Where is Argentina: detailed information about the country. General

The Atlantic Ocean is washes the Eastern shores of Argentina, and the Southernarchic currents are southern.

In administrative terms, the state is divided into and one federal. The state territory form: the southeastern region of the South American mainland, the East area and several nearby islands (etc.).

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general information

The name of the country can be translated as "silver". Although it has nothing to do with this precious metal. The main wealth of Argentina is primarily huge pastures and fertile lands. Today, the country is able to surprise tourists with the richest architectural and cultural heritage, and the capital - many more often call the southern Paris.

State device: Federal Republic, chapter is the president (current president), which by multiode voting elected for 4 years with the possibility of presidential prolongation for the 2nd term. The Supreme Body of Legislative Power is the National Congress. Full list of Argentina presidents see.

State language: Spanish, here are also talking in Italian, French and German.

Religion: most Catholicism.

Currency: (ARS).

Favorite sports games: First of all, football; Basketball, Autosport.

Relief area

Because of the long-length length from the north to the south, the amazing landscape diversity is characteristic: the flat tropical savanna, turning into subtropical steppes - Pamppa, is spreading in the north, turning into the subtropical steppes - Patagona, famous for its harsh climate in the south.

The extensive territory of the country is divided by 4 Natural Zones:

mountain District of Andes;
northern plains (with part of the Grand Character and Mezhdrachy Parana and Uruguay);
Pamppa - Popular, flavored plains lying south of Grand Character, east of the Andes and the north;
- Extensive steppes, south of Rio Colorado.

From the West, the boundaries of Argentina are bordered - a massive mountain system consisting of parallel to each other ridges and a variety; South Andes are drawn into a single ridge with glaciers and snow fields.

The boundary of eternal snow is increasingly rising to the north, the mountains are gradually moving into an extensive lake area of \u200b\u200bArgentina in Rio-Negro and Neuken provinces, with a delightful lake. The area with a lot of picturesque lakes stretches through the territory of Chile.

Short story

It is difficult to believe, but at the beginning of the 20th century Argentina was considered the richest country of the world. There was even walking the saying: rich as Argentine. Many thousands of Europeans rushed to the picturesque foothills of the Andes, in the hope of finding well-being, - Italians, Pyrenean basks, Catalans, Galicians, Germans, Austrians, Swiss, Irish and Scots, Russians with Ukrainians and Jews. The government's efforts to populate the empty territories of the state were not crowned with success, because most immigrants were settled in the metropolitan district.

Due to the fact that Patagonian Indians, like Africans, were almost completely exterminated in wars with Paraguay and Brazil, in the South American continent, "white" or "silver" Country: Catholic - for religion, Spanish - by the method of communication, and French - Lifestyle.

Population

Until the XVI century The territory of today's Argentina inhabited numerous Indian tribes:

in the North-West, the Diagians who led a spedish life, engaged in various crafts;
in the north-east, they lived in guers who were mainly engaged in agriculture;
in the eastern part of the country (in Pampa), small nomadic tribes (Kerandi, Charrua, Puellche and Hat) lived;
Patagonia was inhabited by the tribes of Araucanov, Teulche, Alcalufov, who traded the fabrics and skins with neighboring peoples.

In the XVI century The Spanish colonization of South America began. As with all the continent, in Argentina, it was accompanied by the ruthless extermination of the indigenous population. At the beginning of the XX century, the Indians under the onslaught of European immigrants were pushed into the most deaf corners of the country. To date, a minor number of their number lives in the north - in the provinces of Formosa (Iz. Formosa) and (CHACO); in the north-west - in the provinces of Jujuy (Jujuy) and Salto (Spanish Salto); And in the south - in Patagonia (Patagonia). Today, small groups of the Indians rushed into cities where they work in the service sector, but the main part of the Aboriginal prefers to live in the old manner, apart from society.

In the northeast, European colonization was carried out by missionaries - Jesuits, which arrived to appeal to the local population in Christianity, and, ultimately, to turn them into frozen and submissive servants of the Spanish crown. Among Jesuits were mostly Spaniards, Italians, Germans, French and Poles - that is, it was the first influx of immigrants from various European countries.

