Global crisis: causes, directions, solutions. Ethnic conflicts are one of the global problems of modernity. Development factors of ethnic conflicts Presentation on the topic: Global ethnic crisis

In the 20th century, humanity fell into a number of problems and crises that require solutions on the scale of the entire planet.

These problems relating to the fate of the further development of human civilization were called global (from lat. Globus - the globe).

For the first time, mankind realized itself as a whole during the First World War. Since borders and distances did not exist for hostilities, millions of people were drawn into a global military conflict. At this time, the doctrine of the noosphere, whose authorship belongs to Vladimir Vernadsky (1863-1945). He called the man of the largest strength on Earth, able to change the appearance of the planet and influence its present and future.

Global Alarmist Crisis

The increasing number of global problems led to the fact that humanity today stands in front of two ways of development:

• either it will continue to be spontaneously developing, acting destructively on the world around
• either purposefully rebuild its being principled.

There are two varieties of the crisis of Alarmist nature (from FR. Alarme - Anxiety):

1) a limited amount of resources, the presence of "economic borders" at the same level of growth of world civilization will result in a catastrophe - commodity hunger;

2) Unreasonable human attitude towards nature, uncontrolled consumption and processing of natural resources (for example, a consistent cutting of forests, an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and, as a consequence, an increase in air temperature, etc.) will lead to total pollution and natural cataclysms.

Alarmist crises over time are only exacerbated, which contributes to the rapid industrialization of humanity. The solution of such problems as hunger, shortage of fresh water, the elimination of the lag of developing countries from developed, leads to a permanent increase in industry and the economy, and this requires an increasing number of resources.

Types of global crises and causes of their appearance

The development of society leads to other types of global crises:

• the growth of scientific and technological progress is necessarily associated with the risk of man-made catastrophes such as the accident at the Chernobyl NPP;

• catastrophic consequences lead natural natural cataclysms (hurricanes, which in recent years, the explosion on Fukushima in recent years);

• social conflicts - wars, revolutions, terrorism and religious extremism - have a destructive impact on the economic, energy and industrial infrastructure;

• The "Internal Development Crisis" arises due to the uneven distribution of energy resources in the land, while the prosperous segments of the population protect themselves from environmental problems arising from processing resources, while other social groups are forced to deal with an increasingly deteriorating environmental situation.

Aurelio Pechesti noted that global problems do not know social and political borders, they are united for everyone.

Among the main reasons, scientists call:

1) the unity of the modern world, which was formed due to the intelligent political and economic relations. Oddly enough, it was most brightly manifested during the world wars. The Second World War, which began as a small conflict at the borders of Germany and Poland, soon covered the whole world. Philosopher N. Berdyaev wrote that

in the military "world whirlwind in an accelerated pace", everything was mixed, the person could be "rigged into the shreds," the great cultural values \u200b\u200bwere destroyed.

2) the growth of industrial production of the planet. Compared with the beginning of the 20th century, the production index today has increased more than 50 times. World GDP is about 13 trillion dollars. According to scientists forecast, by 2050 it will increase 10 times. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) in the year before last a century predicted that a person would be the most mighty force on the planet. At the same time, a person affects nature much stronger than the most frantic natural elements and often cannot control the changes caused by its activities.

3) The global crisis is also caused by an uneven level of industry and culture in various countries. However, thanks to advanced information technologies, such as television, satellite communications, Internet, any information about discoveries and events becomes available in any corner of the globe. Meanwhile, people who have access to this information are located on different stages of civilization: tribes staying in tribal relationships live in a pair of hours of the path from Cape Canaveral or Baikonur cosmodrome, from where humanity explores space. Therefore, there is an acute problem in the problem of nuclear weapons and there is a threat to nuclear terrorism.

Ways to solve global crises

Some scientists suggest the death of humanity for the next century. However, looking at the story, you can not do so pessimistic conclusions. Humanity is able to find compromise solutions even in the most difficult situations. For example, it was possible to avoid an atomic war between the USSR and the United States during the Caribbean crisis at the end of the XX century.

In the 1960-1970s, many centers uniting futurologic scientists were created to study the philosophy of global problems. One of the most famous - Roman club, exploring the relationship of all aspects of a person's life in two directions: economic development and human relationships.

In the report "Growth Limits" (1972), J. Forrester and D. Medos were talking about the need for immediate economic and environmental stabilization, global equilibrium, in connection with which humanity needs to revise the structure of their needs.

In 1974, M. Mesarovich and E. Pestel published a report "Humanity at a turning point." They believed that the world was not just a whole. The world is like an organism in which each element has its own specific features. The industrial society in which the economy was the defining factor of development, remained in the past. Therefore, humanity needs a high-quality leap in the development of civilization, and not further increasing industrial power (quantitative development).

We offer a presentation on this topic:

One of the founders of the Roman Club of Aurelio Pechesti claimed that the growth of industrial potential and industrialization in reality is no more than a myth, which is hidden many global problems.

The exit A. Pechesti sees not only in the development of a legal framework that enhances the responsibility for environmental crimes, the introduction of ecological-saving industries, the use of environmental clean energy sources. The main thing is the "internal transformation" of the person himself. A. Pechati belongs to the idea of \u200b\u200b"new humanism" - a harmonic equilibrium between man and nature, the creation of new cultural values, which should be made by the foundation of the world's worldview of the entire population of the Earth. This will lead to the cultural evolution of human civilization, the appearance of a "updated person"

"New Humanism" characterize three aspects:

• feeling of globality;
• desire for justice;
• rejection of violence.

In the center of this concept of philosophy of global problems, a holistic human personality and its inexhaustible opportunities are delivered. Humanity requires "unprecedented cultural restructuring", the transformation of the consciousness of everyone without exception.

According to A. Pechesti, such a "human revolution" is the only real possibility of exiting the socio-cultural crisis of the modern world.

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Russian State Pedagogical / University. A.I. Herzen ^^ (× ^

For manuscript rights

Smooth Igor Yuryevich

Geographical research of ethnic crises

Specialty -11.00.02 Economic, social and political geography

St. Petersburg 1995

The work was performed at the Department of Economic Geography of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen

SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR:

Official opponents:

candidate of Geographical Sciences, Professor Sokolov O.V.

doctor Geographic Sciences, Professor Bugaev V.K. Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Lashov B.V.

Leading organization: Institute of Socio-Economic

problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg)

Protection will be held October 1995. at the meeting at the meeting

dissertation council by 113.05.09 at the Russian State Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen at: 191186, St. Petersburg, Nab. River washing, 48, corp. 12.

The dissertation can be found in the library of the University.

Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council

candidate of Geographical Sciences, Professor (^ Sokolov

From 556. Yo y, and

I - the overall characteristics of the work

The relevance of research. The growing economic and technological interconnectedness of states, the acceleration of the processes of internationalization of social life, politics, cultures make the modern world holistic and in a certain sense indivisible. At the same time, the growing desire to self-identification of countries, peoples and groups of the population make it more unstable and low-consumable.

