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The meaning of the word jamna

jamna in the crossword dictionary

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

jamna

JAMNA (Yamuna) river in India, the right, the longest tributary of the Ganges. 1384 km, basin area 351 t. km2. Sources in the Himalayas, flows through the Gangetic plain. Average water consumption approx. 2.5 thousand m3/s. navigable. On Jamna - Messrs. Delhi, Agra, Allahabad.

Jumna

Jumna, Yamuna, a river in India, the longest and most abundant tributary of the Ganges. The length is 1384 km, the basin area is 351 thousand km2. Sources on the southern slopes of the Zaskar Range (Central Himalayas). In the upper reaches it flows mainly in a deep gorge; in the middle and lower reaches ≈ within the Indo-Gangetic plain, where it is divided into branches and channels. Characterized by powerful summer floods from monsoon rains, causing frequent flooding, and relatively low flow during the rest of the year. Navigable below Delhi. The waters are widely used for irrigation. On the D. are the cities of Delhi, Agra, and Ilahabad.

Wikipedia

Jumna

Jumna, Yamuna, Jumna (, Yamuna, Also, Jamuna) is a river in India with a total length of 1376 km. It is the longest and most abundant (110 km³ per year) tributary of the Ganges. It starts on the southern slopes of the central Himalayas, flows out of the Yamunotri glacier (Zaskar range) at an altitude of 3255 m.

It flows through the territory of the Indian states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, as well as the capital Delhi. In addition to Delhi, the cities of Mathura and Agra are located on Jamna. Near the city of Yamunanagar, it turns south, enters the Indo-Gangetic plain and near the city of Allahabad flows into the Ganges, forming the Sangam, sacred to Hindus.

The basin area is 351,000 km². The main tributaries of the Jumna are the Tons, Chambal, Betwa, Sindh and Ken.

At 5 km from the source, there are places popular among Hindu pilgrims, the villages of Kalsi with a Buddhist monastery and Yamunotri, where there is a hot spring (90 ° C) and a tomb.

Jumna (river)

  1. Jamna redirect

Examples of the use of the word jamna in literature.

At the end of June, Agra fell silent - an old, well-fortified fortress on the arm Jumny south of Delhi.

After many days the boat stopped at a sandy promontory, where the water Jumny some narrow, nameless tributary with forested banks poured in.

Where the river Jumna a bright strip will cross the Great Way, where a wide sandy road will be cut by a camel path - there it will turn north.

It seemed Jumna it is not water that flows, but red-hot silver in the heated banks.

Akraton - possibly referring to the Indian city of Agra on the river Jumna, 200 kilometers from Delhi.

That path along the shore Jumny, down, all downstream, you will enter the Great Wheel Way.

Like a fortress within a fortress, walled, fortified, rose above the waters Jumny magnificent building of the Shah's palace.

In the tower of Selimgur - an ancient pentagonal fort on a river island, in the middle Jumny, - Chandra-Sing sat down with his detachment.

There were only two exits from the palace: the east one - to the shore Jumny, and the western one - into the city, into the hands of the enemy.

We admired the magnificent iron viaduct, plunging sixteen sixty-foot stone bulls into the waves of the mighty tributary of the Ganges - Jumny, almost at the point of their confluence.

It is located in a charming area, in the center of the richest region, between the arms Jumny and Ganges.

All this is placed in a vast plain, closed in the north and south by the channels of two rivers: on the one hand - Jumny, on the other - the Ganges.

The Nana Sahib then moved to the Betwa, a tributary Jumny, flowing north, on the western border of the Bundelkund, and on April 19 through a magnificent valley filled with date and mango trees, arrived in Suari.

On the nineteenth of September the steam house stopped on the left bank Jumny separating the country of the Rajas from Hindustan, the main country of the Hindus.

Although the first tide has raised the water Jumny, but this did not in the least impede our move, thanks to the precautions of Banks.

On March 20, 2017, in India, the high court of the state of Uttarkhand recognized the Yamuna (Jamna) and Ganges rivers as living beings, giving them legal rights. This was reported on Tuesday, March 21, The Hindustan Times.