In the era of the Spanish expansion, access to Argentina to other foreigners was strongly limited, because to get permission to enter, it was necessary to live in Spain at least 5 years. Only after receiving the state of independence, a free entry into the country was opened, so the government carried out policies to attract immigrants to master the incomplete territories of the state.

It was the immigration that had a significant impact on the formation of the national composition of the population, largely determined its placement and demographic structure.

The national composition of immigrants was characterized by a wide variety, but the Spaniards and Italians prevailed. The rest of the immigrants was represented by the French, Poles, as well as refugees from pre-revolutionary Russia (Russians, Ukrainians, Jews and Russified Germans), which created agricultural settlements along (Sp. Rio Parana).

Argentina has a law, according to which everyone who was born in the country is Argentine. In the current form, the Argentine nation is formed by European immigrants in the XIX-XX centuries, therefore, more than 85% of the population refers to the white race. Today, the Argentians consider themselves about 97% of the state's population (mainly metis - descendants of mixed marriages of European immigrants and indigenous Indians), only 2% call themselves Indians. Therefore, today the country is one of the most Europeanized Latin American states. In addition, guests from Europe, Asia and from the neighboring South American countries live here.

The population of modern Argentina is mainly increasing due to a natural increase, today it is about 42.6 million people, this is the third national group in South America, they are ahead of only Brazilians and Columbians.

Argentina is ahead of the level of living many Latin American states. For example, the average life expectancy of local residents from the mid-50s of the twentieth century. It has increased in men - from 60 to 73 years old, in women - from 65 to 80 years.

The placement of the population is characterized by a high concentration in the Pampas coastal region and a high level of urbanization. In general, Argentina and today is not a densely populated country (with an average density of 10 people / 1 km²).

In the current Argentina, 83% of the population lives in cities, among South American countries in the share of urban residents, it is inferior only by Uruguay. A bright distinctive feature of the country's settlement is the so-called hypertrophy of the capital - more than 1/3 of the population and more than 2/5 populations live in the capital, Buenos Aires, this city is among the ten largest global agglomerations.

Climate

The climate is completely unique here: in the north - subtropical; in central areas - wet tropical; In the south - soft, moderate. Note that winter / summer in the southern hemisphere coincide with ours, only exactly the opposite.

In the mountainous area of \u200b\u200bthe Andes prevailing rainy weather in the morning with severe heat in summer, with snow cover in winter, with frequent dry winds - "probes". In wet, virgin forests and savannas of the plain areas, pouring rains are frequent. Average temperature indicators: in January about + 5ºС, in July + 20 ... + 22ºС.

Traveling through the southern Andam and Patagonia is best in the summer (December - February). A visit to the northern and northwestern areas can be planned for the winter (May - September).

In the spring and autumn, you will spend a great time in Buenos Aires, foothill areas, interfluve, in provinces and la-rioja. And the snow-covered hits of the Andes from May to October await fans of skiing.

Natural and historical sights

On the territory of the country with an area of \u200b\u200balmost 3 million km², with various climatic and geographical belts, many all natural scenarios develop. Nature phenomena are harmoniously combined with the sophistication and the identity of the city of Buenos Aires. Patagonian plateau, stretching south of the lake edge, is famous for its grand glaciers. Between the Atlantic Rocky coast in the East to the Great Andes in the West, where the seven thousandths reigns -, the virgin expanses spread. The list of natural miracles of Argentina is closed by the magnitude of Antarctic.

The territory of Argentina is rich in monuments related to UNESCO World Heritage Site:

national Parks "" in Patagonia and Iguazu (Mission Province);
jesuit missions tribes;
cave of Cueva de Las Manos (Santa Cruz Province);
luxury Talampaiya and Schigalalaist Parks, there are ancient flora and fauna, which emerged 230 million years ago;
buildings of jesuits in the vicinity;
natural and historical artifacts in the Queberad de Umaoak valley, along the famous; And many others.

Here you can walk along the snow-covered and horseback horses, swim near the sea cats, dolphins and whales, to hang out with penguins in Patagonia, watch exotic feathers in the American Serengeti.