Current changes in the political and ethnic geography of the world are becoming so important that they are sometimes compared with the process that began after the Westphalian peace treaty of 1648, which was a turning point in the formation of modern states. So, only sixty of the current hundred ninety states existed on the eve of the XX century. On the other hand, only in the first half of the 90s, the UN adopted more than twenty new states in its members.

As if not to relate to the scale of predicted changes on the political map of the world, promising to become one of the most impressive phenomena of the latest history, one thing is clear: in the global sense, the national - ethnic problem can become and already becomes one of the most painful. Some authoritative scientists (S.Min, V.Barelia, W. Connor, B.Stiafer, B, Jordanian, etc.) talk about the real global ethnic crisis that has already covered the planet. Uncontrolled national emotions, which, depending on concrete circumstances, acquire forms of informed national self-affirmation or aggressive nationalism, lead to dramatic conflicts almost on all continents and especially on the periphery of world civilization. Most. permeated conflict (explicit, latent or potential) Eastern patriarchal society. And national ethnic tension

it is enhanced by straightening on religious, clan, pattering-cliented soil. First of all, this applies to countries of tropical Africa, where intra-barred and intergovernmental relations permeate the entire social life. There is practically no country here, where ethnocyalism would not manifest itself in one form or another.

In recent years, contradictions in the territory of the former USSR have become an integral part of the global ethnic crisis, which were successfully overwhelmed by the Allied Center. We are talking about national-ethnic stripping, confrontation within nations, separated by regional or clan features, territorial disputes, separatism, autonomist movements, etc.

The importance of interdisciplinary scientific understanding of modern national-ethnic processes is quite obvious and does not need special argumentation. But in a growing flow of publications devoted to the problems of the current stage of exacerbation of inter-ethnic rivalry, the work of a geographical nature to detect is not easy, to ^ to the thousands of the tightest threads at all and do not associate ethnos with the territory - the most important operating basis of geographic science, with the environment; As if the geographical interpretation of inter-ethnic relations is at all and does not occupy an important place in the theory of ethnogenesis, developed by Ji.h. Gumilev C "Excreated" scientific community in recent years. It is not worth surprising, because in domestic geographic science there is still no specific social and historical research (called in the west "Case-Studies") of inter-ethnic relations within the framework of the former USSR. In the conditions of a sharp exacerbation of interethnic relations, the collapse of the USSR and the threat of disintegration of Russia itself, the development of ethno and political and geographical approaches to help predict a dynamically changing

ethno-political differentiation of society, as well as the search for ways to resolve inter-ethnic contradictions.

The subject of the research is the processes of rivalry in the modern world (including in the post-Soviet geopolitical space), widely known under the name "global ethnic crisis" and identifiable with one of the most acute and difficult problems that have embodied before humanity at the end of the 20th century. The subject of the study is of a pronounced interdisciplinary nature, which not only allows, but also encourages to contact him by representatives of geographic science, previously distant from participation in scientific understanding of these issues of our time.

Geographical (ethnogeographic. EthnomeGolithic ") object of the study is a hierarchy of social, national ethnic formations of various ranks; ethnos - polyethnic conglomerate -stan (first of all the former USSR) - the subregion (continent or part of it) - the world as a whole There are various levels of this hierarchy. In a number of chapters and sections, the processes of exacerbation of nation-ethnic relations are considered in smaller taxonomic levels (administrative district, city, etc.).

The theoretical basis of the thesis was the works of extensive specialists in the world (first of all Russian) on interethnic relations, philosophers, political leaders. The actual material was asked from Russian and foreign periodic publications, official statistical sources of the UN, analytical work, or was the result of its own observations and dissertation reflections.

The scientific novelty of the thesis lies in the fact that a geographical approach to the study of ethnic chrysims was formulated for the first time: from Etco-, socio-geographical position, analyzed

the nature of ethnic contradictions; changed changes in geographical conditions and factors of inter-ethnic conflicts under the influence of new global-regional economic, social, geoecological and political interactions; A comprehensive analysis of the nature of modern shifts in a geopolitical situation within the post-Soviet space is given.

Objectives of the thesis - Determination of the place of geography in the system of interdisciplinary attempts to understand by one of the most important global problems of modernity, the search for geospatial relations between ethnic conflicts and factors that cause them, on the basis of the proposed geographical approach to the study of ethnic crises.

To achieve these goals it was necessary to solve the following tasks:

Offer and substantiate the geographical interpretation of ethnic, processes;

Trace the development of scientific ideas about the relationship between ethnic groups and territory (nature);

Summarize those in the literature and offer their approaches to the essence of the so-called "provoking" factors of ethnocyalism and comprehend them from the standpoint of geographic science;

Analyze the relationship of the manifestations of emergency hostility with the new geopolitical position of Russia.

The practical significance of the work is that its results can be used as a theoretical and methodological base for the deployment of geographical studies of ethnic crises on the territory of the former USSR;, in conducting concrete forecast ethnogeographic developments in the process of making political decisions and the implementation of regional policies; In teaching ethnogeography courses, geography, political geography, etc.

Approbation of work. The main provisions of the dissertation was reported and discussed on the Herzoskik of the Readings of the RGPU. A.I. Herzen (1994, 1995), conferences of young scientists University (1995), All-Russian Scientific Conference "Environmental Safety and Socio-Economic Development of the Regions of Russia" (Saransk, 1994).

The dissertation structure is due to the logic of the goals and tasks in it and includes the introduction, three chapters (chapter 1 - "ethnic processes and geography"; chapter II - "Ethnic crises:" provoking "factors and their geographical understanding"; Chapter III - " Ethnic crises on the territory of the former USSR: geopolitical aspect "), each of which ends with brief conclusions, as well as the conclusion and bibliographic list. It contains text anten, and drawings,

JL tables. The list of references includes ^ y / nanrooms in Russian, English and other languages.

Ji. The main provisions of the dissertation submitted to defense

1. Identification of the subject of research and the rationale for its "geographicity" can be carried out with the "help" of ethnic and political geography (equity; geopetics is at the junction of these two directions, a new area of \u200b\u200bsocial studies is born: "ethnogeoletics".

The essence of the geographical approach to the study of ethnic crises consists, in finding geospatial bonds between ethnic crises and factors that are causing them; in the study of such concepts as "national space", "living space", "ethnic

landscape "," Ethnic borders "and others. The relevance of their scientific definition is also important because the massive ideas about the links with the Earth are often irrational, and therefore it is difficult to correctly adjust with the help of arguments facing reason.

Great practical significance has ethnic and political cartography, widely used in solving national-lolitical problems. The objects of mapping are ethnic territories, ethnic boundaries, mixed in ethnically areas, etc. At the same time, the cartographic method allows not to study the ethnic groups in close connection with political, economic, social indicators, geographical environment, but, which is especially important, with one degree or another degree of reliability to reconstruct the resettlement of ethnic groups of the past epochs. Such documents can serve as one of the means of solving inter-ethnic disputes.

When considering theoretical issues of ethnic geography, there is traditionally elevated interests of the general relationship of dependencies in the system of relations "Territory - Ethnos", (as well as the "Nature"). The fact that such dependencies exist is in essence by anyone is not disputed. Discrepancies usually take place when clarifying their degree and character.

