Any ethnic conflict has a stadium development dynamics (phased increasing degree of tension), which looks like this.

During the birth of the conflict situation, the requirements of increasing the role of the language of the indigenous population of the region are put forward, national movements turn to traditions, customs, folk culture, to ethnonational symbolism, which in their aggregate are opposed to similar phenomena "alien" culture. This stage can be called value-symbolic.

Further, the maturation of the conflict situation is characterized by the desire to redistribute powerful powers in favor of one ethnic group at the expense of other groups, change the ethnic hierarchy, increase the ethnic status of indigenous people, etc. At this status stage of the conflict, ethnicity finds its expression in the form of ethnonational interests and becomes for the local elite tool pressure on the central government in order to reorganize the existing ethnopolitical space in its favor.

Finally, the next stage can bring the development of the conflict to nominate or territorial claims within the framework of this ethnological state, or claims to the creation of a new ethnonational statehood, to change the territorial boundaries of the existing political space. At this stage, the ethnic group can resort to power actions so that the power of the weapon will reinforce their claims Stephenko T.G. Ethnopsychology. - M.: Aspect Press, 2013.

Each of the marked stages of the conflict development is characterized, in turn, corresponding to the state, types and forms of practical relationships of ethnic groups. So, for the first stage, the main state of inter-ethnic alienation becomes. This is manifested in a desire for ethnically homogeneous marriage, to mono-ethnic communication, to minimizing contacts with an inhanitical environment, with the exception of inevitable - professional or household. In other words, we are talking about increasing the sociocultural distance. The alienation at the same time is intensified by the cultural differences of ethnic groups, their unacceptable stereotypes of behavior.

As the conflict situation is developing, the state of alienation develops into a state of ethnic dislike, in which disadvantages, miscalculations, errors in the areas of culture, economy, and politicians are extrapolated to the relevant ethnic community. The state of hostility under appropriate conditions and circumstances can quickly quickly lead to violent actions, which in everyday consciousness are most often regarded as actually conflict. In this case, the ethnic conflict becomes a form of political action and a means of achieving political goals. At the same time, any ethnic conflict is one of the varieties of social conflicts along with religious, racial, interstate. In general, under the ethnic conflict, they understand a dynamically changing situation generated by the rejection of the previously established positions of things with a significant part of representatives of one (several) from local ethnic groups, and therefore, about ethnic conflict as a real phenomenon, it can be said when organizationally is issued and acquired a certain impact of a national movement or The party, which aims to ensure the national interests of a certain people and to achieve this goal, seeking to change the existing and previously cramped or familiar position in the cultural and linguistic, socio-economic or political sphere of life. Ethnic conflict is always a political phenomenon, for, even if the initiators of change tend to change the situation only in the cultural and language or socio-economic field, they can achieve their goals only by acquiring certain powerful powers.

Examples of ethnic conflict

In the modern world, unfortunately, ethnic confrontations have a place to be. They are characterized by a certain degree of political impact, the creation of public movements, confrontation between the parties with the help of mass chaos and disorder, separatist performances, and even wars. Many researchers of the issue of ethnic and national strife celebrate the main characteristic feature of the phenomenon - difficulty. The lion's share of national problems is religious and territorial.

The aggravation of situations is observed during periods of economic recession and political instability, both between countries and within certain states. The CIS countries can serve as an indicative example of ethnic conflicts after the collapse of the USSR: Moldova and Transnistria, Armenia and Azerbaijan, Abkhazia, Georgia and Karabakh, Tajikistan (Uzbekistan) and Afghanistan. Some Eastern European countries after the fall of the global socialist system were in the center of ethnic confrontation. Ethnic conflict tension

Balkans are one of the most unstable regions of the planet, where the fire of interethnic hostility periodically flashes with a new force. It is worth remembering the Yugoslav crisis, the problems of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bosnia, Herzegovina. Here the interest of most major powers was concentrated here, even including geographically remote United States and China. Most of these conflicts are associated with status and territorial claims, and, as many showed the outcome of many, fixing the part of the territory behind the ethnic minority can lead to its separation.

