Hydrochloric (hydrochloric) acid - a very strong, dangerous chemical that has a fairly wide application in many areas of human life.

Brine Is hydrogen chloride (HCL, odorless thermal gas) combined with water (H2O). The boiling point depends on the concentration of the solution. The substance is fire hazardous, storage condition: only in dry rooms.

They are used in medicine, in the dental industry, for teeth whitening. If the stomach secretes an insufficient amount of juice (enzyme), hydrochloric acid solution is used as an adjuvant. In chemical laboratories, chlorine is a popular reagent for experiments in biochemistry, sanitary standards and diagnostics.

Hydrochloric acid has gained wide popularity in the industry: dyeing fabrics, leather, metal soldering, descaling, oxides, is part of the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, as an oxidizing agent, etc.

The acid interacts with many metals and salts. It is considered to be quite strong and is on a par with chamois. The main reaction manifests itself on all groups of metals located to the left of hydrogen (magnesium, iron, zinc - electrical potentials).

As a result of this effect, the formation of salts is obtained with the release of H.

Diluted hydrochloric solution reacts with salts, but only with those formed by less strong acids. The well-known sodium and calcium carbonate, after interacting with it, decomposes into water and carbon monoxide.

Nitric acid- qualitative reaction to saline solution. To obtain it, it is necessary to add silver nitrate to this reagent, as a result, a white precipitate will form, from which a nitrogen substance is obtained

Many interesting experiments are carried out using this mixture of water and hydrogen. For example, dilute it with ammonia. As a result, you get white smoke, thick, having the consistency of small crystals. Methylamine, aniline, manganese dioxide, potassium carbonate are reagents that are also susceptible to acid.

How hydrochloric acid is obtained in the laboratory

The production of the substance is large-scale, the sale is free. Under laboratory conditions, a solution is obtained by the action of high concentration sulfuric acid on ordinary kitchen salt (sodium chloride).

There are 2 methods for dissolving hydrogen chloride in water:

  1. Hydrogen is combusted in chlorine (synthetic).
  2. Passing (off-gas). Its essence is in carrying out organic chlorination, dehydrochlorination.

The chemical properties of hydrochloric acid are quite high.

The substance lends itself well to synthesis in the pyrolysis of waste from organochlorine. This happens as a result of the decomposition of hydrocarbons with a complete oxygen deficiency. You can also use metal chlorides, which are raw materials of inorganic substances. If there is no concentrated sulfuric acid (electrolyte), take a diluted one.

Potassium permanganate is another way to make a salt solution.

As for the extraction of the reagent in natural conditions, then most often this chemical mixture can be found in the waters of volcanic waste. Hydrogen chloride is a component of the minerals sylvin (potassium chloride, it looks like bones for games), bischofite. These are all methods of obtaining the substance in the industry.

In the human body, this enzyme is found in the stomach. The solution can be either acid or base. One of the common methods of extraction is called sulfate.

How and for what they are used

Perhaps this is rightfully one of the important substances that is found and necessary in almost all areas of human life.

Localization of the field of application:

  • Metallurgy. Cleaning surfaces from oxidized areas, dissolving rust, processing before soldering, tinning. Hydrochloric acid helps to extract small impregnations of metals from ores. Zirconium and titanium are obtained using the method of converting oxides to chlorides.
  • Food technology industry. The low concentration solution is used as a food additive. Gelatin, fructose for diabetics contain a pure emulsifier. Regular soda also has a high content of this substance. On the packaging of goods you will see it under the name E507.
  • The field of medicine. With an insufficient indicator of the acidic environment in the stomach and intestinal problems. Low Ph levels lead to cancer. Even with proper nutrition, vitamins in abundance, the danger does not disappear, it is necessary to carry out tests to obtain juice from the gastric tract, because with an insufficiently acidic environment, nutrients are practically not absorbed, digestion is disturbed.
  • Salt solution is used as an inhibitor - protection against dirt and infections, antiseptic effect. For the manufacture of adhesive mixtures, ceramic products. It is washed by heat exchangers.
  • The procedure for purifying drinking water is also not complete without the participation of chlorine.
  • Manufacturing of rubber, bleaching of fabric bases.
  • You can take care of your lenses with this solution.
  • Home mouth rinsing
  • The substance perfectly conducts electric current.

Instructions for use

It is possible to use hydrochloric acid orally in medicine only as prescribed by a doctor. You cannot engage in self-medication.