The famous resort is located south of Buenos Aires, in a soft climatic zone, about 600 thousand inhabitants live here, and guests and tourists have up to 6 million people per season! There are many parks where tourists are offered a show with marine quotes, dolphins and sharks. Eco-tourism is becoming increasingly popular - excursions to farms, where you can see how the sheep is cut and feed the newborn lambs, and also enjoy. The wine festival with incendiary dancing, enchanting show and the election of the queen regularly passes in Mendos.

A wonderful excursion to the city, the second largest in the country, but not inferior to the capital from the point of view of architecture. The city has the best historical museum in Argentina.

Natural attractions are National Parks, Iguazu, and others. Very popular with travelers Ocean cruises to Antarctic, Patagonia and Miaz Mountain.

"Fiesta Gaucho" and "Tango-show" - incendiary dance shows that introduce the businesses, life, music and national cuisine of local cowboys Gaucho.

Largest cities:

Name	Population*
	3 050 728
	1 346 092

Argentina occupies the southeast part of the mainland of South America, the eastern part of the island of the fiery ground and the nearby islands of Estados, etc.

At the same time, the geological study of the territory as a whole is low. But one of the main problems of the development of industries of Argentina is not so much in the absence of certain types of raw materials (although there is a shortage of coking coals, bauxites, potash salts, etc.), but in extremely unfavorable placement (mainly in the outskirts, low-voltage regions). For example, in Patagonia (30% of the country's territory) there is a combination of sources of mineral raw materials and fuel, water and forest resources. At this area, there are already half of the production of the mining industry. However, only 3% of the country's population lives in the area.

The natural basis of economic development was, first of all, rich land resources of Argentina. In the structure of the land foundation, agricultural land occupy about 70% (but the pastures prevail). Disparagus a significant part of the Pamp territory. A favorable combination of agroclimatic resources determined the specialization of the country in MRI on grain farm and animal husbandry on natural pastures.

Among the water resources of Argentina, the main role belongs to the rivers. The river network is better developed in the northeast, where two multi-water rivers merge in the overall mouth of the La fee. Parana - the second (after amazon) along the length and area of \u200b\u200bthe basin of the South America River. The largest rivers of Argentina have a rain type of food. The main economic hydropower potential belongs to the rivers of Patagonia, originating in the mountains, as well as the rivers of the pool Paradas and Uruguay. But only a small part of this potential is used.

Flora

The vegetation of Argentina is characterized by a large manifold: from rainforest to semi-deserts in Patagonia and Pune. In the northern interfluid, subtropical forests grow with a variety of species. Here are possessing valuable wood araucaria, sedro, lapacho. South prevails shrub vegetation; Wetlands are covered with reeds, reeds, water lily, and sublime and dry meadows with rich herbal cover. There are rarefied forests from acacia, mimosis, ostrich wood, on the shores of rivers - palm groves.

In the direction of the south, there are more open herbaceous sections, the southern part of the province of Entre Rios is a cereal prairie and represents the transition region to Pamppa. PAMPA is translated from the language of the Indians of Kechua means "deprived of wood vegetation." The endless steppe spaces of a wet pamppa were coated at once with many years of cereals - a porridge, a scrub, wild millet and a pests colorful dispersion. However, there are few natural vegetation, a significant part of the area of \u200b\u200bplague, and once covered her herbaceous cover, which served as an excellent natural feed base for animal husbandry, as a result of a long grazing of livestock, was closed by weeds and lost his primary look.

Cerophilic vegetation is characteristic of dry pampuses - low-spirited trees, spiky shrubs, rigid herbs. Similar vegetation is common in dry west, in intermore basins, there are bundles of rigid cereals and xerophilic shrubs alternate with cacti.

Forests in Argentina employs 12% of the land fund. Coniferous forests of interfluve and wet Andes, as well as the Forests of Cookracho in Chaco are the greatest value. Their operation is difficult because they are located in remote areas, therefore attempts are being made to artificial forests in the affected area - Pamppa.

Forest resources of Chaco are most developed, but here as a result of long predatory operation, the question of their serious protection and recovery is sharp.

Argentina's national flower is ES: Erythrina Crista-Galli or Eryitrun.

Fauna

Doctor, one of the national characters of Argentina.

