Economic transformations of Peter I. Financial reforms of Peter I

Peter is the first (1672 - 1725) - the Russian king, independently rules from 1689 to 1725. He conducted a large-scale reform of all areas of Russia's life. Artist Valentin Serov, who devoted to Peter a number of works by Peter so described it: "He was terrible: long, on weak, thin legs and with such a small, in relation to all of the body, the head, which was more should be like some scarecrow with a poorly attached her head than on a living person. In his face he was a permanent tick, and he was forever "Kroil Rozhei": Bluggling, he drove his mouth, drove his nose and slapped his chin. At the same time walked with huge steps, and all his companions were forced to follow him. .

Peter first reforms

Peter accepted Russia behind the backwards on the backyards of Europe, the country. Muscovy did not have exits to the sea, with the exception of the White, Regular Army, Fleet, the Developed Industry, Trade, the State Administration system was an additional and ineffective, there were no higher education institutions (only in 1687 in Moscow, the Slavological Greco-Latin Academy opened in Moscow), typography , Theater, painting, libraries, not only the people, but many representatives of the elite: boyars, nobles, did not know the diplomas. Science did not develop. Obtained serfdom.

Reform of public administration

- Peter replaced orders who did not have clear responsibilities, colleges, the prototype of future ministries

College of Foreign Affairs
College military
College of Marine
TRADE COLLEG
College of Justice ...

The colleges consisted of several officials, the eldest was called the Chairman or President. All of them submitted to the Governor-General, which was part of the Senate. There were 12 colleges in total.
- In March 1711, Peter created the Government Senate. First, its function was controlled by the country in the absence of the king, then he became a permanent establishment. The Senate included the presidents of the colleges and senators - the people appointed by the king.
- In January 1722, Peter published Tabel about ranks, numbering 14 class ranks from the State Chancellor (first rank) to the college registrar (fourteenth)
- Peter reorganized the Secret Police system. Since 1718, the Preobrazhensky order, who made the affairs of political crimes, was transformed into secret investigative cases by Writsenger

Church reform of Peter.

Peter abolished the patriarchy - almost independent of the state church organization, and instead of her Holy Synod, all members of which were appointed king, which eliminated the autonomy of the clergy. Peter conducted a policies of violence, facilitating the existence of old goods and allowing his faith to freely to foreigners.

Administrative reform of Peter

Russia was divided into province, the provinces were shared on the province, the provinces on the counties.
Province:

Moscow
Ingermandland
Kievskaya
Smolenskaya
Azovskaya
Kazan
Arkhangelogodskaya
Siberian
Riga
Astrakhan
Nizhny Novgorod

Military reform of Peter

Peter replaced the irregular and noble militia by a constant regular army, set up recruits, signed one by one from each of the 20 peasant or mesh yards in Velikorvsky provinces. Built a powerful military fleet, he himself wrote the military charter, accepting Swedish as the basis.

Peter turned Russia into one of the strongest marine powers of the world, having 48 linear and 788 galleries and other vessels

Economic reform of Peter

The modern army could not exist without the public supply system. For the supply of army and fleet: weapons, outfit, food, consumables - was required to create powerful industrial production. By the end of the reign of Peter in Russia, about 230 factories and factories operated. Factories focused on the production of glass products, powder, paper, canvas, canvas, cloths, paints, ropes, rope, even hats, organized metallurgical, sawmill, leather industry. In order for the products of Russian masters to be competitive in the market, high customs duties were introduced into European goods. Encouraging entrepreneurship, Peter widely enjoyed issuing loans to create new manufactories, trading companies. The largest enterprises arising in the era of Petrovsky transformations were created in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Urals, Tula, Astrakhan, Arkhangelsk, Samara

Admiralty shipyard
Arsenal
Powder plants
Metallurgical plants
Linen production
Production of Potash, sulfur, Selitras

By the end of the reign of Peter I, Russia had 233 factory, including more than 90 large manufactories built during his reign. For the first quarter of the 19th century, 386 different ships were built on the shipyards of St. Petersburg and Arkhangelsk, at the beginning of the century Russia was paid about 150 thousand pounds of cast iron, in 1725 - more than 800 thousand pounds, Russia caught up with England for cast iron smelting

Peter Reform in Education

Army and fleet required qualified specialists. Therefore, Peter pays great attention to their preparation. During his reigns were organized in Moscow and St. Petersburg

school of Mathematical and Navigation Sciences
artillery School
engineering school
medical school
marine Academy
mountain Schools with Olonetsk and Ural Plants
Typhyre schools for "Children of Everybody"
Garrison schools for children soldiers
Spiritual Schools
Academy of Sciences (opened a few months after the death of the emperor)

Peter's reforms in the field of culture

Edition of Russia's first newspapers "St. Petersburg Vedomosti"
Ban on wearing boyars beard
The establishment of the first Russian museum - Kunskamera
Requirement to the nobility wears European dress
Creating Assemblies where the nobles should have appeared with their wives
Creating new printing houses and translation into Russian many European books

Peter's reforms of the first. Chronology

1690 - Created the first Guards Shelves Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky
1693 - Creation of shipyard in Arkhangelsk
1696 - creation of shipyard in Voronezh
1696 - Decree of the creation of a weapon plant in Tobolsk
1698 - Decree on the ban of wearing beard and prescribing nobles wearing European clothes
1699 - Rospaus Streletsky Forces
1699 - the creation of trading and industrial enterprises using a monopoly
1699, December 15 - a decree on the reform of the calendar. New Year begins on January 1
1700 - Creating a Government Senate
1701 - Decree prohibiting goes on his knees at the sight of the sovereign and remove the hat in winter by passing by his palace
1701 - Opening in Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigation Sciences
1703, January - Exit in Moscow of the First Russian Newspaper

1704 - Replacing the Boyarskaya Duma by the Ministerial Considers - the Council of the Chief of Orders
1705 - The first decree on the recruit
1708, November - Administrative Management Reform
1710, January 18 - Decree on the official introduction of the Russian civil alphabet instead of the Church Slavonic
1710 - The foundation in St. Petersburg Alexander Nevsky Lavra
1711 - Instead of the Boyar Duma, a Senate was created from 9 members and the Ober-Secretary. Monetary Reform: Chacking Golden, Silver and Copper Coins
1712 - Transfer of the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg
1712 - Decree on the creation of horse farms in the Kazan, Azov and Kiev provinces
1714, February - Decree on the opening of cyphic schools of children of Dyakov and priests
1714, March 23 - Decree on Majorate (Union of Chair)
1714 - The foundation in St. Petersburg State Library
1715 - creation of shelters for the poor in all cities of Russia
1715 - the commission of the Commequito College to organize the training of Russian merchants abroad
1715 - Decree on the promotion of growing flax, cannabis, tobacco, tute trees for silkworms
1716 - Census of all Raskolnikov for Double Taxation
1716, March 30 - the adoption of military charter
1717 - Introduction of free trade in grain, cancellation of some privileges to foreign merchants
1718 - Replacing orders by colleges
1718 - judicial reform. Tax reform
1718 - the beginning of the population census (continued until 1721)
1719, November 26 - Decree on the establishment of Assemblies - free assemblies for fun and affairs
1719 - Creation of engineering school, Berg-Collegia establishment for mining industry
1720 - Sea Charter
1721, January 14 - Decree on the creation of the Spiritual College (future sacred synod)

Introduction to abstract

In the reign of Peter the First, reforms were carried out in all regions of the country's state life. Many of these transformations are rooted in the XVII century - the socio-economic transformations of that time served as prerequisites for Peter's reforms, the task and content of which was the formation of a noble-boring apparatus.

The exacerbating class contradictions led to the need to strengthen and strengthen the autocratic apparatus in the center and on the ground, the centralization of management, the construction of a slender and flexible system of the management apparatus, strictly controlled by the highest authorities. It was also necessary to create a combat-ready regular military force for holding more aggressive foreign policy and suppressing frequent folk movements. It was required to consolidate the legal acts the dominant position of the nobility and provide him with a central, leading place in public life. All this in the aggregate and led to the implementation of reforms in various fields of state activities. Two and a half century historians, philosophers and writers argue about the meaning of Petrovsky transformations, but regardless of the point of view of a researcher, everything is converged in one thing - it was one of the most important stages of the history of Russia, thanks to which it can be divided into Dopurerovskaya and the postpeople epoch . In Russian history, it is difficult to find a leader equal to Peter on the scale of interests and the ability to see the main thing in the problem being solved. The specific historical assessment of reforms depends on what is considered useful for Russia, which is harmful, which is the main thing, and what is secondary.

