23.04.2019

In this article, we will talk about the history of the EAEU: what were the reasons and prerequisites for its emergence, from which integration associations it was formed, and what are its main goals and objectives today.

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Prerequisites

The need to create some kind of integration economic association in the post-Soviet space arose as soon as this space became post-Soviet. During the existence of the USSR, the economies of the Union republics were highly interdependent. In many production cycles, the situation was absolutely normal when part A was made in one union republic, part B was made in another, and their final assembly was carried out in a third.

Naturally, in the days of the USSR, there were no problems with the movement of goods and people across the borders of the republics. But after the collapse of the Union, it became obvious that political sovereignty and strict customs control at the border are, of course, good, but the development of foreign trade and, as a result, economic growth is not very conducive.

Moreover, the formation of the European Union in the second half of the 20th century was an extremely clear illustration of these reflections. That is, the independent European states have long recognized the need for economic integration and have been systematically moving towards it for many years.

Therefore, despite the popular trend of political independence in the early 1990s, on the contrary, integration moods reigned in the economy. For the first time, Nursultan Nazarbayev voiced the thought that was in the air and used the term "Eurasian Union" during his first official visit to Russia in 1994:

There is a need to move to a qualitatively new level of relations between our countries on the basis of a new interstate association formed on the principles of voluntariness and equality. The Eurasian Union could become such an association. It should be based on principles other than the CIS, because the basis of the new association should be supranational bodies designed to solve two key tasks: the formation of a common economic space and the provision of a common defense policy.

Also one of the important factors is the creation in 1995 of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This event determined the informational agenda for discussions on Eurasian integration for the next few years, designating WTO accession as a Great Goal towards which every self-respecting national economy should move.

In this sense, regional economic integration with the nearest neighbors was seen as an intermediate step towards WTO accession. The fact is that a candidate country for WTO accession was required to have a certain legislative framework and developed tools for customs and economic control. The same was necessary for regional integration. Accordingly, one of the goals of the Eurasian economic integration was the development of national laws and the above-mentioned instruments, bringing them to the level that is necessary for accession to the WTO.

Chronology of events

1994-2000 - the period of formation

At that time, there was a search for optimal ways of cooperation and intermediate treaties and agreements were signed that did not yet describe the forms of integration themselves, but only mutual obligations to develop and implement these forms.

1994

Nursultan Nazarbayev for the first time made a proposal in Moscow to create a Eurasian Union.

1995

January 6 Russia and Belarus sign Agreement on the Establishment of the Customs Union and the formation of a common market. On January 20, Kazakhstan joins this agreement. This can be considered the starting point in the creation of the modern EAEU.

1996

29 March Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan sign Agreement on Deepening Integration in the Economic and Humanitarian Fields. In fact, with this agreement, the countries publicly and officially confirmed their intentions for integration, but so far without much specificity in the wording, mechanisms and formats.

1999

26 February Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan sign Treaty on the Customs Union (CU). By this agreement, they, in fact, establish the Customs Union. However, in this composition, the union will last only a year and a half.

2000-2011 - Common economic space

Despite the fact that the single customs space has already been implemented, the heads of the participating countries expressed their desire for deeper, already economic integration. I wanted not just "common borders", but a "common economy".

2000

10 October Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan sign Treaty on the Establishment of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), in which elements of supranational economic regulation are already traced. The first supranational body appears - the Court of the Eurasian Economic Community.

2001

On May 30, this agreement enters into force. From this moment, the Customs Union described above ceases to exist, as such, but all its provisions and principles are inherited by the EurAsEC.

2003

September 19 Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan have signedAgreement on the formation of the Common Economic Space. From that moment, work began on the preparation of a legal framework in order to create a single economic space that ensures the free movement of goods, services, capital and labor (“four freedoms” of the EAEU).

2007

On October 6, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan signed Treaty on the Creation of a Single Customs Territory and the Formation of the Customs Union based on the EurAsEC. Another supranational body appears - the Commission of the Customs Union and the Supreme Economic Council. This is the same Customs Union, in which many technical regulations will appear in 5 years.

2010

In January, the Customs Union begins its work.

In July, a unified Customs Code is introduced for the member states of the Union.

On December 9, in the Declaration on the Formation of the Common Economic Space, it was for the first time officially that the member countries of the EurAsEC were moving towards a new, more in-depth form of integration - the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). In this regard, among other things, the need for a unified system of technical regulation and the introduction of fundamentally new supranational standards (technical regulations) was outlined.

2011

Since July, customs control remains only at the external borders of the Union.

November 18 was signed Decision on the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Commission.

August 16 were published first technical regulations CU TR 006/2011 "On the safety of pyrotechnic products" (entered into force on February 15, 2012) and TR TS 005/2011 "On the safety of packaging" (entered into force on June 1, 2012).

A total of 24 technical regulations were approved and published during 2011. All of them entered into force in the period 2012-2015. The entry into force of the technical regulation for certain products automatically canceled the national standard for these products.

2012-2019 - Eurasian Economic Union

This is the period of formation of the single economic integration association that exists today - the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). At this time, there is a rejection of transitional forms and the development of supranational institutions.