The world history is rich in examples of hundreds of ethnic conflicts: between the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland, France and Corsica. In recent years, the problem of Basque in Spain, Kurds in Turkey, as well as the recent conflict in Greece is indicative. In African countries, destabilization often arises, associated with the incomprehension of the interests of ethnic communities.

Termination of national confrontations - the task is very problematic, since the complete neutralization of political and economic factors is impossible in practice. However, the state and global policy of tolerance and the ability to conduct dialogues in many cases will help prevent acute conflict or smooth their current

Collisions and other conflict situations on interethnic soil are a rather serious problem in the modern world. In more detail about what it is will be told in the article, as well as consider when ethnic conflicts arose. Examples from history will also be shown below.

What is ethnic conflict?

The collisions based on national contradictions are called ethnic. They are local on the household level when people are conflicted within one settlement. They are also divided into global. An example of an ethnic conflict at the global level is Kosovo, Palestinian, Kurdish and the like.

When did the very first ethnic conflicts arise?

Situations, accompanied by the heat of interethnic relations, began for a long time, one can say that since the emergence of states and nations. But in this case it will not go about them, but about those confrontations that are known from relatively recent historical events.

After the Soviet Union broke up, the peoples who were once a single Soviet nation once become alone, individually. Various conflict situations aggravated. An example of an ethnic conflict in the post-Soviet space is a situation in Nagorno-Karabakh, a collision of the interests of the two states: Armenia and Azerbaijan. And this situation is far from the only one.

The opposition of national interests, military actions on the territory of the former USSR touched Chechnya, Ingushetia, Georgia and other countries. Even today's relationship between Russia and Ukraine can also be considered as an example of ethnic conflict.

Situation in Nagorno Karabakh

To date, the focus has been a conflict that has a very long history. Since ancient times between Armenia and Azerbaijan, there is a confrontation on the issue of whose territory is Nagorno-Karabakh. In part, this situation clarifies the answer to the question when and why ethnic conflicts arose. Examples are numerous, but this one is more understandable within the framework of the post-Soviet space.

With its roots, this conflict goes to the distant past. According to Armenian sources, Nagorno-Karabakh was called Artsakh and was part of Armenia during the Middle Ages. Historians of the opposing side, on the contrary, recognize the right of Azerbaijan on this area, since the name "Karabakh" is a combination of two words in Azerbaijani.

In 1918, the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic was established, which recognized his rights to this territory, but the Armenian side intervened. However, in 1921, Nagorno-Karabakh became part of Azerbaijan, but on the rights of autonomy, and quite wide. For a long time, the conflict situation was permitted, but closer to the collapse of the USSR it resumed.

In December 1991, the population of Nagorno-Karabakh expressed his will on a referendum to get out of Azerbaijan. This was the reason for the start of the fighting. At present, Armenia advocates the independence of this territory and protects its interests, while Azerbaijan insists on the preservation of its integrity.

Armed conflict between Georgia and South Ossetia

The following example of the ethnic conflict can be remembered if back in 2008. His main participants are South Ossetia and Georgia. The origins of the conflict lie in the 1980s of the 20th century, when Georgia began to pursue a policy aimed at gaining independence. As a result, the country "raised" with representatives of national minorities, among which were Abkhaz and Ossetians.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, South Ossetia was formally left as part of Georgia: it is surrounded by this state, only on the one hand bordered with North Ossetia - a republic located as part of the Russian Federation. However, it is not controlled by the Government of Georgia. As a result, armed conflicts have happened in 2004 and 2008, many families had to leave their homes.

At the moment, South Ossetia declares itself as an independent state, and Georgia is aimed at improving relations with it. However, mutual concessions to resolve the conflict situation, none of the parties goes.

Situations, which were above - not all ethnic conflicts. Examples from the history are much more extensive, especially in the territory of the former USSR, since after his decay it was lost that which was united by all the peoples: the idea of \u200b\u200bpeace and friendship, the Great State.

Extremely common cases in Russian cities are outbreaks of violence from Russian nationalists, directed against ethnic minorities. It is associated with intensive migration of residents in the city and industrial centers exclusively for economic reasons. This is added streams of migrants from CIS countries and far abroad (China).

