Integration phenomena can be traced global and regional levels.

At the global level, integration is manifested:

1. in the creation of international legal relations between regional integration associations;
2. in the creation, functioning and development of transnational markets for goods and services (within the WTO system and outside this system).

As method international legal regulation of integration processes is not only coordination, inherent in MP, but also subordinate method (elements of supranational regulation in the EU).

However, integration at the regional level is acquiring the most comprehensive and manageable character: in Europe, North and South America, Asia, the Pacific region, the Middle and Middle East, and Africa.

56. An integration association is an economic space with a special (preferential) legal regime. From the point of view of the MEP, in connection with the integration processes, the problem arises of the relationship between this "intra-integration" regime and the NSP. Similar questions arose in connection with the creation of the EEC, EFTA, LAST.

Assuming that due to PNB third states can demand "intra-integration" benefits, this will mean the impossibility of integration, a ban on integration.

This problem was considered in the UN International Law Commission when preparing "draft articles on most-favored-nation clauses", which could become an international convention.

It should be noted that Art. XXIV of the GATT text provides for "customs unions", "free trade zones" as an exception from the scope of the NSP. However, in practice, none of the agreements on the customs union or free trade zone fully met the requirements of the GATT, and nevertheless, the right to exemption from obligations arising from the NSP was recognized for all these associations.

Taking this into account, it can be argued that the benefits provided by states to each other within the framework of integration associations do not fall within the scope of the NSP either on the basis of an international treaty (GATT, bilateral trade agreements providing for such exceptions), or on the basis of an established international legal custom.

In connection with the establishment of international legal ties between integration associations, new features are introduced into the practice of applying the PNB: there is a kind of "shift" of the application of this principle from the interstate level to the level of "integration association - integration association".

For example, in 1983, an Agreement on Economic Cooperation was concluded between the EEC and the Andean Pact, providing (Article 4) the mutual provision of MFN.

A similar provision was contained in the agreement between the EEC and the ASEAN member countries, as well as in the draft framework agreement between the EEC and the CMEA.

Regional and global integration

Developing on two levels - global and regional, the integration process is characterized, on the one hand, by the growing internationalization of economic life, and on the other, by the economic convergence of countries on a regional basis. Regional integration, growing on the basis of the internationalization of production and capital, at the same time expresses a certain divergence in the system of the world market, i.e. a parallel trend developing alongside a more global one. It represents, if not a denial of the global nature of the world market, then to a certain extent an attempt to close it within the framework of a group of developed leading states. We are talking about a qualitative shift caused both by the growing economic needs of the economic rapprochement of different countries, and by the all-encompassing nature of the deepening contradictions within the framework of the world capitalist system. To find a way out of these contradictions, as well as to solve the problems dictated by the acceleration of the internationalization of national economic complexes, modern countries are striving through the utmost deepening of regional economic integration.

Within the framework of the regional complex, not only the sphere of circulation is internationalized and integrated, but also the central phase of the circulation of capital, i.e. production itself, the technological process of creating a product. As a result, there is an intertwining of the circulation of aggregate national capitals as a whole. Here lies the main line separating integration from the pre-integration forms of internationalization of economic life. We also note that integration as an economic phenomenon still has a rather general character, since nowhere in the world did the process of full integration take place, culminating in the unification and loss of independence of the participants in the association. Therefore, the integration is this is the process of combining , but not yet the very unification of individual parts into a single whole. All this, however, is directly related to the most developed form of integration - the European Union.

Thus, international economic integration (MEI) - This is a steadily moving process of rapprochement of a number of states on the way to unification - from the proclamation of integration to the closest cooperation in the field of economics, finance, attracting labor, the creation of supranational bodies of economic and political power, which form a common basis for the implementation of domestic and foreign economic policies of the integrating states.

The extensive joint activities of the integration group and the established mechanisms of power lead to the development of uniform rules for the activities of various subjects of economic, legal, cultural, political, military and other activities in the direction of integration. This activity strengthens cooperation and regulation of economic, social, and in some cases - political issues in accordance with the tasks that were formally set by treaties and agreements at different stages of the integration development of countries.