The famous historian Sergey Mikhailovich Solovyov, who, probably, the most deeply investigated the identity and actions of Peter the Great, wrote: "The difference in views ... It was from the hugeness of the case committed by Peter, the duration of the influence of this case; The more significant one phenomenon, the more disgraceful views and opinions, it gives rise to, and the more the more inflicts about him, the stronger feel its influence. "

As already mentioned, the premises of Petrovsky reforms were the conversion of the end of the XVII century. In the second half of this century, it changes, becoming more centralized, the government system. Attempts were also made to more clearly distinguish the functions and areas of activity of various orders, the rigids of the regular army appeared - the shelf of ingenic system. Changes occurred in culture: the theater appeared, the first higher education institution.

But despite the fact that almost all the reforms of Peter the Great were preceded by certain state undertaking of the XVII century, they had unconditionally revolutionary. After the death of the emperor in 1725, Russia was on the path of turning completely to another country: from the Moscow state, whose contacts with Europe were rather limited, it turned into a Russian empire - one of the greatest powers of the world. Peter turned Russia into a truly European country (in any case, he understood it) - no wonder the expression "drove the window to Europe" was so often used. Muchs on this path were the conquest of the exit to the Baltic, the construction of a new capital - St. Petersburg, active interference in European politics.

Peter's activities created all the conditions for the wider acquaintance of Russia with a culture, lifestyle, technology of European civilization, which was the beginning of a rather painful process breaking the norms and representations of Moscow Rus.

Another important feature of Petrov reform was that they affected all sectors of society, in contrast to previous attempts by Russian rulers. The construction of the fleet, the Northern War, the creation of a new capital - all this became the matter of the whole country.

Currently, Russia, as and two centuries ago, is in the stage of reforms, so the analysis of Petrovsky transformations is now particularly necessary.

Economic reforms

In the Petrovsk Epoch, the Russian economy, and, above all, the industry, made a giant jump. At the same time, the development of the economy in the first quarter of the XVIII century went by ways scheduled for the previous period. In the Moscow state of the XVI-XVII centuries, there were large industrial enterprises - a cannonor, a printed courtyard, weapons in Tula, shipyard in Dedinov, and others. Peter's policy regarding economic life was characterized by a high degree of application of team and protectionist methods.

In agriculture, the possibility of improvement was drawn from the further development of fertile lands, the cultivation of technical crops that gave raw materials for the industry, the development of animal husbandry, agriculture promotion to the East and South, as well as more intensive exploitation of peasants. The increased needs of the state in raw materials for the Russian industry led to the widespread extension of such cultures as Len and hemp. Decree of 1715 encouraged the cultivation of flax and cannabis, as well as tobacco, tute trees for silkworms. Decree of 1712, prescribed to create horse breeders in the Kazan, Azov and Kiev provinces, also encouraged sheep.

In the Petrovsk era, there is a sharp distinction between the country into two regions of the feudal economy - the farewell north, where the feudalles translated their peasants to monetary marks, often holidaying them into the city and other agricultural areas for earnings, and fertile south, where the noble landowners have sought to expand the Barechina .

Also strengthened the state's authorities of the peasants. The cities were built by their forces (40 thousand peasants worked on the construction of St. Petersburg), manufactory, bridges, roads; Annual recruit sets were held, old cash fees increased and new ones were introduced. The main goal of Peter's policies all the time was obtaining as much money and human resources as possible for state needs.

Two censuses were held - in 1710 and 1718. According to the census of 1718, the unit of the draft became the "soul" of the male, regardless of the age with which the pillow was charged in the amount of 70 kopecks per year (from state peasants - 1 rub. 10 kopecks per year).

This ordered the applying policies and sharply raised the revenues of the state (about 4 times; by the end of the board of Peter, they accounted for up to 12 million rubles per year).

In industry there was a sharp reorientation from small peasant and craft farms on manufactory. With Peter, at least 200 new manufactories were founded, he strongly encouraged their creation. The state policy was also aimed at the fencing of the young Russian industry from competition from Western Europeanly by introducing very high customs duties (customs charter of 1724)

The Russian manufactory, although there have had capitalist features, but the use of predominantly the labor of the peasants - the possession, assigning, workers, etc. - made it a serfdom. Depending on whose property they were, manufactory were shared on state, merchant and landlords. In 1721, the industrialists were granted the right to buy peasants to consolidate them for the enterprise (post-peasants).

State casual factories used the labor of state peasants, assigned peasants, recruits and free hired masters. They mainly served heavy industry - metallurgy, shipyard, mines. At the mercenary manufactures that produced consistent consumption predominantly, and recreational peasants, as well as a winsted working force were worked. Protection enterprises were fully provided with the forces of the owner's serfs.

The protectionist policy of Peter led to the emergence of manuffs in various industries, often appeared in Russia for the first time. The main ones were those who worked for the army and fleet: metallurgical, weapons, shipbuilding, cloth, linen, leather, etc. Entrepreneurial activities were encouraged, preferential conditions were created for people who created new manufactories or took public.

Manufactory occurs in many industries - glass, powder, papermaking, cansight, linen, silkobyk, cloth, leather, cable, hat, colorful, sawmill, and many others. The emergence of the foundry industry in Karelia on the basis of the Ural Ruds, the construction of the Novnevolotsky Canal, contributed to the development of metallurgy in new areas and brought Russia to one of the first places in the world in this industry.

By the end of the reign of Peter in Russia, there was a developed diversified industry with centers in St. Petersburg, Moscow, in the Urals. The largest enterprises were the Admiralty shipyard, Arsenal, St. Petersburg Powered Plants, Metallurgical Plants of the Urals, Hamovny Yard in Moscow. There was a strengthening of the All-Russian market, the accumulation of capital thanks to the mercantilistic policy of the state. Russia has supplied competitive goods to world markets: iron, canvas, yuft, sweat, path, caviar.

Petr Great - an ambiguous person in world history. Assessing the reforms of Peter I briefly, some historians consider it a great reformer, who managed to turn the development of Russia on another rate. Others - almost an antichrist that went back against the previous orders and church obscures, destroying the usual way of life of the Russian people.

Coming to power and background

Petr Alekseevich Romanov (1672-1725) was the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from the second marriage. He was proclaimed with the king together with the consolidated brother Ivan in 1682. Because of the small age both actually ruled their older sister Sophia.

In 1689, Sophia was removed from the throne. Power completely passed into the hands of Peter. Although Formally, Ivan continued to be considered a co-program, he was too weak and ill to participate in the affairs of the state.

The state was in a difficult position: the Moscow kingdom was in a state of another war with the Ottoman Empire. In the search for allies, Peter 1 went on a trip to Europe in order to conclude political unions. Getting acquainted with the culture and the device of European countries, he saw the person in the midst of how far Russia is in development from the Western powers. Peter 1 realized that time had time to change. Returning to his homeland, he resolutely began to "cut the window to Europe".

Peter the first reforms are shown in the table.

Foreign Policy and Military Reform Peter I

The young king planned to lead a rather aggressive foreign policy. Peter assumed to strengthen Russia's influence in the international arena, expand the borders and gain access to non-freezing seas - Azov, Black and Caspian. To achieve such ambitious purposes it was necessary to build a combat-ready army.

Peter since childhood was interested in military affairs. For young Tsarevich, funny (Petrovsky) shelves were created - special military formations for studying the battle tactics and weapons possessions. It was then, Peter had looked at the way that the Russian army should look like in the future. After coming to power, these glances were based on the military reform of Peter 1.

Military reform had five main directions:

Thanks to these changes, the Russian army was able to become one of the strongest at that time. This was especially brightly manifested during the Northern War, where Peter 1's troops defeated the exemplary Swedish army.

Administrative territorial changes

The internal policy of Peter 1 was aimed at creating an absolute monarchy due to strengthening the vertical of power based on local government, as well as strengthening the police supervision to prevent and rapidly suppress the rebellion.

Administrative reforms can be divided into 2 categories:

central control;
local control.

The reason for the conversion of central control authorities was the desire of Peter to replace the old bureaucratic car and build a new model of power.

The result of the reform was the creation:

Consil Ministers (Senate) - The authority for managing the state during the absence of the king. Senators prescribed personally Peter 1;
Synod - was created instead of the abolished post of patriarch to manage church affairs. The church passed into submission to the state;
College - government bodies that shared clearly on departments and replaced the outdated system of orders;
Secret Office - Organizations whose activities were in the persecution of opponents of the king's policy.

The prerequisite for local management reforms was the war with Sweden and the need for a more efficient state apparatus.

According to the provincial (regional) reform, the country shared on the provinces, distributes and provinces. Such a structure made it possible to more effectively collect taxes from the submitted classes in each area. A separate military unit was attached to the province, which residents of the province should contain, to provide food and housing. In the event of war, recruits from local residents entered into the same military unit and could be instantly transferred to the hostilities of hostilities. Governors appointed personally Peter.

The urban reform was pretty unsystematic and took place in several stages. The main goal was to collect as many taxes as possible.

