Newspaper style in English. Features of the functional style of newspaper journalism. Using allusions and figurative expressions

COURSE WORK

Features of newspaper style

style newspaper article information

I. Introduction

II. Main part

Theoretical part

Stylistics as the Science of Means of Speech Expression

Types of functional styles

Newspaper style

) the specifics of the newspaper as a form of mass media

) features of a daily newspaper

) functions and purpose of the newspaper

) the originality of the conditions of the linguistic creativity of the newspaper

) style features of the newspaper

) newspaper language

) the role of the header

) features of newspaper reports

) the meaning of an editorial in a newspaper

) reporting style

) features of English newspapers

Practical part

Conclusion

Bibliography

I. Introduction

In our time of the rapid development of culture, science, technology, the need for such a source of information becomes obvious, which would, in the shortest possible time and in an understandable form, be able to convey to the reader information about the latest events both within the country and abroad. If the use of such sources of information as radio, television, the Internet can be limited by any technical damage, time or their absence at all, then the newspaper is the most accessible and convenient to use, that is, you can read it at any convenient time, return again to the incomprehensible moment.

This topic of the course work is devoted to the study of the features of newspaper style, which would help to correctly read and understand newspaper articles.

The aim of the research is to study and describe newspaper style in all its variants and manifestations. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

) study the literature on functional stylistics

) describe in detail the newspaper style and the set of language tools characteristic of it

) analyze the passage, highlight the language means characteristic of this style and describe their function

II. MAIN PART

Theoretical part

Stylistics as the Science of Means of Speech Expression

Stylistics is one of the branches of applied linguistics. This is the science of the means of speech expression and the laws of the functioning of the language, conditioned by the most expedient use of linguistic units, depending on the content of statements, goals, situations and the sphere of communication.

The practical usefulness of stylistics is diverse, it is closely related to the improvement of general culture, develops the skills of thoughtful reading, and develops artistic taste. With the help of stylistics it is possible to prevent an incorrect, distorted, primitive understanding of the text, to see something more in it.

According to the author, Arnold I.V. insufficient and incomplete understanding of the text, caused by the isolated perception of individual elements, inability to take into account the influence of the context, inattention to stylistic emotional connotations, superficial understanding, preconceived opinions, etc. can be eliminated with stylistic analysis

Stylistics explores the principles and effect of choice in the use of language means (vocabulary, grammar, phonetics) to convey thoughts and emotions in different communication conditions.

Many scientists of the world are engaged in the study of stylistics, however, there are discrepancies in their definition, the role of stylistics, its classification and functions. So, according to the author Michael Riffeter (Functions of stylistics. 1964, p. 316) - stylistics is a science "that studies those aspects of a statement that convey to the person receiving and decoding the message, the way of thinking of the person coding the message."

It is customary to divide stylistics into linguistic stylistics and literary stylistics. It should be noted that one of the important sections of linguistic stylistics is comparative stylistics, which considers the stylistic possibilities of two or more languages. In addition to this division, there is a division into language stylistics and speech stylistics. Their ratios are the main problem of the book by O.S. Akhmatova, L.N. Nathan, A.I. Poltoratskaya and V.I. Fatyushenko “On the principles and methods of linguo-stylistic research. Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1966)

Author Arnold I.V. gives the concept of lexical stylistics, which studies the stylistic functions of vocabulary, functional stylistics, which deals with functional styles, grammatical stylistics, divided into morphological and syntactic, phono-stylistics, which considers the features of the sound organization of speech. Stylistics does not deal with the elements of the language, their meaning, but deals with the expressive potential of the language in the context, i.e. its stylistic function.

The style problem is solved by many studies in different ways. Disagreements among them are caused by such moments as 1) the content of the concept of "functional style"; 2) the principles of classification, which means the number of distinguished styles; 3) the question of the place of the literary artistic style in the system of the style of the literary language. For example, Lomonosov M.V. the expressive genre principle was laid. His styles correlated with the genres of fiction, poetry and drama. With the creation of the normative grammar of the Russian language "instead of three styles, a functional variety of different styles of speech is gradually emerging" (Vinogradov V.V. "Results of the discussion of stylistic issues" p.81-82)

We can talk about three types of speech. The combination of words that serve to express thoughts. Speech is by choice of words included in it: 1) Important or noble, called the bookish language; 2) Common people, otherwise common language; 3) Between the two, the middle is occupied by ordinary speech or spoken language.

2. Kinds of functional styles

Considering the many varieties of linguistic material, V.P. Murat. "On the main problems of stylistics" (pp. 20-22) offers a different classification of functional styles: 1) colloquial literary; 2) poetic; 3) newspaper and political; 4) official business; 5) scientific; 6) vocational and technical; 7) colloquially familiar.

The most important function of language is communication, communication and impact (Vinogradov V.V. "Stylistics" Theory of poetic speech. Poetics. P.6.) To implement these functions, historically formed and took shape separate varieties of language, which are called functional styles.

The following styles are distinguished: colloquial (communication function) and book: scientific and official-business (communication functions), journalistic and literary-artistic (influence functions). The social functions of language are often intertwined.

This diagram offers an image of the classification of styles:

Functional Styles ----------

book styles colloquial style

scientific style

literary-official-journalistic

art style business style style

The main part of the language material in any functional style is made up of general language interstyle means. Most researchers believe that functional styles do not form closed systems. Vinogradov V.V. ("Results of the discussion of stylistic issues" p.82) writes that "different functional styles of speech are in a living relationship and interaction, and Budagov R.A. ("On the question of linguistic styles" Questions of linguistics. 1954, No. 3, p.67) writes that the features characterizing a linguistic style "are uniquely, in their own way, repeated in other linguistic styles." Galperin I.R. in ("Speech styles and stylistic means of language. Questions of linguistics" 1954, No. 4. p77) states that "certain lexical means of language, etc. do not belong to any particular style of speech." “The boundaries between speech styles are not impassable, since there are fairly well-known and frequent cases of free movement of words with the coloring of one style into speech that has signs of another style (Gelgardt RR Russian language at school” 1959, No. 6, p. 99).