Fear in past years, accidentally shifted ideological accents in the analysis of such a "delicate" question, led to the fact that even "famous authors tried to comment as much as possible. Much less disagreement is manifested in the definition of such" geographic "concepts as" ethnic territory ", "Ethnic Space", "Ethnic Borders" and others. Let's say, the ethnic territory is usually associated with the main arale of the resettlement of the people with whom the important stages of ethnic history are related, its historical fate,

cultural and economic continuity; Ethnic borders - with turns between different ethnic territories, and with the lesperage of representatives of different nations, it is very difficult to carry out such border.

Undoubtedly, thousands of strong bonds associate ethnos with the surrounding nature, with "their" earth. Ethnic consciousness sees "territory of the soil on which an ethnos has grown, which has fed. Subconsciously he sees in it the sphere of his own security. The impact of the surrounding nature is affected by the very character of the people. So, in the soul of the Russian people, there was a strong natural element associated with the immensity of the territory, with the infinity of the Russian plain.

Directly related to geographical understanding of ethnic crises has the theory of ethnogenesis (mutagenesis), developed by L.N. Gumilev. He, in essence, rejects the opinions of many recognized authorities of the world science, arguing that individual races and ethnic groups are formed due to the struggle for existence. The scientist introduced a new parameter into a scientific use - passionation - as a sign that arises due to mutation (passionary push) and forming "inside the population" of a certain number of people (passionars), which have an increased burden to action, i.e., inclined under certain circumstances, provoke inter-ethnic friction.

However, its ideas associated, for example, with the level of * "passionary voltage" of the ethnic system, are associated with entire epochs and, according to the author, they are unlikely to reproduce them today to a particular ethnic. In addition, the Johnsecia of the scientist itself, with all its external appeal, has not yet lost the halo of the hypothesis that it is necessary to affect.

2. In modern literature, there is practically no separate (pomponent) analysis of internal and external factors leading to

destabilization of inter-ethnic relationships. Of course, in real life, a conflict complication arises as a joint action of several factors: sometimes the "detonator" is economical, "explosive" demographic, and the power that strikes the "detonator" has a purely criminal appearance. There are no serious development of concrete factors leading to national collisions in literature.

In the process of studying the main reasons, ethnocyalism and ethnic crises in the modern world, the author has allocated more than 20 factors. The main T, which is the preservation of the RRNNCIPI of the identity of state and national ^ borders; 2) The movement of nations to self-determination: 3\u003e The movement of nations to the formation of supernury: 4) Economic struggle for land, fixed assets, etc.:

51NSon-controlled demographic development of underdeveloped countries: b)

assimilation processes: 7) Depopulation of ectus miners: 8) "Eldenne" successful nations: 9U Environmental situation: 10) Changes in national psychology of the PRD with the influence of nuclear, environmental and other types of social threat: and CP. (see RCSL.

Naturally, not all the factors allocated by us possess sufficient geographical specificity. The analysis of some of them is fruitful in the framework of sociology, economics, history, philosophy. Let's say a study of such common factors as the movement of ethnic groups to self-determination and the formation of super ethnic supplies to lead on a broad historical background using the methods of socio-philosophical analysis.

At the same time, some of the identified factors are mostly geographical than those in their nature. Thus, the analysis of uncontrolled demographic growth in the "Third World" countries, the "aging" of European nations, assimilative and deaopulation processes cannot be conducted outside the social framework

economic geography that uses a wide arsenal of spatial research methods. An even more obvious is the geographical nature of the environmental factor in the emergence of interethnic strife. Some other marked factors are permeated with geographic topics, in particular the economic, implementation of the principle of identity of state and national borders, etc.

From among those indicated in Fig. The forms of manifestation of the ethnic crisis will pay special attention to such as the infringement of democratic freedoms or economic rights of ethnic groups, which, in principle, may not provoke ethnocyal outbreaks. Among the "peaceful" forms of manifestation of the ethnic crisis, it is also possible to note the degradation of an ethnos associated with depopulation processes, bleed mixing marriages, spatial sprawling of the ethnos and its assimilation.

Among the spatial levels of manifestation of the ethnic crisis, we highlighted the global, intercontinental, subregional, regional, local, locally clan.

"Of course, the basis for the undertaken, systematization of factors, forms and spatial levels of manifestation of the ethnic crisis is prescribed rather empirical than the theoretical foundations, which can be partially justified by only the recent identification of such a global problem, the kakh universal ethnic crisis. Studies of theoretical bases of classification, especially in informative, are still to be done.

3. The most universal factor causing inter-ethnic conflicts is the implementation of the principle of identity of state and national borders. Mechanical transfer of false synonym "National Interest" - "State interest" on the phrase "State borders" - "National Borders"

can lead to unpredictable inter-ethnic conflicts.

Let us turn to the European Region. In the territory of 32 European countries, 87 nations live as "national minorities", and many of them dispersed "sprayed". So, the Germans outside of Germany live in Belgium, Denmark, France, Poland, Russia, Romania, Italy, the Czech Republic, Serbia, etc. There are a lot of other national groups, which history scattered in different states. Bulgarians live in Yugoslavia, Romania, Greece, in Ukraine; Greeks - in Cyprus, in Turkey, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and the territory of the former Yugoslavia; Albanians in Greece, Italy, Serbia, etc. In other words, the aforementioned number of essentially (87) with a "re-invoice" can increase significantly.

You can imagine how the consequences would have led individual peoples to implement the principle of identity of national and state borders on Proshtik. Meanwhile, clearly expressed centrifugal trends appear here (at the same time, especially brightly within the extent of the former Yugoslavia).

Imagine that some abstract territory with the mixed population allowed to self-exchange in accordance with the will of the majority. With such a decision, fewer territories can not agree with its composition, in which the minority is a majority. In case these smaller territories also want to avoid the probability of inter-ethnic collision repeatedly ■. increases.

Many foods for reflections give the collapse of the USSR and the new federal structure of the Russian Federation. Unfortunately, many of our politicians and government figures of various ranks are trying to implement democratization and creating the foundations of civil society in the previous framework of national ethnic communities and

Professionation of the principle of identity of state * and national borders

Movement of ethnic groups to self-determination

The movement of ethnic groups The formation of super etones V

Economic struggle for Zowa.Zille in cities. Natural resources, etc.

Uncontrollable demographic development in suffering "third world *

Assimilation processes and depopulation of ethni-epi

"Aging" nations of the state * with a developed market economy

| Environmental factor

Belief in the special relationship of the ethnos with the Supreme Divine and _

national states.

The tragedies of inter-ethnic conflicts every day are more clearly detected by the need for new approaches to them. Finally, in the Russian parliament, the recently difficult-perceived idea sounds that the principle of identity of national and state borders is erroneous; that those who have acquired and the sovereignty of the republic cannot be "national states", as defined by the USSR Constitution of 1977 and is willingly supported by the intellectual and political elite of "indigenous" nations; that their governments should not be at all national, but nationwide, representing the interests of all citizens of these state formations.