In 1699, the Burmssine Chamber was created, which the people were insessing the town hall. The main functions of the town hall was the meeting of Podachi and the provision of the North Army. It was a elective body, the election was possible when paying dual taxes. Naturally, most of the cities did not appreciate the reform.

After the end of the Northern War, the second stage of urban reform began. Cities were divided into discharges (depending on the number of yards), and the townspeople are in the category (applied and non-code).

During administrative transformations, Peter also made a judicial reform. The purpose of the reform was to divide the branches of the authorities, to create independent from the city or provincial administration of the courts. The supreme judge became Peter himself. He conducted the proceedings of the most important public affairs. The hearings on political affairs were engaged in the secret office. The Senate and Collegium (with the exception of the Foreign Affairs Board) also possessed the judicial functions. In the provinces were created the surviving and lower courts.

Economic transformations

The socio-economic situation of Russia was unenviable. In the conditions of aggressive foreign policy, constant wars, the country required a lot of resources and money. The reformer mind of Peter stubbornly sought ways to produce new financial sources.

Tax reform was carried out. Its main feature was the introduction of a pillow of Podati - funds were collected from each person, earlier the tax was charged from the courtyard. This made it possible to fill the budget, but strengthened social stress, the number of peasant uprisings and rebellion increased.

For the development of the backward Russian industry, Peter 1 was actively used by the help of foreign experts, invited the court of the best European engineers. But the working hands are catastrophically lacked. Therefore, with the growth of production and the opening of new factories, instead of the pillow fee, the fortest could attribute to the plant and obliged to work out there a certain amount of time.

Peter encouraged the construction of the factory, endowed the merchants with a wide range of benefits. And the enterprises for state money were built, and later passed into private hands. If the selected factory owner did not cope with production and went at a loss, Petr selected the company back to the state of the state, and the negligent industrialist could execute.

But the Topor Russian products could not compete with advanced European. To support the domestic production, Peter began to use the protection of protectionism - high duties were introduced on the import of foreign goods.

Peter actively contributed to trade. He understood that for this it is necessary to develop a convenient transport system. New water channels were laid (Ivanovo, Ekoladozhsky, Rubetsky), land routes were built.

When the Board of Peter 1 was also carried out monetary reform. The ruble began to equal to 100 kopecks, or 200 money. More lightweight silver coins were minted. Copper round coins were introduced for commercial necessities. For the needs of the state, 5 coils were established.

Innovation in the field of culture

Peter The first sought to introduce Russia to European cultural traditions. Well established in the era of the XVIII century in the Russian society, the norms of appearance and behavior, he perceived extremely negatively, considered barbaric and outdated.

The king began his converter activities from the creation of a cathedral - an entertainment depraved event. The cathedral ridiculed the rites held in the Catholic and Orthodox Church, paroding them, accompanying it by the lifeline and the use of alcohol. It was created in order to reduce the importance of the church and the influence of the clergy on a simple people.

While traveling in Europe, Peter was addicted to such a bad habit as smoking. In Russia, according to the decree of 1634, tobacco use and its sale were prohibited. Smoking, according to this decree, had to cut off the nose. Naturally, the king became more loyal in this matter, the former ban canceled, and as a result, soon on the territory of Russia began to create their own tobacco plantations.

Under Peter 1, the state began to live in New, Julian, calendar. Before the countdown came from the day of the creation of the world, and the new year began on September 1. The decree was published in December, so since then January has become the beginning not only for new summer, but also for the year.

Peter's reforms affected the reforms and appearance of subjects. From his youth, he ridiculed baggy, long and uncomfortable court clothes. Therefore, a new decree for the estate nobles was prescribed to wear clothes by type of European - German or French clothing was put in the example. People who are not followed by a new fashion could simply grab the streets and "cut off the more superfluous" - block clothes on the new way.

In dismails, Peter was beard. He himself did not wear a beard, and all the talk about the fact that this is a symbol of honor and dignity of the Russian man, did not perceive. All Boyars, the merchants and military in the legislation were prescribed to crash beard. Some naughty Peter chopped them personally. The clergy and residents of the beard villages were allowed to leave, but at the entrance to the city of Borodachi were to pay for her tax.

For ridicuing Russian traditions and customs, and a public theater was created to promote Western culture. The entrance was free, but the Success Theater did not reach and existed for a long time. Therefore, Peter issued a new decree on entertainment for the nobility - Assemblies. Thus, the king wanted to introduce subject to the life of the average Europeans.

Going to the Assembly should have been not only nobles, but also their wives. It was assumed unrestrained fun - conversations, dancing, a game of cards and chess. It was welcomed smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages. In the Environment of the Nobility of the Assembly, the negative was caused and were considered indecent - due to the participation of women in them, and there was no pleasure to have fun forced.

In the reign of Peter the First, reforms were carried out in all regions of the country's state life. Many of these transformations are rooted in the XVII century - socio-economic transformations of that time

look at the abstracts similar to the "economic reform of Peter First"

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Altai State University

Biy branch

BY DISCIPLINE

"HISTORY OF ECONOMY"

"Peter's economic reforms of the first"

Performed:

Group student

Correspondence department

Rykun Tatyana Petrovna

Checked:

Ph.D., Associate Professor

Orlov Yuri Ivanovich.

Altai Krai Biysk
2002 | |

| |
| Introduction to Abstract |
| p. 2-3 |
| Economic reforms |
| p. 3-6 |
| State of the financial and credit system of Russia |
| In the late XVII - early XVIII centuries |
| p. 6-7 |
| The role of finance in the economic policy of Peter I p. 8-12 |
| Conclusion |
| p.13 |
| List of references used |
| p.14 |

Introduction to abstract

The famous historian Sergey Mikhailovich Solovyov, who, probably, the most deeply researched by the identity and actions of Peter the Great, wrote:
"The difference in views ... It was from the hugeness of the case committed by Peter, the duration of the influence of this case; The more significant one phenomenon, the more disgraceful views and opinions, it gives rise to, and the more the more inflicts about him, the stronger feel its influence. "

But despite the fact that almost all the reforms of Peter the Great were preceded by certain state undertaking of the XVII century, they had unconditionally revolutionary. After the death of the emperor in 1725
Russia was on the path of turning completely into another country: from the Moscow state, whose contacts with Europe were rather limited, it turned into a Russian empire - one of the greatest powers of the world. Peter turned Russia into a truly European country (in any case, he understood it) - no wonder the expression "drove the window to Europe" was so often used. Muchs on this path were the conquest of the exit to the Baltic, the construction of a new capital - St. Petersburg, active interference in European politics.

Peter's activities created all the conditions for a wider acquaintance
Russia with a culture, lifestyle, technology of European civilization, which also served as the beginning of a rather painful process breaking the norms and representations of Moscow Rus.

Currently, Russia, as and two centuries ago, is in the stage of reforms, so the analysis of Petrovsky transformations is now particularly necessary.

Economic reforms

In agriculture, the possibility of improvement was drawn from the further development of fertile lands, the cultivation of technical crops that gave raw materials for the industry, the development of animal husbandry, agriculture promotion to the East and South, as well as more intensive exploitation of peasants. The increased needs of the state in raw materials for the Russian industry led to the widespread extension of such cultures as Len and hemp. Decree of 1715 encouraged the cultivation of flax and cannabis, as well as tobacco, tute trees for silkworms. Decree of 1712, prescribed to create horse breeders in Kazan, Azov and
Kiev provinces, also encouraged sheepship.

It ordered the applying policies and sharply raised state revenues
(about 4 times; by the end of the Board of Peter, they accounted for up to 12 million rubles per year).

In industry there was a sharp reorientation from small peasant and craft farms on manufactory. With Peter, at least 200 new manufactories were founded, he strongly encouraged their creation.
The state policy was also aimed at the fencing of the young Russian industry from competition from Western Europeanly by introducing very high customs duties (customs charter of 1724)

The Russian manufactory, although there have had capitalist features, but the use of predominantly the labor of the peasants - the possession, assigning, workers, etc. - made it a serfdom. Depending on whose property they were, manufactory were shared on state, merchant and landlords. In 1721, industrialists were granted the right to buy peasants to consolidate them for the enterprise.
(Seating peasants).

Manufactory occurs in many industries - glass, powder, papermaking, cansight, linen, silkobyk, cloth, leather, cable, hat, colorful, sawmill, and many others.
The emergence of the foundry industry in Karelia on the basis of the Ural Ruds, the construction of the Novnevolotsky Canal, contributed to the development of metallurgy in new areas and brought Russia to one of the first places in the world in this industry.

The state of the financial and credit system of Russia in the late XVII - early
XVIII centuries.

A rather complicated and conflicting period in the Russian economic history was the XVIII century. The first half of the century continued to dominate the serve system. Even rather large reform changes in the country's economy not only did not weaken, but on the contrary, tightened serfdom. However, a significant increase in productive forces, the formation of large industrial enterprises and other factors during Peter I reforms created the conditions for fundamentally new processes in the country's economy.