Now the damage done to the rivers will be equal to the damage to the person.

The court in its decision noted that rivers are "legal and living beings, having the status of a legal entity with all the ensuing rights and obligations."

“This means that from now on the rivers Ganges and Yamuna will be treated as human beings,” one of the lawyers explained. “But their interests will be represented by specially selected people.”

The case began after a self-interest complaint by a resident, in which he accused the governments of the states of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh of not doing enough to protect the rivers.


Ganges - the third largest river in the world, is considered sacred in Hinduism. Its sources are located in the state of Uttarkhand, it flows through the territory of several states and flows into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges is not just a river. It has mysterious properties that are not found in any river in the world! Even scientists recognize the uniqueness of its waters. The waters of the Ganges are used for irrigation and drinking.

Yamuna - the largest tributary of the Ganges, was considered the purest in India. But, ironically, the purest in the spiritual sense, the river of India in the 20th century became one of the dirtiest in the world. Below Delhi, the Yamuna becomes unusually polluted, and the situation is aggravated by the fact that the river here is slow, its waters almost stand still for most of the year, becoming dirty, not being renewed.

Both rivers are considered sacred by the millions of Hindus who bathe in them during rituals, drink the water and scatter the ashes of the dead. They are subject to mass pollution near settlements, mainly due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial waste.The capture of the banks of these sacred rivers and their pollution is now a big problem.



The court ruled that the damage from river pollution is legally comparable to the damage to humans and leads to corresponding legal consequences.

As the court explained, such an unusual step was necessary because the sacred rivers on which Hindu rites are held were actually "losing their life."

The court has already appointed representatives of the rivers.

Within three months, the Ganges Board will be created, and the secretary of state and the Attorney General of Uttarakhand will represent the interests of the rivers.

And also, in accordance with the same decision, the judges ordered New Delhi to create special bodies within 8 weeks that will deal with the issue of cleaning the rivers.

To substantiate the decision, the court referred to the New Zealand example.

On March 15, the Wanganui River in New Zealand, the third largest in the country, became the first body of water in the world to receive the same legal rights as a person. This decision was made at the request of the Maori people, who honor the river. Thus, the harm caused to her is equated with the damage caused to the tribe. Wanganui also received two trustees, from the government of the country and from the tribe.

And one more hot news!

Himalayan glaciers given the status of "living creatures"



A few weeks later, a similar status was assigned to the Himalayan glaciers.

The Indian court, in an attempt to prevent environmental destruction, recognized the Himalayan glaciers, lakes and forests as "legal entities" - as subjects of law on an equal footing with living people.

In a decision aimed at expanding conservation measures in the mountainous region, the court gave legal rights to the Gangotri and Yamunotri glaciers. These glaciers feed the revered Ganges and Yamuna rivers in India, which received a similar status in March.

“The rights of these objects should be equivalent to human rights, and any damage or harm caused to them should be considered as damage or harm caused to people,” the Supreme Court of the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand said in a ruling.

The Yamunotri Glacier, which is the source of the Yamuna River, is shrinking at an alarming rate. Gangotri, which feeds the Ganges and is one of the largest glaciers in the Himalayas, is also rapidly decreasing. “In 25 years, he has retreated more than 850 meters,” said judges Rajev Sharma and Alok Singh.

The court also extended the "living creature" status to areas of the Himalayan environment, including waterfalls, grasslands, lakes, and forests.

Activists expressed the hope that this will really help to preserve them, and will not remain just a symbolic gesture.

The total length is 1376 km. It is the largest tributary of the Ganges. It originates in the Himalayan mountains near the Yamunotri sanctuary and flows through the territory of the Indian states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, as well as the capital Delhi. In addition to Delhi, the cities of Mathura and Agra are located on the Yamuna. At the city of Allahabad, the Yamuna flows into the Ganges, forming the sacred Sangam for Hindus.

The main tributaries of the Yamuna are the Tons, Chambal, Betwa, Singh and Ken.