There are processes of interpenetration of language styles, individual elements of the language are repeated in several styles, the process of formation of new styles is underway.

Functional styles can be divided into two groups. For the first group, which includes scientific, journalistic and official-business, literary and artistic, monologue speech is characteristic, and for the second group, which is formed by various types of colloquial style, dialogical. The first group is the book styles, the second is the conversational style.

Consider a look at the classification of functional styles by different authors and researchers. Rosenthal offers the following functional styles:

Scientific style

The scientific style belongs to the book styles of the literary language, which are characterized by a number of general conditions of functioning and linguistic features: thinking over the statement, its monologic nature, strict selection of linguistic means, gravitation towards normalized speech. The style of scientific works is determined, in the final analysis, by their content and the goals of scientific communication - to explain the facts of the reality around us as accurately and fully as possible, to show the cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to reveal the laws of historical development, etc. The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of connections between parts of an utterance, the authors' desire for accuracy, unambiguity, and concise expression while maintaining the richness of the content.

Formal and business style

Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features - historically formed genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, syntactic turns of phrase - give it a generally conservative character.

The formal business style is characterized by the presence of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles, stereotyped turns are often considered a stylistic flaw, then in the official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it.

Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material. It is no coincidence that in business practice, ready-made forms are often used, which are invited to fill out. Even envelopes are usually inscribed in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this is convenient for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, speech cliches that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it.

The official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc.

Journalistic style

In the journalistic style, the functions of influence (agitation and propaganda) of the language are implemented, with which a purely informative function (message of the new) is combined. Publicistic works touch upon issues of a very broad topic - topical issues of our time of interest to society (political, economic, moral, philosophical), issues of culture, education, everyday life. The journalistic style finds application in socio-political literature, legal press (newspapers, magazines), oratory, etc.

The question of the place of the literary and artistic style in the system of functional styles of the Russian language is solved by scientists in different ways. Some of them give the artistic style an equal place among other styles. His "right" to exist in this system is motivated by the fact that he participates in the performance of the language of its social function of influence, that fiction is also a "sphere" of language use (although not completely correlated with other spheres associated with the social activities of people), that the aesthetic function is one of the forms of language functioning, etc. Other arguments are presented in favor of the full inclusion of the artistic and fictional style among the functional linguistic styles. At the same time, the originality of this style is sometimes noted against the background of others. Thus, pointing out that “the linguistic style of fiction is not sharply demarcated from other linguistic styles,” the researchers find that “the whole variety of linguistic styles of a given language is concentrated and to some extent reproduced in it”. The analysis of the components of the literary and artistic style shows its specificity. The aesthetic and communicative function of an artistic style is associated with a special way of expressing thoughts, which noticeably distinguishes this style from others.

The peculiarity of the language of fiction is: 1) the unity of communicative and aesthetic functions; 2) versatility; 3) wide use of pictorial and expressive means; 4) the manifestation of the creative individuality of the author. To this we add that the language of fiction has a great influence on the development of the literary language.

Conversational style

The conversational style is contrasted with the bookish style; he alone has the function of communication. It forms a system that has its own characteristics at all levels of the linguistic structure: in phonetics (more precisely, in pronunciation and intonation), vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, morphology, syntax.

Conversational speech is characterized by special conditions of functioning, which include the absence of preliminary thinking about the utterance and the associated lack of preliminary selection of linguistic material, the immediacy of speech communication between its participants, the ease of the speech act associated with the lack of officiality in the relationship between speakers and in the very nature of the utterance. An important role is played by the context of the situation (the environment of verbal communication) and such extra-linguistic means as facial expressions, gestures, the reaction of the interlocutor.

Morokhovsky O.P. and others consider the following functional styles: official-business, scientific-professional, journalistic, literary-colloquial and familiar-colloquial.

Official business is represented by different types of texts (administrative, legal, military, diplomatic, commercial, economic and such genres as orders, reports, statutes, instructions, instructions. It is based on a non-artistic written type of language.

Scientific and professional style. It is based mainly on a non-fiction written type of language, the personal principle is minimal. In some of its varieties - in the scientific and artistic style, in the popular science style - it is possible to widely use the structures of the artistic language, in this case the role of the personal factor increases.

Journalistic style. It is mainly based on a non-fiction written type of language, but it can widely include the structures of fictional written and oral types of speech. The personal factor plays a very significant role. The qualitative uniqueness of the texts of the journalistic style is due to several circumstances: first, a wide range of issues that are considered in it; secondly, by the fact that journalism is addressed to a very wide audience; thirdly, it not only informs a wide audience on a wide range of problems, but also strives first of all to influence the mind and feelings of readers in a certain way, to form in the audience a certain evaluative idea of the facts and events presented. Naturally, this imposes certain requirements on the language of journalism - the journalistic text must be clear, logical, convincing and expressive.

Literary and conversational style. It is mainly based on a non-fiction written type of language, but may include structures of fictional written and oral types of speech.

Familiar colloquial style. It is based on the non-artistic oral type of language, includes the structures of the artistic oral type of language.

Literary-colloquial and familiar-colloquial styles are similar in that both of them belong to the oral type of speech, are guided by the norms of the spoken language.

These styles are not observed in their pure form; elements of various functional types are usually displaced. The organic relationship of all varieties of style, their clear correspondence to a specific purpose, creates a style property that can be called its harmonious state.

Let us dwell in more detail on the journalistic style, and specifically the newspaper style.

3. Newspaper style

) The specifics of the newspaper as a form of mass media

Let's take a look at some of the authors' research on newspaper style. Studying the work of Chekalina E.M. "The language of the modern French press", we get acquainted with the characteristics of the press as historically the oldest traditional source of information, to which, along with radio and television information, the newspaper belongs, the advantage of which is that it makes it possible to understand what you read.