Principles, types and forms of integration

The experience of many integration associations of the XX century. shows that they are formed mainly on two basic principles. One principle is a powerful proactive role of the state (a classic example is the creation and development of the European Union); another principle is the predominant role of large private entrepreneurship, which literally forces the state to take the path of integrational rapprochement with a particular group of countries (examples: the Treaty between the USA, Canada and Mexico, NAFTA).

In the first case, it develops institutional type of integration , in the second - private and corporate. The global process of economic integration has, most likely, sour-cream character , since it is pushed, on the one hand, by developed countries and their governments, on the other hand, by powerful TNCs and TNBs, on the third hand, by large and influential international financial, economic and financial organizations and institutions (WTO, WB, IMF), as well as by structures UN.

CMEA should also be classified as an institutional type of integration, since it was organized exclusively at the interstate level, albeit with the aim of solving primarily the economic problems of Eastern European countries.

The role of the state factor is also significant in the formation of various regional integration groups in the zones of developing countries, which is obviously due to the fact that large business in developing countries is still being formed and does not have enough influence to become a leading force for "pushing" integration associations and the corresponding interstate agreements.

In terms of scale, integration associations are divided into:

1) bilateral - the least common in practice (for example, the integration association of Australia and New Zealand acting on the basis of an agreement);
2) multilateral - the most common in regional integration;
3) continental - Latin American Economic Integration (LEI), Organization of African Unity (OLE).

Currently, both types of integration are dynamically developing - both global and regional forms. Integration processes covered Europe, North America, vast areas of the Indian-Pacific Basin, Latin America, Africa, the Arab region. Each regional integration group has its own characteristics and mechanisms of formation and functioning. Some of them show their vitality, and the participating countries benefit from their peoples; others exist only on a formal basis, although sometimes the governments of these countries enter into important treaties and agreements.

International regional organizations active in Europe:

o EU;
o EACT.

Regional organizations active in Europe:

o Nordic Council (Scandinavian countries);
o Council of the Baltic Sea States.

Regional associations of the states of Central and Eastern Europe and Asia:

o CIS;
o European-Asian Free Trade Agreement; transformed in 2005 into EurAsEC;
o Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC);
o Organization of Central Asian Countries;
o Baltic Free Trade Area;
o Russian-Belarusian Economic Union (transformed in 1997 into the Union of Belarus and Russia);
o Kazakh-Kyrgyz-Uzbek agreement on free trade;
o Organization of Cooperation of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova (GUAM);
o Agreement on the Common Economic Space of the CIS (2004);
o Shanghai Cooperation Organization (IIIOC, 2005);
o Customs Union of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus (2009).

It is difficult to survive alone in the modern world, all countries of the world have understood this. Sustainable growth requires access to a large common market and participation in the international division of labor. At the same time, states strive to protect their economies. Various forms of regional integration are used to strike a balance between protecting their markets and gaining access to others. These are objective processes, countries participate in various integration projects in order to obtain maximum benefits for their economic agents.

Concept

Regional integration is the strengthening of interaction in various spheres - military, economic, political, cultural. The countries create the most favored nation treatment for the members of the association. Integration involves the creation of a new community that seeks to benefit from greater size, "economies of scale". The pooled resources enable us to tackle issues that are beyond the reach of individual countries. In the process of integration, the economies of the countries interact, adapt to joint work, merge.

Signs

Based on the definition of regional integration, the following main features are distinguished:

it is beneficial to all countries that are members of the association, all receive benefits that could not be obtained alone;
integration is voluntary, based on partnerships, so forced unification as a result of wars is a different case;
as a result of integration, a certain isolation of the group of countries from the global world occurs, within the union favorable conditions are created for the participants and barriers are set for other states;
countries are pursuing a coordinated domestic and foreign policy, an example of the deepest integration is the European Union, where there is a single economic space and an agreed position on the main foreign policy positions;
there is a common regulatory framework and supranational bodies, for example, the Eurasian Economic Union has a single Customs Code and a common management body - the Eurasian Commission, which deals with the functioning of the association;
a unified vision of a common future and destiny, often based on a common history.