In the late XVII early XVIII centuries. The Russian economy did not possess the economic achievements of the leading Western countries. Industrial production lagging behind. Little Russian manufactories in the overwhelming majority used fortress work. Feudal relations squealished the development of agriculture and trade. Significantly slowed down the economic development of the country is lack of access to the sea. The existing trading path through the White Sea was rather long and freezing for a long time. Control in Baltic installed Sweden. With such economic weakness and a certain military backwardness, Russia during this period entered the sphere of the glitter of the colonial interests of militant Western countries.
It was required to ensure the amount of income into the treasury in the conditions of the state of all the forces of the state.

The reign of Peter the Great Completes the period of the formation of absolutism in Russia. The formation of a social relationship system characteristic of the Russian version of the Russian version was dictated primarily by the logic of the national interests associated with the struggle for the safety of the country and access to world trade routes. The old methods of increasing the income of the treasury Peter I combined with attempts to organize the country's financial economy in a new way. The entire financial policy of Peter I was carried out under the sign of constant and intense research sources. Therefore, the appeals of Peter the Great to Senate "Money How to Collect, Following Money The essence of the war of war" can become a kind of motto of his rule.

After the economic lift at the end of the 18th century, due to the development of domestic trade, when the volume of revenues in the treasury in 20 years increased twice and amounted to 3 million rubles, economic growth slowed down.
It was caused primarily by the beginning of the Northern War, the maintenance of which required a large voltage of the solvent forces of the population. The costs began to exceed the revenue part of the budget, and if the first three years the gap between the costs and incomes of the state was covered with the balance of past years, then by 1704 they were exhausted, and began to increase the financial crisis. The budget deficit has reached a huge amount of the amount of 500 thousand rubles.

Weak fitness of the existing financial system for solving such a task was obvious. A new approach to the administrative device was required.

When collecting money from orders, the chaotic state of reporting was found out - neither the Duma, nor a big treasury could say, what amounts are in motion on orders. There were no solid and constant norms of taxation, they could change from who and how taxes were collected. People admitted to the collection of money, too often left a significant part of them at their disposal. A small wrestling of treasures was carried out in the situation of chronic deficit of funds for the most urgent needs.
The nationwide painting of income and expenses was absent. About what was obtained with this order testifies the letter of the Senator of the Graph
A.V. Makarov: "True in all matters like blind climb and do not know what to do, the great upstream was everywhere, and where to resort to and continue what to do not know, the money does not drive any money, things are read everything."

The role of finances in the economic policy of Peter I.

The reform actions of Peter I at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries were not an accident: the country reached a turning point in its history.

About three thousand legislative acts of the Petrovsky era truly stirred the life of a huge country. They were aimed at reorganization and government, and farms, and culture, and lifestyle. Among them: the creation of a powerful regular army, military and merchant fleet, numerous manufactory, new monetary system, form of land tenure, etc.

Grand reforms and long-term wars with Turkey, Sweden, Persia demanded tremendous funds. So, for example, if at the beginning of the XVIII century. From the total costs of the state for the army and the fleet, 38.5% (964 thousand rubles) of all funds were sent, then in 1710 they have already amounted to 80% (3 million rubles) of the total amount of state's costs. Giant mobilization of mind and labor efforts was required to find the necessary sources of income. In 1704, the staff of "Profitors" was even formed. Their task consisted of new sources of government revenues. There was also a wide search for the most effective reforms. Active supporter of Petrovsky transformations and mercantilism Russian economist and publicist I.T. Posochki in the "Book of Poverty and Wealth" (1724) outlined ways of the development of the Russian industry and trade, stressed the role in the prosperity of Russia studies of its richest mineral deposits, however, while maintaining the "legality" of serfdom.

In a number of major economic reforms of the Great Transducer, the economic policy of the state was held in recently.
Numerous Decrees Peter I mobilized efforts in different spheres of the economic life of a huge country. Thus, a significant remuneration became stimulating geological surveys. Decree "Mountain Freedom" dragged the right of the discoverer to operate subsoil, guaranteeing the owner of the earth only minor compensation. The state also transmitted government enterprises to the most skillful, honest and rich entrepreneurs. At their disposal, loans were made on fairly preferential conditions, rich in minerals and the forests of the Earth, undermineum labor. Decree of 1721 was allowed to buy to the village factories and sell plants as well with people. This category of workers received the name of the possession.

Russia, rich and famous always domestic craftsmen, also did not neglect foreign experiences. Widely known practiced
Peter I Preparation of Own National Personnels abroad. For the transfer of experience and knowledge, invitations to Russia and foreign experts received.

Wide support turned out to be domestic merchant.
The patrons of the customs tariff (1724) reflected the policies of mercantilism and protectionism, encouraged the export of domestic goods and limited the import of foreign goods that could compete with Russian products.

The growth of commodity production, the development of industry and trade demanded the improvement of the monetary system. The lack of money slowed down the fulfillment of the most important enterprises: the collected recruits from the informant was dying and scattered, soldiers, not receiving complaints, were taken for robbery, the fleet because of the lack of supplies could not reach the sea. The source of replenishment of the execution of the government of Peter saw in the reinforced operation of the coinage regalia.
The expansion of trade turnover required an additional amount of handling. The disadvantage of the coin was not covered even with its additional release. From 1681, a silver pen was minted in Russia (now on the 1/6 part) weight. In 1696-97. The release of this coin has doubled compared with 1681-82. Using the situation, the government carried out a transition to a new monetary system, accompanied by a further decrease in the weight of the silver penny. From 1698 It became equal to 1/100 of the weight of the Talera, i.e. It was reduced by another 43%. Silver penny was almost the only coin serving the economic turnover.

"For nationwide benefits and for the total profit to any trade," the release of copper money was started in 1700. Copper small exchange coin was supposed to become a silver coin supplement. At face value, copper coins accounted for one tenth value of all cash and were intended mainly for local markets and Torzkov.

All chasing at Peter I amounted to 43.4 million rubles, including copper coins - 44.4, silver - 38.4, gold - 0.7 million rubles. It was ordered and significantly expanded a set of monetary signs of various dignity and weight. So, the copper was made from the copper, the half-guns, a half (shelter), money, penny, penny (two kopecks), 5 kopecks, from silver - penny, Altyn (6 money or 3 kopecks), 5 cop., Ten money, hryvnia , Grivennik, Polinettina, Fullinet, Ruble, 2 rubles, from gold - Great ruble, 2 rub., Chervonets, 2 Chervonets. At the same time, the Russian ruble to facilitate foreign trade operations was equal to the monetary unit of a number of European countries - Talera.
The coin coin became the monopoly of the state.

For 1700-1704 More than 13 million rubles was issued. Silver coin, the main source of release of which was redistributed to the old, made from the circulation of coins. Revenues from the coinage coins came to the order of a large treasury. These income, as well as collected
Town sufficient was usually used for military needs.

Profit from the monetary redistribution first gave a huge income: in 1701.
- 717,744 rub., In 1702 - 764,939 rubles, but already in 1703g. revenue dropped to
470,730 rubles. And, gradually falling, fell in 1708 to 41.441 rubles. However, the income was only nominal, since the amount of money in circulation did not meet the actually produced goods, which later led to the increase in prices and inflation (the price of the Russian coin fell almost half a half).

In the end, over the years of the reign of Peter, the monetary regalia gave the execution of about 1/10 of all income revenues. However, the possibilities of covering increasing costs of incomes from the chasing of defective coins were quickly exhausted. In addition, these actions were accompanied by a drop in the ruble exchange rate and price increases, which made the illusory two-time increase in the treasury.

Since the release of cash did not lead to a significant increase in income revenues to the treasury, taxes remained the main source of coating of the huge expenditures of the state. With Peter I, they achieved unprecedented sizes. Their total number was brought to 30-40, the tax rates themselves sharply. These were direct, ordinary indirect and emergency taxes. To replenish the treasury, the near office was established, in which all orders and the town hall were obliged to monthly and annually submit reports on all silent and non-coordinates and expenses, the painting of government revenues and expenses was drawn up every year.

In 1704, a special state of "prominents" was formed, whose duty came up with new taxes. This is how it appeared poming, planted, icebreaking, water-free, puzzle, tubular, with bridges and crossing, from the branding of dresses, hats and boots, from the booms, from cooking beer, with bearing and walking sellers, sales of candles and horseback leather and t d.

Large infringement in the state budget gave a replacement of the residential pattering the subwoining population, an extremely enhanced serfdom. For which in November 1718 it was indicated "so that the truthful brought, how many of whom in which the village of shower male floor". Despite the decisive reluctance of landowners to share the income from the use of labor attached to the land of peasants with the state, the preparatory work on the introduction of the pillow of Podati was completed after 6 years.