Daily newspapers carry fresh information, their function is to quickly convey fresh information to the reader in a compact, expressive and vivid form, therefore the language of the daily newspaper is most susceptible to various linguistic innovations. Newspaper language is governed by its own laws. Distinctive features of the newspaper add up to a certain holistic image, in which the actual linguistic side in combination with graphic and pictorial solutions of the issues creates what can be called the "style" of this newspaper. The newspaper is characterized by three groups of genres: informational (chronicle, note, report, reportage, interview), analytical (article, correspondence, review) and fictional-journalistic (essay, feuilleton, pamphlet), although other functional styles can be presented in it. ...

The newspaper actively shapes its appearance, taking into account a specific reader's address, each issue of the newspaper carries an image of its intended and sought-after reader, “encoded” in ideas, texts, graphics. The reader's address, objectified in newspaper materials, as a social phenomenon is an objectively conditioned way of realizing the spiritual needs of certain classes, strata, and groups of society, since a newspaper is created and exists as a means of forming and realizing class political consciousness. The linguistic embodiment of these needs in the newspaper is distinguished by a wide variety of compositional structures.

2) Features of the daily newspaper

The general reader gives particular preference to a daily newspaper, as its function is to convey fresh information to the reader as quickly as possible, in a compact, expressive and vivid form, and to cause a “planned” reaction by skillful use of linguistic, graphic and visual means.

As such, the language of the daily newspaper is the most susceptible to various linguistic innovations, being a “powerful engine” in the creation of words and images. Secondly, the newspaper is a mass publication not only in terms of circulation, but also has authority in wide readership, and thirdly, the newspaper is “high-quality publications with its characteristic high journalistic culture.

The newspaper language is governed by its own laws, directly generated by it. Distinctive features of the newspaper add up to a certain holistic image, in which the actual linguistic side in combination with graphic and pictorial solutions of the issues creates the style of this newspaper (YV Rozhdestvensky).

3) Functions and purpose of the newspaper

A special functional and stylistic study of journalistic style has begun recently. First of all, it is noted that the most important function of the newspaper is informational, but this initial function of the newspaper is pushed aside by another - agitation and propaganda or otherwise influencing. The newspaper is a party, trade union or state body, therefore it is aimed at bringing to life the ideology and policies of the party and public organizations on whose behalf they are published. Lenin called the newspaper a collective agitator, propagandist and agitator.

The newspaper is characterized by a clearly and directly expressed function of influence or expressive. In newspaper speech, these two functions are not separated.

The newspaper is designed to educate the masses, that is, it performs a popularizing function, that is, messages about new scientific discoveries, new technology, cultural events, etc. In this regard, the newspaper turns to the means of scientific speech. She tends to conduct analysis and generalization of political, socio-economic and other problems.

The newspaperman must also be a theorist. The theoretical orientation of the content of the newspaper finds its expression in the variety of language means, in the use of lexical and syntactic features of scientific speech. There are several functions of the newspaper: informational, educational, educational, organizational, hedonistic (entertaining). However, the main function of the newspaper remains propaganda and informational, influencing and informational. Compared to other functional styles, the share of means and methods for achieving expressiveness in publicistic speech is very high.

Expression of newspaper speech can be carried out in different forms. However, it should be remembered that the form of a restrained, calm proof is capable of being expressive, i.e. expressive. The stylistic skill of a writer is the ability to choose the best language means of influencing the reader in a given context.

The specificity of newspaper speech lies in its special and deliberate expressiveness, expressiveness of the statement.

Another main stylistic feature of publicistic speech associated with expressiveness is the presence of a standard, hence the stamp.

4) The originality of the conditions of the linguistic creativity of the newspaper

The newspaper is distinguished by the essential uniqueness of the conditions for linguistic creativity. It is created in the shortest possible time, sometimes making it impossible to perfect the processing of language material. It is created not by one person, but by many correspondents who prepare their materials in isolation from each other. The variety of newspaper genres, the presence of freelance correspondents, the publication on newspaper pages of materials from other spheres of communication (announcements, orders, draft laws, etc.) leaves an imprint on the style features of the language of the newspaper. As a result, speech standards inevitably arise. The reason for their appearance is also the repetition of the theme. One of the important reasons for the generation of newspaper stamps is the desire for expressiveness of the statement. The search for ways of expressiveness causes a quick transition of expression to the standard, when even the turnover, being picked up by numerous correspondents in many newspapers, very quickly "erases", turning into a cliche.

The main stylistic principle of V.G. Kostomarov defines as unity, conjugation of expression and standard; making up the specifics of newspaper speech. In newspaper speech, the unity of expression and standard becomes the stylistic principle of organizing the utterance.

The expressive function of the newspaper, due to its propaganda orientation, causes an open evaluative speech. The evaluativeness of speech is especially manifested in polemics with ideological opponents and in positive assessments of our reality.

Evaluation is expressed primarily in vocabulary: in a relatively large part of adjectives and nouns that are qualitatively evaluative in semantics, in the selection of phraseology and the peculiarities of using syntactic means.

It is the open evaluativeness that the journalistic style differs from the artistic one, and it is in this trait - open evaluativeness - that one sees the sign and property of the journalistic style.

Other style features, in addition to the agitational and propaganda function, include conscription, slogan-declarative, which are manifested in the motivating nature of speech. This should include simplicity and affordability. Speech expressiveness is realized in the stylistic “effect of novelty”, in striving for uniqueness, freshness of phrases, semantics of words, in an effort to avoid repetitions of the same words, phrases, constructions. Advertising is expressed in the features of headline sentences, in appeals to the reader, problematic issues.