In this case, we are dealing with the aggression of representatives of the nuclear ethnicome of the people who assigned themselves (without the consent of the official state policy) the status of representatives of the Nation. In other words, here we have a conflict on the line nation / Ethnos.But at the same time the "nation" property is arbitrarily approved by Russian nationalists, contrary to official policies and legal settings of the state (regulatoryly considering themselves civil society).

The inverse situation is symmetric, as well as alative currently: repression from the prevailing ethnos in the subject of the federation against the Russians, which found themselves in the position of an ethnic minority. And in this case, we are dealing with the conflict on the axis nation / Ethnos.And the property of the "nation" is also arbitrarily assigned by residents of the National Republic contrary to the official regulatory legal installation, according to which we are dealing in all cases only with a conflict of a citizen and a citizen.

In this case, it is extremely difficult to completely qualify to the structure of the conflict, because the ethnic has no legal status, and the meaning of the concept of "nation" and "nationality" is vague even in the Constitution, and therefore applies to all other legal documents, including At the Criminal Code. That is why it is often a conflict with a frank ethnic background is qualified by a consequence and court as a regular conflict between citizens.

Only in the case when there is a pronounced political nationalism of radical type (symbolism, belonging to extremist organizations, the presence of racist literature, etc.), the "nationalist" poversion can be included in the classification of the case.

Nation / Nation: Special System Wars

An example of a conflict in which the parties are the nations, there are collisions of two states or one international recognized state with another, unrecognized.

In the modern Russian history there were two cases of such conflicts.

First case of conflict nation / Nation We have in two Chechen campaigns. Russia nominally represents the National State. Another independent national state declared itself in the early 90s of the twentieth century Chechnya (Ichkeria). Moscow did not agree to recognize the independence of the self-proclaimed republic of Ichkeria and, therefore, refused to be considered a nation and an independent national state in the right. However, the leaders of Ichkeria - Johar Dudaev, and later Aslan Maskhadov - continued to insist on their own, consider themselves the "nation" and an independent state, and the conflict with Russia - a collision of two nations.


From Russia, the qualifications of the conflict was qualitatively different. Moscow considered the Chechen separatists "Bandits", that is, citizens of Russia who violated the law and are naturally subject to punishment by the only legitimate, legal, eligible and sovereign power. For Russia, it was an operation to defeat illegal bandforms, that is, organized "criminal elements". For Chechnya, the National War is one nation on the other.

The second case is the Russian-Georgian six-day war in August 2008. There was a clash of two national states recognized by international instances. But the basis was at the heart of a certain ambiguity. South Ossetia and Abkhazia proclaimed themselves with independent states, that is, nations, but Georgia, which they were part of, did not recognize them.

South Ossetia and Abkhazia due to ethnic proximity to the ethnic groups living in the Russian Federation (Ossetians in one case, and in another case, several Adygh ethnic groups related to Abkhaza - Circassians, Adygi, Kabardians, etc.) and the establishment of friendly relations with Russia, They turned to Moscow for help after the Georgian troops subjected the capital of South Ossetia, Tskhinval, shelling and invaded the city. The Russian armed forces entered the territory of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, beat up Georgian troops, and then recognized the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

On the territory of these states, "ethnic cleansing", ethnic Georgians were deported to the territory of Georgia. Georgians considered and consider South Ossetia and Abkhazia by the Georgian territory (part of the National State Georgia), and Ossetians and Abkhaz, ethnic minorities and citizens of Georgia. Residents of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, as well as Russia, consider South Ossetia and Abkhazia by sovereign national states with which Russia has encountered interethnic treaties.

So, in two cases we dealt with conflicts on the line nation / Nation, and in both cases, conflict was based on the desire to compressions, that is, to the creation of new sovereign political entities in the United States, new national states.

Inter-ethnic conflicts: Ethnic / Ethnic

On line ethnic / Ethnos. Conflicts are deployed if none of the parties is a nation, that is, a politically organized sovereign state formation with fixed boundaries.

An example of such a conflict may be the Ossetian-Ingush conflict of 1992. In this case, there was a collision of two ethnic groups, none of which was the nucleation of the nation. Another example is the tense relationship of Bashkir and Tatars in Bashkiria. Both sides of the conflict are ethnic groups for the regulatory structure of Russian society.