The nobility and clergy was released from the filings. Census of the population in 1719-1724. It revealed almost 5.5 million Audivian male souls - landlord peasants and landing people (merchants, artisans). For the first time, the taxpayers also became the courtyard (chopers), free (walking people
), state peasants. Growing almost four of state revenues half were obliged to collect precisely by pillow. The size of the pitchfather was determined based on the needs of the content of troops and census data and was set to 74 kopecks. Already at Catherine I, it was lowered up to 70 kopecks. Instead of the ownership of the state peasants, the state peasants were to pay 40 kopecks., And the urban gross orders of 1 ruble 20 kopecks.

The transition to the pillow, despite the inconsistency in 18%, in 1724 she brought the execution of an additional 2 million rubles, and taking into account the transbull balance of the treasury, the treasury increased by a third compared with 1720-1723. and amounted to 10 million rubles.

In practice, "Pushina" found a lot of negative features: a single tax rate should have paid peasants working in different areas of natural and economic conditions, cash-bodied workers paid for runaway and patients, old people and children, as well as those who died between revisions - " Audivian souls. "

Indirect taxes provided up to 40% of the revenue of the treasury. Along with indirect fees, direct taxes are widely practiced: Recruit, Dragun, Ship, etc. As one of the sources of budget replenishment, there was a monopoly right to the coin chasing, even with a smaller total silver-contained.

In 1708, 8 provinces were established (later 11), the purpose of which was the territorial distribution of military and other expenses. Since 1715, the province was divided into a share of 5536 yards or so, "as more convenient at a distance of space." In accordance with the number of shares, the exploration was made under the provinces of state duties. The ruler of each share (except urban management) was prescribed a special lander. With the landrs sent less provided by the salary, the salary was charged back.

The Government Senate created in 1711 was entrusted with the tasks of the highest order and supervision of management, primarily financial.
The same decree was defined to "teach fiscals in all kinds".
The infrared was the direct official responsibility of the fiscal of all levels.

Decree December 12, 1715 9 colleges were formed. The monetary cases were made by the Chamber Board, the bill and consideration of all state parishes and expenses were entrusted to the revision-board, the office was engaged in expenses and provided annually the general extract, where "on one page all incomes are briefly related ... and on another page sheet all costs
... Torozhen briefly declared to be ". However, the actions of individual colleges and the office were not agreed, which caused a lot of inconsistencies.

The right to impose a grant according to the regulations was right only Senate, and
The board of the board was supposed to put out the proposals and express its opinion on the relevant projects.

In 1719, reforms were made in local government. The provinces are now shared on the provinces, replaced Landractic shares. The provinces at the head of the provinces were raised, who were subordinate to Zemstvo Camerers responsible for collecting government revenues.

The customs tariff adopted in 1724, severely defended the Russian industry from foreign competitors, while opening the road to the market with deficient goods. So, the sail was ranked at a rate of 75% of the price, the Dutch canvas and velvet - 50%, woolen fabrics and writing paper - 25% and so on.

For the forty years of the reign of Peter, the volume of funds at the disposal of the state, taking into account the two-time fall of the purchasing power of the ruble increased at least 3 times. This was due to the economic lift from 1678. On 1701, which allowed to increase the receipts of customs and kabatki fees, and giving the opportunity to operate the coinage regalia. However, economic growth slowed down significantly with the beginning of the Northern War, and the next two decades were held in tense, ruinous for the economy and, ultimately, small search for the release from the financial crisis. Although in the last years of the Northern War, a centralized financial management system was recreated and was transformed by the local administrative office, only at the very end of Peter's reign with the introduction of pillow, the finance of Russia received a solid foundation.

Conclusion.

By the end of the reign of Peter in Russia, there was a developed diversified industry with centers in St. Petersburg, Moscow, in the Urals.
The largest enterprises were the Admiralty shipyard, Arsenal, St. Petersburg Powered Plants, Metallurgical Plants of the Urals, Hamovny Yard in Moscow. There was a strengthening of the All-Russian market, the accumulation of capital thanks to the mercantilistic policy of the state. Russia has supplied competitive goods to world markets: iron, canvas, yuft, sweat, path, caviar.

Thousands of Russians passed in Europe training in various specialties, and in turn foreigners - weapon engineers, metallurgists, the wizard of the gateway hired to Russian service. Thanks to this, Russia is enriched with the most advanced European technologies.

As a result of Petrovskiy policies in the economic field for the ultrashort period, a powerful industry was created, capable of fully ensuring military and state needs and in anything independent of imports.

The main outcome of the entire totality of Petrovsky reforms was the establishment of a regime of absolutism in Russia, whose crown was the change in the title of Russian monarch - Peter declared himself an emperor, and the country became known as the Russian Empire. Thus, it was issued what Peter was all the years of his reign - the creation of a state with a slim control system, a strong army and a fleet, a powerful economy that influence international policies. As a result of Petrovsky reforms, the state was not connected with anything and could use any means to achieve its goals. As a result, Peter came to his ideal of the state device - a military ship, where everything and the whole subordinate to the will of one person - Captain, and managed to remove this ship from the swamp into the stormy waters of the ocean, bypassing all the reefs and melels.

Russia became an autocratic, military-bureaucratic state, the central role in which belonged to the noble estate. At the same time, the backwardness of Russia was not completely overcome, and reforms were carried out mainly due to the most severe operation and coercion.

The role of Peter the Great in the history of Russia is difficult to overestimate. As if not to relate to the methods and the styling of the transformations, it is impossible not to recognize - Peter the Great is one of the most notable figures of world history.

Bibliography.

1. Anisimov E.V. "Peter I: The Birth of the Empire" // Questions of History - 1989 -№7 p. 3-20.
2. Belousov R.A. "From the history of the cash economy of Russia" // Economist - 1997

-№6 p. 75-81
3. Belousov R.A. "The formation of public finances in Russia" // Finance -1998 - №2 p. 58-60
4. Princezkov S. from the past Russian land. The time of Peter the Great. A book for reading Russian history at school and at home. M.: Planet, 1991 -797c.
5. Colimov E.M. Finance of Middle Ages Rus - M: Science -1988 -246 p.
6. Kolomiets A.G. "Financial policy of the government of Peter Great"

// Finance -1996 -№5 p.54-60
7. Pushkareva V.M. "Genesis of the category" Tax "in the history of financial science" // Finance - 1999 -№6 p.33-36
8. Current and credit dictionary T.1 / under. Ed. Dyachenko - M: Goskomizdat,

The answer was left Guru

With it, more than 200 manufactory was created.

According to the production of metal, Russia has been published in the third place in Europe (after England and Sweden). A feature of the Russian industry was that it was based on fortress work. The government allowed breeders to buy peasants who were called the sessions. Heavy working conditions and high mortality led to a frequent change of workers. The number of artisans continued to grow. The largest centers of the craft were Moscow and St. Petersburg. The main types of production were household items: locks, knives, tin utensils, canvas, decorations of gold, silver, finifsty. A walled craft (boots and caps), candle and soap production were developed. In contrast to industry, changes in agriculture were not significant. Peter ordered to use when harvesting grain Lithuanian braid and rake. They purchased thousands and were sent by provinces, which made it possible to increase the productivity of peasant labor. The agricultural development of lands in the Volga region and Siberia continued. For the production of cloth in Holland and Spain, sheep-merino was purchased. The first equestrian plants were created. Silkworms were divorced for the needs of the yard. Sowing industrial crops - flax and cannabis, which were required for army needs. Peter I was injected into Russia potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco. The All-Russian market has developed. The main trading centers were rural troops, sellers and buyers from neighboring villages came to the week. Wholesale fairs appeared. Petr I improved the paths of the message: Built the Vyshnevolotsky Canal and began the construction of the Ladoga Obbarny Channel, which had a positive effect on the development of domestic trade. This was also facilitated by the increase in the number of cities and the urban population, an increase in the volume of manufactory production, the creation of a numerous army. The extension in the Baltic Sea contributed to the increase in foreign trade. The main European trading partners of Russia were England and Holland. Through Astrakhan, Russia traded with percion and conquer. As part of the policy of protectionism, Peter in 1724 adopted a customs tariff for which a 75% of the duty was established for the import of foreign goods if they were produced in sufficient quantities in Russia. It was also forbidden to remove the raw materials, the necessary domestic industry.

The sage avoids any extremes.

The Russian economy in the 17th century has significantly lagging behind European countries. Therefore, the economic policy of Peter 1 was aimed at creating conditions for the country's economic development in the present and future.

Separately, it should be noted that the main direction of the development of the economy of that era was to develop, above all, the military industry. It is important to understand, since the entire Board of Peter 1 took place during the period of wars, the main of which was the Northern War.