With an interdisciplinary study of the role of the principle of identity of state and national borders in the emergence of national interdiscructures, the task of the geographer is seen to us in identifying the historical features of the formation of ethnic and government borders, the boundaries of ethnic and economic space, turning special attention to the territory with a mixed population.

4. The processes of assimilation and depopulation of essentially are carried out to the complication of inter-ethnic relations.

One of the factors that often leading to destabilization of inter-ethnic relations in the recent past was the direct physical destruction of ethnic minorities, especially the peoples on the "periphery" of world civilization. The roots of this phenomenon go deep into centuries and are closely related to the colonial epoch. There are already hiking of conquistadors of the participants in the Spanish conquests to South and Central America in the XV - XVI centuries, accompanied by merciless extermination and enslavement of tribes and

peoples of West Indnun, Central and South America, devastation and plundering of entire areas, acts of vandalism, violence and mass torture. A little later, "similar methods" colonized by British settlers and the Australian continent, where 300,000 Aborigines lived (mainly in the south-east) to the arrival of "whites". Such methods of colonization of new lands were used by Europeans also in Africa.

Assimilation and depopulation of essentiallyshit these days are manifested in a wide variety of forms and are associated with the loss of small ethnic groups of their language, culture, religion, national self-consciousness, as well as with bloodsamer marriages, low birth rate, high mortality and, accordingly, negative natural population growth.

Assimilation processes are characterized by an extreme manifold of character, pace and forms, and therefore their assessment cannot be unambiguous. In science, the concepts of natural and violent ethnic assimilation are clearly distinguished. In real life, it is, however, it is difficult to conduct a line of sirring between these concepts. It all depends on the presence or absence of racial discrimination, traditional ethnic prejudices, manifestations of household nationalism. Often the outbreak of inter-ethnic hostility is born directly from the economy.

The assimilation of essentially minorities is often accompanied by depopulation trends associated with the deterioration of the genetic fund of egoenstials, blood mixing marriages, spatial "sprawling" of the ethnos. Naturally, it should not be mixed by depopulation processes occurring on the periphery of world civilization (Australian aborigines, some Indian tribes of South America, the nationality of the Far North of Russia, etc.) with phenomena,

we have a place in countries with a developed market economy: factors that generate them are completely different.

The tragic situation has developed with the position of the small peoples of the Russian North. Mortality among them exceeds the figure in Russia as a whole, and the life expectancy is noticeably less than the country average. It is easy to see that we are talking about the threat of the physical disappearance of small ethnic groups. It is accompanied by a loss of national self-consciousness, identity, local economy. Hopelessness, absolute social disorientation and vulnerability of indigenous people - the natural result of the forms of management introduced here from above.

The socialist state "tamed" and corrupted the original hardworking Aborigines (in this case, the sharpness of the expression, in our opinion, is justified by the tragicity of the current situation.) Rough, low-product interference in the original life of small nations (it was carried out even at the physiological level - the aborigines had to change the structure of the food diet Although their body is adapted little to the assimilation of many imported products) deprived of their adaptation resources, seized incentives for life and productive work, taught to the magnitude of drunkenness. There is little chance of the indigenous peoples of the North and is the post-pre-stroke era. All the north, the structure of the northern economy is little adapted to the terms of the market economy.

The experience of regional policies of Canada shows that without the state traffic of the North, without the support of local styles and traditional values, the northern peoples do not survive. This thesis becomes even more convincing, if we consider that on average in the world in English-speaking northern territories lives about 10 times less than people. The plight of national minorities of the Russian North, at first glance, has an indirect attitude to

inter-ethnic crises, especially the extreme forms of their manifestation of ethnic conflicts and clashes. However, degradation, destruction or assimilation of essentially, is quite typical manifestations of the global ethnic crisis, which is indicated by very reputable specialists. The fact of infringement of the rights of national-ethnic minorities is always fraught with the risk of inter-ethnic clashes.

The factor considered above, has a pronounced geographical aspect, manifested in a number of spatial features, namely: 1) physical destruction and depopulation of essentially occurred and occur currently, as a rule, on the periphery of world civilization; 2) Ethnic groups, failing to adapt to the rhythm of modern life, are associated with the nature of more rigid uzami and are accustomed to take from nature only the most necessary to maintain life; 3) For the survival of the mentioned ethnic groups, a targeted regional policy of the state is needed, the main tool of which should not be the private sector, but public investment.

5. The destabilization of inter-ethnic relationship also strengthens the process of "aging" of individual ethnic groups, in particular Western European. The fact of the progressive "aging" of European nations does not need special evidence. This phenomenon is mainly due to two factors: a decrease in fertility and an increase in the average life expectancy.

In the consciousness of many Western Europeans, the fear of the prospect of extinction, absorbing alien ethnic groups today. The latter, of course, is very hypothetically, but it is real that in the conditions of the current demographic changes in Europe, more importantly, issues related to the interstate migration of the population and the labor force are becoming more important. Another source of tension in

interethnic and interracial relations - refugees and emigrants. According to the UN, from the total number of them all over the world 11 million. (at the end of the 80s excluding the USSR) more than half has accounted for "non-socialist" Europe.

In the context of the depopulation of the population of the European Region, the migration contingents of the fatal population with a significantly higher birth rate make substantial shifts into its national structure. For example, the number of children in families, immigrants from India living in England, more than twice the corresponding indicator for the indigenous population. This means that the proportion of migrants born in the territory of European countries is much higher than the share of the latter in the population of host countries. Special problem create mixed marriages and related issues of citizenship.

It is precisely with this that they are connected today with natural outbreaks of hatred of the "color" immigrants, the pace of assimilation of which is lagging behind the rates of increasing immigration waves. The speech is primarily about such essentially, Hack Arabs, Indo-Pences, Turks, natives of Africa and the Caribbean. The beginning of the 90s gives many examples of conflict situations between nationalist young people of Germany, Great Britain and other Western European states and "color" immigrants, which certainly confirms our thesis on the close relationship of the modern demographic situation in Europe with the problem of destabilizing inter-ethnic relations.

The natural declaration of the population of Russia will inevitably lead to the general aging, which, in turn, will make elements of tension to the labor market. There are quite a few facts when the backbone of labor collectives at the enterprises is formed from immigrants, representatives of the "distant ethnic groups". Only within 1993 -1994

the years several hundred thousand Chinese, "were actually semiably settled on the territory of the Far East. Some of them brought with them families. This phenomenon agrees the Russian-speaking population, which is fraught in the future by inter-ethnic complications.

So, among the factors that enhance the destabilization of inter-ethnic relations, the process of "aging" of individual nations is one of the most "geographical". The timely forecast of the development of the demographic situation on individual countries and regions, performed by geodimrrugs, is able, firstly, to help the scientifically-based orientation of the demographic policy of the government to the perspective; And secondly, to optimize the directions of immigration waves of labor.