Of course, the degree and depth of the association's correspondence depends on the type, form, and at what stage of development the process of regional integration is.

Integration degree

Depending on the level of association, the following forms of regional integration are distinguished:

Free trade zones. This implies the removal of barriers to trade; most of the duties and quotas are usually removed. They can be created both between countries and between integration associations and countries, for example, between the Eurasian Economic Union and Vietnam.
Customs unions are the next level of integration. The countries, in addition to removing barriers to trade among themselves, adopt uniform customs rules, tariffs and conduct a common trade policy in relation to third countries: the customs union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan.
Countries This means free movement of capital, labor resources, goods and services, and a common tax and trade policy. An example is the Latin American MERCOSUR, which includes Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
Economic unions. The most advanced form of regional economic integration involves the implementation of a common trade, tax, budgetary policy, a common currency is introduced, and policies towards third parties are often agreed.

Sometimes another form of integration is introduced - a political union, but already at the stage of an economic union, effective work is impossible without political unification.

Tasks

The main tasks facing regional unions are to strengthen their position in the global market, strengthen stability and peace in the region and create economic growth. In the course of the development of regional economic integration, the associations of countries begin to deal with not only economic, but also political issues. For example, ASEAN is engaged not only in trade between countries, but also in economic relations with other countries, issues of peace and stability in the region. One of the goals of the organization is to create a nuclear-free zone in the region.

Goals

The countries, creating regional associations, strive to provide favorable conditions for the development of their countries, hoping to increase the efficiency of the national economy by receiving preferences from regional economic integration. The goals of the merger include, among other things, obtaining benefits from economies of scale, reducing the costs of foreign trade, gaining access to regional markets, ensuring political stability and improving the structure of the economy. Not always all goals are achieved, for example, Kyrgyzstan joined the Eurasian Economic Union in order to receive incentives for economic growth and attraction of investments. However, so far the effect is rather weak due to the influence of external factors.

Factors

The reasons why the countries are uniting are very different, the processes of regional integration do not occur spontaneously. This is a deliberate choice of countries that go a long way in the development of economic and political ties. Key factors contributing to the organization of regional integration:

an increase in the international division of labor;
strengthening of the globalization of the world economy;
increasing the openness of national economies;
increasing the degree of specialization of countries.

In general, all factors characterize the complication of economic life. Individual countries do not always have time to restructure production in accordance with the pace of innovation. The globalization of the economy forces us to compete with the best goods.

Prerequisites

In most cases, the main stimulus for the development of regional integration is the territorial neighborhood. In many cases, these are countries with a common history, for example, the Eurasian one emerged as an association of countries of the post-Soviet space. The similarity of the levels of economic development is important for successful regional economic integration. Many integration projects in developing countries are ineffective due to too large differences in the level of economies. On the other hand, the European Union started out as a project of the most developed countries in Europe. The coal and steel union united countries that had common economic and political problems: increased trade and the exclusion of the possibility of war between Germany and France. Successful examples of international regional integration make other countries strive to join such alliances.

Principles

There are about thirty integration associations in the world. The countries participating in them have followed different paths. From the Pacific Partnership, formed in 2016 and never started to work, to the European Union, the most advanced integration project. Therefore, starting a project of international economic integration, regional actors understand that they will not be able to solve all their problems at once. Gradualness is one of the principles of the unification process. The second principle is community of interests, integration is a common project, in the process of which it is necessary to build a system of complex economic ties. Perhaps, in some areas, and agree to not entirely favorable conditions for the country in order to contribute to the achievement of a common goal. In order for there to be sustainable regional development, integration needs an adequate decision-making model. Typically, all major decisions are made by consensus.