The economy of the Peter's era and should be considered from the point of view in the following components:

State of the economy to the beginning of the epoch

The Russian economy before coming to power of Peter 1 has had a huge number of problems.

Suffice it to say that in the country with a huge number of natural resources, there was no necessary material for their own provision even the needs of the army. For example, metal for guns and artillery was purchased in Sweden. Industry was in an adequate condition. Throughout Russia, there were only 25 manuffs.

For comparison in England, more than 100 manufactories operated in the same period. As for agriculture and trade, the old rules operated here and these industries practically did not develop.

Features of the development of the economy

The great embassy of Peter in Europe discovered the problems in the Russian economy.

These problems aggravated with the beginning of the Northern War, when Sweden stopped the supply of iron (metal). As a result, Peter I was forced to overpay church bells in the guns, for which the church called him hardly by Antichrist.

Russia's economic development during the reign of Peter 1 was aimed at developing primarily the army and fleet.

It is around these two components that the development of industry and other objects came. It is important to note that since 1715, individual entrepreneurship has become encouraged in Russia.

Moreover, part of the manufactory and factories were transmitted to private hands.

The basic principles of Peter 1 economic policy developed in two directions:

Protectionism. This is support for the domestic manufacturer and encouraging the export of goods abroad.
Mercantilism. The predominance of the export of goods over the importation. Economic terms - exports prevailing over imports. This is done to concentrate funds within the country.

Industry development

By the beginning of the board of Peter I in Russia there were only 25 manufactories.

It is extremely small. The country could not even provide the most necessary. That is why the beginning of the Northern War was so sad for Russia, since the lack of deliveries of the same iron from Sweden made it impossible to conduct war.

The main directions of the economic policy of Peter 1 fluttered in the 3rd mainstreams: the metallurgical industry, mining industry, shipbuilding. In total by the end of the board of Peter in Russia, 200 manufactories operated already.

The best indicator that the economy management system has worked is the fact that before coming to power Peter Russia was one of the largest iron importers, and after Peter 1, Russia came out on 3-Emezo in the world in the production of iron and became the country exporter.

With Peter, the first industrial centers in the country began to form.

Rather, such industrial centers were, but their significance was insignificant in Petra, the formation and rise of industry in the Urals and in the Donbas. The back side of the growth of the industry is to attract private capital and difficult conditions for workers.

During this period, attributed and planting peasants appeared.

Pressing peasants appeared by the decree of Peter 1 in 1721. They became the property of manufactory and were obliged to work there all their lives. The recreation peasants came to replace the asscript, which were reconciled from among the urban peasants and were attributed to a certain factory.

Historical reference

The problem of peasants, expressed in the creation of a possession of the peasantry, was associated with the lack of qualified labor in Russia.

The development of industry in the Petrovsk Epoch was different in the following features:

Stormy development of the metallurgical industry.
The active participation of the state in economic life.
The state acted as the customer of all objects industry.
Attracting feeding labor. Since 1721, plants are allowed to buy peasants.
Lack of competition.
As a result, major entrepreneurs have no desire to develop their industry, so in Russia and there was a long stagnation.

In the development of industry, Peter had 2 problems: weak government efficiency, as well as the lack of interest among major entrepreneurs for development.

It was decided that everything was simple - the king began to transfer, including large enterprises, to the management of private owners. Suffice it to say that by the end of the 17th century, the famous Demidov family controlled 1/3 of the entire Russian iron.

The figure shows a map of the economic development of Russia under Peter 1, as well as the development of industry in the European part of the country.

Agriculture

Consider what changes occurred in Russia's agriculture during the period of Peter's reign.

The Russian economy under Petrian I in the field of agriculture developed on an extensive path. The extensive path, in contrast to the intensive, assumed not to improve working conditions, but expanding opportunities. Therefore, under Peter, the active development of new pasta lands began. The most fast land was mastered in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia. At the same time, Russia continued to remain an agrarian country. Approximately 90% of the population lived in the villages and was engaged in agriculture.

The orientation of the country's economy on the army and the fleet was reflected in the agriculture of Russia of the 17th century.

In particular, precisely because of this focus of development of the country, the development of sheepship and horse breeding was developed.

Economic reforms Peter 1

Sheep were needed for the supply of fleet, and horses for the formation of cavalry.

It was in the Petrovsk era in agriculture that new workers began to apply: braid and rake. These tools were purchased from abroad and imposed with local economy.

Since 1715, Peter I issued a decree on the expansion of the sowing of tobacco and cannabis.

As a result, a system of agriculture was created, in which Russia could feed itself independently, and also for the first time in history began selling grain abroad.

Trade

The economic policy of Peter 1 in the field of trade as a whole corresponds to the overall development of the country.

Trade also developed on the protectionist route of development.

To the Petrovsk era, all major trading was carried out through the port in Astrakhan. But Peter is the first, terribly fond of St. Petersburg, his own decree banned trade through Astrakhan (a decree was signed in 1713), and demanded the full transfer of trade to St. Petersburg.

This has not brought a special effect for Russia, but it was an important factor for strengthening the position of St. Petersburg as the city and the capital of the Empire. It is enough to say that Astrakhan as a result of these changes has reduced the trade turnover of about 15 times, and the city gradually began to lose his rich status.

Simultaneously with the development of the port in St. Petersburg, ports in Riga, Vyborg, Narva and Roer were actively developed. At the same time, the St. Petersburg accounted for about 2/3 foreign trade turnover.

Internal production support was achieved by introducing high customs duties. So, if the goods were produced in Russia, its customs duty was 75%.

If the imported goods in Russia were not produced, its duty varied in the range from 20% to 30%. At the same time, the payment of the duty was made exclusively in foreign currency at a profitable course for Russia. It was necessary for obtaining foreign capital and obtaining the possibility of purchasing the necessary equipment. Already in 1726, the volume of exports of products from Russia 2 times exceeded import volume.

The main countries with which Russia led trade in those days, England and Holland.

In many ways, transport has been the development of transport.

In particular, 2 large channels were built:

Vyshnevolotsky Canal (1709 year). This channel connected the River Retprets (the tribute of the Volga) with the river's rush. From there, through Ilmen Lake, a way to the Baltic Sea was opened.
Ladoga Obloat Canal (1718). She was going around Lake Ladoga. This bypass was necessary, since the lake was restless and could not move on him.

Development of finance

Peter 1 had one oddity - he loved the taxes very much and strongly encouraged people who came up with new taxes.

It is in this era that the taxes were introduced almost all: on the furnace, on the salt, on state forms and even beard. In those days, they even joked that there were no taxes only on the air, but such taxes will soon appear.

An increase in taxes and their expansion led to folk unrest. For example, the Astrakhan uprising and the uprising of Kondrai Bulavin are the main major discontent of the masses of that era, but there were also dozens of small performances.

In 1718, the king holds his famous reform by introducing a pillow to submit in the country.

If earlier taxes were paid from the courtyard, now from each male soul.

Also one of the main undersions was the financial reform of 1700-1704. The focus of this reform was given to the chasing of new coins, equating the number of silver in the ruble with silver. The same weight of the Russian ruble was equated to the Dutch Gulden.

As a result of financial changes, the growth of income in the treasury is approximately 3 times.

It was a great help for the development of the state, but made almost impossible accommodation in the country. It is enough to say that the population of Russia has decreased by 25% for the Pharmaceous era, taking into account all the new territories that this king won.

The effects of economic development

The main results of the economic development of Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century, during the reign of Peter 1, which can be considered the main:

The increase in the number of manufactories is 7 times.
Expansion of the volume of manufactured products within the country.
Russia came out on the 3rd place in the world of metal smelting.
In agriculture, new workers of labor began to be applied, which in the future proved their effectiveness.
The foundation of St. Petersburg and the conquest of the Baltic States expanded trade and economic ties with European countries.
St. Petersburg became the main trading and financial center of Russia.
By paying attention to the state trade, the significance of merchants increased.
It was during this period that they were established as a strong and influential class.

If we consider these items, then the positive reaction to the economic reforms of Peter 1, but it is important to understand what price all this was achieved. The tax burden on the population has greatly increased, which automatically caused the impoverishment of most peasant farms.

In addition, the need to develop the economy with a rapid pace actually contributed to the strengthening of serfdom.

New and old in Petrovskoe economics

Consider a table where the main aspects of the economic development of Russia in the era of the Board of Peter 1, indicating which aspects to Peter, and which appeared with it.

Factorily or preserved

Agriculture as the basis of the country's economy	Preserved
Specialization of economic districts	Appeared. To Peter specialization was insignificant.
Active industrial development of the Urals	Appeared
Development of local land tenure	Preserved
Folding of the Unified All-Russian Market	Appeared
Manufactory production	Preserved, but significantly expanded
Protection policy	Appeared
Passenger's attack to the factories	Appeared
Excess export of goods over import	Appeared
Construction of canals	Appeared
An increase in the number of entrepreneurs	Appeared

Regarding the growth of the number of entrepreneurs, it should be noted that Peter 1 actively contributed to this.