The style of newspaper speech is strongly influenced by the mass nature of communication. Massive here are both the addressee and the author. They seem to express the position of millions of like-minded people. In this regard, one of the stylistic means is a kind of collectiveness, which finds its expression in the peculiarities of meanings and the functioning of linguistic units.

5) Stylish features of the newspaper

The other side of the above style-forming unity - the information function - is embodied in such features of the journalistic style, which are associated with the manifestation of the intellectuality of speech. Such style features are

) documentary, manifested in objectivity and proven factual presentation, which in terms of stylistics can be defined as the emphasized documentary factual accuracy of expression;

) restraint, formality, emphasizing the importance of facts, information;

) the well-known generalization, abstraction and conceptualism of the presentation.

The newspaper style uses the techniques and means of other styles and turns out to be an area of live interstyle interactions. However, the means of other styles have their own special function in the newspaper. The variety of stylistic features in different genres of the newspaper is presented differently. Some, for example, advanced, theoretical, staged, popular science articles, reviews, reviews tend to an analytical and generalized presentation, to the nature of speech and style close to scientific, others - essays, sketches, feuilletons - are close in style to artistic, although publicistic through and through.

6) Language of the newspaper

Speaking of newspaper style, one cannot fail to mention the so-called newspaper press. These include linguistic phenomena and units that are widely used precisely in newspapers and are little or almost unused in other spheres of speech, that is, words of an elevated stylistic coloration, which carry the stamp of "newspaper". This includes funds specially educated in newspaper speech. The newspaper is characterized by new uses and meanings for a number of words that are not of a common nature, but are widely used in the newspaper. (Expansion of the meaning of the words line, lighthouse, etc.)

In general, newspaper vocabulary is not homogeneous. It uses a wide range of book words, colloquial, even colloquial vocabulary, but with special stylistic purposes.

Words such as - interview, correspondence, editorial, information, reportage, etc., as well as international words - are characteristic of the newspaper. The frequency of the use of internationalisms is much greater, so how exactly they can be attributed to newspaperism (Maonist, socialist, monopolist, etc.)

The newspaper gives birth and cultivates its own phraseology. Stable combinations of newspaper standards often turn into a cliche (in step with the century). The newspaper style also reveals itself in the field of word formation.

Let us consider what linguistic means are used to implement two interrelated functions of newspaper speech: influencing and informational. The first, that is, the influencing is carried out in the novelty of meanings, arising from the expansion of the lexical combination of words. This style trait is associated with the desire to express ideas quickly and expressively.

The newspaper is characterized by searches for biting and apt assessments, the use of metaphors, metonymy.

Expressiveness is achieved through the use of high book vocabulary (daring, accomplishment, through high-frequency evaluative vocabulary (figurative epithets), through the use of a metaphorical paraphrase, through the renewal of aphorisms, proverbs, sayings (what the press has in the language, then the politicians in mind), through the category collectiveness.

7) Role of the headline in the newspaper

The headlines, which can simultaneously perform an advertising function, have a special expression and specificity in the newspaper. In many respects, the title determines whether the reader reads a given publication or does not pay attention to it.

Newspaper headlines should attract the largest possible number of readers, in other words, ensure the normal functioning of the newspaper itself. Therefore, the headlines of an English newspaper are primarily distinguished by their external peculiarity - they are sometimes printed in such a large print that they occupy a significant part of the page.

Headlines in an English newspaper are a multi-stage presentation of the main points of a newspaper article or newspaper message.

The linguistic features of the headlines of an English newspaper are determined by their functional purpose - to summarize the content of the article in the most sensational way. Articles, connective verbs, pronouns, etc. are omitted from headings. The limited space to some extent determined the use of imperfect forms of the verb. If the verb is used in the heading in long forms, auxiliary verbs are omitted, the so-called "Present Historicum" is often used, infinitive constructions are widely used.

Their syntactic features are no less characteristic. Titles are often used in headings. There are also such complex attribute groups in which the main content of the message is stated. Thus, the logical predicate or, in other words, the main predication of the message acts as a definition, for example:

STOP H-BOMB TEST` CALL

Many headlines in English and American newspapers are structured in the form of questions that aim to draw readers' attention to the content of the message. For example: PERSUER - and PURSUED? KIND OF LINE - WHERE?

English and American newspaper headlines sometimes contain individual words, phrases and sentences from the speech of a particular politician, for example:

LABOR "THINKING AFRESH" FOR GETTING IDEAS

The headlines of English newspapers have a significant impact on the general norms of development of the style of English newspaper reporting.

8) Features of newspaper reports

Messages in the English and American newspapers are divided into two types: Brief News and communiqués (communiqu é ). Short messages usually have one heading. The most characteristic feature of short messages is their syntactic structure; they consist mostly of 1-2, maximum 3 sentences, very long, representing a chain of subordinate clauses with a branched system of union communication. In such short messages, not one thought is stated, but several, and, moreover, some of the reported facts are not related to the main idea.

Newspaper reports are characterized by a special arrangement of parts of the utterance. In the first place is the part that, for one reason or another, is considered the most important, which is emphasized.

The need to squeeze such a variety of information into the framework of one sentence naturally leads to the use of different syntactic and morphological forms that ensure the maximum conciseness of the statement. Hence - such a frequent use of infinitive turns and, in particular, the construction - "nominative case with an infinitive", which, as you know, is used with such verbs as to seem, to believe, to appear, to say, to suppose. These verbs are most convenient for conveying a message whose source is not always reliable. Therefore, short messages are often replete with such phrases as ... is believed to have gone ... or is supposed to speak, passive constructions like: it was revealed, it was reported, etc.

It is necessary to note another important feature of the style of newspaper messages - this is the absence of subjective-evaluative emotional elements of the language, both lexical and syntactic, in the composition of the statement. We will not find here inversions, exclamation clauses, defaults, or other means of emotional syntax; there is almost no emotional vocabulary - epithets, interjections, etc.