The EAEU is already positioned as the "core of continental integration" uniting Asia and Europe. Its concept is being developed taking into account the logic of the global Chinese project "One Belt and One Road", aimed at creating fast and efficient trade routes between Europe and Asia. However, it is important to emphasize that it is not “in accordance”, but precisely “taking into account”.

At the same time, across the ocean, they begin to talk about the fact that Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus are building a new USSR. To which the leaders of the participating countries have repeatedly stated that the EAEU is not a political union, but exclusively an economic one. The President of Kazakhstan generally proposed a radical way to stop these conversations in the bud, quote: “[When I am abroad, I often hear] that we are creating the USSR, or something under Russia. Maybe accept Turkey, a big country, and the conversation will end”.

2012

On February 2, the Eurasian Economic Commission began to function. The Commission of the Customs Union was abolished, its functions were transferred to the EEC.

On October 19, Kyrgyzstan joined the Customs Union (which currently included Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus).

November 18 were signed Declaration on Eurasian Economic Integration(in fact, a roadmap for the creation of the EAEU) and Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Commission(official recognition by the heads of state of the EEC as a supranational body).

2014

May 29 in Astana (now Nur-Sultan) signed Treaty on the Establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union. Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan ratified this treaty on 5, 9 and 14 October respectively.

October 10 signed signed Treaty on the accession of Armenia to the EAEU, ratified by Armenia on 4 December.

2015

On May 21, Kyrgyzstan ratified the Treaty on Accession to the EAEU and became its official member in August.

2016

2017

On April 14, Moldova became the first (and still remains the only) observer country in the EAEU.

2018

On January 1, the Customs Code of the EAEU came into force, thereby canceling the previous Customs Code of the Customs Union. Now all countries joining the EAEU automatically join the EAEU Customs Union.

Do not get confused in "unions"!

Using the phrase "Customs Union" as a proper name was not the best idea initially, because the customs union [of several states] is a common noun. There are more than 10 customs unions in the world today.

Therefore, from a morphological point of view, it would be correct to say thatthere are two unions:

Firstly, Eurasian Economic Union(EAEU) , which is a unique form of association of several states,

Secondly, Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union (CU EAEU), which is one of the many customs unions in the world. And a country joining the EAEU automatically becomes a member of the EAEU CU.

EAEU today

To date, the EAEU includes five countries: Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan.

Moldova is an observer country.

Free trade agreements have been concluded with Vietnam, Iran, China, Cuba.

Negotiations are underway to create a free trade regime with Singapore, India, Egypt, Thailand, Israel and Serbia.

There are 4 supranational bodies in the EAEU:

Supreme Eurasian Economic Council- the supreme body, which includes the heads of the EAEU member states. The meetings of the Supreme Council are held annually.

Eurasian Intergovernmental Economic Council- a body that includes heads of governments (prime ministers) of the EAEU member states. Council meetings are also held annually.

Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC)- a regularly operating regulatory body, whose tasks include the direct functioning of the Union, the development of integration and supranational institutions and instruments. It consists of the Council of the Commission and the Collegium of the Commission.

Court of the Eurasian Economic Union- a judicial body that solves the problems of law enforcement practice of the supranational legislation of the EAEU.

Today in the EAEU, and their number is growing every year.

TR CU or TR EAEU?

Separately, it is worth clarifying the issue with the name of technical regulations.

At the moment, the EAEU has two types of technical regulations: technical regulations of the Customs Union (TR CU) and technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union (TR EAEU).

These are absolutely identical documents that have equal legal force and scope. The difference between them is only in the name.

If you pay attention, then until 2014, inclusive, the technical regulations of the Customs Union were published (the latest was the technical regulation for tobacco products), and after 2015, when the EAEU already officially existed, the technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union began to be published. And in the future, only EAEU TRs will now appear, but CU TRs will continue to operate without renaming.

Obstacles in the internal market of the EAEU

White Paper on Customs Barriers

The report "Barriers, Exemptions and Restrictions of the Eurasian Economic Union" reflects the results of the Union's work to remove obstacles to trade, the remaining obstacles, the current volumes of trade between the EAEU members, and the conceptual apparatus. Each trader can contribute to the White Paper and make the Common Economic Space better by using the Obstacle Register resource.

Terminology of obstacles within the EAEU (developed by the EEC jointly with the member states)

Barriers - obstacles to the free movement of goods, services, capital, labor within the framework of the functioning of the internal market of the Union, which do not comply with the law of the Union.

Exceptions - exceptions (derogations) provided for by the law of the Union on non-application by a Member State of the general rules for the functioning of the internal market of the Union.

Restrictions - obstacles to the free movement of goods, services, capital, labor within the framework of the functioning of the internal market of the Union, arising from the lack of legal regulation of economic relations, the development of which is provided for by the law of the Union.

As of the end of 2016 in the agreed list of obstacles? "White Paper" contains 60 obstacle?: withdrawal? - 17, restriction? - 34, barriers - 9.

Figure 1 shows the overall ratio of different types of obstacles in the EAEU. Figure 2 shows the number of different types of obstacles applied by each Member State.

Register of Obstacles

The information resource "Functioning of the Internal Markets of the Eurasian Economic Union" is an opportunity to draw up an appeal about a potential obstacle to the functioning of the single internal market of the EAEU Member States, in which it is necessary to describe the situation that you or your organization has.