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See what "Yamuna (river)" is in other dictionaries:

    RIVER- An important mythological symbol, an element of sacred topography. In a number of mythologies, primarily of the shamanic type, the so-called "core" of the universe, the world's path, penetrating the upper, middle and lower worlds, acts as a kind of "core" of the universe. space (or ... ... Encyclopedia of mythology

    Yamuna- Taj Mahal on the banks of the Yamuna Yamuna, Yumna or Yami (Hindi यमुना) is a river in India with a total length of 1376 km. It is the largest tributary of the Ganges. It flows in the Himalayan mountains near the Yamunotri sanctuary and flows through the territory of the Indian states ... ... Wikipedia

    Saraswati (river)- This term has other meanings, see Saraswati (meanings). The Saraswati River (Skt. सरस्वती नदी sárasvatī nadī IAST) is a river described in the Rig Veda and other Hindu texts. Sarasvati is one of the main rivers of the Vedic Semirechye. In ... Wikipedia

    Jumna- (Yamuna), a river in India, the right, the longest tributary of the Ganges. 1384 km, basin area 351 thousand km2. Sources in the Himalayas, flows through the Gangetic plain. The average water consumption is about 2.5 thousand m3/s. navigable. On the Jamna Delhi, Agra, Allahabad. * * *… … encyclopedic Dictionary

    JAMNA- (Yamuna) river in India, right, the longest tributary of the Ganges. 1384 km, basin area 351 t. km². Sources in the Himalayas, flows through the Gangetic plain. Average water consumption approx. 2.5 thousand m³/s. navigable. On the Jamna Delhi, Agra, Allahabad... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

    Jumna- Jumna, Yamuna, a river in India, the longest and most abundant tributary of the Ganges. The length is 1384 km, the basin area is 351 thousand km2. Sources on the southern slopes of the Zaskar Range (Central Himalayas). In the upper reaches it flows mainly in a deep gorge; V… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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Jumna river- the center of life. From ancient times, cities and towns were built near the rivers, human economic activity was tied to their banks, boats and ships floated on the waters. They transported people and goods.

Yamuna - personification of the river Jamna

In India, the rivers have also always been the center of religious life.\

Jumna- one of the great sacred rivers. For thousands of years it carries its waters past Delhi. For thousands of years, the active life of the people has been seething on its banks, and along with this, a quiet life, a special, temple life, flows in prayers and religious ceremonies.

Goddesses of rivers, ponds and wells, goddesses of roads and crossroads, goddesses of diseases and fears, goddesses threatening and good, merciful and punishing reigned in the souls of people and in temples, demanding unconditional faith and reverence, readiness to be horrified and make sacrifices.

These ancient cults are still alive today. The common people flock to the temples of the goddesses, thirsting, believing, pleading and hoping.

“Colored flags on high poles flutter at the gates of this temple overlooking a busy highway. Covered altar in front of the temple

- a chapel with the image of a goddess, and in front of this altar loosened earth - a place where bloody sacrifices are made - goats and roosters are slaughtered.

In the temple itself, there is also an image of the goddess

– black multi-armed statue in a necklace of skulls and with her tongue hanging out - and a mass of small figurines at her feet and bright lithographs on the walls depicting other gods of Hinduism.

Scary white eyes are burning – electric lamps inserted into empty eye sockets.

The parishioners sit on the dirt floor in front of the priest, a long-haired, stocky man in his fifties, and with unwavering faith do whatever he commands.

They approach him in turn, drink the water that he pours into their palms, state the essence of their misfortune in two or three mean bitter phrases, and, like a true insight, like a divine panacea for all sorrows, repeat the words of a short prayer.

This religious ecstasy never dries up in the souls of millions of the poor in India...

... Behind the temple of the goddess Kali is the temple of Shiva, and not far from it is the temple of the monkey god Hanuman, next to it is another temple, and another, and another. Shmashan - the place of burning the dead - is located right there, downstream of the Jamna.

Many low stone platforms have been built on this sad place. Some of them are under stone roofs supported by four pillars, some are open to the sky. On each of the platforms - a pile of ash.