Fauna Argentina, although not so rich and diverse, as in other countries of Latin America, but has many endemic species. These include Pampas Deer, Pampas Cat, Magellanov Dog. Almost all of these animals live in the Andes and their foothills, as well as in the loss of Patagonia. In Pune there is a relic of speaking bear.

In the open semi-desert spaces of Patagonia and in Savannas, the Puma is common. There are still vicuins in Andes with soft wool and chinchilla (chinchilla) with a gentle silver fur. However, those and others have undergone almost complete extermination. Many rodents, battleships. In Chaco, interfluid, the patagonia is widespread nutria, otter.

Waterfowing birds live everywhere in swamps and lakes, many of which are allocated by their bright color. On the shores of the reservoirs you can see Flamingo, herrock. Hummingbirds are found in forests, among which there are endemic species, for example, the so-called fluttering emerald in Patagonian Andes. Agentine-living in Argentina has become one of the national symbols of the country in 1928.

Economy

For the placement of the industry, a high territorial concentration is characterized: a significant part of industrial heavy industry enterprises is concentrated in the lower reaches of Parana, in an industrial belt between Buenos Aires and Rosario; More than half of industrial products are produced in Big Buenos Aires.

For oil production, the country occupies the fourth place (after Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil) in Latin America. Mining fully ensures the needs of the country, and the state of oil does not export.

Argentina is among the top ten leading countries in uranium reserves. The country is known for its scientific developments in the field of nuclear power and uranium industry.

The country's black metallurgy is the oldest on the continent, but develops quite slowly, with a large load of capacity due to lack of raw materials. Most raw materials have to import.

From sectors of non-ferrous metallurgy are developed: production of lead, zinc, copper, aluminum on the basis of its own and imported raw materials.

Mechanical engineering occupies a leading place at the cost of products in heavy industry. The most developed by transport engineering (their plants in Argentina have Ford, Chrysler, Toyota, Peugeot, etc.), agricultural engineering, production of equipment for the food industry, electrical engineering (IBM, Siemens plants). In transport engineering, the automotive industry (Buenos Aires, Cordoba) is leading (Buenos Aires), shipbuilding and ship repair (Buenos Aires, Ensenada), aircraft and production of helicopters (Cordoba) are developed.

Among the export sectors there is a special place for meat-free - traditional and country-specific industries. Argentina belongs to the number of most significant meat manufacturers, mostly beef, and its exporters. From other sectors of the food industry, the production of vegetable oils has export importance, in recent years - soybean, as well as flour, and the oil industry and winemaking. Fruit and canned, canned, sugar industries, production of beverages are focused on the domestic market.

A distinctive feature of Argentine Agriculture compared to other countries of Latin America is the fact that it not only fully provides themselves with food, but also exports it (while there are only 2% of working in agriculture). For food consumption per capita, the country surpasses the rest of the countries of the region (1st place). Products of agriculture and animal husbandry gives over 50% of export revenues. According to the livestock of cattle, Argentina occupies a sixth place in the world, for the production of meat per capita - the fifth, and according to its consumption - the first. Meat - National Food of Argentinesers.

In crop production, the main place traditionally occupies grain and oilseeds of export value. Argentina wheat collecting is one of the leading countries of the world. In addition, Argentina is the most important exporter of eggs, milk and barley.

International trade

Exports - 70.0 billion dollars. In 2008 - soy, oil and gas, cars, corn, wheat, meat.

Major buyers - Brazil 18.9%, China 9.1%, USA 7.9%, Chile 6.7%, Netherlands 4.2%.

Imports - $ 54.6 billion. In 2008 - industrial products, organic chemicals, plastics.

Main suppliers - Brazil 31.3%, China 12.4%, USA 12.2%, Germany 4.4%.

Transport

Argentina's transport infrastructure is relatively developed. The length of the road is 230,000 km (not counting private rural roads), of which 72,000 km with a solid coating and 1575 km are high-speed, many of which are privatized paying roads. In recent years, the length of multi-band speed has doubled. Now they combine among themselves some major cities. Even more such roads are under construction. However, they are still not enough to organize a normal movement of 9.5 million registered in the country as of 2009 cars (240 per 1000 people).