This Internet portal was created with the aim of creating a register of violations and subsequent work with them within the framework of the EEC. The portal was created to receive information "from below", that is, directly from entrepreneurs who have encountered unlawful obstacles in the EAEU markets in the course of their activities. Anyone can apply to the EEC with a statement about an obstacle that has arisen due to a violation by a member country of the EAEU of the rights of the Union. On the Internet portal, you can also get acquainted with the register of violations and the work of the EEC to eliminate them.

Single customs tariff

The Common Customs Tariff of the Eurasian Economic Union (CCT EAEU) is a set of rates of import customs duties applied to goods imported (imported) into the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union from third countries, systematized in accordance with the unified Commodity Nomenclature for Foreign Economic Activity of the Eurasian Economic Union (TN VED ). The CTT of the EAEU was approved by the Decision of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission dated July 16, 2012 No. 54.

Within the framework of the CTT, there is the possibility of granting tariff benefits, the conditions and mechanism for the application of which are indicated in Annex 6 to the Treaty on the EAEU. Tariff privileges are provided for goods imported into the territory of the Union and represent exemption from payment of import customs duties.

Trade participants should also pay attention to the fact that, in accordance with Article 36 of the Treaty on the EAEU, goods imported from developing and least developed countries are subject to import customs duty rates of 75% of CCT rates. List of goods originating in and imported from developing and least developed countries, upon import of which tariff preferences are granted (soon to expire). A new list of such goods is determined by the Decision of the EEC Council (effective from August 28, 2017).

The Treaty on the EAEU also establishes the rules for determining the volume of quotas for agricultural products. Such rules determine the maximum volume of agricultural products of a certain type that is allowed to be imported into the territory of the EAEU. The quota is provided for different groups of goods and contributes to the development of import substitution. Volumes of quotas are determined by the EEC Board every year.

Technical regulations

The Technical Regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union is a document adopted by the Eurasian Economic Commission and establishing requirements for the objects of technical regulation that are mandatory for application and execution on the territory of the Union.

Technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union are adopted to ensure the implementation of priority interests in the field of security.

In order to protect human life and (or) health, property, environment, life and (or) health of animals and plants, to prevent actions that mislead consumers, as well as to ensure energy efficiency and resource conservation within the EAEU, technical regulations of the Union are adopted .

Products in respect of which the technical regulations of the EAEU have been adopted are put into circulation within the Union, provided that they have passed the necessary conformity assessment procedures established by the technical regulations of the EAEU. The member countries of the EAEU ensure the circulation of products that meet the requirements of the technical regulations of the EAEU on their territory without imposing additional requirements for such products and without carrying out additional conformity assessment procedures. Products that have passed conformity assessment procedures are marked with .

From the date of entry into force of the technical regulation for a certain type of product in the territories of the Parties, the relevant mandatory requirements established by national laws do not apply. Thus, obtaining documents confirming compliance with the technical regulations of the EAEU makes it possible for products to freely circulate on the territory of the Union.

Confirmation of product compliance with technical regulations is carried out in the form of a declaration of conformity or certification. The use of one of these forms depends on the degree of risk of harm from the use of the product. There are several conformity assessment (confirmation) schemes: 6 declaration schemes and 9 certification schemes. The diagram shows the application of various forms of compliance depending on the risk. More detailed instructions on the application of declaration / certification schemes, as well as on all the necessary documentation, can be found in the presentation on the EEC website.


The list of areas for which the technical regulations of the EAEU are applied:

    Pyrotechnic products;

    Personal protective equipment;

    Package;

    Products intended for children and teenagers;

  • Perfumery and cosmetic products;

    Light industry products;

    Automotive and aviation gasoline, diesel and marine fuel, jet fuel and fuel oil;

    Low voltage equipment;

    Cars and equipment;

  • Equipment for work in explosive environments;

    Apparatus operating on gaseous fuel;

    Electromagnetic technical means;

  • Food products;

    Juice products from fruits and vegetables;

    Oil and fat products;

    Specialized food products, including dietary therapeutic and preventive nutrition;

    Food additives, flavors and technological aids;

    small boats;

    Equipment operating under excess pressure;

    Lubricants, oils and special liquids;

    Milk and dairy products;

    Meat and meat products;

    Furniture products;

    Explosives and products based on them;

    Railway rolling stock;

    High-speed rail transport;

    Rail transport infrastructure;

    Wheeled vehicles;

    Car roads;

    Agricultural and forestry tractors and trailers for them;

    Tobacco products.

Unified mark of circulation of goods of the EAEU

Marking with a single sign of circulation, in accordance with the Treaty on the EAEU, is one of the measures to develop exports.

In accordance with the Decision of the Commission of the Customs Union dated July 15, 2011 No. 711 “On a single mark of circulation of products on the market of the Eurasian Economic Union and the procedure for its application”, manufacturers, persons authorized by the manufacturer, importers (suppliers) of products have the right to label it with a single mark of circulation, if the products passed all conformity assessment procedures established by the relevant technical regulations of the EAEU on the territory of any of its member states, which is confirmed by the relevant documents.

A single sign of circulation is applied in accordance with the following rules: The image must be one-color and contrast with the color of the surface on which it is applied; The place of application of a single mark of circulation on products, containers (packaging) and documentation is established in the technical regulations of the Customs Union.