9) The Importance of an Editorial in a Newspaper

One of the most ancient and interesting sciences is called stylistics, which systematizes the special concepts of language and the ways of its use. The emergence of different styles in different languages, in one way or another, is associated with history, because each of them arose as a result of some historical event. For example, the newspaper style appeared during the formation of the first print editions, and the scientific and technical style was the result of scientific and technological progress.

What does the style of the English language give?

Knowledge of stylistics is absolutely necessary in the implementation of different types of translations and is one of the important aspects of the culture of speech. Literary norms also relate to the study of stylistics, because the correct use of words and their meanings is necessary for any person. Based on this, we can draw a completely logical conclusion: style of English is necessary not only for linguists and translators, but for those people who want to know this subject to the fullest. Today this science is studied not only by university students, it is even included in the "Teaching English for Children" program.

What is the main difference between newspaper style?

The purpose of newspaper style is to convey information to the reader about the events of the day and the ability to develop in him a special relationship to these events. This style is defined by linguists as a single whole, its characteristic features are inherent in all types of newspaper genres. The stylistics of the English language does not allow official documents to be printed in newspapers, all of them are conveyed to the reader in a revised form. On newspaper pages, most often you can find a large percentage of numerals, place names, anthroponyms, an abundance of dates, names of institutions and abstract words.

Conversational style, vocabulary and phraseology

The non-literary style (colloquial) in English is divided into several groups that actively exist next to each other: vulgarisms, dialectisms, slang and professionalisms. Vulgarisms are a separate group of words and phraseological units that border on rudeness and obscenity. It is customary to call dialectisms words and expressions that are not part of the literary language. Slang is a marked layer of colloquial speech, which is characterized by a pronounced emotional connotation. It is customary to call professionalisms words and phrases that are used in small social and professional groups and, in fact, are understandable only to members of this group.

The language of the newspaper, of course, has a certain specificity that distinguishes it from the language of fiction or scientific literature, from colloquial speech. This is a consequence of a long selection of linguistic means of expression that are most appropriate to the social task that the newspaper fulfills as the main mass media. The desire to report the latest news as soon as possible is reflected both in the nature of communication tasks and in their speech implementation. The newspaper is designed for a diverse range of readers and should attract attention. The reader does not want to spend a lot of time reading a non-specialized mass newspaper, so newspaper information is organized so that the message is conveyed in a concise manner in order to have a certain emotional impact on the reader. And due to the fact that the original informational function of the newspaper is increasingly being pushed aside by another - the influencing one, the style of the language of the newspaper is increasingly turning into a kind of journalistic style. But the special conditions for the publication of the newspaper - the tight deadlines for preparing the material, which do not allow it to be thoroughly stylistically worked out, the repetition of the topic and the limited range of topics - lead to the fact that the journalistic style in the newspaper is often simplified, standardized, and undergoes a certain lexical decline. And the presence of a standard gives rise to newspaper cliches, so characteristic of newspaper speech. The language of newspaper messages, historically formed in the system of the English literary language, has a number of common features that change from era to era, as well as many particular features inherent in certain newspaper genres and publications. But no matter how heterogeneous the system of linguistic means used in different newspaper genres is, the newspaper style still stands out among other styles of speech by a number of essential common features. Newspaper reports, as a rule, are prepared and read quickly, therefore it is convenient for both the journalist and the reader to use repetitive vocabulary, which gradually

turns into newspaper stamps, or clichés. Thus, one of the features of the newspaper style is the presence of repetitive words and phrases. Many of them can be found not only in the newspaper, but also in other styles of speech, but the likelihood of a particular stamp appearing in them is different. For example, the expressions a champion of peace, cold war, vital issue, a policy of non-alignment, general disarmament, nuclear free zone, arms race, and many others are more likely to be found in the newspaper than in fiction.

Neologisms

As you know, neologisms are words and phrases created to denote new concepts of a political, scientific or common nature, formed according to the word-formation models and laws in force in the language, or borrowed from other languages. According to its structure and method of formation, neologisms in the language of the newspaper are presented in several versions. The most characteristic ways of forming neologisms in the language of an English newspaper are word formation (compounding, affixation, conversion, abbreviations), changing the meanings of words and borrowing from other languages. Each of them has its own characteristics, so they should be disassembled separately.

1. Word formation.

Composition as a type of word formation is the fusion of two or more foundations to form a new word. For English compound words, the most common are formations consisting of two bases. Recently, a large number of nouns have appeared in the language of English and especially American newspapers, formed by conversion by the method of word composition from combinations of a verb and an adverb. In some of them, there is a clear repeatability of the second component, which in some cases gives reason to believe that there is a certain relationship between the model and its value. Therefore, it is often possible to predict the meaning (or the area of distribution of meaning) of each new word formed according to a given model. But often it is impossible to make such predictions for the whole group, which makes it difficult to understand the new word. Examples of words of this type are: stay-in - picketing; ride-in - protest against discrimination against African American travel on buses; fish-in - protest against the restriction of the fishing area by American Indians; apply-in - requirement of equal employment opportunities; sit-in - sit-in, for example: Electricians sitting in on two North Sea oil platforms were flown oft by.

Recently, nouns with the -in component have begun to appear in the language of the press, united by the common meaning of competition, competition, competition, tournament, conference: read-in - competition of readers; recite-in - recite competition; sail-in - regatta, for example: Illegal break-ins for purposes of planting listening devices and stealing documents.