In particular, he allowed any person, regardless of its origin, to conduct research to find minerals and substantiate their own plants.

Russia under Peter I

In Russia in the XVIII century. Along with the strengthening and registration of the estate, there are deep changes in economic and social development, affected by all parties to the national economy and social appearance of the country. These changes were based on the decomposition of feudalism and the genesis of capitalist relations, which began in the XVII century. The culmination of this process was, of course, the era Peter I. (1672-1725), king converter.

Peter I understood correctly and realized the complexity of those tasks that faced the country and began targeted to their implementation.

Absolutism and government device.In Petra I, in Russia, absolutism was finally approved, Peter was proclaimed by the emperor, which meant the strengthening of the power of the king, he became a monarch autocrat and unlimited.

In Russia, the reform of the state apparatus was carried out - instead of the boyars, the Duma was established Senatewhich included nine dignitaries, the nearest Peter I.

The Senate was a legislative body, controlled the country's finances and the activities of the administration. At the head of the Senate stood a prosecutor.

The reform of public administration touched upon the system of orders they were replaced colleges, The number of which reached 12. Each board has been certified by a certain branch: external relations managed a board of foreign affairs, the Admiralteskaya fleet, the collection of income - the chamber board, the noble land tenure, etc.

Cities conducted the main magistrate.

During this period, the struggle continued between the Supreme and Secondary Power and the Church. In 1721 was established Spiritual Collegeor Synod, What has evidenced by the complete submission to the Church by the state.

In Russia, the Patriarch's position was abolished, the observation of the church was instructed by the Ober-Prosecutor of the Synod.

Local government system was reorganized, the country was divided in 1708 to eight gubernia (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Arkhangelsk, Smolensk, Kazan, Azov and Siberian), led by the governors, in charge of troops. Since the territories of the provinces were huge, they were divided into 50 provinces. In turn, the provinces were divided into course.

These measures indicated the creation of a single administrative-bureaucratic management system in Russia - an indispensable attribute of the absolutist state.

Peter I reforms affected the army and fleet.

In the country from 1705, a recruitment service was introduced, the rate of exposure to the soldier on life service was established - one recruit from 20 peasant yards. Thus, the army was created with a single primary principle, with uniform weapons and uniforms. New military standards were introduced. Officers were organized. Artillery guns were supplied to the army, many ships were built. So, by 1725, the Baltic Fleet had more than 30 linear ships, 16 frigates and more than 400 other ships.

With Peter I, the Russian army and fleet became one of the strongest in Europe.

An important result and legislative consolidation of the entire reform activity of Peter came Tabel about ranks(1722), which represented a law on the procedure for the public service.

The adoption of this law meant a gap with the preceding patriarchal tradition of management embodied in locality. Having established the procedure for good-proceedings in the military and civil service not for knowledge, but for personal abilities and merit, the chance of ranks contributed to the consolidation of the nobility and the expansion of its composition at the expense of the dedicated king of individuals from different segments of the population.

DEVELOPING INFACTURAL PRODUCTIONThe most characteristic feature of Russia's economic development consisted in the determining role of an autocratic state in the economy, its active and deep penetration into all areas of economic life.

By Peter 1 Berg, Manufactory, Commerce-Collegia, and the main magistrate were the institutions of state regulation of the national economy, the implementation authorities of the trade and industrial policy of autocracy.

In industrial policies, two stages are traced: 1700-1717. - the main founder of the manufactory - treasury; Since 1717, individuals began to establish individuals.

At the same time, the owners of Manufactory were released from the sovereign service.

At the first stage, the priority was given to the production of products for military needs.

Economy under Peter 1

At the second stage, the industry began to produce products and for the population.

By decree of 1722, urban artisans were combined into the workshop, but in contrast to Western Europe, they were organized by the state, and not artisans themselves, for the manufacture of products, the necessary armies and a fleet.

A higher form of industrial production was a manufactory.

As a result of Peter I transformations in the first quarter of the XVIII century. In the development of the manufactory industry, a sharp jump occurred. Compared to the end of the XVII century. The number of manufactory increased in about five times and in 1725 amounted to 205 enterprises.

Especially great progress was achieved in the metallurgical industry, which was caused by the need for armament of the army and the construction of the fleet. Along with the factories in the old regions (Tula, Kashira, Kaluga), there were plants in Karelia, and then in the Urals.

It was during this period that the widespread development of the Iron and Copper Ruds of the Urals began, which soon became the main metallurgical database of the country. Cast iron wave reached 815 thousand.

puddles per year, according to this indicator, Russia came out in the third place in the world, yielding only England and Sweden. It was organized large copper production. In second place, textile manufactories were walked in the center of the country. Here worked leather enterprises that provided products primarily an army.

With Peter I, new industries emerged in Russia: shipbuilding, silkworm, glass and faience, paper production.

In the development of a large industry, the state was played a major role.

It built plants, helped private entrepreneurs, provided manufactory of workforce.

Manufactures were used both by the Wolnonamed and the forced labor of the peasants who worked on the most popular enterprises of their landowners, as well as assigned peasants from the State and Palace Village. Decree 1721

the merchants were allowed to buy for its factories of serfs, which began to be called later sessions. Thus, in the first quarter of the XVIII century. There was a leap in the development of large-scale production and in the use of volincons. This can be considered the second stage in the initial period of the genesis of capitalist relations in the industry of Russia (the first stage - the XVII century).

Trade. During the reign of Peter I received incentives to develop internal and foreign trade.

This was facilitated by the development of industrial and handicraft production, conquering the exit to the Baltic Sea, improving the communication paths. During this period, the channels connected by the Volga and Neva (Vyshnevolotsky and Ladoga) were built. The exchange between the individual parts of the country, the exchange of Russian fairs (Makarevskaya, Irbit, Sväna, and others) increased, which was manifested by the formation of the All-Russian market.

For the development of foreign trade, not only the construction of the St. Petersburg port, but also the support of Russian merchants and industrialists from the government of Peter I.

This was reflected in the policy of protectionism and mercantilism, in the adoption of the patronizing tariff of 1724 in accordance with it (and the emperor himself took part in its development) encouraged the export of Russian goods abroad and the import of foreign items was restricted. Most of the foreign goods were entrusted with a very high duty that had accounted for up to 75% of the cost of goods.

Trade revenues contributed to the accumulation of capital in the field of trade, which also led to the growth of capitalist defendant. The overall feature of the development of trade was to carry out the policy of mercantilism, the essence of which was the accumulation of money due to the active trade balance.

The state actively interfered in the development of trade:

monopolies were introduced on the preparation and sale of certain goods: salts, flax, yufti, hemp, tobacco, bread, sala, wax, etc., which led to the rise in prices for these goods within the country and restricting the activities of Russian merchants;

often the sale of a certain product, which was introduced by the state monopoly, was transferred to a concrete deposit about paying a large amount of money;

direct taxes (customs, pety fees), etc.;

forced resettlement of merchants in St. Petersburg, who was at that time an unfavorated cross-border city was practiced.

The practice of administrative regulation of cargo flows was used, i.e.

defined in which port and what to trade. The gross intervention of the state in the sphere of trade led to the destruction of the framework of the foundation, on which the well-being of merchants was held, primarily loan and usury capital.

Monetary reform.In the conditions when a significant expansion of industrial production occurred, the turnover of internal and foreign trade increased, it was necessary to reform the monetary system.

It developed in the XVII century. And now, in the era of Petrovsky transformations, ceased to meet the interests of economic development.

For wholesale trade and foreign trade operations, the silver pen was in circulation turned out to be too small monetary unit. At the same time, for small market trading, it was unnecessarily valuable.

Therefore, Peter 1 conducted a reform of the mint. She envisaged the chasing of gold, silver and copper coins. The basis of the coin system was the decimal principle: the ruble, the griver, a penny. The main units of the new coin system were copper penny and a silver ruble, which to facilitate foreign trade calculations by weight was equated to the Talera used as a monetary unit in a number of European countries.

Chacking coins became a monopoly of the state.

Agriculture. Noticeable phenomenon in the history of agriculture XVIII century. He became the process of territorial division of labor, which began in the XVII century. Basically, the formation of areas specializing in the production of certain agricultural products was completed, and their trading orientation. The production of grain, industrial crops prevailed in agriculture, among which Len and hemp were held the leading place.

Social politics.In the field of social policy, Petrovsky law should be in principle that general trend that was outlined in the XVIII century.

Attaching the peasants to the ground recorded by the deposits of 1649, at that time not only did not change, but also received further development. This is evidenced by the introduction of a new accounting system for the population and taxation, carried out in order to increase the efficiency of controlling the fees from the population.