Special requirements are imposed on the labeling of medicinal products for human use and veterinary medicinal products in accordance with the Decision of the EEC Council dated November 3, 2016 No. 76. Also, special requirements are imposed on the labeling of fur products in connection with the implementation in 2015 - 2016 of a pilot project to introduce labeling of goods with control (identification) marks under the heading "Clothes, clothing accessories and other products made of natural fur" dated September 8, 2015 of the year.

Products that have passed all checks and comply with the requirements of the technical regulations of the EAEU (list in section ) must be labeled with a single mark of product circulation on the Union market (Eurasian Conformity, EAC):

Marking of products made of natural fur

Marking of fur products is obligatory for all participants in the circulation of goods: manufacturers, importers, wholesalers and retailers, commission agents and other participants in the fur market.

List of goods subject to mandatory labeling:

    Mink garments;

    Mink garments;

    Nutria garments;

    Items of clothing made of arctic fox or fox;

    Rabbit or hare garments;

    Raccoon garments;

    Sheepskin garments;

    Other items of clothing.

The sequence of actions when marking fur products:

    Registration in the Information Resource of marking using an electronic signature;

    Description of the goods in the Personal Account;

    Submission of an application for the production of control (identification) marks (KiZ);

    Payment for the manufacture of KiZ (the cost of a sewn-in KiZ is up to 15 rubles, the cost of an adhesive KiZ is up to 15 rubles, the cost of an overhead (mounted) KiZ is up to 22 rubles);

    Receipt of Q&A from the issuer;

    Product marking;

    Fixing the fact of marking in the Personal Account of the Marking Information Resource.

Regional trade agreements

Participants in foreign economic activity should pay attention to the fact that when concluding RTAs with other countries, the EAEU has the competence to create free trade zones with other countries, but only in relation to goods. Thus, the EAEU countries decide on a case-by-case basis whether to include issues of trade in services or not. Such an order hinders the development of the Union, preventing the conclusion of deep agreements, since today the share of trade in services in world trade is constantly growing, and the lack of competence of the EAEU in this matter makes agreements with the Union uncompetitive in relation to other countries. A significant gap in the policy of the EAEU should also be recognized as the Union's lack of competence to conclude investment agreements with third countries.

However, the EAEU is already in operation. At the moment, the EAEU is at the stage of negotiating and preparing for the conclusion of regional trade agreements (RTAs) with some countries (Iran, Egypt, Singapore, China).

Free trade zone with Vietnam

The EAEU-Vietnam Agreement on the establishment of a free trade zone (FTA) was signed on May 29, 2015 (entered into force on October 5, 2016).

The agreement primarily deals with the mutual abolition of trade duties on goods (does not apply to services). According to the document, the abolition of import customs duties by the Vietnamese side does not cover only 12% of the product range, for most of which the Union countries have no export interest.

Under the agreement, Vietnam opens the market for many goods of export interest of the Union countries:

    agricultural sector: beef, pork and poultry, processed meat products, canned fish, seeds, flour, dairy products, cheese, vegetable oil, animal feed, alcoholic products;

    industrial sector: gems, tires, asbestos, pipes, rolled products, ships, mechanical equipment, electronic equipment, automotive parts, steel products, agricultural machinery, buses, cars, trucks, oil products.

According to the EEC, the groups of goods that are most exported from Russia to Vietnam (as of 2016) are:

    mineral products;

    Base metals and products from them;

    Products of the chemical industry;

    Machinery, equipment, transport;

    Plastics and rubber;

    Ready food products.

According to the Vietnam Customs Service in 2017, the top 10 imported goods include the following groups:

    Machinery, equipment, machine tools, tools;

    Computers, electronics, spare parts and other components;

    Textiles, leather, footwear materials, auxiliary materials;

    Phones, mobile phones, components;

    Iron and steel;

  • Oil products;

    Other base metals;

    plastic products;

    Chemical products.

Russian exporters should pay attention to what goods Vietnam needs to a greater extent and what niche can be filled. For example, in Vietnam there is a high demand for materials for the production of clothing and footwear, which at the moment are not the main export item from Russia to Vietnam.

Page content

On January 1, the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) came into force. The Treaty approves the creation of an economic union, within which the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and labor is ensured, the conduct of a coordinated, agreed or unified policy in the sectors of the economy defined by this document and international treaties within the framework of the Union.

The Treaty on the EAEU was signed by the Presidents of the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation on May 29, 2014 in Astana. In addition to these three states, the members of the Union will also be the Republic of Armenia, which signed the Treaty of Accession to the Union on October 10, 2014, and the Kyrgyz Republic, which signed a similar Treaty on December 23, 2014.

The Eurasian Economic Union is an international organization for regional economic integration with international legal personality.

The Union is called upon to create conditions for the stable development of the economies of the member states in order to improve the living standards of their population, as well as for the comprehensive modernization, cooperation and competitiveness of national economies in the global economy.