Economies of scale and increased competition

Countries, initiating a regional integration project, strive to get the maximum effect from working in a common economic space. A larger market makes it possible to increase production volumes, intensify competition and stimulate an increase in production efficiency, and reduce the influence of monopolies. The companies included in the association can increase production and sales volumes, because they will gain access to the markets of the countries included in the integration project. There are cost savings due to increased production and savings in trade due to the removal of customs barriers and duties. In addition, working in a common free market allows you to reduce costs due to access to cheaper labor and advanced technologies. Economies of scale are especially important in smaller countries, where large local companies quickly monopolize the local market. When a country is opened, the intensity of competition increases. Enterprises, competing with a large number of economic entities, are forced to reduce costs and compete with prices. The negative consequences can be the washing out of entire industries in small countries that cannot withstand competition. For example, after joining the European Union, the Baltic countries were left without most of the industries.

Expansion and reorientation of trade

Removing trade restrictions and duties can help to change the geographic structure of trade. A common free market makes goods from the countries of the unification competitive in local markets, including by reducing tariff barriers. As a result, there is a substitution of local and imported goods. After gaining access to regional markets, manufacturers focus their efforts on the production and sale of goods in which they have a comparative advantage, for example, through the removal of duties and quotas. Trade is expanding. More efficient producers are squeezing out products from other countries because they can take advantage of regional integration.

The countries receive their specialization within the integration association. The consolidation of markets leads to a geographic reorientation of trade. Obtaining preferences in trade within the association stimulates an increase in domestic trade by reducing trade with third countries. Especially if the lifting of restrictions within the integration association is accompanied by toughening of the terms of trade for other countries. Expansion and reorientation leads to a change in the country where production activities are located. Moreover, this is often unbalanced, some countries gain advantages, in others entire industries are washed out.

Major projects

The globalization of the economy is forcing countries to strive to adhere to one or another association. All major regions of the world have their own economic associations. Most successful integration alliances: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Latin American Common Market The largest and most advanced integration project, the EU unites 27 countries. NAFTA has comparable economic strength, which includes the United States, Canada and Mexico, where one country dominates. However, the weakest economy in this union also benefits.

For example, Mexico is home to a significant number of automotive businesses that serve the US market. The largest Asian project, ASEAN, developed as a production base for the world economy. The largest association in the EAEU has existed since 2014.

European Union

The history of the EU serves as an example of the successful development of an integration project that has gone through all stages from a free trade zone to a full-fledged economic and political union. United by a common history and territory, the countries began the process of integration to solve the common problems of post-war Europe. A significant advantage of the EU is that several developed countries with a similar culture and level of economic development participated in the integration. The countries of the union have delegated a significant part of their sovereignty to pan-European bodies.

The strength of regional economic integration lies not only in expanding the opportunities for growth of the countries of the region by lowering trade barriers and making goods cheaper for consumers. There are important external dividends that are being received by successful and dynamically developing integration blocs, thanks to which the gravity of the expanding economic bloc improves the conditions for trade and investment with the outside world.

In economic integration, success breeds success, including in terms of creating a sufficiently large economic mass, whose gravitational force (“gravity model” in international trade) is becoming more and more powerful in comparison with neighboring economies.

An illustrative example in this regard is the evolution of EU integration, which followed the example of building a critical mass of large economies in Europe (France and Germany as key heavyweights), which served to attract trade flows from neighboring economies. As a result, the gravitational pull of trade flows caused the so-called domino effect, which led to the fact that more and more European countries began to join the ever-expanding and massive European Union. Times have changed since then, and in a situation where the next cycle of "integration growth" can be carried out by the global South, whose nation states and integration blocs are still largely fragmented, especially in Eurasia.