Participants themselves are inclined to perceive themselves as a "nation", and their subjects of the Federation (respectively, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Bashkiria) as small "national states". This is a discrepancy in a subjective assessment of its collective identification and its qualifications by regulatory representations of the state, despite the fact that the definitions themselves are extremely inaccurate, it creates difficulties not only to resolve conflict situations, but also for a clear understanding of their structure and, accordingly, for correct analysis.

Interfaith conflicts: Islamic extremism

Interfaith conflicts can be attributed to the varieties of ethnic, but taking into account the circumstance that religion is usually the property of the people (Laos), and not an ethnos (if it is not about magical archaic cults and shamanisa). Where there is a society organization around a religious idea, there are all signs of creating a social system, qualitatively more complex than the structure of the ethnos. Interfaith conflicts that have deployed since the 1990s and continue to deploy in the North Caucasus, fully comply with this definition.

At the heart of this type of conflict, there is a political theory and practice of some radical Islamic circles building a political program of creating an independent Islamic state on the basis of Islamic confession. This state, on the thought of Islamic fundamentalists, should be based on the super-ethnic principle and to unite people on the basis of faith and religious organization. In fact, we are talking about the opposition to the real Russian state, nominally secular, but with the predominance of the Orthodox population, an alternative political project, a potentially Islamic state, which Islamic radicals seek to create in the North Caucasus based on ethnic groups in Islam.

The practice of building such a state is based on armed struggle, the implementation of terrorist acts, the seizure of hostages and other violent methods. Islamic extremists in the North Caucasus thinks themselves by citizens of the future "Islamic state", on behalf of whom they are fighting with "incorrect." The sample is the political projects of Imam Shamil, who tried to unite the mountain Muslims to fight against the Russian Empire in the XIX century.

Ethnic problems were, there will be. Speaking on this topic, it makes sense to lead only about the degree of production of ethnocoflicifications, about markery people And perhaps about the causes of their causing. The myth of the Soviet "Friendship of Peoples" was dispelled, and bitterness from his disappearance was strengthened by anti-Russian sentiments in the 1990s, in the former republics of the USSR left from him and put into an independent life. Of particular interest is the fact that not all nations Of the 190 existing in Russia are associated with interethnic conflicts.

Peoples marked

About 190 peoples live in Russia and on this figure it is possible to say that the Russian Federation is a multinational state. All of them are in close and contradictory interaction with each other, at the same time, complementing and affecting one on another. But not all of them are in the topic "Interground conflict", that is, in the phase, to one or another, enmity among themselves. The main canal of problems is the tension between Russian and "others."

Analysis of all materials covering ethnic conflicts and phenomena problems with them allows allocate only five (!) Peoples, about which can be said - they have with Russians, and Russia in general, stable problems.
Here are these peoples-markers of the topic "Meeting conflict":

  1. armenians

And indeed: the Russians have no problems with Tatars, with Buryats, with Khakasami, with Udmurts, with Circassians, with Kabardians, with Chuvas, with Jews, with Germans, with Serbs, with Moldovans, with Yakuta, with Khanty, with Kalmyks and T .. It is extremely difficult to find constantly replenished negative conflict statistics from these peoples, but the "five leaders" designated above - there is constantly present and with enviable constancy gives reassigns for plots From criminal reports.

Russians have no problems with Tatars, with Circassians, with Buryats, with Khakasi and Chudov

That shooting weddings, then the demonstration is not to the place of national flags, the murders of the Russians, then anti-state terrorism, the demarchas associated with local accommodation, then medieval sacking in matters of joint residence, Religious clashes. And finally, ethnobanditism.

I would like to note the fact that sold down the word ""Which, by the way, is almost synonymous with the words "conflict, a fight, disassembly, banditry, murder, humiliation," associated with the inhabitants of the Caucasus is not entirely definitely. Sustainably, immediately and first, in a number of negative associations with the word "Caucasian", will undoubtedly Chechens and Dagestanis. What is for this concept fall, for example, Ingush, Adygi and Ossetians - somehow not immediately comes to mind, you have to start remembering. It turns out that not all completely negative characters. It turns out that among the mountain peoples is "normal" and "abnormal."