The state, seeking to identify each individual taxpayer, introduced a new principle of taxation - to submit. Taxes began to gather - now not from the courtyard, but with audivaya soul1. IN 1718-1724

a census of the entire approached population was conducted, and all the lists themselves had to pay a certain pillow to submit a year. The introduction of podachropod grades led to several important consequences: consolidating existing social structures, strengthening the authorities of the landowners over peasants and, moreover, the spread of the tax burden on new population groups.

Another largest initiative in the field of state regulation of social relations was the attempt to Peter I to stabilize the ruling class economically and politically.

In this regard, an important role was played by the decree on the procedure for the inheritance of movable and immovable property dated March 23, 1714, known as a decree on the Mayugent. According to the new law, all land owners of the nobleman should have been inherited only by one senior son or daughter, and in their absence - one of the family members. In a long historical perspective, Petrovsky Decree would retain large land ownership of indivisible, prevented their fragmentation.

However, the Russian nobility was extremely hostile to him. Decree on Mayuzzle, despite repeated reminders and threats, was never carried out, and in subsequent reigns was canceled.

The history of this legislative status shows well the limits and possibilities of state intervention in the rationalization of social relations, the regulation of the ruling estate.

At the same time, he was important, since from this moment on the noble estate was equalized in the rights with Boyar's patrimony, the differences between them did not - the estate, as well as the fault, was inherited.

This decree marked the fusion of two estates of the feudal in a single class. From this time, the secular feudalists began to call nobles.

If the Code of 1649 issued a serfdom for the majority of the rural population, then the applied reform spread a serf dependence on the segments of the population, which were either free (walking people), or had the opportunity to gain freedom after the death of Mr. (Hollows). Both those and others became serfs forever.

The results of the census conducted by Peter give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe population of Russia, it was 15.5 million.

the person, of which 5.4 million were men who were charged.

Strengthening the tax oppression entailed the mass escape of the peasants. In 1724, Peter issued a decree, prohibiting the peasants to leave landlords to work without written permission. So in Russia began the beginning of the passport system.

The main goal of the state activity of Peter (1696-1725) was to turn Russia into a powerful modern state. Peter put the main tasks: 1. Creating a large production (manufactory), 2. Developing trade (especially marine), 3. Creating powerful army and fleet, 4. Developing science, education and education. To solve the first problem, capital was required and free working hands.

There was no other resource in the country. The only free labor force in the country was walking, but there were very few of them. Because of the border, many scientists were brought to the development of mountain wealth and for teaching Russian mining. The persistent efforts of Peter were crowned with success, iron and copper were exported even abroad. With Peter there has been many linen, sailing, cloth factories, as well as plants for the production of consumer goods.

Since trade could only be land, Peter cared for improving the communication paths. The great deal of Peter was the creation of a regular Russian army. For the host of the army, the soldier's composition introduced recruit sets (1-1705).

Several special schools were established to prepare officers. It was forbidden to produce the officers of the nobles who did not serve as soldiers in the Guards shelves. At the end of the reign of Peter, the number of regular land forces reached 200 thousand. One of the tasks was the creation of a marine fleet. As a result, the military fleet consisted of 48 linear ships, 800 gallery and other vessels.

No less important were reforms for the transformation of public administration.

The highest establishment of the Petrov administration was the Senate, who changed the boyars of the Duma. Peter produced a root restructuring of central controls.

In 1717-18g.g. 9 colleges were established: Military, Admiralteysk, Foreign Affairs, Justice College, Chamber Board (State University), Audit College, College Status (Government Office), Commerce College, Berg, Manufactory - College. College consisted of 11 members. At the end of 1708 Peter issued a decree on the division of Russia by 8 provinces. The province was divided into provinces, the provinces - to distributes.

Russia rushed to

He conducted church reform. Approved the spiritual regulation: the elimination of the autonomy of the Church and the subordination to its state, to manage the institution of the Spiritual College (Synod), the abolition of the patriarchate.

The nobility under Peter was far from a preferred estate. The highest officials of the Central and Regional Administration Peter appointed, at all, not believing with their origin.

The official service of the entire noble class under Peter not only was not easy to be easier, but, on the contrary, became heavier than it was in the Moscow State. Nobles in Peter were obliged to enter regular soldiers' shelves from 15 years. They were supposed to serve in the army to old age or before the loss of ability to work. On the other hand, every soldier who has served before the officer rank received an offacarious nobility. Thus, access to the noble estate, through military service was opened to all classes of the population.

The former Moscow official "ranks", who depended on the origin of serving people, were abolished by Peter. Claimed by them "Tabel about ranks" (1722) divided the entire mass of civil servants, military and civil, at 14 ranks, or "ranks", according to which each officer and civilian official should have moved. In addition to the official service, Peter laid a completely new, educational service for the nobility. All nobility male children were keen to learn literacy, arithmetic and geometry. At the same time, Peter restricted the rights of the nobles at their disposal by their estates.

Decree on the Union of Chairman Peter forbade landowners to share the estates between all the sons and ordered to make the immovable estate only to one son. Peter did not interfere directly and directly into relations between the peasants and the landowners and did not regulate these relationships. But the introduction of the "pillow" of Podati - contributed to the deterioration of the position of the serf peasantry.

To file was the same on the peasants and the kest.

Peter wanted Russian artisans on the pattern of Western Europeanly organized in the goals ..

Simultaneously with the reform in the field of education, the development of publishing was developed. Big successes were achieved in geodesy, hydrography, cartography, in the study of subsoil and minerals. In the era of Peter, there has changed the life of the life of Russian society. The king in ordinary manner introduced the Bradyssa, European clothing, the mandatory wearing uniforms for military and civilian officials. The behavior of young nobles in society was regulated by Western European standards.

Peter issued a decree on the holding of the Assemblies with the obligatory presence of women. The Assemblies were arranged not only for fun and fun, but also for business meetings. It was encouraged in conversations of foreign words, mostly French.

Problem of the development of the USSR in the 20s: NEP

Soviet government led by the Communist Party came out the winner in the revolution. But she turned out to be almost losing. Workers fled from cities or industrialed primitive manual labor. The peasants were taken over the weapons everywhere. Restlessly was in the army. Started strikes. By spring 1921. It became clear: the discontent of the bottom, their armed pressure can lead to the overthrow of the authorities of the Soviets, if not to start the policy of concessions.

A more flexible economic policy of the Bolsheviks pushed an extremely difficult situation in the country. Not only war, but also the policy of military communism led to the economic and political crisis.

The people were exhausted. For a number of years, people lived in the injury. Lacked clothes, shoes, medicines.

The transition to the NEPU was proclaimed Lenin in March 21g. At the congress of the party. The first step of NEPA was the abolition of the exversman (the peasants were forcibly closed most of the products). Instead, a natural tax was introduced, which was twice as long as the scribe and was declared in advance. He could not be increased during the year. All surplus remaining after the tax applied to the peasants.

It created a material incentive to increase the production of agricultural products. Indigenous changes occurred in the field of industrial production. Decree was canceled on the livestock nationalization of the industry.

Now small and part of medium-sized enterprises were transferred to private hands. Some large enterprises were allowed to rent individuals. All these innovations demanded the abolition of forced labor and the introduction of the labor market, reforming the wage system.

In 1992 A new land code was adopted, the peasants received the right to free entry from the community and the choice of land use forms.

gosbank was restored, which controlled the network of newly educated cooperative banks, credit and insurance facilities. 1992 A monetary reform was carried out, the result of which was the introduction of a solid monetary unit secured by gold, the Golden Chervonets, which was highly appreciated in the global foreign exchange market.

But a significant part of industry and all foreign trade remained in the hands of the state. However, state industrial enterprises received more independence according to the new charter.

The unprofitability of the large state industry, the nonequivalent exchange between the city and the village poured into the sales crisis. In some places, mass peasant uprisings broke out. This forced the government to go for separate concessions - was mitigated in favor of rural pricing pricing, expanded the right to rent land and the use of hired labor.

During the transition to industrialization in the country, the problem of payments was aggravated. Food supply of cities was jeopardy. The withdrawal of surplus and repression only aggravated the crisis. In February 1929 Food cards appeared in the cities.

The most quickly adapted to the NEPA small industries, retail trade and village. A slower pace was the restoration of heavy industry.

But the introduction of self-culture (provision of profitability of production) and material interest still gave their fruits. Agriculture gradually began to increase their volumes. To 28g. The country for the main economic indicators has reached a pre-war level. This created the conditions for some improvement in the material situation of workers, peasants and employees.

Nevertheless, in general, a sharp shortage of industrial goods was felt, which led to an increase in prices, and this, in turn, slowed down the growth of the life level of all categories of the population. The unemployment was a serious problem. The housing issue is not only not resolved, but even more aggravated. The real disaster has become agrarian overcrowding. All these serious problems indicated the need to adjust the NEPOV course.

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