The current system of a highly integrated developed world and a largely fragmented global South can persist for quite a long time if developing countries do not intensify efforts to unite existing integration blocks within common integration platforms. The first beginning in this process may be the creation of a critical mass, first in Eurasia, by uniting India, China and Russia within the framework of the expanded Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO +), which will create the basis for attracting other regional blocs of the global South in Eurasia (such as ASEAN) to the widest platform for developing countries on the continent. It will also form the foundation for EU engagement in more active economic cooperation with the emerging economies of Eurasia, while an expanded SCO + can also contribute to the creation of a global platform for South-South integration, either based on BRICS + or TRIA (see Ya. Lisovolik, “Imago Mundi: Coordinated South-South Action by Continents”).

The corresponding sequence of creating a global framework for South-South interaction, which is becoming significant enough to ensure full-scale cooperation with the developed world, can develop in the following stages:

The Russia-India-China Triangle: Closer Coordination between the Three Countries in Promoting the SCO as a Key Integration Platform for the Developing Economies of Eurasia

Greater Eurasia: Creation of an expanded SCO + structure, which will already be large enough to establish closer ties with the EU in creating a pan-continental alliance and promoting integration ties

Integration of the Global South: Creation of a BRICS + / BEAMS and / or TRIA structure that attracts other regional blocs from the developing world to form increasingly wider coalitions and megablocks of the global South

Global North-South Platform: The expanded integration platform of the global South is likely to exert a stronger “gravitational pull” in relation to the developed world, including in terms of coordinating the creation of North-South integration structures

It follows that there is a certain sequence of actions that can be followed in building a more balanced global economic architecture. The most important part of this sequence is related to the elimination of fragmentation and gaps in the regional layers of global governance (especially with regard to the global South), which in recent decades has become increasingly important for the development and maintenance of macroeconomic stability. The formation of a more coordinated framework in relations between developed and developing integration economic platforms is unlikely to ensure a breakthrough without more active steps from the global South, specifically in strengthening South-South integration. For the developing world, two key integration tools in achieving greater engagement with developed economies are related to the SCO + structure (establishing cooperation with the EU in Eurasia) and the BRICS + structure (to expand cooperation among the developed world at the global level).

Ultimately, sustainable globalization or economic integration is unlikely to be achieved exclusively at the level of global economic organizations and without progress in creating coordinated structures within the largest regional integration mechanisms. Rather than making minor changes to the system of global institutions, a comprehensive renewal of the regional factor of global governance and its greater coherence with other levels of global governance may be the key to a successful restructuring of the global economic architecture.

Currently, there are two trends in the world economy. On the one hand, the integrity of the world economy, its globalization is increasing, which is caused by the development of economic relations between countries, the liberalization of trade, the creation of modern communication and information systems, world technical standards and norms. On the other hand, there is an economic convergence and interaction of countries at the regional level, large regional integration structures are being formed - developing in the direction of creating relatively independent centers of the world economy. The main advantage of international integration groups is the more profitable use of the opportunities for mutually beneficial economic ties that contribute to an increase in GDP production and the efficiency of its use, which is a condition for sustainable economic growth. The above reasons force us to interpret in a new way the concept, essence and content of sustainable development of national economies in the context of international economic integration.

internationalization.

Integration processes

National economy

International economic integration

1. Bauman Z. Integration. Consequences for man and society / Per. from English - M .: Publishing house "Ves mir", 2007.

2. Great economic encyclopedia. - M .: Eksmo, 2008 .-- S. 249.

3. Dakhin V. Underwater reefs of globalization // Free thought. - 2008. - No. 4. - S. 55-61.

4. Zhuravskaya EG Regional integration in the developing world: non-Marxist theories and reality (on the example of ASEAN). - M .: Nauka, 1990.

6. Mosey G. Processes of globalization and regionalization in the world economy // The Economist. - 2006. - No. 9. - S. 3-7.

7. Economic and legal dictionary / Ed. A.N. Azrilian. - M .: Institute of New Economy, 2004.

In modern conditions, the increasing internationalization and openness of national economies, the international division of labor, dynamic changes in market conditions, the exit of the production cycle, financial flows, movement of labor force outside the national framework, modern systems of transport, communications and information and other factors contribute to the rapid development of integration processes and transition them to a new quality level.