Moreover, even an interfaith, religious topic is not a 100% identifier of potential conflict.

It turns out that the overwhelming mass of peoples living in Russia and neighboring Russians - full of depletion And do you know how to live in a friendly key, and there are those who can not frankly (does not want?) live "here and now" like normal neighbors. What are the reasons for the exclusivity of the "conflict five? After all, they undoubtedly have!

Causes of tension

The basis of social rejection and conflict lies casual behavior manner. To be more straightforward - undisguised contempt for the Russian and their manner of life, which is demonstrated by representatives of the peoples of markers. What does the "level of civilization" or "degree of obuity" of this or that nation is not the cause of such contempt. there is something more subtle and more elusiveWhat serves as a reason. It can be assumed that the root cause is in temperament, but it is not so for a prying character and other peoples, but, nevertheless, it is not a starting point for them to quarrels.

The level of "civilization" of the people does not affect its conflict

Most likely, the basis for contempt is some "superiority" over Russians. This superiority is rooted in dashing nineties, during the collapse of the USSR, when russians are challenged Of the many former republics. The formation of new national elites made it possible to obtain political and economic points for themselves by directing their tribesmen on "these Russians". Of course, oils in the fire did not fail to fill and western partners who openly supported total russophobia and consistent Russian defamation.

Destruction in the state led to multiple impunity in inter-ethnic problems - those who were not crammed by moral norms and had no problems with the use of gangster violence. As a result, for many years of some nations formed a self-smithing "steep guys"whom the sea is knee-deep. Representatives of the peoples of Markers are accustomed to the fact that they are cooler and unacceptable, to press, press and humiliate - this is part of their life manner and sovereign right. Summary of its coolness and ethnic narcissism deprives Chechens, Dagestanis, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Georgians of the ability to evaluate the situation adequately. They liked manner live in gangster, brave the sides and the availability of money. The word "gangster" and "loofering" practically collaved with Chechens, Dagestanis, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Georgians.

Mitality and aggressiveness is not a virtue, it is a stone in a boo

The picture of interethnic problems would be incomplete, if not to mention the reasons for discontent with someone with the Russians themselves.

It's all easier and more clearly. Russians irritating the impact on their lives of noticeable representatives of these five peoples. Namely: the ethnicity of many areas of business, especially wholesale trade, show business and mass media, as well as the presence of representatives of these peoples on key posts. Russian seems very strange: why, suddenly, all trade in vegetables and fruits "belongs to" Azerbaijanis and Armenians; why the entertainment industry "under the" Chechens and Dagestanis; Why "destroying" is necessarily associated with the "Caucasus", etc. Add here a frank Russophobia of newly educated states and the picture becomes completely complete.

Russians annoying influence on their lives of alpine non-Russian

It turns out so - not enough that the peoples of the markers "are inhabited not much straining", so also couples over those who cut money! It is also important that all these peoples entered into Russia later than many others, and therefore they did less than others for Russia and suffered less than it, but they have more than others. Not fair!

A significant contribution to the hostility from Russians is made by ethnic diasporas, earthworms and communities. This kind of "social conglomerates" is a state in the state, which allows people their components is over all the others. Be outside the laws of existing for the majority of citizens of the Russian Federation. Diaspora when the Russians "clapping ears", I grabbed my illegal and unscrewing economic and political pieces, created social and civil enclaves and hold others in the dependent position. Impunity and influence of national diasporas - the most steady seatingman for conflicts, in whose subsoil an anti-Russian vein is formed and implemented Peoples Markerov, it is in them who people are brought up with confidence in their superiority.

Degree of heat

Now in the courtyard of the 2015th year and, thank God, the level of operation of interethnic problems is several times less compared to the stage of the decay of the Soviet Union. Also, the degree of inter-ethnic confrontation strongly decreased due to the civil war in Ukraine and the political and economic confrontation with the collective West, but the corner of tension is torture. To pour him as much as possible, the representatives of the peoples of markers should look around them and think " And how other peoples and ethnos of Russia do not manage to be non-conflict and dear?"