Conversion is the transition of a word from one part of speech to another, leading to the formation of a new word without changing its initial form. This is another source of neologisms in the English language. Formed by conversion, they are widespread in newspaper lexicon. The high frequency of words generated by conversion is one of the hallmarks of newspaper style. Most often these are verbs derived from nouns and nouns derived from verbs. It is pertinent to note that in the newly formed word, meanings often develop that are only indirectly related to the word-base. For example, in the pair to hit - a hit, you can observe an interesting development of the meaning in the noun. As a result of a number of transfers and rethinking, the meaning of a hit has come to mean success, or that which succeeds. In newspaper vocabulary, especially in that part of it that relates to political events, advertising, partially substantiated words are often found - this is a type of conversion in which a word acquires only some signs of a noun, for example, an article or a plural form. For example: the unemployed

unemployed; the needy - those in need; casuals - comfortable shoes for every day;

Abbreviation is another type of word formation, which is also the source of neologisms. An abundance of abbreviated words, especially often found in headlines, is a characteristic feature of the language of the newspaper. It should be noted that if abbreviations became widespread in the 20th century in all European languages, then in English they are especially numerous.

2. Changing the meanings of words.

Another way of forming neologisms in the language of the newspaper is to change the meanings of words. It is associated with a change in the valence bonds of words or the possibility of their use in different contexts. Since newspaper reports are aimed at the general reader, the change in the meanings of words is often based on the norms of colloquial speech, and these words are used in a figurative, often exaggerated meaning. The development of the meaning of the word lobby and its derivatives is interesting. Its first meaning is the hallway. Back in the last century, lobby began to be used as a political term for parliamentary lobbies. In the United States, this term began to refer to the person who "processes) members of Congress in favor of passing the bill needed by the boss." Later, a new noun lobbyist was formed from him with the meaning of a person who, on the political sidelines, collects information for his master and secretly pursues his policy. It soon found its way into British newspaper political vocabulary, but here its meaning was ennobled. It began to designate a journalist who has the right to priority in the publication of materials on the activities of parliament. At present

time, a new meaning develops in the word lobby - an appeal to parliament or another state body with any demand. This meaning was transferred to the verb to lobby, formed by conversion. For example: The marchers "route took them past the Department of Education and Science offices and the greater London Council offices, where a large force of police barred the marchers from actually passing the main entrance and a group waiting to lobby councillors.

3. Borrowing from other languages.

The third way of the appearance of neologisms in the newspaper is borrowing from another language. Such words, due to repeated repetition, are gradually acquired by the language. Their appearance is caused by various reasons. For example, the French detente (relaxation of international tension), which is now often used in the British and American press, appeared as a consequence of the peace-loving policy of the Soviet Union, which proclaimed the relaxation of international tension by maintaining world peace. The German Blitzkrieg (blitzkrieg, lightning war) became common after the failure of Nazi plans<молниеносной>war. Examples of borrowed words include: tycoon (Japanese "prince") is used in the sense of an industrial tycoon, tycoon; pundit (from the Hindi language, where it means a Hindu who knows Sanskrit, philosophy, jurisprudence) through the magazine "Time" entered the language of the press with the meaning of wise man, clever; German words Luftwaffe (fascist air force) and Putsch (coup); Russian nyet ^<нет>) to indicate the negative attitude of the Soviet Union towards the militaristic and neo-colonialist policies of reactionary governments, etc.

Newspaper stamps

As noted above, in order to speed up and simplify the reading and understanding of the newspaper text as much as possible, the language of newspaper messages uses words and phrases that are repeated from issue to issue.

They constitute a kind of newspaper-style terminology and are essentially newspaper stamps, or clichés. They, like nothing else, reflect the traditional manner of presenting material in newspaper articles, for example: cold war propaganda, war hysteria, well-informed sources, danger of war, economic difficulties, overwhelming majority, peaceful coexistence, etc. Cliches are necessary in newspaper style, as they evoke instant necessary associations and do not allow ambiguity. Newspaper stamps can be divided into two groups:

a) phrases that are always used in one composition;
b) phrases that allow for variability in composition.

The first group is represented by a wide variety of structures.

AN (adjective + noun) - international relations - international relations; international tension - international tension; orbital station - orbital station; joint research - joint research; peaceful means - peaceful means; legitimate interests big business is big business.

V (A) N (verb + noun) - to strengthen peace - strengthen peace; to ban nuclear tests - to ban nuclear tests; to stop the arms race - stop (end) the arms race; to maintain peace - to maintain peace; to have priority - to take advantage, priority.

NN (noun + noun) - arms race - arms race; blanket ban is a general, indiscriminate ban.

VprepN (verb + preposition + noun) - to be in effect - to be in action; to sit in the cabinet - to be a member of the government.

complaint - complaint; to lodge a complaint, to register a complaint - file a protest, complaint; notice - notice of dismissal; to give notice - warn about dismissal; to give a short notice - to warn shortly before dismissal; without notice - dismiss without warning; to give 90 days notice - notify about dismissal 90 days in advance; to receive a lay-off notice - receive a lay-off notice.

Combinations with adjectives - vital - issue, interest, importance, field, gap, effect; major - area, part, break-through, result, field, progress, problem, source of employment, source of information; part-time (full-time) - worker, employment, pay; racial - policy, discrimination, hatred, tension.

Newspaper functional style in the English literary language has come a long way of development and formation. The first English newspaper, The News of the Present Week, was founded in 1622. However, until the end of the 17th century, the newspaper style was not formed. The reason for this was the ban on using the printing press without the permission of the king. This created insurmountable barriers to the newspaper business. In 1695, when the term of this law expired, many different sheets appeared. For example, a certain Harris, who previously unsuccessfully tried to publish a newspaper called Intelligence Domestic and Foreign, now announced that the said newspaper, banned 14 years ago on the grounds of "tyranny", is starting to appear in London again. This newspaper was followed by the first issue of the English Courant, followed by the Packet Boat from Holland and Flanders, the Pegasus, the London Newsletter, the London Post, the Flying Post, the Old Postmaster, etc.

From this time the history of the English newspaper begins. "Gradually, a special manner of using the English language is being developed, conditioned in its most characteristic features by the purpose of communication and the specific conditions in which this goal could be realized." [Halperin 1958: 354]

However, it was only from the middle of the 18th century that the English newspaper acquired approximately the same appearance that it has at the present time. It contains information about events in the domestic life of the country and abroad, a large number of announcements of all kinds (offering services, selling, buying, hiring a servant, etc.) and articles commenting on the events of the day.