Many scientists are engaged in research and integration in general, and its individual elements, relationships and manifestations. In domestic economic science, the problems of integration are considered in the works of E.M. Korostyshevskaya, E.F. Gershtein, G.R.Margolit, A. Marshak, A. Molotnikov, A. Radygin, etc. formed as a result of many years of debatable study of integration problems. However, among the researchers of this problem, there is no unequivocal opinion, as well as a unified theoretical approach to the interpretation of its nature and content.

Integration as a phenomenon has existed for a long time and has been used as a concept in scientific literature for several decades.

As you know, the term "integration" was first used in the 30s of the twentieth century by a number of German and Swedish scientists and in translation from Latin (from Lat. Integratio - restoration, replenishment from integer - whole), integration means the unification of any parts into a whole , elements.

In this study, the problems of interest to us are related to the economic aspect of the study of integration processes and lies within the framework of the economic plane.

Here is a typical definition of integration, given in many textbooks on economics and economic dictionaries: integration - (from integer - whole) - is "the union of economic entities, the deepening of their interaction, the development of ties between them."

International Economic Integration (MEI) is "an objective process of development of especially deep and stable relationships between individual groups of countries, based on their coordinated interstate policy."

The main features of international economic integration are:

interpenetration and interweaving of national production processes;
structural changes in the economies of the participating countries;
necessity and purposeful regulation of integration processes.

To the benefits of international economic integration:

an increase in the size of the market - a manifestation of economies of scale of production;
increased competition between countries;
providing the best trading conditions;
expanding trade in parallel with improving infrastructure;
dissemination of the latest technologies.

The negative consequences of international economic integration are:

outflow of resources (factors of production) of more backward countries in favor of stronger partners;
higher prices for goods as a result of an oligopoly conspiracy between transnational corporations of the participating countries;
the effect of losses from an increase in the scale of production.

The following forms of international economic integration are distinguished (with increased integration towards the end of the list):

Preferential zone;
Free trade Area;
Customs Union;
Common Market;
Economic Union;
Economic and Monetary Union.

The preferential zone is a form of international integration. The preferential zone unites countries in whose mutual trade customs duties on imported goods have been reduced or canceled.

A free trade zone (FTA) is a type of international integration in which the member countries abolish customs duties, taxes and fees, as well as quantitative restrictions on mutual trade in accordance with an international treaty.

Customs Union (CU) - an agreement between two or more states (a form of interstate agreement) on the abolition of customs duties in trade between them, a form of collective protectionism from third countries.

A common market is a form of economic integration of countries, which involves the free movement of goods, works and services, as well as factors of production - capital, labor resources - across the borders of countries that are members of the common market.

An economic union is one of the types of trade blocs characterized by the following features:

Availability of agreements on the freedom of movement of other factors of production, that is, financial and human capital;
Existence of agreements on the harmonization of fiscal and monetary policies.

The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is one of the types of trade blocs characterized by the following features:

Abolition of customs duties in trade between the countries of the union, a form of collective protectionism from third countries;
Availability of agreements on the freedom of movement of other factors of production, that is, capital and labor;
Existence of agreements on the harmonization of fiscal and monetary policies;
The presence of supranational governing bodies and the implementation of a unified macroeconomic policy.

At the end of the XX century. economic integration has become a powerful tool for the accelerated and harmonious development of regional economies and increasing competitiveness in the world market of countries participating in integration groupings.

In recent years, the Russian Federation has been increasingly taking part in the processes of internationalization of the world economy, which is largely due to the fact that the world community has learned to see modern Russia as a full partner. The volume of foreign trade both with the CIS countries and with non-CIS countries grew continuously until the onset of the global economic crisis. At the present time, after a sharp decline, there is a positive trend again.

The increase in the openness of the Russian economy led to an increase in foreign investment, an increase in financial strength ratings, a decrease in risk indicators for foreign investors, and finally, to the accession of the Russian Federation to the World Trade Organization (WTO).