The instruction is simple: The usual way to prepare a solution as a preparation is to stir before use until it completely disappears in water. For half a 200 gram glass, 15 drops of the medicine are prescribed. Take only with meals, 4 times a day.

Do not overdo it, this is not a panacea for diseases, it is important to consult a specialist. In case of an overdose, ulcerative formations appear on the mucous membrane of the esophagus.

Side effects and contraindications

Refrain from taking, if you have a disposition to allergic reactions, this can have a bad effect on the general functions of the body.

Severe poisoning and burns

If the product comes into contact with the skin in a concentrated form, you can get a severe toxicological burn. The penetration of excess steam into the respiratory tract (larynx, throat) contributes to the induction of poisoning.

A violent suffocating cough appears, sputum may be bloody. Vision becomes cloudy, I want to constantly rub my eyes, the mucous membranes are irritated. The iris does not respond to bright light.

Getting burned with hydrochloric acid is not as scary as sulfuric acid, but vapors that can enter the gastrointestinal tract can lead to serious consequences of alkali intoxication.

The first sign (symptom) is the presence of an increased body temperature. The characteristic features of the effect of this substance on the esophagus are visible in the following: wheezing in the lungs, vomiting, physical weakness, inability to inhale deeply, swelling of the respiratory tract.

When a large amount is ingested, the picture of toxicology is terrible: the volume of vomit increases, cyanosis of the face, arrhythmia are formed. The chest is compressed (asphyxia), this is followed by swelling of the larynx and death from painful shock.

With the listed symptoms, there is a certain classification of first aid actions.

It is very important to distinguish between the stages of intoxication:

  • If a person is poisoned in vapors, you urgently need to take him out to clean air. Flush the throat with sodium bicarbonate solution, apply a compress to the eyes. Go to the hospital immediately.
  • If the action of the acid is directed at the skin of a child or adult, it is important to properly treat the burned area. Rinse skin for 15 minutes and apply anti-burn ointment.
  • If the solution is harmful to the internal organs, an urgent gastric cleansing by probing and hospitalization is necessary.

Hydrochloric acid analogs in preparations

Since the permissible rate of the substance is used in medicine, it is contained in such medicinal preparations:

  • Magnesium Sulfate.
  • Calcium chloride.
  • Reamberin.

Remember that for human consumption, hydrogen chloride acid is used only in a diluted form.

Hydrochloric acid is a homogeneous colorless liquid with a pungent odor. It is a very corrosive substance that interacts with most metals. Due to these properties, the material is widely used not only in industry, but also in everyday life.

The reagent is part of various means for getting rid of sewer blockages, but it can be used for this purpose on its own, having previously been diluted with water in the required proportions.

The use of an acid solution in the house is not limited to this: the material is used to clean plumbing fixtures from rust and limescale, to remove stubborn stains from fabrics, and even to remove scale in a teapot.

Precautionary measures

Since the reagent is highly corrosive and emits toxic fumes when interacting with air, it is very important to use protective equipment when working with it.

When it comes into contact with the skin and mucous membranes, the material causes chemical burns, and with prolonged exposure to the HCl atmosphere, teeth decay, the development of catarrh of the respiratory tract and ulceration of the nasal mucosa.

For protection, you must use a gas mask, rubberized apron, goggles and rubber gloves. Carry out work only in well-ventilated areas. If the reagent comes in contact with the skin or mucous membranes, rinse the affected area with plenty of running water and seek medical attention.

How to get rid of blockages?

Diluted hydrochloric acid should be used for a tough and targeted cleaning of the sewage system from organic deposits (fats, food residues, hair, detergents, etc.). This method is not suitable for steel, iron and plastic pipes, as the connection can lead to corrosion and even the formation of through holes.

Before starting the procedure, you need to close the drain holes in other plumbing and ensure the flow of air into the room. This step is necessary because the acid will actively generate toxic gases during operation.

It is recommended to dilute the composition with water until a concentration of 3-10% is reached, then pour it directly into the sewer and leave for 1-2 hours. Then you need to flush the pipes with plenty of water and, if necessary, repeat the procedure.

An important point! Do not mix the reagent with other sewer cleaners, especially those based on alkalis. Otherwise, the reaction of these connections will result in severe damage to the pipes.

Other household uses of acid

With an acidic composition, you can easily clean plumbing from faience from limescale and rust, remove urinary calculus and other contaminants. For a greater effect, an inhibitor (for example, urotropine) is added to the agent, which slows down the chemical reaction.