An essential point in the study of this topic is the theory of functional styles or functional-stylistic stratification of the language. It is generally accepted that language does not exist as a single amorphous whole, that there are certain varieties of language that are determined by specific goals and characteristics of communication. According to V.V. Vinogradov, "style is a socially conscious and functionally conditioned, internally combined set of methods of using, selecting and combining means of speech communication in the sphere of one or another nationwide, nationwide language, correlating with other similar ways of expression that serve for other purposes, perform other functions in the speech public practice of a given people ". [Vinogradov 1955: 73]

There are a number of classifications of functional styles. Most scholars identify two of the most important functional styles of language - spoken and written. Some scholars, such as R.A. Budagov, there are two pairs of language styles: spoken - written and scientific - artistic. M.N. Kozhina distinguishes between styles of language:

)colloquial

and speech styles:

) colloquial

)art

) journalistic

)legislative

I.V. Arnold identifies such functional styles as: oratorical, colloquial, poetic, journalistic and newspaper, business, scientific. [Arnold 1973: 55]

The most famous is the classification of I.R. Halperin. It highlights the following functional styles:

) scientific prose style or scientific style;

) style of official documents or official style;

) newspaper style;

) journalistic style;

) art style

Regarding the controversy regarding the allocation of newspaper style and the definition of its status, it is necessary to rely on such main functions as communication, message and influence in the communicative act. In this regard, we can agree that the newspaper style is an independent functional style with a certain social purpose, a combination of linguistic functions, which sets as its main goal message, appeal and persuasion (impact). [Halperin 1988: 176] At the same time V.L. Najer classifies newspaper style as a mega-style of mass communication, along with journalistic and religious.

I.R. Halperin distinguishes two types of newspaper style: a) the style of newspaper messages, headlines and announcements, which, from his point of view, constitute the essence of newspaper style, and b) the style of newspaper articles, which is a kind of journalistic style, which also includes oratorical style and essay style ... [Halperin 1977: 310]

The social situation of communication for a newspaper is very specific. The newspaper is a means of information and a means of persuasion. It is designed for a massive and, moreover, a very heterogeneous audience, which it must retain, force itself to read. There is a need to organize newspaper information in such a way as to convey it quickly, concisely, to communicate the main thing, even if the article is not read to the end, and to have a certain emotional impact on the reader. The presentation should not require preliminary preparation from the reader; dependence on the context should be minimal. At the same time, along with the usual, constantly recurring topics in the newspaper, almost any topic appears that for some reason turns out to be relevant. Then these new situations and arguments start to repeat themselves. This repetition, as well as the fact that the journalist usually does not have time to carefully process the material, lead to the frequent use of stamps. All this creates the originality of the style-forming factors of the newspaper text.

Considering the stylistic side of the newspaper language as an integral set of stylistic and functional phenomena, V.G. Kostomarov singles out a single stylistic constructive principle of the newspaper - the dialectical combination of its leading features of expression and standard, understood in the broad sense of the word as evaluative and intellectualized principles in opposition to each other.

Despite the heterogeneity and diversity of the newspaper's materials, all articles in the newspaper are united by such non-linguistic means as graphics of the text itself, illustrativeness, specific placement of articles on a newspaper page (columns, headings, for example: Home News, Foreign News, Sport, Culture, etc). So, examining an essay in a newspaper and attributing it to journalistic style, we, nevertheless, see the influence of the newspaper style in the newspaper essay: the expression of elements of such information genres as reportage and note, the presence of a number of style features of the newspaper, such as political conclusions and generalizations, humor and satire of the feuilleton, etc.

In connection with the main features of the newspaper style (information content and evaluativeness), purely newspaper materials stand out: chronicle (brief news items), reportage (press reports, parliamentary reports, court proceedings), purely informational articles (articles), advertisements and annoucements ), editorial.

The newspaper is a means of information and a means of persuasion. It is designed for a massive and, moreover, a very heterogeneous audience, which it must retain, force itself to read. The newspaper is usually read in conditions when it is rather difficult to concentrate: on the subway, on the train, at breakfast, resting after work, at lunchtime, filling in a short period of time that has been freed up for some reason, etc. Hence the need to organize newspaper information in such a way as to convey it quickly, concisely, to communicate the main thing, even if the article is not read to the end, and to have a certain emotional impact on the reader.

The newspaper-journalistic style performs the functions of influence and communication (information). The journalist reports facts and evaluates them. The main functions of the newspaper style are: intellectual-communicative, emotive, voluntary, appellative, at the same time aesthetic and contact-establishing functions have a special character in the newspaper and are carried out using graphic means: strokes, headings, division into stripes, distribution over different pages. A.N. Vasilieva identifies 5 main functions: 1) informative; 2) analytical; 3) propaganda; 4) organizational; 5) entertaining. [Vasilieva 1982: 38] These functions, in various variants and combinations, form substyles: formal-informative and informal-informative.

The main features of the language of the newspaper are:

) economy of language means, laconic presentation with informative richness;

) selection of language means with a focus on their clarity (newspaper is the most widespread type of mass media);

) the use of social and political vocabulary and phraseology, rethinking the vocabulary of other styles, in particular, terminological vocabulary) for the purposes of journalism;

) the use of speech stereotypes, clichés characteristic of this style;

) genre diversity and associated with this diversity of stylistic use of linguistic means: word polysemy, word formation resources (author's neologisms), emotional and expressive vocabulary;

) the combination of the features of the journalistic style with the features of other styles (scientific, official-business, literary-artistic, colloquial), due to a variety of topics and genres;

) the use of pictorial and expressive means of the language, in particular, means of stylistic syntax (rhetorical questions and exclamations, parallelism of construction, repetitions, inversion, etc.).