Argentina has about 11,000 km of inland waterways, which are transported by more goods than by railways. This includes an extensive network of channels, although Argentina has a sufficient amount of natural waterways, most significant among which are rivers Rio de la Plata, Parana, Uruguay, Rio-Negro and Paraguay.

Aerolineas Argentinas. It is the main airline of the country, providing both domestic and international transport. Austral Lineas Aereas. He is a subsidiary Aerolineas Argentinas. With a route network covering almost the entire territory of the country. Lade - Airline managed by air force, serves a wide network of internal routes.

Population

As of 2001, the population of the country was 36,260,130 people, for July 2010 - 40,412,000 people. Nowadays, Argentina is 3rd in South America and the 33rd in the world. The average population density was 13.3 people per square kilometer. Population growth in 2010 amounted to 0.87%, the birth rate was 18.7 / 1000 people, mortality - 7.9 / 1000 people.

The population under the age of 15 is 24.9%, over 65 years old - 10.6% of the total population. Urbanization in Argentina is the highest in Latin America after Uruguay.

The neglected Indian population was almost completely exterminated in the process of Spanish colonization in the XVI century, and the subsequent seizures of Pampp and Patagonia lands until the end of the XIX century. The Argentine nation was formed in the XIX-XX centuries with numerous European immigrants. More than 85% of the Argentines belong to the white race. The Indian population (Mapuche, Call, Toba and others) is 1.5% of the population, the rest are mostly metis, as well as Mulati and Asians. The national composition of immigrants was very diverse: the immigrants from Spain (mostly basks and Galicians) and Italy prevailed (the descendants of the latter are now about 1/3 of the country's population), a lot of French, Germans, Britons (most of the Irish), Polyakov, Chekhov, Croat , Ukrainians, Jews, Swiss, Danes, Dutch, Arabs (from 1.3 to 3 million years old.), Lithuanians, Greeks, Armenians. Since the end of the 20th century, immigration from Europe almost ceased (exception - Romania and Ukraine). Most immigrants arrive in the country from South America: Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, Chile. According to the 2010 census, 1806 thousand yields of other countries lived in Argentina (4.5% of the country's population), incl. 81.5% from South America and only 16.5% from Europe.

Argentina lives a significant number of descendants of immigrants from pre-revolutionary Russia, mainly Ukrainians, the Germans of the Volga region, Belarusians, Russians, Jews, Lithuanians. There are no organized Russian community, as such, there is no in Argentina, despite a significant amount (according to different estimates - from 100 to 250 thousand people, mainly in Buenos Aires, Mar-del Plata, Cordoba, in the province of Misiones). This is a descendant of several Waves of emigration from Russia and the USSR, including peasants from Western provinces, White Guards, displaced persons, Old Believers. Over the past 20 years, several thousand Russians moved to Argentina, mainly qualified specialists. However, immigration from Russia in Argentina is not massive. So, from 2004 to 2010 the status of PMG received only 873 people. from Russia. Argentina has absorbed the traditions of many countries and peoples, which imposed a fingerprint on its culture, life and arms of the Argentineans. State policy contributed to the rapid assimilation of immigrants. Unlike the United States and Canada, there are no areas with compact residence in Argentina, and during the census there is no graph "Country of Origin". According to the existing law, each born in its territory is considered to be Argentine. Today, Argentina, the dynamics of the population is determined by natural increase: its rates - 0.91% in the mid-1990s - the lowest in Latin America and tend to decline (in the country there is a protracted demographic crisis). This is also reflected on the dynamics of the age structure of the population, which changes in the direction of reducing the share of young ages (up to 15 years) and increasing the elders (more than 65 years).

According to the socio-economic indicators of the life of Argentina, many countries of Latin America are ahead (in terms of living a little bit of Chile). The average life expectancy in the country is 77 years old (73.5 in men, 80 in women). The share of HIV-infected among adult (from 15 to 49 years) of the population is 0.5%. More than 87% of the total population lives in the cities of the country, and more than 2/5 of the urban population falls at the share of Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, numbering about 12 million inhabitants, is among the 10 largest agglomerations of the world. Other major cities are Cordoba (1.4 million inhabitants), Rosario (1.2 million), Mendoza (approx. 0.9 million), Tukuman (0.8 million).