The EAEU carries out its activities within the competence granted to it by the Member States in accordance with the Treaty on the Union, based on respect for the universally recognized principles of international law, including the principles of the sovereign equality of the Member States and their territorial integrity; on the basis of respect for the peculiarities of the political structure of the Member States; on the basis of ensuring mutually beneficial cooperation, equality and taking into account the national interests of the parties; on the basis of observance of the principles of market economy and fair competition.

The main body of the Union is the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council (SEEC), which includes the heads of member states. SEEC meetings are held at least once a year. The structure of the EAEU bodies is also formed by the Intergovernmental Council at the level of heads of government, the Eurasian Economic Commission and the Court of the Union.

Reference:

Bodies of the Union:

The Supreme Council is the supreme body of the EAEU, which includes the Presidents of the Union Member States.

The Intergovernmental Council is a body of the Union, which includes the Prime Ministers of the Member States, which considers strategically important issues of the development of Eurasian economic integration.

The Court of the EAEU is the judicial body of the Union, which ensures the application by the Member States and bodies of the Union of the Treaty on the EAEU and other international treaties within the Union.

The Eurasian Economic Commission is a permanent supranational regulatory body of the Union, which is formed by the Council of the Commission and the Collegium of the Commission. The main tasks of the Commission are to ensure the conditions for the functioning and development of the Union, as well as the development of proposals in the field of economic integration within the framework of the EAEU.

The Council of the Commission includes the Deputy Prime Ministers of the Member States of the Union.

The composition of the EEC Board is formed by the Chairman and Ministers of the Commission.

The main functional novelties of the Treaty on the EAEU in comparison with the stages of the CU and the CES:

The Treaty on the EAEU consolidated the agreement of the member states on the implementation of a coordinated energy policy and the formation on the basis of common principles of common energy markets (electricity, the market for gas, oil and oil products). The document assumes that this task will be implemented in several stages and finally completed by 2025: the formation of a common electricity market is expected to be completed by 2019, and a common hydrocarbon market - by 2025.

The Treaty on the EAEU defines the regime for regulating the circulation of medicines and medical devices - within the Union, by January 1, 2016, a common market for medicines and a common market for medical devices (medical products and medical equipment) will be created.

The Treaty defines the main priorities of transport policy in the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union for the long term. The parties agreed on a step-by-step liberalization of transportation on the territory of the Union being created, which primarily concerns road and rail transport.

An agreement was reached on the formation and implementation of a coordinated agro-industrial policy. It is important that the implementation of policy in other areas of integration interaction, including in the field of ensuring sanitary, phytosanitary and veterinary and sanitary measures in relation to agricultural products, will be carried out taking into account the goals, objectives and directions of the agreed agro-industrial policy.

The effective functioning of the Eurasian Economic Union cannot be imagined without a coordinated macroeconomic policy, which provides for the development and implementation of joint actions of the member states of the Union in order to achieve a balanced development of the economy. According to the Treaty, the main directions for conducting a coordinated macroeconomic policy are the formation of common principles for the functioning of the economy of the Member States of the Union, ensuring their effective interaction, as well as the development of general principles and guidelines for predicting the socio-economic development of the Parties.

To ensure the coordinated regulation of financial markets, following the results of step-by-step harmonization of legislation, the EAEU member states agreed on the need to reach the establishment of a single supranational body for financial market regulation by 2025.

The Treaty on the EAEU assumes that from January 1, 2015, a single market for services will begin to operate in a number of sectors determined by the member states of the Union. At the same time, the national regime is laid down as a base, i.e. the state is obliged to accept full national treatment in relation to the service provider and partner countries; there can be no restrictions. In the future, the Parties will strive to maximize the expansion of these sectors, including through the gradual reduction of exemptions and restrictions, which will certainly strengthen the Eurasian integration project.

According to the Treaty on the EAEU, a single market for services within the Union operates in the service sectors approved by the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council at the level of heads of state based on the agreed proposals of the Member States and the Commission. On the basis of the Treaty, the decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council on December 23, 2014 approved the lists of service sectors in which the single market will start functioning from January 1, 2015. Currently, according to the proposals of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, more than 40 service sectors can be included in the list of services (construction services, services in the field of wholesale / retail trade, services related to agriculture, including sowing, processing, harvesting of crops, etc.) . The list of sectors in which the rules of the single market for services must be ensured is subject to a gradual and coordinated expansion. In service sectors where there is no single market for services, providers and recipients of services are granted national and most favored nation treatment, and quantitative and investment restrictions are not applied.

From January 1, 2015, a common labor market will start functioning in the territories of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia; will be implementedfreedom of movement of labor. Citizens of these states will work under the same conditions:workers of the EAEU member states will not need to obtain work permits within the Union.With the creation of a common labor market, citizens of the EAEU countries can directly feel the benefits of the Eurasian Economic Union. Mutual recognition of diplomas will be carried out from January 1, 2015 automatically. The tax on income of individuals-citizens of the EAEU member states will be paid at the internal resident rate from the first days of employment. Citizens of the EAEU countries will stopfill out migration cards when crossing the internal borders of the EAEU countries,if the period of their stay does not exceed 30 days from the date of entry. In addition, workers and members of their families are exempted from the obligation to register (registration) with the internal affairs bodies for a period of stay of up to 30 days.

