to national character.
5. Finally, the last in a row, but today, perhaps one of the first in importance, a sign of a nation - national identity. Each person considers himself to be a certain nation, mentally merges with it: its language is his own, in which he thinks and speaks; he was brought up on the values of the culture of this nation, perceives it as the native nature of the country, adheres to national traditions in everyday life (in food, for example). We are aware of our belonging to “our” nation and the border separating us from another (“foreign”) nation. A person has a sense of national dignity, believing that his nation is no worse than others. He is proud of his nation's achievements in world culture, technology, and the progress of mankind. However, the feeling of national pride often develops into a feeling of national superiority over other ethnic groups, into a feeling of national exclusivity. Such sentiments inevitably give rise to national enmity and discord, lead to interethnic conflicts, bloody wars.

Questions

1. Are you proud of belonging to your nation? Can you criticize your nation, your country?
2. What features of the Russian national character can be noted in the heroes of A. Pushkin's works "Eugene Onegin", "Belkin's Tale", "The Captain's Daughter"?