6. Geographically, the most obvious is the most obvious role of the environmental factor in the emergence of interethnic strife. In international international terms - this is: cross-border movements of atmospheric and river pollution crossing the boundaries of several states; Land desertification due to a particular country, but not knowing state borders; Pollution and poisoning of landscapes of some states from sources located on the territory of other countries, etc. In the domestic inter-ethnic terms - this is the struggle for sources of fresh water, pasture and forest land, deposits of mineral raw materials, etc.

The role of the environmental factor in the escalation of inter-ethnic strife is most clearly traced on the example of polyethnic societies, in particular in tropical Africa, where such conflicts are not international, and internal, interethnic. Here, the lifeguard and life management of ethnic groups is sometimes completely built around any element of the natural environment.

It is easy to establish a certain connection between environmental

problems and the emergence of ethnic conflicts on the territory of the former USSR. Bright examples - inter-ethnic clashes in Fergana and Summage at the turn of 80 - 90. However, the most serious pre-conflict natural environmental situation consists in the Central Asian region, where the largest river arteries - Amudarya and Syrdarya - have long served as common sources of water resources. It is known that first of the 60s, due to the rapid growth of irrigated areas and water intakes, the influx of river water in the Aral Sea began to sharply shrink, and by the mid-80s, Amudarya and Syrdarya and Syrdarya began to reach the sea at all. Aral began to dry and disintegrate at the group of bitter-salt lakes, with an area of \u200b\u200bmany times less than that of the original sea.

7. Among the reasons for generating outbreaks of ethnonational substances within the former USSR, the most important is the implementation of the principle of identity of state and national borders and economic struggle (often with a criminal "tint" ^.

The internal boundaries that existed before the collapse of the USSR were, in fact, administrative and did not have a special political value. The lifting of their status before the interstate level revealed a colossal threat to territorial integrity for some newly educated states. Many of these borders are not perceived by individual ethnic groups as legitimate, which represents a serious challenge to relations between states. The official recognition of the existing borders and territorial integrity was the only pragmatic solution for post-Soviet states, although such recognition did not prevent open conflicts that have acquired a pronounced ethnic color. Typical examples of such collisions can serve as hostilities in Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria.

In the geopolitical plan, the most unstable area of \u200b\u200bthe Russian Federation remains the North Caucasus, because It is here that the territorial integrity of the country is subjected. Statistics show that in the North Caucasus, the borders of political and administrative units have shed so often that only a few more than half of the territory of autonomy never changed their administrative affiliation. So, during the years of Soviet power, 38 national-state "reprocesses" were taken here, which not only did not bring the solution to the territorial and ethnic problems, but also to the end of them were confused. It is clear, in areas with ethnic seizure, such problems are always difficult to solve. Recall that within the former Soviet Caucasus, the 4 Union republics, 7 autonomous and 4 autonomous regions adjointed. Only here there were nominal communals, which united under one roof two people (in Dagestan - more than 30). But even more explosive the existence of the same peoples in different states (Armenians, Ossetians, etc.), especially when it comes to land disputes. The lack of a long-term concept of the development of interethnic relations, constant gross fragrance; The rights of the horren peoples only aggravated the ethnodunional situation in this region of Russia.

The tendency to split in the Caucasus proceed not only from Chechnya, but also from the influential Confederation of the Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus (founded in 1990 and applying to represent all major ethnic groups in the region). Local ethnic extremism is fraught with a deterioration in Russian-Georgian (due to Abkhazia), Russian-Azerbaijani (due to Nagorno-Karabakh and strengthening the cross-border activity of Lezgin) and Russian-Armenian (due to Nagorno-Karabakh) relations.

8. Serious challenges of Russia's national security are based on areas, GaE, ethnic sevisor at the religious

reborn movements, in particular in the zones of traditional influence

islam. Islamic political leaders are activated today their impact on the Muslim population of the Russian Federation in order to strengthen the regional political influence of Islam as a counterweight in Moscow. "Islamic factor" can make difficulties in relations with Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, as well as China, in which there are areas of compact residence of the Muslim population (the main one - Xinjiang-Ungurski Autonomous Okrug,

populated by Turkic-speaking Muslims).

The Gurco-Islamic influence region is usually identified with Central Asia and Kazakhstan. In political plan, dominant trends here, on the one hand, the traditional influence of Russia, on the other - the influence of Turkey and the Turkic world (covering the extensive geopolitical zone along the southern borders of the former USSR - from the Balkans to the western part of China), with the third - the traditional role of Islam as The worldview and the mistake of the overwhelming part of the population of the region. Some of these trends act in an explicit form, others in a hidden implicit, but it is clear that in the near and medium-term terms, the role of the area under consideration in the new balance of forces on the territory of the former USSR will significantly increase. As is well known, Central Asia (Kazakhstan is much at least) was traditionally a region with a peculiar demographic situation, a complex socio-economic situation and acute interethnic relations.

9. Of all the states formed on the site of the former USSR, Russia remains the most vulnerable to the risk of ethnic conflicts. This refers not only the scale of the territory and the film of the ethnic composition. Today, Russia, in addition to the regions, includes the 21 autonomous republic, 1 autonomous region and 10 autonomous districts (from among the autonomous republics 16 refer to the Soviet era; I Republic - Ingushetia - was "restored" by the decision of the Russian

parliament, the 4 republics were formed from the former autonomous regions). A similar "patchwork blanket" from federal units with different rights and responsibilities, according to the author, will be a permanent source of separatist movements. Russia needs a radical political and administrative reform.

The author believes that the new Federal Constitution should contain the following principles: a ban on the exit from the federation: a ban on a one-sided change of status by a subject in the federation, as it affects the interests of other subjects and the federation as a whole: the exclusion of the transformation of the administrative boundaries of regions to state, inadmissibility Dowy barriers for the free movement of people. Capital and information throughout the Federation: the rule of federal law in the case when local legislation is contrary to: the inadmissibility of non-democratic forms of power, mandatory separation of the authorities. Multi-Parliament, etc.

The implementation of the new principles of the federal device of Russia in no way infringe on the interests of egoenshors. On the contrary, the accounting of the national characteristics and traditions of the population of a specific territory will make federal politics more flexible. First of all, this concerns the indigenous peoples of the Far North, living in extreme natural conditions and not withstanding "market tests". At the same time, we should not talk about the consolidation of a special state status for the fact of the other region on the basis of its ethnic specificity (it is fraught with violations of civil rights as the entire population of the country and the ethnic group itself), in the development, may be a preferential tax system, On state latitudes, etc. This is a fundamentally different approach based on the ideals of civil society and not recognizing ethnic differences as

basins for local sovereignty. The main content of the thesis reflects ■ the following publications:

1. Capitals change addresses II Geography in school, No. 1, 1992. (0.3 A.L.).

2. Assimilation and depopulation of egreements as a factor of inter-ethnic tension. IIIL SB. "Geography of Geoecology" (materials "Herzen readings"). Dep. N1 2729-1394 (28.11.1994). (0.2 A.L.).

3. The aging of European nations and the problem of destabilization of inter-ethnic relations. IIIL SB. "Geography and Geoecology" (materials of Termeno's readings "). Dep. No. 279-B94 (28.11.1994). (0,2 A.L.).