And the fact that these heaps are not round, but elongated, and the fact that white, crumbling bones can be seen in the dying coals, speaks of the mournful purpose of these platforms.

The deceased, wrapped in a veil and tied to a stretcher, is carried on his shoulders to the river, dipped directly on a stretcher into the water- the last ablution, - then they untie it, throw off the upper veil, the servants of shmashan will take it for themselves, and transfer it to long logs on one of the platforms.

They discard the specks of the shroud from the face and put a piece of wood soaked in water to the lips, cover the face again, sprinkle the body with earth and erect a high structure of thick dry firewood above it, similar to a gable roof.

They cover this roof with dry chips and straw and give into the hands of the main mourner a stick with a burning bundle of straw at the end.

And this person - usually the closest male relative of the deceased - must go around the fire and set fire to it from all sides with his own hand.

Here you can see how relatives quickly and efficiently do everything that their duty to the dead tells them to do, and leave, talking or - which is already completely strange - laughing at some reason.

I asked one of our friends how it could be that relatives can laugh at shmashan during the burning of the body of a person close to them.

– Did you see it?

- How old was this man? He answered my question with a question.

“Sixty-sixty-five years old.

“Of course they should have laughed. They rejoiced.

- What, pardon me?

- Like what? That an old man has reached such a happy death,

- died surrounded by his family, seeing his offspring alive. There must have been his sons and grandchildren.

“Now, if someone young dies, then relatives will surely cry, and mainly mother and wife. Or a husband.

In addition to the cult of ancestors, there is also a belief in the transmigration of souls. The cycle of rebirths, "returns" to Earth, is practically endless.

These returns can be a punishment and they can be a reward. If by your deeds you earn punishment in the Hereafter, you will be reborn as a donkey, dog, or worm and drag out a miserable existence to atone for your sins.

If your life is righteous, you will be able to return in the guise of an even more righteous person and even a brahmin - "the highest among living beings."

So it is said in the holy books. They believe in it. So, why be afraid of death, because it is not forever.

The Jumna is a right tributary of the sacred Ganges for Hindus.

There is no indisputable and exact interpretation of the name. There is a widespread version of the origin of the Sanskrit word "yamuna" - a twin: it flows parallel to the Ganges for almost its entire length, at a relatively small distance from it. There are several mythological explanations for the name, based on ancient legends.

In its upper reaches, the river is fed by mountain ice and snow; in the middle and lower reaches, the bulk of the moisture comes from monsoon rains.

In spring, during floods, and in summer, during floods, the river overflows its banks. The concept of "shores" in relation to the Jumna is very relative: in the middle and lower reaches they are swampy areas without a definite boundary. When the river overflows its banks, it overflows for several kilometers, turning the coastal area into a large swamp. Powerful summer floods from monsoon rains often cause flooding. Some areas of the Indian capital are flooded when the water level in Jamna rises by 2 meters or more.

In winter, the water level drops noticeably, it happens that in the “high season” in some areas the channel almost dries up.

Downstream, 5 km from the source, at an altitude of 3293 m is the village of Kalsi with the Hindu Yamunotri temple - one of the most revered in Hinduism. It was built at the end of the 19th century. Maharani Gularia from Jaipur. More than once it was demolished by catastrophic collapses and talus. In 1923 the temple was destroyed, only the stone statues of the gods remained intact. Subsequently rebuilt. It was destroyed again in 1982 and rebuilt again.

Nearby, a hot spring breaks out to the surface (water temperature is about 90 ° C). There is also a sacred tomb, which is visited annually by up to 400 thousand people.

Not far from the temple is the Govind Pashu Vihar National Park, which protects the nature of the western Himalayan broad-leaved forest and alpine meadows. It was this park that was chosen by the Indian government for a project to save the snow leopard, of which there are only a few individuals left.

Gradually descending, the river ends up in the Sivalik region - the lowest step of the Himalayas. In the upper reaches it flows to the southwest in a deep gorge. Descending into the Indo-Gangetic plain, Jumna turns south. The Dakpatar dam with two hydroelectric power stations was built here. During the dry season, the dam allows enough water to pass through so that the river does not dry up.