Religion: Christianity 92% (Catholics - 77%, Protestants 9%). Jews - about 300 thousand, Muslims - about 500 thousand people.

Cities

20 largest cities of Argentina (2007, according to Indec estimates)
A place	Name	Provinces	Population	A place	Name	Provinces	Population
1		(autonomous city)	3 050 728	11	Resistance	Cha.	377 564
2		CBA.	1 346 092	12	Santiago del Estero	SGO.	327 974
3	Rosario	Sfe.	1 249 594	13	Corrientes.	CTS.	328 689
4	Mendoza	MZA.	885 434	14	Neuquen	RNO / NQN.	327 534
5	San Miguel de Tucumanum	TMN.	789 504	15	Bahia Blanca	BUE	310 657
6	La Plata	BUE	732 503	16	Posadas	MNS.	279 961
7	Mar del Plata	BUE	604 563	17	Parana	ERS	270 968
8	Santa Fe.	Sfe.	493 547	18	San Salvador de Jujuy	Juj.	231 229
9	Salta.	STA.	464 678	19	San Louis	SLS.	162 011
10	San Juan.	SJN.	453 229	20	Rio Quarto	CBA.	149 303

Political structure

According to the Constitution of 1853, there is a division of the authorities to the executive, legislative and judicial, both national and local levels. Argentina is the federal republic, divided into 23 provinces and 1 federal metropolitan district.

The dictatorial regime of Rosas was overthrown in 1852 by a group under the leadership of General Husto Urkis, who had previously been the governor of Entre Rios. The victory was achieved thanks to the help received by General from Uruguay and Brazil. In 1853, the Constitution of Argentina was adopted, and Urkis became the first president of the Republic of Argentina. The province of Buenos Aires did not join the Constitution and in 1854 proclaimed independence. A mutual host of two states led to war in 1859. The Argentine Republic quickly won, and in October of the same year, the province of Buenos Aires joined the Constitution. But soon she became the center of a new rebellion, directed against the federal government, which broke out in 1861. Under the command of General Bartolome Mitre, the rebels defeated in September of the same year of the National Army. On November 5, the President of the Republic announced his resignation. In May of next year, Mitre was elected a congress for the presidency, and Buenos Aires became the capital of Argentina.

The next decade was marked by the conquest of Las Pampas, currently known as the province of Rio-Negro, during which the threat from the Aboriginal was eliminated. This so-called desert war (-) under the leadership of General Hulio Roca opened the way to extensive territories favorable for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. In 1880, Rock, an enemy of the elevation of Buenos Aires, was elected a presidency. In the years that followed his victory, Buenos Aires was separated from the province and approved as the capital of Argentina and the Federal District. For 50 years, followed by 1880, Argentina achieved significant economic and social success. At the beginning of the 20th century, Argentina turned into one of the richest countries of the world. The popularity of Argentina has increased with the arrival of millions of Europeans.

The social setting in Argentina remained stable until 1930, when a military coup broke out. In 1946, Peron was elected president of Argentina. Peron and his spouse Eva (Evita), who managed the implementation of social programs, was very popular among the masses. A little-known colonel who has a slight post in the Ministry of Labor, Perone twice became president: in 1946 and in 1952. Together with his popular and strong spirit of his wife, he conducted a hard economic reform. The program paid more attention to the Argentine industrialization and self-determination, it was approved by the factions of conservative nationalists and workers. Peron's attempts to secularize the state led to a conflict with the Catholic Church. Peron regime was overthrown in 1955.

As a result of the change of a number of military governments, Peron returned to power in 1973, but died in 1974, leaving his second wife Isabel, who did not have political experience. During its reign, the revolutionaries of the Marxist sense of Monteneros unleashed terrorism, which served as an excuse for the military coup, which happened in 1976. Then the army unleashed his own "dirty war" against all whom the military considered "subversive elements": thousands of Argentines were killed and declared missing. In 1981, instead of the general, Sideli Pereron Esabel, who was postponed from power, the president was taken by General Roberto Viola. In less than a year later, Viola replaced General Leopoldo Galtieri.

Russia often adopted to compare the 1998 default and the Argentine default 2001. The possibility of devaluation of the ruble, pressure on banks and the lower dependence on external borrowing allowed Russia to survive the default much easier for Argentina.