The language of newspaper articles is often emotionally rich, which brings it closer to the language of fiction. We find in it figurative comparisons, metaphors, idioms, elements of humor, sarcasm, irony, etc. In addition to all this, a newspaper article usually has a certain political orientation.

At the same time, the newspaper text has a number of characteristic lexical and syntactic features. The newspaper text is abundantly saturated with special terms related to political and state life; we meet here the names of political parties, government institutions, public organizations and terms associated with their activities, for example:

House of Commons - House of Commons Council - Security Council of good will - old war goodwill mission - cold war, etc.

For newspaper text as a whole, the following specific features are characteristic:

) Frequent use of phraseological combinations that are in the nature of a kind of speech stamps, for example:

on the occasion of - no case the decision of - no decision reply to - in response to a statement of - in the reference to statement - in connection with draw the conclusion - come to the conclusion attach the importance - assign value to take into account - accept in Attention

) Using constructions like "verb + that" when presenting someone else's statement, commenting on statements of politicians, etc., for example: The paper argues that this decision will seriously handicap the country "s economy. The newspaper believes that this decision will cause serious damage economy of the country.

) The use of phraseological combinations such as "verb + noun", for example:

4) The use of neologisms formed using some productive suffixes, for example:
- - ism (Bevinism)
- - ist (Gaullist)

ite (Glasgovite)

ize (to atomize)

ation (marshallization)

and prefixes: (anti-American campaign) (pro-Arab movement) (inter-European relations)

5) The widespread use of impersonal phrases as the introductory part of messages, for example:

it is generally believed that ... no general belief ... is officially announced that ... it is officially reported that ... is rumored that ... it is rumored that ... is reported that ... it is reported that ... is suggested that ... it is suggested that ... etc.

6) Frequent use of abbreviations, for example:

M.R. = Member of Parliament

T.U.S. = Trades Union Congress = Television = United Nations Organization = North Atlantic Treaty Organization = European Economic Community = Transport and General Workers Union = Foreign Office = Prices and Incomes Board

In general, the newspaper text is characterized by the desire for concise and laconic presentation, and this feature is manifested especially clearly in newspaper reports, which we will dwell on in more detail.

In syntactic terms, newspaper text is much simpler than the language of scientific and technical publications; complex grammatical constructions and phrases are less common in it.

The following constructions are most often used:

Complex sentences with a developed system of subordinate clauses

Verbal constructions (infinitives, participles, gerundials and constructions with verbal nouns)

Syntactic complexes, especially nominative in combination with an infinitive. These constructs are often used in order to hide the source of the information received or not to take responsibility for the published material.

Prepositive and postpositive definitions, which are usually expressed by a noun or gerund with a preposition, participial, infinitive, or prepositional syntactic complex with a gerund.

The functions of the newspaper style are carried out using the main text categories, such as informativeness, integrity (continuum), articulation, cohesion (connectivity), modality [Halperin 1981: 87-95]

Informativeness is expressed through 3 types of information:

a) content-factual
b) content-conceptual
c) content-subtext

These types are implemented in different ways in a message, description, reasoning, letter, resolution, agreement, article, note.

Integrity or coherence is carried out with the help of such rules of the newspaper text as inception, details, denouement (using keywords, thematic synonyms, conjunctions, definite articles, pronominalization).

Cohesion, which in a newspaper is usually grammatical (words denoting the beginning of a thought, a transition to another subject of speech, listing, generalization, explanation, paraphrasing).

The logical form of cohesion in newspaper texts is expressed in a sequence of temporal, spatial causal relationships. Another type of cohesion - compositional and structural, is manifested in messages in the form of one-word subheadings, which logically combine chapters into a single text and contribute to a simpler understanding of the text. There is also a semantic type of connection at the lexical level (substitution of words by pronouns, adverbs, substantivized adjectives, participles and numbers, repetition of key words), a syntactic type of connection (using conjunctions and temporal forms of the verb and word order).

Articulation, that is, the determination of the most adequate type of text associated with the general compositional plan of a newspaper-style text is more often a volumetric-pragmatic type of articulation. Taking into account the attention of the reader, the text is divided into paragraphs, chapters, superphrasal unity. Context-variable articulation is expressed in splitting the structure of the text into 1) the speech of the author; 2) someone else's speech; 3) improperly direct speech that appears in a newspaper text in the form of an eyewitness quotation in the text or heading.

The modality, or target communicative attitude of the author and the category of assessment is also inherent in newspaper style in such types of text as the editorial. All these categories in the text are interconnected and represent a complex convergence, in different types of text: chronicle, reportage, editorial, advertising and in the "newspaper feature".

When talking about newspaper functional style, it is important to mention the pragmatic aspect of this issue. Pragmatics are largely realized through information. Subtextual information in newspaper texts, as a rule, acquires an evaluative character, thereby contributing to the implementation of a pragmatic attitude, although it is rarely present in this type of text.

The influencing characteristics of each individual newspaper text are individual, therefore, in order to more accurately describe them, an attempt was made to highlight more specific varieties of the pragmatic attitude, namely:

) setting on a positive / negative assessment of the described phenomenon, or evaluative

) setting to assess the phenomenon as desirable / undesirable, necessary / probable / unlikely, for brevity and as a synonymous replacement in the text, the term "model setting" is also used

) setting to evaluate the statement as true or false

) attitude to grab the reader's attention

) attitude to induce action

All that many evaluative, modal and other types of judgments, calls that are usually present in texts of sufficient length should be distinguished from the pragmatic attitude as a characteristic of the whole text. Each such judgment is practically a separate link in the influencing plan of the content of the text, a separate influencing moment. By the nature of the impact, such moments can be divided into four types, similar to the types of attitudes: evaluative, modal, incentive and truth. The influencing moments can directly form the pragmatic attitude of the text, but they can only be associated with it - the title serves as the criterion for determining the attitude of the text.

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