Downstream - the city of Poanta Sahib with the famous Gurdwara - a cult Sikh building dedicated to Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708), a Sikh leader, warrior and poet.

In summer, there is very little water in the channel between the old Tajewala dam and Delhi. To meet the needs of the capital, several canals from other rivers were brought to the channel, some of them over 200 km long. It also receives some water from underground sources. And in order for the water to remain in the city, the Vazirabad dam was built, which also does not allow water to pass downstream during the dry season, leaving it in Delhi. But it lets all city waste into the channel. In order for some water to be in the river during the dry season, several channels are also brought to its bed below Delhi. Downstream is the Okkhla Dam, which regulates the flow of water for irrigating the fields.

In other words, Jumna is not a continuous stream, but five sections of the channel, regulated by dams, without which tens of millions of people could not live along its banks.

Jumna flows in places of special importance for the inhabitants of the country. Religious: it is closely connected with the cult of Krishna and with Hinduism in general. Economic: thousands of enterprises operate on its water, million-plus cities live, crops are grown. Cultural: worship of the river is part of many traditions and customs.

Sacred to Hindus, it is going through hard times: the level of water pollution many times exceeds all acceptable standards.

Hindus believe that in Sangam, the third river, the mythical Saraswati, comes to the surface from under the ground. They arrive by ferry to the confluence of the Ganges and Jumna to offer prayers. All the banks of the Sangam are covered with a continuous strip of ghats - stone stepped structures built over thousands of years for ritual bathing and cremation.

On the river stands the city of Vrindavan, on the site of which 5000 years ago there was a forest, in which, according to Hindu beliefs, Krishna, during his earthly incarnation, spent time in games with his brother Balarama and met with his beloved wife Radha. Vrindavan stands 15 km from the city of Mathura - one of the oldest in India, which is considered to be the birthplace of Krishna.

She is mentioned in the Hindu texts of the Rig Veda, Atharva Veda and in the Brahmanas. On its shores, the great empires of the Mauryans and Shunga, the state of the Guptas, flourished and perished. On its shore stands the greatest architectural creation, a song in stone - the Taj Mahal in Agra.

Today, the largest city on the river is the metropolitan Delhi, 70% of the water it consumes is taken from Jumna.

The Jumna water plays a vital role in the country's economy. The waters are used to irrigate vast agricultural areas in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. Irrigation is carried out with the help of canals, the main ones are the 646-km Western canal, built in the 14th century, the 267-km Agra canal and the 206-km Eastern canal. In total, 96% of the consumed water is used for irrigation.

Hindus know that bathing in the Jumna is even more important than in the Ganges. If only because she herself was considered the purest in India. To plunge into the waters of Jamna means to save yourself from torment at the time of death. However, now the concept of "clean" can only be used in a spiritual sense: Jumna has become one of the dirtiest in the world.

For 375 km from its source to Delhi, the waters of Jumna are still of fairly good quality.

Below the vast Delhi, which also uses it as a sewer, the level of pollution reaches a maximum: about 58% of the city's waste is dumped into it, as well as chemical waste from factories for the production of leather and dyes. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the current here is slow and the waters stagnate for most of the year, almost without renewal.

The government allocates huge funds from the national budget for the cleanup of Jumna. In Delhi, massive wastewater treatment works have been carried out, and the authorities have begun experiments to create reserves along the Jumna floodplain. However, the situation does not change, and over time it only gets worse: a third of the inhabitants of the city of 18 million live in illegal buildings without running water and sewerage.

Due to pollution, the river is practically devoid of life. Occasionally there is a fish floating to the surface, but it is not at all suitable for eating. Even the trees and birds along the banks become less and less every year.