Another major novelty of the Treaty on the EAEU: the possibility of applying the national regime for citizens of all four countries in terms of social security, including medical care. In each country within the EAEU, all medical services guaranteed by the state will be equally available to all citizens of the Union countries. (We are talking primarily aboutfree provision of emergency medical services).

As for pensions, the Treaty on the EAEU contains an obligation to resolve the issue of exporting pensions and offsetting the length of service accumulated in another member state of the Union. Currently, the EEC, together with the Parties, is working on the Pension Agreement, which will enter into force after 2015.

President of Russian Federation

Vladimir Putin

“We set ourselves an ambitious task - to reach the Eurasian Union. We offer a model of a powerful supranational association capable of becoming one of the poles of the modern world.

The addition of natural resources, capital, strong human potential will allow the Eurasian Union to be competitive in the industrial and technological race, in competition for investors, for the creation of new jobs and advanced industries. And, along with other key players and regional structures, to ensure the sustainability of global development.

Only together can our countries become leaders in global growth and civilizational progress, achieve success and prosperity.”

Geography

Territory: 17.1 million sq. km
Population: 146.88 million people
Capital: Moscow, 12.1 million inhabitants

Economic indicators

Gross domestic product in 2018 amounted to USD 1,661.0 billion at current prices. The index of physical volume of gross domestic product (at constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 is 102.3%.
The volume of industrial production in 2018 at current prices amounted to 1,115.4 billion US dollars. Industrial production index (in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 - 102.9%.
The volume of agricultural production in 2018 at current prices amounted to 81.9 billion US dollars. Volume index of gross domestic product
(in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 - 99.8%.
Oil production, including gas condensate in 2018 - 555.5 million tons, per capita - 3,783.4 kg.
Natural gas production in 2018 - 726.0 billion m3, per capita - 4,944.7 m3.

Oil and gas production, processing of precious stones and metals, aircraft manufacturing, rocket and space production, nuclear industry, production of weapons and military equipment, electrical engineering, pulp and paper industry, automotive industry, transport, road and agricultural engineering, light and food industries.

Additionally

The largest rivers, length across the territory of the state, km: Lena - 4337, Yenisei (with Angara) - 3844, Volga - 3694, Ob - 3676, Amur - 2855

The largest lakes, thousand km2: Caspian Sea - 371, Baikal - 31.5, Ladoga - 17.7, Onega - 9.7

The highest altitude above sea level: Mount Elbrus - 5,642 m


January: from 0° С, -5° С (Northern Caucasus) to -40° С, -50° С (east of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia);
July: from + 1° С (northern coast of Siberia) to + 24-25° С (Caspian lowland)

President of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kassym-Jomart Tokayev

“Nursultan Nazarbayev is the main ideologist and consistent creator of Eurasian integration. Today, the EAEU has taken place and is demonstrating its effectiveness. It is necessary to intensify work in broader formats, for the long term. Including the establishment of "integration of integrations", cooperation in the format of Greater Eurasia".

First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Nursultan Nazarbaev

“For the first time in history, the Customs Union of Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus brings the peoples of our countries together on the basis of mutual respect, preservation of national identity and awareness of the inseparability of a common future.

The consistent transformation of the Customs Union into the Common Economic Space, and eventually into the Eurasian Economic Union, will become a powerful stimulus for the prosperity of our peoples, will bring our countries to leading positions in the global world.

We are all witnessing the birth of a new unique Eurasian community of nations, which has not only a rich experience of a common past, but also an indivisible common history of the future.”

Geography

Territory: 2,724.9 thousand square meters km
Population: 18.16 million people
Capital: Nur-Sultan, 1 million inhabitants

Economic indicators

Gross domestic product in 2018 amounted to $179.3 billion at current prices. The index of the physical volume of the gross domestic product (in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 is 104.1%.
The volume of industrial production in 2018 at current prices amounted to 79.0 billion US dollars. Industrial production index (in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 - 104.4%.
The volume of agricultural production in 2018 at current prices amounted to 13.0 billion US dollars. Volume index of gross domestic product
(in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 - 103.4%.
Oil production, including gas condensate in 2018 - 90.4 million tons, per capita - 4,944 kg.
Natural gas production in 2018 - 55.5 billion m3, per capita - 3,034.2 m3

Main Industries

Non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, chemical, mechanical engineering, light, food, as well as oil refining and production of building materials.

Additionally

The largest rivers, length across the territory of the state, km: Ertis (Irtysh) - 1,698, Esil (Ishym) - 1,400, Syrdarya - 1,400, Zhaiyk (Ural) - 1,082

The largest lakes, thousand km2: Caspian Sea - 371, Aral Sea - 41.0, Balkhash - 18.2

Highest altitude above sea level: Khan Tengri Peak (Saryzhaz Ridge) – 6,995 m

Average monthly temperature:
January: from -1.4° С (in the south) to -24.6° С (in the north),
July: from +18.1° С (in the north) to +30.6° С (in the south)

President of the Republic of Belarus

Alexander Lukashenko

“For Belarus, deep, productive integration with the closest neighbors has been, is and will be a natural way of development. Two referendums by an absolute majority gave the authorities a clear mandate for integration.

Integration developments within the framework of the Union State made it possible to reasonably and confidently apply them in a broader, multilateral format. It is important that the Union State, the Customs Union, and the Common Economic Space enrich and complement each other.