From our point of view, the main problems hindering the development of integration processes in the Russian economy include:

1. Insufficient level of internal integration of the national economy. No federal state can count on effective economic integration with other countries, provided that a sufficient level of economic integration has not yet been achieved within the country. In the case of Russia, this is expressed in the extremely uneven development of the economies of the country's regions (and this is a large gap in the standard of living of the population and the development of productive forces), as well as in a low level of interregional economic cooperation. The overwhelming majority of small and medium-sized enterprises work only for the internal market of the region, without establishing business contacts outside of it.

2. Lack of a unified state system for assessing the development of integration processes in the national economy, as well as in the economies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It is rather difficult to assess the level of development of integration processes in the form of a quantitative indicator, which is explained by the multifactorial nature of the processes under consideration. At the same time, for public authorities, the availability of data on the level of development of economic integration is very important, since this greatly facilitates the monitoring of integration processes and allows for a more successful foreign economic policy. Today, most regions of the Russian Federation either do not have such assessment systems at all, or use different methods for calculating the integral assessment indicator, which makes their results incomparable.

3. Poorly developed infrastructure, especially the poor condition of transport systems. The effectiveness of the process of international economic integration largely depends on the level of infrastructure development in the integrating countries. In Russia, the state of transport systems is generally unsatisfactory, and some sections of federal highways are generally unsuitable for transportation. The level of development of information infrastructure in the regions of Russia also remains low.

4. The historically formed role of Russia as the undisputed leader in the post-Soviet space, which often prevents the country's leadership from adequately perceiving its partners from the CIS countries. Economic integration in the overwhelming majority of cases presupposes an equal partnership built on mutually beneficial cooperation, which assumes that the parties take into account each other's interests. The leadership of the Russian Federation is often unwilling to make concessions, having become accustomed to the role of an undisputed leader capable of dictating its own terms. In particular, it is this factor that significantly hinders cooperation between Russia and Belarus.

First, it seems rational to develop a unified system for assessing the level of development of integration processes in the national economy and in the economies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. This step will greatly facilitate the task of monitoring the process of international integration, will open up new opportunities for planning measures for the development of integration processes and monitoring their implementation. With the development of such a system, government bodies will receive a new powerful instrument for pursuing regional policy, which should have a positive effect on the country's economy as a whole.

Secondly, it is necessary to improve regional policy, while stimulating the development of international and interregional integration processes at the federal level should pursue the goal of equilibrium development of the regions. When regulating interregional economic relations, the authorities of each region should have guidelines for building international and interregional ties and understand the strategic tasks of developing the country's economic system as a whole.

Further, the state should pay more attention to the development of transport and information infrastructure in the regions of Russia. Allocating more funds to finance the corresponding programs, one should simultaneously tighten control over their targeted spending. Moreover, in this area, we see it as expedient to develop projects based on public-private partnerships. Both the state, from increasing tax revenues, and business, by reducing costs and entering new sales markets, benefit from this.

And, finally, the country's leadership should form a slightly different understanding of the processes of economic integration with the CIS countries, pay more attention to the needs of their partners and, perhaps, more often compromise without dictating their terms directly. This will strengthen economic and political ties in the post-Soviet space and improve the image of the Russian Federation in the international arena.

As a result of the implementation of the proposed set of measures, Russia must overcome the main obstacles that prevent it from making full use of the enormous economic potential offered by international economic integration. In turn, the development of integration processes in the Russian Federation should give a powerful impetus to the development of the national economy as a whole.

Reviewers:

Pozdnyakova Tamara Alekseevna, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the Department of Taxes and Taxation of the North Caucasus Mining and Metallurgical Institute (State Technological University), Vladikavkaz.

Khekilaev ST, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the Department of Economics and Enterprise Management, North Caucasus Mining and Metallurgical Institute (State Technological University), Vladikavkaz.

Bibliographic reference

Takazova M.T. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND THE PROBLEMS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA // Modern problems of science and education. - 2013. - No. 1 .;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=8431 (date accessed: 22.12.2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"