4. The environmental component of the depopulation of the egreehiators of the Russian North // Environmental safety and socio-economic development of the regions of Russia. Saransk, 1994. (0.2 A.L.).

/ Sovat. - P.G. Soutagin.

5. Ethnoecological factor in socio-economic development of regions of Russia and environmental safety and socially * economic development of the regions of Russia. Saransk, 1994. (0.2 A.L.). / Sovat. - O.V. Sokolov /.

6. Geographical approaches to the study of ethnic crises // News of the RGO, Vol. No. 127, vol. 1,1995. (0.5 A.L.).

/ Sovat. - Yu.N. Smooth /.

Department of Education of the City Administration

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary school № 2. A.I. Isaeva "

Approve

director MBOU "SOSH №2

them. A.I. Isaeva "

Linnik I.A. _________

protocol Method No.

from "______" _________

PROGRAM

"Global Geography"

Elective course for students of 11 classes, 17 hours

geography teacher

Ilyicheva gd_____________

«____»_________________

Global geography

(35 hours)

Explanatory note

The course "Global Geography" is a relatively new and fast-growing direction in geographical; Science, which studies the spatial manifestation of generallylanet processes and phenomena. We can say that we are dealing with the special branch of globalism - the teachings on the global problems of humanity - geographical, including environmental, energy, food, raw materials, demographic and other aspects of the development of nature and society.

The globalism itself is brightly expressed interdisciplinary nature and is studied by many sciences: philosophy, sociology, economy, biology, right, etc. Global geography is "geographical globalism", and studying it is especially important and promising, as it is about Mastering knowledge at the turn of science about nature and society. Geography remains the only discipline synthesizing the natural and social destination in science. Global problems are different in nature, but they are all permeated by the idea of \u200b\u200bthe geographical unity of mankind and his survival. If, in the past, crisis phenomena was threatened with only individual cultures and territories, then modern megachrises covers the whole world, all the main forms and spheres of human life.

The most precious are the global problems as nuclear disarmament and the conservation of the world on Earth; Environmental related to the increasing destruction of the natural environment; demographic, generated by the rapid growth in the population in developing countries, their inability to ensure people with normal living conditions; Energy and raw material problems caused by the limitations of the mineral resources of the planet; Food problem associated with chronic malnutrition of millions of people and hunger in developing countries; the terrifying poverty of dozens of states, primarily in Africa; The problems of the world's ocean, the reasons for which are primarily due to a decrease in biological productivity, pollution of water pollution, etc.

Global Geography is becoming an increasingly stable place in the education system in various countries of the world, which is associated with a large cognitive, moral and educational value of this course.

Purpose: To form an ideological idea about the interconnectedness of global problems of humanity, about the possibility of their decision only under an integrated approach in international cooperation and mutual assistance.

It is designed to contribute to the solution of the following tasks:

Mastering the knowledge system about global problems of modernity, which is extremely important for a holistic understanding of the planetary community of people, the unity of nature and society.

Understanding Russia's place in the world, the specifics of the manifestation of global problems in each country.

The development of the cognitive interest of students to acquires an increasing sound of social problems - interethnic relations, culture and morality, a deficit of democracy, etc.

Armediation of students with special and general educational knowledge, allowing them to independently produce geographic information at this rate.

The study of the "Global Geography" course in high schools allows to integrate the knowledge obtained in other subjects to maximize the general education and cultural potential of geography as a training subject, combine linear-step and concentric principles of learning.

Introduction (2 h)

Globalistics and Global Geography: Terminology and Content

Globalide is the doctrine of global issues of modernity: natural science and public. "Package" of these problems. The interdisciplinary nature of globalism and the main directions in its study: the philosophical, economic, sociological, environmental, legal, prognostic, geographical, etc. The need to mobilize the joint efforts of economists, sociologists, environmentalists, lawyers, chemists, physicists, physicians, geographers and other specialists to research Global problems.

Global problems creating a direct threat to humanity. Scramble problems of space development, studies of the internal structure of the Earth, long-term weather and climate forecasting and their influence on the future of humanity.

The subject to study global geography. The initial manifestation of many global processes and phenomena at lower geographic levels is continental, regional, zonal, national, local. An example with a problem of hunger, almost unknown in Western Europe, USA or Japan. Parallel between the origin of individual negative generallylanetary processes and the appearance of malignant cells in the human body.

The utopian of ideas about the full solution ever ever global problems and the relevance of the thesis on the need to soften their acute.

Systematization of global problems

The meaning of the systematization that allows you to draw up the most visible idea of \u200b\u200bthe problems analyzed, more clearly fix the existing links between the different groups. "Old" and "new" global problems, the "main" and "non-monogram", which appeared thanks to the person and existing regardless of him.

Problems of political and socio-economic nature (the threat of a nuclear war and the preservation of the world on the planet; providing expanded reproduction; overcoming the backwardness of developing countries; providing sustainable development; the problem of manageability by the world community, etc.).

Problems predominantly natural and economic nature (ecological; energy; food; raw material; the problems of the world ocean).

Problems of mainly social character (demographic; inter-ethnic and interreligious relations; crisis of culture, morality and family; deficiency of democracy; urbanization; health and other health).

Problems of scientific nature (development of outer space; study of the internal structure of the Earth; long-term climate prediction, etc.).

Mixed problems whose unsconsidation often leads to the mass death of people (problems of regional conflicts, industrial accidents, crime, natural disasters, suicides, etc.).

Small global problems predominantly psychological and autoecological character (bureaucracy, egoism, etc.).

One-sidedness of lighting in the literature of global problems of humanity. Permanent finding in the field of 3 rhenium problems such as environmental, demographic, food, energy, raw material, since it is precisely with them first of all processes that subjected the most powerful impact of the basis of the existence of humanity.

Methods for researching global problems.

Demographic problem

The uncontrolled growth of the population in developing countries and the inability of modern civilization to ensure the current and especially future population of normal living conditions. The theory of Malthus, her supporters and opponents in the past and now.

The ability of the Earth to theoretically feed no one tet of billion people. The existing opportunities to increase the area of \u200b\u200bprocessed land and increase the average yield thanks to the Green Revolution. The simultaneous increase in the threat of irreversible environmental pollution, the accumulation of the giant number of people in large cities, an increase in the danger of mass death from hunger and disease in the event of a number of non-vertical years, etc.

Communication demographic problem with continued socio-economic conditions in the "Third World" countries. The concept of the theory of "demographic transition" and its applicability to the conditions of underdeveloped countries. Preference to the agrarian society of a large family. (Alsolilation of this phenomenon requires consideration of the following concepts: 1) Children: economic help or burden; 2) the warranties in old age (the absence in the developing countries of social systems of pension provision); 3) the presence of a woman in society; 4) Religious installations, 5) availability of contraceptives.)

Demographic policy, its focus and way of activation. Demographic Policy of China, India, African and Latin America: Successes and Disappointments. Demographic policy in the former USSR and modern Russia.

Global demographic situation and a complex of socio-economic tasks of modernity.