Argentina has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (installed with Russia on October 22, 1885), which were suspended after October and resumed from the USSR.

In 2010, same-sex marriages were legalized in the country.

Etymology name

Name Argentina is derived from Latin word argentum (argentum, "Silver"), which in turn comes from Greek ἀργήντος (argentos.), earlier ἀργήεις (arzhiz.), What meant "white", "shining". Αργεντινός (argentinos) - Greek adjective, meaning "silver". First use of the name Argentina It can be assigned to the poem of 1602 "Argentina and conquering Rio de la Board" (PS. La Argentina Y Conquista Del Río de la Plata ) Martin Del Barco Cenner. Although this name of the region has been widely used by the XVIII century, in 1776 the country was officially named Vice-Kingdom of Rio de la Board . An independent government formed after the May Revolution of 1810 replaced the designation vice-Kingdom on the united Provinces.

Name Argentina It became famous after its use in the first anthem of Argentina of 1812, in which there were many references to the continued war for the independence of Argentina. For the first time officially name Argentine Republic was recorded in the Constitution of 1853. After the return to the Confederation of the province of Buenos Aires in 1859, the name of the country was changed to Argentine Nation. Name Argentine Republic It was returned after the adoption of the law of October 8, 1860.

Armed forces

Culture

Holidays

Education

Literacy rate in Argentina is 7%. Three out of every eight adults over 20 years old have a secondary education or higher.

Visiting schools is required for all children from 5 to 17 years. Argentina's school system consists of primary education with a duration of 6 or 7 years and secondary education duration from 5 to 6 years.

Education in Argentina for free at all levels, with the exception of the main part of the post-university education. Although the literacy rate was close to the absolute already since 1947, in the first half of the 20th century, most of the Argentine Youth did not have access to education higher than mandatory seven-year primary training. With the introduction of free education on the Middle and University level (in the 1970s), the demand for it began to exceed budget opportunities. Accordingly, state educational institutions often lack funds and reduce the quality of learning. This has a beneficial effect on the bloom of private education, although it was expressed in inequality between those who can afford it and the rest of society, since private schools often do not have scholarship programs. Approximately one of the four schoolchildren and one of six students attend private educational institutions.

About 11.4 million people were involved in the formal education process in 2006, including 1.5 million students of 85 universities in the country. 38 universities are state. Most significant universities: University of Buenos Aires, National University of Cordoba, National University of La Plata, National University of Rosario, National University of Technology. State universities faced a significant reduction in financing in the 1980s and 1990s, which led to a decrease in the quality of education.

Health

Medical care is provided due to the combination of plans financed by employers and trade unions (Obras Sociales), state insurance, government hospitals and clinics, as well as voluntary health insurance.

The first event of the government to improve public health can be considered the introduction of the Spanish Vice-King Juan José de vertis of the Medical Tribunal for supervision of practitioners in 1780. After the proclamation of independence, medical schools were founded at the University of Buenos Aires (1822) and the National University of Cordoba (1877). Preparation of doctors and nurses in these and other schools made it possible to rapidly develop medical cooperatives, which during the presidency of Juan Peron turned into subsidized Obras Sociales organizations. Today, their number exceeds 300 (of which 200 are related to trade unions), they provide medical care for more than half of the country's population. State InssJP (or PAMI) cover the maintenance of almost all 5 million pensioners.

Health expenditures reaches almost 10% of the country's GDP and grow in accordance with the growth of Argentine's share over 65 years (7% in 1970). Public and private expenses are historically distributed approximately equally: public funds are mainly distributed through Obras Sociales and cover hospitalization to private and state clinics; Private means are equally divided into expenses for voluntary medical insurance and overhead.

There are more than 150,000 hospital beds in the country, 121,000 doctors and 37,000 dentists (per capita indicators are comparable to developed countries). Relatively free access to health care is historically expressed in comparable structures with developed countries and trends of mortality rates: from 1953 to 2005, the share of deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases increased from 20% to 23%, tumors - from 14% to 20%, respiratory diseases Systems - from 7% to 14%, diseases of the digestive system (non-infectious nature) - from 7% to 11%, strokes - remained at 7%, injuries - 6%, infectious diseases - 4%. The rest mainly refers to the dementia. The share of infant deaths fell from 19% in 1953 to 3% in 2005.