The procedure is carried out as follows: the acid is diluted with water until a 5% concentration is reached, and an inhibitor is added at the rate of 0.5 g per 1 liter of liquid. The resulting composition is treated with the surface and left for 30-40 minutes (depending on the degree of contamination), after which it is washed with water.

A mild acidic solution is also used to remove berry stains, ink or rust from fabrics. To do this, the material is soaked in the composition for a while, after which it is thoroughly rinsed and washed as usual.

Getting rid of limescale in the teapot

For this purpose, a 3-5% solution of hydrochloric acid is used, which is poured into a kettle and heated to 60-80 ° C for 1-2 hours or until the scale deposits disintegrate. After that, the scale becomes loose and can be easily removed with a wooden spatula.

The effectiveness of the method is due to the fact that the reagent reacts with magnesium and calcium carbonates and converts them into soluble salts. The carbon dioxide released during this process destroys the scale layer and makes it friable. After removing the salt deposits, the dishes are thoroughly washed with clean water.

An important point! This method is not suitable for descaling enamelled or aluminum teapots with chips and cracks: this will corrode the metal and severely damage it.

Output

Subject to precautions and safety rules, hydrochloric acid will become an indispensable assistant in everyday life. And you can buy it at the most affordable prices in our company.

Hydrochloric acid is a solution of hydrogen chloride in water. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) under normal conditions is a colorless gas with a specific pungent odor. However, we are dealing with its aqueous solutions, so we will focus only on them.

Hydrochloric acid is a colorless transparent solution with a pungent odor of hydrogen chloride. In the presence of impurities of iron, chlorine or other substances, the acid has a yellowish-green color. The density of a hydrochloric acid solution depends on the concentration of hydrogen chloride in it; some data are given in Table 6.9.

Table 6.9. Density of hydrochloric acid solutions of various concentrations at 20 ° C.

It can be seen from this table that the dependence of the density of a solution of hydrochloric acid on its concentration with an accuracy satisfactory for technical calculations can be described by the formula:

d = 1 + 0.5 * (%) / 100

When dilute solutions are boiling, the HCl content in vapors is less than in a solution, and when concentrated solutions boil, it is higher than in a solution, which is reflected in the rice. 6.12 balance diagram. A constantly boiling mixture (azeotrope) at atmospheric pressure has a composition of 20.22% by weight. HCl, boiling point 108.6 ° C.

Finally, another important advantage of hydrochloric acid is the almost complete independence of the time of its acquisition from the time of year. As seen from rice. No. 6.13, acid of industrial concentration (32-36%) freezes at temperatures practically unattainable for the European part of Russia (from -35 to -45 ° C), in contrast to sulfuric acid, which freezes at positive temperatures, which requires the introduction of the operation of heating tanks.

Hydrochloric acid does not have the disadvantages of sulfuric acid.

First, ferric chloride has an increased solubility in hydrochloric acid solution. (fig. 6.14), which makes it possible to raise the concentration of ferric chloride in the solution up to 140 g / l and even more; the risk of sediment formation on the surface disappears.

Working with hydrochloric acid can be carried out at any temperature inside the building (even at 10 ° C), and this does not cause noticeable changes in the composition of the solution.

Rice. 6.12. Liquid - vapor equilibrium diagram for the HCl - H 2 O system.

Rice. 6.13. State diagram (melting point) of the HCl – H 2 O system.

Rice. 6.14... Equilibrium in the HCl - FeCl 2 system.

Finally, another very important advantage of hydrochloric acid is full compatibility with the flux, in which chlorides are used.

Some disadvantage of hydrochloric acid as a reagent is its high volatility. The standards allow for a concentration of 5 mg / m 3 of air volume in the workshop. The dependence of the vapor pressure in an equilibrium state over an acid of different percentage concentration is given in Table 6.10. In general, when the acid concentration in the bath is less than 15% of the mass, this condition is satisfied. However, with an increase in temperatures in the workshop (that is, in the summer), this indicator may be exceeded. Certain information about what concentration of acid at a particular temperature of the workshop is permissible can be determined from rice. 6.15.

The dependence of the etching rate on concentration and temperature is shown in rice. 6.16.

Pickling disadvantages are usually caused by the following:

  • using an acid with a greater or lesser concentration than the optimal one;
  • short duration of etching (the expected duration of etching at different concentrations of acid and iron can be estimated from rice. 6.17;
  • lower temperature compared to optimal;
  • lack of mixing;
  • laminar movement of the pickling solution.