The problem of retardation

Roots backwardness of some countries of the modern world. The primitivism of the Marxist point of view, according to which the wines for the backwardness of underdeveloped countries were entirely imposed on colonialism. Historical delay (stadium) in the development of socio-economic structures as the main cause of retardation. The role of colonialism and the so-called neocolonialism in conservation and overcoming weakness.

Scale and criteria behind backwardness. Poverty, illiteracy of the population, chronic malnutrition and hunger, high mortality, epidemic, etc. As attributes of the underdevelopment of society. The criteria of the backwardness used in the UN. The least developed countries of the world (in accordance with the UN Classification), their typical signs. The underdeveloped states of Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Rising the cost of finished industrial products and stagnation of the value of raw materials and fuel (or incomprehension of growth rates).

The problem of external debt of developing countries. The concept of "new international economic order", the prospects for its establishment. Communication of backwardness with other global problems.

Food problem

Food as the most important fund of vital funds of humanity. Power sources in the past and now. Structure of food rations. Main vegetable food sources. Meat and fish are essential sources of proteins. Milk and fats of animal origin.

Essence of the food problem in the modern world and its main parameters: production, demand, distribution and consumption. Causes and forms of manifestation of food crisis in developing countries. The effect of hunger and malnutrition on the reproduction of labor. The concept of "hidden hunger".

Differentiation of countries and regions on the severity of the manifestation of the food crisis. The protracted, chronic nature of the food crisis in the arid and semi-day regions of Africa. Modest agricultural potential, increased fragility and reduced g "Elasticity" of local ecosystems. Elevated natural population growth, significantly advanced food production. Sachel countries as a "pole" of world famine.

Elected-quality, defective nutrition as the most typical form of manifestation of food problems in individual countries of Monsoon Asia. The successes of the "green revolution" and improving the food situation in Asia. Food problem in Latin America.

The aggravation of the food situation in the countries - successors of the former USSR.

Ways out of food deadlock. Communication of food problems with other global problems of modernity. The role of the elimination of hunger in solving the problem of backwardness.

Ensuring the food of the growing population of the Earth. The role of arable land, meadows, the world ocean and artificial products in solving a food problem.

Energy problem

Essence and extent of the energy problem. The growth of energy intensity of the modern economy. Growing gap between the high rates of development of energy-intensive industries and reserves of non-repaired energy resources (oil, gas, coal). Negative environmental effects of energy development while maintaining the traditional structure of the fuel and energy balance.

Energy crisis of the 70s. XX C.: His prerequisites and consequences. Economic, political and social aspects of energy crisis. The end of the era of cheap energy sources. OPEC countries and their role in the formation of energy prices conjuncture.

Traditional and alternative energy. Providing hydrocarbon raw materials and regions of the world and the transition to the energy-saving type of economy. Nuclear energy, modern extent of its development, dignity and disadvantages. The problem of technical reliability of nuclear power plants and disposal of radioactive waste. Using the energy of the Sun (Helioenergy), wind (wind power), internally heat, waves, flows, etc.

Energy and ecology.

Contours of the energy service of the future, forecasts and scenarios for the development of energy at the XXI century. Energy production growth limits.

Global energy situation and other global problems.

Raw problem

The essence of the global raw material problem. The concept of raw materials. Modern scale of use of mineral raw materials. Types of raw materials, more and less close to exhaustion. Optimistic and pessimistic forecasts for the use of raw materials in the future.

The relative limitations and irreparableness of mineral resources as the main component of the global commodity problem. Other components: the lag of the technology of mastering and processing of raw materials, low security of individual countries with mineral raw materials. Transition to the operation of less productive deposits of mineral resources in hard-to-reach areas with complex or extreme natural conditions. Increasing the cost of mining of almost all types of mineral resources.

Production is low-waste - non-frequency. The purpose and task of low-waste technology is the creation of production with a minimum amount of waste, harmful effects that do not exceed the permissible sanitary and hygienic level. Cycle "Raw Resources - Production - Consumption - Secondary Raw Sources."

Redevelopment use of non-repaired resources is one of the ways of resource saving. Disposal of household waste (garbage).

Regional aspects of raw material problems in the modern world. Attempts to radically solve the problem of waste in Japan and Western European countries.

Russia and global raw material crisis. Mineral resource nature of Russian exports and the problem of depletion of hydrocarbon fields. Insufficient use of secondary resources. Small resource saving policy efficiency.

Global commodity situation and its connection with other global problems.

Problems of the World Ocean

The seeming artificiality of these problems arising from undesirable opposition of the area of \u200b\u200bthe area of \u200b\u200bthe ocean water area. The specificity of the development and ecology of the ocean, allowing to talk about the known independence of these problems.

The world ocean as a "cradle" of everything alive on the planet. Protecting the oceanic medium of the emerging life from the destructive effects of ultraviolet radiation. The role of the World Ocean in providing life on earth.

World Ocean as a resource base. Structure of marine resources. Marine. Biological resources. World fisheries, its modern scales and possible limits. Mariculture. Sea mining industry. "Skinny ore." Resources and oil and gas production. Solid minerals with the bottom of the ocean. Ocean as a source of fresh water.

Problems of use of the energy of the ocean. The problem of the development of maritime transport. World shipping. Sea fleet. Ports, channels. Non-traditional views of sea transport.

The problem of marine transport.

Ecology of the World Ocean.

The ocean is the common heritage of mankind. |

The problems of the World Ocean and their connection with other global problems.

Global ethnic crisis

Growing economic and technical interdependence of states and accelerating the processes of internationalization of social life. Parallel to the desire of individual countries and ethnic groups to self-identification. The manifestation in various regions of the world uncontrolled national emotions, which acquire forms of the sound national self-affirmation or aggressive nationalism.

Conflict-forming factors and their geographical interpretation: 1) defending the principle of identity of state and ethnic borders; 2) the movement of nations to self-determination; 3) the desire of nations to the formation of supernations; 4) Economic struggle for land, housing, jointly htched fixed assets, etc.; 5) uncontrollable demographic development in underdeveloped countries; 6) assimilation processes and depopulation of essentially; 7) "aging" of nations in countries with a developed economy; 8) environmental factor; 9) Psychological plants for the protection of cultural and moral traditions of the ethnos, faith in its special relationship with the Supreme Divine, etc.

The pronounced geographical specificity of factors such as uncontrolled demographic development, "aging" of nations, assimilative processes, an environmental factor.

Geography of inter-ethnic conflicts in the modern world. Intergovernmental seizure (trabalism) is an old African disease, where the archaic institutions and organizations associated with the information bottle are still preserved. Inter-ethnic and interreligious friction in South Asia and Latin America.

Russia and the global ethnic crisis. Inter-ethnic conflicts in the countries of the former USSR. Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, conflicts on the territory of Georgia Transnistrian crisis and others.

The global ethnic crisis and its connection with other global problems.

Human health problems and longevity

Human health as a synthetic category, which includes other physiological moral, intellectual and mental components. One of the oldest global problems of humanity. Lifespan of the population as one of the most important criteria for civilization of any country (along with the development of the latest sectors of the economy, the level of national income per capita, etc.).