Nevertheless, along the entire channel, peasants graze livestock. And all along the shore, men and women do laundry right in the river among the white foam of chemical waste, and dry on the sand - just as dirty.

general information

Location: Indo-Gangetic Plain.
Administrative location : States of Uttarkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi National Capital Region.
Cities: Delhi - 18,686,902 people (2016), - 1,585,704 people, Allahabad - 1,117,094 people, Mathura - 441,894 people. (2011), Etavah - 257,838 people. (2014), Yamunanagar - 216,628 people. (2011).
Source: Yamunotri Glacier, Mount Banderpuch (Himalayas), Uttarkashi District, Uttarkhand.
mouth: Sangam (flows into the Ganges).
Major tributaries: right - Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Sindh and Tone, left - Hindon, Sarda, Giri, Rishi Ganga, Hanuman Ganga and Sasur Khaderi.
Nutrition: mixed, glacial, snow rain.
high water: spring-summer.
Languages: Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Kangri, Pahari, Haryanavi, Kumaoni dialects, Garhwali and Khari-Boli, English.
Ethnic composition : Garhwali, Gujjars, Brahmins, Raths, Jats, Gadtian Rajputs, Ghirts.
Religions: Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism. Monetary unit: Indian rupee.

Numbers

Length: 1376 km.
Pool: 366 223 km2.
coast population : about 57 million people (2015).
source height: 6387 m.
Mouth height: 74 m.
Average discharge at the mouth : 2950 m3/s.
Max Flow : more than 14 thousand. m 3 / s.
Annual runoff: about 100 km 3 .

Climate and weather

Tropical monsoon.
Summers are hot and long, winters are dry and cool.
Average air temperature in January : +14°С.
Average air temperature in July : +30°С.
Average annual rainfall : 800-900 mm.
Average annual relative humidity : 50-55%.

Economy

hydroelectric power (Dakpatar Dam and two HPPs, 1965).
Irrigation.
Services sector: pilgrimage, tourist, transport, trade.

Attractions

Natural

    Govind Pashu Vihar National Park (1955)

    Har-ki-Dun Valley (Tone tributary)

    Calesar National Park (2003)

    Yamunotri Glacier

    thermal springs

Cult

    Hindu temple of Yamunotri (late 19th century, restored in the 1980s)

    Gurudwara Guru Gobind Singh (Poanta Sahib, 18th century)

Delhi city

    Muslim religious complex Qutub Minar (1206)

    Sapimgarh Fort (1546)

    Masjid-i-Jahan-Numa Mosque (1656)

    All Saints Anglican Cathedral (Pathar Girjaghar, 1887)

    Muir College (1886), Minto Park (1910)

Curious facts

    Historical geology puts forward a version that once the Jumna did not flow into the Ganges, but into another river that flows to the west and is called Khaggar-Hakra. However, under the influence of tectonic processes, Jumna abruptly changed its course and rushed east towards the Ganges.

    According to the canons of Hinduism, bathing in the Sangam is the most important and powerful of the rites of bathing, especially if you perform it on the Day of the Jars - Kumbh Mela. The holiday is held every twelve years. In 2013, 120 million people took part in it. In the Vedic religion, it is a reminder of the battle of the gods for a jug of the Amrita drink, which granted them immortality. A drink was obtained by shaking the Milky Ocean.

    The thermal spring at the Yamunotri temple is used by locals to prepare prasada (translated from Sanskrit - "divine grace", "divine gift") - food offered to the deity, and then distributed to believers as a spiritual and sacred gift, a symbol of divine grace. Getting prasada is one of the most important reasons for making a pilgrimage to holy places, in this case the Yamunotri Temple at the headwaters of the Jamna. Prasada is prepared by dipping rice and potatoes sewn into cloth bags into the hot water of a spring.

    The Supreme Court of India has been tasked with overseeing the cleanliness of Jumna, which is demanding that the authorities adopt an action plan to combat pollution in the coming years, threatening to send those responsible to jail if they do not.

    According to Indian standards, water from land sources in India is divided into classes. Class A water can be drunk directly from the tap, class C - only after boiling. The level of bacteriological contamination for class C water is 5000 microorganisms per 100 milliliters. In water samples taken upstream of Delhi, the content of viruses and bacteria is about 43,000 microorganisms per liter. In the city, this figure reaches 54,000,000. Downstream - up to 160,000,000.

    The water level in the Wazirabad Dam is controlled by the Supreme Court of the country, it is so important for the life support of Delhi.