These problems are usually solved using specific technological techniques.

Table 6.10. Dependence of the equilibrium concentration of hydrogen chloride on the concentration of acid in the bath.

Acid concentration,%

Acid concentration,%

Concentration of HCl in air, mg / m 3

4,500 (20 ° C)

- (HCl), an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, a colorless gas with a pungent odor. It is obtained by the action of sulfuric acid on table salt, as a by-product of the chlorination of hydrocarbons, or by the reaction of hydrogen and chlorine. Hydrochloric acid is used for ... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

Hydrochloric acid- - HCl (HCl) (hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride) is a solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water, antifreeze additive. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, without suspended particles. ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

- (hydrochloric acid) solution of hydrogen chloride in water; strong acid. Colorless liquid fuming in air (technical hydrochloric acid is yellowish due to impurities of Fe, Cl2, etc.). Maximum concentration (at 20 .C) 38% by weight, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

HYDROCHLORIC ACID- (Acidum muriaticum, Acid, hydrochloricum), a solution of hydrogen chloride (HC1) in water. In nature, it is found in the water of certain sources of volcanic origin, and is also found in gastric juice (up to 0.5%). Hydrogen chloride can be obtained ... Great medical encyclopedia

HYDROCHLORIC ACID- (hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid) a strong monobasic volatile acid with a pungent odor, an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride; the maximum concentration is 38% by weight, the density of such a solution is 1.19 g / cm3. Applied in ... ... Russian encyclopedia of labor protection

HYDROCHLORIC ACID- (hydrochloric acid) HCl aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, strong monobasic acid, volatile, with a pungent odor; impurities of iron, chlorine paint it yellowish. Concentrated sulfuric acid that goes on sale contains 37% ... ... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia

Sush., Number of synonyms: 1 acid (171) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Modern encyclopedia

Hydrochloric acid- HYDRAULIC ACID, an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride HCl; liquid fuming in the air with a pungent odor. Hydrochloric acid is used to obtain various chlorides, etching metals, processing ores, in the production of chlorine, soda, rubbers, etc. ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (hydrochloric acid), a solution of hydrogen chloride in water; strong acid. Colorless liquid "fuming" in the air (technical hydrochloric acid is yellowish due to impurities of Fe, Cl2, etc.). Maximum concentration (at 20 ° C) 38% by mass, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Hydrochloric acid - (hydrochloric acid, an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride), known as the formula HCl, is a caustic chemical compound. Since ancient times, man has used this colorless liquid for various purposes, emitting a light smoke in the open air.

Chemical compound properties

HCl is used in various fields of human activity. It dissolves metals and their oxides, is absorbed in benzene, ether and water, does not destroy fluoroplastic, glass, ceramics and graphite. Its safe use is possible when stored and operated in the correct conditions, in compliance with all safety standards.

Chemically pure (reagent grade) hydrochloric acid is formed by gaseous synthesis from chlorine and hydrogen, giving hydrogen chloride. It is absorbed in water, obtaining a solution with HCl content of 38-39% at +18 C. An aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is used in various spheres of human activity. The price of chemically pure hydrochloric acid is variable and depends on many components.

Applications of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride

The use of hydrochloric acid has become widespread due to its chemical and physical properties:

  • in metallurgy, in the production of manganese, iron and zinc, in technological processes, in the purification of metals;
  • in electroplating - during pickling and pickling;
  • in the production of soda water to regulate acidity, in the manufacture of alcoholic beverages and syrups in the food industry;
  • for leather processing in light industry;
  • when cleaning non-drinking water;
  • to optimize oil wells in the oil industry;
  • in radio engineering and electronics.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in medicine

The most famous property of hydrochloric acid solution is the alignment of the acid-base balance in the human body. Low acidity of the stomach is treated with a weak solution, or drugs. This optimizes the digestion of food, helps fight germs and bacteria from outside. Reagent grade hydrochloric acid helps to normalize low acidity levels in gastric juice and optimizes protein digestion.

Oncology uses HCl to treat neoplasms and slow down their progression. Hydrochloric acid preparations are prescribed for the prevention of stomach cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, asthma, urticaria, gallstone disease and others. In folk medicine, hemorrhoids are treated with a weak acid solution.

You can learn more about the properties and types of hydrochloric acid.