Now we are moving towards the implementation of decisions that are commonly called fateful. Our firm intention to resolutely deepen integration is not accidental. This is a kind of manifesto coming from life.”

Geography

Territory: 207.6 thousand square meters km
Population: 9.492 million
Capital: Minsk, 1.9 million inhabitants

Economic indicators

Gross domestic product in 2018 amounted to $59.6 billion at current prices. The index of physical volume of gross domestic product (in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 is 103.0%.
The volume of industrial production in 2018 at current prices amounted to 54.1 billion US dollars. Industrial production index (in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 - 105.7%.
The volume of agricultural production in 2018 at current prices amounted to 9.3 billion US dollars. The index of the physical volume of the gross domestic product (in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 is 96.6%.
Oil production, including gas condensate in 2018 - 1.7 million tons, per capita - 176.1 kg.
Natural gas production in 2018 - 0.2 billion m3, per capita - 22.3 m3
The export of the Republic of Belarus in 2018 amounted to 33.9 billion US dollars (in 2017 - 29.2 billion US dollars),
Imports of the Republic of Belarus in 2018 amounted to 38.4 billion US dollars (in 2017 - 34.2 billion US dollars).

Main Industries

Metallurgical industry, mechanical engineering, metalworking, chemical and petrochemical, light, food.

Additionally

The largest rivers, length across the territory of the state, km: Dnieper - 700, Berezina - 561, Pripyat - 495, Sozh - 493, Neman - 436, Ptich - 421

The largest lakes, km2: Naroch - 79.6, Osveyskoe - 52.8, Chervonoe - 40.8, Lukomskoe - 37.7, Drivyaty - 36.1

The highest altitude above sea level: Mount Dzerzhinskaya - 345 m Average monthly temperature: January: -4.8 ° С; July: +20.6°C

Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia

Nikol Pashinyan

“We are committed to active interaction with partners in the EAEU in the interests of the practical achievement of freedom of movement of goods, services, labor and capital, as well as the introduction of preferential economic cooperation regimes regulated by Union law.”

Geography

Territory - 29.7 thousand km²
Population - 2.97 million people
Capital - Yerevan, 1 million inhabitants

Economic indicators

Gross domestic product in 2018 amounted to $12.4 billion at current prices. The index of physical volume of gross domestic product (in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 is 105.2%.
The volume of industrial production in 2018 at current prices amounted to 4.0 billion US dollars. Industrial production index (in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 - 104.2%.
The volume of agricultural production in 2018 at current prices amounted to 1.8 billion US dollars. The index of physical volume of gross domestic product (in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 is 92.4%.

Main Industries

Extraction and processing of building materials, non-ferrous metallurgy, production of wine and cognac products. There are enterprises producing metal-cutting machines, molding equipment, precision instruments, synthetic rubber, tires, plastics, chemical fiber, mineral fertilizers, electric motors, tools, microelectronics, jewelry, silk fabrics, knitwear, hosiery.

Additionally

The main river of Armenia is the Araks with its tributary Hrazdan. The total length of the rivers is approximately 23 thousand km.

The largest lakes are Lake Sevan, 1240 km²

Highest altitude above sea level: Mount Aragats (4095 m)

Average monthly temperature: On the plains, the average temperature in January is −5 °C, in July +25 °C; in the middle mountains (1000-1500 meters) -10 ° C and +20 ° C, at altitudes from 1500 to 2000 m -14 and +16, respectively.

President of the Kyrgyz Republic

Sooronbai Jeenbekov

“The integration of the Kyrgyz Republic into the Eurasian Economic Union has been and remains a priority in the country's foreign economic policy. We attach great importance to this association and are aimed at further developing productive and fruitful cooperation with the countries of the Union.”

Geography

Territory: 199.9 thousand square meters km
Population: 6.26 million
Capital: Bishkek, 1 million inhabitants

Economic indicators

Gross domestic product in 2018 amounted to $8.1 billion at current prices. The index of the physical volume of the gross domestic product (in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 is 103.5%.
The volume of industrial production in 2018 at current prices amounted to 3.7 billion US dollars. Industrial production index (in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 - 105.4%.
The volume of agricultural production in 2018 at current prices amounted to 3.0 billion US dollars. The index of the physical volume of the gross domestic product (in constant prices) in 2018 to 2017 is 102.7%.
Oil production, including gas condensate in 2018 - 0.2 million tons, per capita - 31.6 kg.
Natural gas production in 2018 - 0.03 billion m3, per capita - 4.3 m3

Main Industries

Agriculture, hydropower, non-ferrous metallurgy, mining, mechanical engineering, instrumentation, light and food industries.

Additionally

The largest rivers, length on the territory of the state, km: Chu - 1300

The largest lakes, thousand km2: Issyk-Kul - 6

The highest altitude above sea level: Pobeda Peak - 7,439 m

Average monthly temperature:
January: -2.2°C to -29.1°C
July: from +4.1° С to +26.8° С

The Eurasian Economic Union is an international organization of regional economic integration with international legal personality and established by the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union.

List of member countries of the Customs Union in 2018

The EAEU ensures the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and labor, as well as the conduct of a coordinated, coordinated or unified policy in the sectors of the economy.