Infant mortality decreased from 70 per 1000 newborns in 1948 to 12.5 in 2008. The life expectancy at birth rose from 60 to 76 years. Although these indicators look profitable against the background of the average world, they are still slightly lower than the level of developed countries. In 2006, Argentina ranked 4th in Latin America.

Science and technology

Argentina gave the world many recognized doctors, scientists and inventors, including three laureates of the Nobel Prize. Argentines are responsible for some breakthroughs in medicine. Their studies led to essential shifts in the treatment of injuries, heart diseases, some forms of cancer. Domingo Liotta has developed the first artificial heart, successfully implanted man in 1969. Rene Favoro developed equipment and for the first time in the world I made coronary shunting. Francisco de Pedro invented a more reliable artificial heart stimulator.

Radio and television

Argentina is a pioneer in the field of broadcasting. At 21:00 on August 27, 1920, the radio station Sociedad Radio Argentina. announced: "Now we pass in your home a direct broadcast of the opera Richard Wagner Parsifal from the Theater of Colosseo in". Only about 20 houses in the city had receivers for listening. The world's first radio station remained the only one in the country until 1922, when the start of broadcasting Radio Cultura.. By 1925, there were already 12 radio stations in and 10 in other cities. In the 1930s, the Golden Age of Radio in Argentina with Broadcasts Variety, News, Soap Opera and Sports Events.

Currently, Argentina features 260 AM range and 1150 FM radio stations. Music and youth programs dominate the FM format. News, debates and sports applications make up the basis of am broadcasting. Amateur radio communications are widespread in the country.

Argentina's television industry is extensive and diverse. Channels are widely broadcast to Latin America and are accepted worldwide. Many local programs are broadcast by the television of other countries. Foreign producers also buy rights to adapt programs to their markets. In Argentina there are five nationwide TV channels. All the capitals of provinces and major cities have at least one local station. The presence of cable and satellite television channels in Argentina is similar to North America. Many cable networks serve the entire Hispanic World from Argentina: Utilísima satlital., TYC Sports., FOX SPORTS EN ESPAñOL (together with the United States and Mexico), MTV Argentina., Cosmopolitan TV.as well as a news network TODO Noticias..

Notes

Literature

Hugo new one. Poverty and new social phenomena in Argentina

Links

// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 tons and 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Argentina In the Open Directory Project reference directory (DMOZ).
Forum dedicated to Argentina "Argentina in Russian"

Argentina It occupies the south-eastern part of the mainland of South America, the eastern part of the island of the fiery ground and the nearby Islands of Estados. Argentina's length from north to south is about 3,800 km. and about 1400 km. from west to east. In the south and west, Argentina borders on Chile, in the north - with Bolivia and Paraguay, in the North-East and East - with Brazil and Uruguay. The southeastern border of Argentina is delineated by the Atlantic Ocean, and its border with Chile in the West and South-West is determined by Andami.

Area - 2.8 million square meters. km. It is divided into three landscaped areas: mountainous West, and an extensive, mainly flat nature of the North and East, a stepped plateau of Patagonia in the south. The Western border fully passes through Andam. Patagonian Andes, forming the natural border between Argentina and Chile, are low and unraveling 3600 m. In the north, the bolivia border and part of the border with Chile passes through the main Ridge of the Andes. There is the highest peak of this mountain chain of Akonkagua (6960 m). Other vertices - Okhos del Salado (6893m), Tupungato (6800 m) and Mercedario (6770 m). To the east of the Andes lies an extensive valley. The north of this valley is the region known as Gran Choo. South from Gran Choo is a fertile PAMPA. Further south, in Patagonia, Dry Steppe. The main rivers of the country: Parana, Paraguay (main influx of parasi), Rio del Plata, Rio-Colorado, Rio Salado, Rio-Negro. Lakes are focused mainly at the foot of the Patagonian Alps.

Official language: Spanish.
Capital: Buenos Aires.
The largest cities: Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Rosario.
Form of Board: Presidential Republic.