August 2005.

Conflict

Chechens from the number of immigrants broke a monument on the grave of Edward Kokmadzhiyev, a conscript-Kalmyk who died during the Chechen campaign. Vandals received suspended time. The Kalmyk community demanded the eviction of all the Chechens, which led to a series of scuffle. During one of them, 24-year-old Kalmyk Nikolai Boldarev was shot dead.

Reaction

After the funeral of Toldarev, a spontaneous procession was held in which up to a thousand people participated. Kalmyki from neighboring settlements began to come to the village. Six houses in which Chechen family lived was burned. To prevent unrest in Yandyki, the special forces of the FSIN, the company of internal troops and the community of marines were introduced.

Effects

On the one hand, Kalmyk Anatoly Bagiai was convicted of unable to participate in pogroms and appeals to unpleasure the authorities for seven years. On the other hand, 12 Chechen immigrants were condemned for hooliganism with the use of weapons.

Kondopoga, Republic of Karelia.

September 2006 of the year

Conflict

In the Seagull's restaurant, the locals Sergey Mozgalov and Yuri Plivers were quarreled with the waiter Mamedov, and after hesitated him. The waiter, Azerbaijani by nationality, caused a friend of the Chechens, the "loops" restaurant. Those, not making offenders Mamedov, arranged a fight with other visitors. Two people died from knife wounds.

Reaction

The fight led first to the rally, in which about two thousand people participated, and after the pogroms. Locals demanded to evict Caucasians, allegedly regularly terrorizing indigenous citizens. The head of the DPNI Alexander Potkin arrived in the city. "Seagull" threw stones and set on fire.

Effects

The leaders of the Republican Prosecutor's Office, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB were resigned. Mozgalov sentenced to 3.5 years in prison, Pliev - by 8 months. Six Chechens are also convicted, one of which, Islam Magomadov, received 22 years for double murder.

SAMRA, Sverdlovsk region.

July 2011.

Conflict

After the house of one of the residents of the village of Sagra was robing, suspicion of villagers fell on the Sabashnikov who worked at the local Roma Sergey Krasnopernova. From him they demanded to return the stolen and leave the village. He threatened to appeal to familiar Azerbaijanis.

Reaction

After a couple of days, the Armed Acadensities of Krasnopernov entered the village, which, however, stopped the ambushed ahead of the ambassador. One of the attackers was killed.

Effects

Initially, local law enforcement agencies tried to qualify what happened as a "drunken fight", but soon the events in Sagra acquired the All-Russian resonance through the efforts of the city without drugs. The court sentenced six out of 23 participants in the attack for real terms - from one and a half to six years in prison.

Demyanovo, Kirov region.

June 2012 of the year

Conflict

The head of the Dagestan Diaspora village of Demyanovo Nukh Kuratmagomedov did not give local youth to rest in the cafe who belonged to him: the working day ended. The offended villages beat two Dagestanis, including the nephew Kuratmagomedov. Then the merchant gathered countrymen. In the course of the mass brawl, the Dagestanis applied traumatic weapons.

Reaction

To prevent further escalation of events in Dymianovo, reinforced police detachments were transferred. The governor of the Nikita White region arrived in the helicopter village, which, however, asked questions not only about national relations, but also about the sad state of the local hospital.

Effects

The head of the village and the Head of the District left the head of the village. The only accused in the case of a mass conflict in Demyanov Vladimir Burakov received a year conditionally for the "blow to the police shield."

Nevinnomyssk, Stavropol Territory

December 2012.

Conflict

In the club "Zodiac" a native of the village of Barsukovskaya Nikolai Naumenko, he quit with two Slavs girls. A leather arrived from Urus-Martan Chechen Vishan Akayev for help. During the "dispute" Akayev inflicted his opponent to the knife. Naumenko died of blood loss.

Reaction

After what happened in Nevinnomyssk and other cities of the region passed several protests under the general slogan: "Stavropol Non Caucasus". Local nationalist leaders and metropolitan nationalists were noted in the promotions.

Effects

Akayev was discovered from distant relatives in Grozny, arrested and delivered to Stavropol.