The member states of the Eurasian Economic Union are the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation.

The EAEU was created for the purpose of comprehensive modernization, cooperation and increasing the competitiveness of national economies and creating conditions for stable development in order to improve the living standards of the population of the member states.

Customs Union of the EAEU

The Customs Union of the EAEU is a form of trade and economic integration of the participating countries, providing for a single customs territory, within which customs duties and economic restrictions are not applied in mutual trade in goods, with the exception of special protective, anti-dumping and countervailing measures. At the same time, the member countries of the Customs Union apply uniform customs tariffs and other regulatory measures when trading with third countries.

The unified customs territory of the Customs Union consists of the territories of the member countries of the Customs Union, as well as artificial islands, installations, structures and other objects in respect of which the Member States of the Customs Union have exclusive jurisdiction.

Member countries of the Customs Union:

  • Kazakhstan - from July 1, 2010
  • Russia - from July 1, 2010
  • Belarus - from July 6, 2010
  • Armenia - since October 10, 2014
  • Kyrgyzstan - since May 8, 2015

Officials of the member states of the Customs Union have repeatedly stated that they consider this organization as open to the entry of other countries. With some countries, negotiations are already underway to join the Customs Union, so it is likely that the territory of the Customs Union will soon be significantly expanded.

Technical regulation in the EAEU Customs Union

Technical regulation is one of the key elements of the integration of the member states of the Customs Union.

The mechanisms incorporated in technical regulation make it possible to eliminate numerous, in many cases artificially created, technical barriers to trade, which are a serious problem for business. This is facilitated by the legal framework created over the past few years, including thanks to the efforts of specialists from the Eurasian Economic Commission.

Within the framework of the Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Community, the following main international treaties have been adopted to date, designed to simplify the movement of goods on the territory of the member states:

  • Agreement on the implementation of a coordinated policy in the field of technical regulation, sanitary, veterinary and phytosanitary measures;
  • Agreement on unified principles and rules of technical regulation;
  • Agreement on the basics of harmonization of technical regulations;
  • Agreement on the use of the Unified Mark of Products Circulation on the Market of the EAEU Member States;
  • Agreement on the creation of an information system of the EAEU in the field of technical regulation, sanitary, veterinary and phytosanitary measures;
  • Agreement on the circulation of products subject to mandatory assessment (confirmation) of conformity in the territory of the Customs Union;
  • Agreement on mutual recognition of accreditation of certification bodies (conformity assessment) and testing laboratories (centers) performing work on conformity assessment.

You can get detailed information about technical regulation in the Customs Union of the EAEU from a specially prepared brochure prepared by specialists of the Eurasian Economic Commission:

Eurasian Economic Union

1. Participation in the work to improve the customs legislation of the EAEU, including the development and implementation of the provisions of the Customs Code of the EAEU

The main direction of cooperation between the customs services of the Member States Eurasian Economic Union(EAEU) at present is the improvement of the contractual and legal framework in the field of customs regulation.

From January 1, 2018, the Customs Code of the EAEU comes into force. The FCS of Russia is actively involved in the preparation of draft EEC decisions provided for by the new code.

The customs services of 5 countries are closely cooperating within the framework of the meetings of the Consultative Committee on Customs Regulation under the EEC, as well as in the work on the coordination of draft decisions of the EEC.

2. Participation in the work of the Joint Board of Customs Services of the Member States of the Customs Union

The Joint Board of Customs Services of the Member States of the Customs Union (hereinafter referred to as the Joint Board) coordinates the practical actions of the customs services of the EAEU Member States as part of the application of uniform principles of customs administration, acts as a platform for discussing and developing mutually acceptable unified solutions, as well as promptly resolving problems in the field of customs Affairs.

The Joint Board was formed in accordance with the Agreement between the governments of the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation dated 06/22/2011. In 2015, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan joined the Treaty.

Chairman of the Joint Board - Head of the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation.

The Deputy Chairmen of the Joint Board are the heads of customs services of all EAEU Member States.

The functions of the working apparatus - the Secretariat of the Joint Collegium - are performed by the customs service of the Russian Federation.

The main tasks of the Joint Board are:

– coordination of the activities of the customs services of countries within the framework of the EAEU;

— participation in the formation of a unified legal framework of the EAEU on customs matters insofar as it relates to the competence of national customs services;

— ensuring the uniform application of the customs legislation of the EAEU within its competence;

— ensuring a unified procedure for organizing customs clearance and customs control of goods and vehicles and facilitating the implementation of customs policy in the common customs territory of the EAEU.

Under the Joint Board, 9 working groups have been created in the most important areas of customs administration, including on the classification of goods, protection of intellectual property, on customs expertise and expert research, on the development of a risk management system in the customs authorities of the EAEU member states, on the development and application customs control after the release of goods, on issues of improving the procedure for administering customs and other payments collected by customs authorities, and other issues.

The creation of the Joint Board made it possible to effectively, promptly and on uniform principles solve a wide range of practical issues of the functioning of the Union, develop uniform customs technologies and apply them uniformly.

In 2017, 4 meetings of the Joint Board were held, as a result of which 99 decisions were made on issues of practical interaction between the customs services of the EAEU member states, simplification of customs administration and unity of law enforcement practice.

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