The concept of medical geography studying the spread of diseases and pathological states of man; The reasons for this propagation and the effect of the geographical environment on human health.

Geography of infectious diseases (epidemiological geography). Teaching E. N. Pavlovsky on the natural foci of so-called transmissible diseases. Forecasting the likelihood of one or another disease, depending on the derocalness of its natural foci to a certain geographical landscape (plague, ticking encephalitis, etc.). Malaria, Schistozomatiosis, Tripanosomoz (or "Sleepy Disease") - Typical infectious diseases of African tropics. Other epidemiological diseases: influenza, tuberculosis, cholera, etc.

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a new global fatal disease. Rapid spread of the AIDS epidemic that swept

world countries, primarily African, Asian, American. Immorality (sexualism and addiction) and confusion as primary factors \ distribution of the disease. The role of medicine in expanding the geography of AIDS. AIDS in Russia.

The distribution of malignant neoplasms and their connection with geographic factors. The dependence of human health from the regime and quality of nutrition (Kvashioror, Bury Take, diabetes, etc.).

"Internationality" of cardiovascular, mental and some other diseases.

The global value of the question of increasing the average life expectancy of a person. Gerontological science.

Communication of human health and longevity with other global problems.

The problem of spontaneous natural phenomena

The role of tragedies caused by nature forces in the history of mankind. Systematization of natural phenomena (SPE) under the conditions of occurrence (cosmic, meteorological-climatic, hydrological and geological, geological and tectonic, glacial-hydrological, etc.). Types of spontaneous phenomena (fall of meteorites and asteroids, flooding, tsunami, volcanic eruption, earthquake, sel, landslide, tornado, heat, drought, sukhov, dusty storm, blizzard, blizzard, lightning, tornado, frost, rave, hail, fog and etc.).

The evolution of human behavior in relation to SPEA: 1) "Flight" from SPI; 2) the search for protection methods from natural disasters, allowing to fight at least some of them; 3) Development of a mechanism to prevent some of the SPI on scientific discoveries.

The increase in the number of human victims and material damage from SPE in connection with the intensive growth of the population, its concentration in areas subject to the influence of the most destructive SPIs. The greatest vulnerability in the face of the natural element of developing countries (Bangladesh, Mussonaya Asia, Andean countries, Sachel states, etc.).

Geographical character SPA problem. The role of geographers in the development of measures to prevent SPEA.

The problem of technological accidents

The "chain reaction" of the disaster of the production nature of the last decades as confirmation of the global problem (an explosion at the chemical plant in Bhopal in India, the death of the American spacecraft "Challenger", the tragic flooding of the Soviet submarine "Komsomolets", the death of the Estonia ferry, the most severe disaster of the latter time is Chernobyl and many others).

Systematization of technological accidents depending on the nature of the industries of material production. The role of automobile, marine and aviation transport in death statistics. The role of the coal industry of the world in the death of workers. Geography of coal mines (pools) with increased methane-abundance.

The mathematical theory of the catastrophe that helps calculate the parameters in which the unstable state of the system occurs. "Protection against fools", i.e. controlling the technological process of the automation system that protects the production itself from failures, erroneous solutions turns off the process in case of possible danger.

Geographical aspects of technological accidents.

The problem of the deficit of democracy and freedom

The universal declaration of human rights as the most important international document is the concentrated expression of the democratic experience of mankind. Human rights - our natural, inalienable heritage, not a gift of the state for which his leaders should be thanked.

Analysis of the ranking of states by groups - "free", "partially free", "non-free", "reactionary" - regimes refusing to provide their citizens with basic political and social rights. The difference between the concepts of "authoritarianism" and "Totalitarianism".

Position with human rights in the USSR, Russia and countries formed after the collapse of the USSR.

Other global problems of modernity (4 h)

Register of global human problems. The problem of crime inherent in all states without exception. Classification of violations of legality and order: crimes against personality (murder, corporal damage, rape, etc.); crimes against the personal property of citizens (robbery, robbery, theft, fraud, extortion, etc.); State crimes (treason of homeland, espionage, political terror, sabotage, etc.); Air terrorism, or "Haijeking", etc. Variation of crime forms from country to country, from the region to region. The concept of "geocrinary atmosphere" and the role of geography in the study of crime.

The crisis of culture, morality, family (the problem of "ecology of the soul") is a specific global problem. Any people like a living organism of a special, higher order. The fruits of centuries-old spiritual selection and great social shocks, war, etc.

Global scientific problems associated with the study of space, the internal structure of the Earth, long-term weather forecasting and others.

The problem of urbanization of the world, creating the most complex assembly of the contradiction, whose aggregate and serves as a weighty argument to consider it under the global angle.

Analysis of other global problems (see the classification of global problems).

Educational and thematic plan

Clock

Global problems: concept and classification

Classification of global problems

Systematization of global problems

Demographic problem

Demographic explosion: causes and consequences. The theory of demographic transition. Developed and developing countries: causes of demographic differences. Demographic policy. Demographic atmosphere in Russia.

The problem of retardation

Roots backwardness. Output parameters. Geography retardation.

Practical work. Characteristics of backward countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Food problem

Power sources in the past and now. Power quality. Geography of hunger. Regional food types. Causes of hunger

Energy problem

Providing oil and transition to the energy-saving economy. Natural gas. Hydropower. Alternative energy sources. Atomic Energy. Energy problems of Russia.

Practical work. Determination of the most optimal territories and water areas of the planet for the construction of power plants operating on alternative energy sources, and their designation on the contour card.

Raw problem

Exhaustion of earthly subsoil. Dispersion deposits. The role of forest resources. Secondary resources. Recycling garbage. Russia and global raw material crisis.

Practical work. Characteristics of the manifestations of global commodity problems in different countries.

Problems of the World Ocean

Accumulation of knowledge about the ocean. The problem of mastering biological resources. The problem of mastering mineral resources. The problem of using the energy of the ocean. Other Ocean Problems.

Global ethnic crisis

Conflict-forming factors and their geographical interpretation. The movement of nations to self-determination and the desire for the formation of supernations. "Aging" of nations and destabilization of inter-ethnic relations. Assimilation and depopulation of ethnosters. Ecology and ethnic distribution. Tribalism - Africa's disease. Russia and the global ethnic crisis.

Human health problem

Nosgeography. Epidemiological geography. Spatial expansion of AIDS. Distribution of malignant neoplasms. Health and longevity

The problem of terrorism and regional conflicts

The emergence of the problem of terrorism. Spreading terrorism. Geography of regional conflicts.

The problem of urbanization

Essence of urbanization. Urbanization. Agglomeration and megalopolises. Environmental, economic and social problems of cities. "Slunny" urbanization.

The problem of spontaneous natural phenomena

Classification of natural phenomena. Geography of natural natural phenomena.

The problem of technological accidents

Dangerous professions. Catastrophe theory.

The problem of space and studies of the internal structure of the Earth

The relevance of the problem of space development. Clogging of near-earth space. The problem of studying the internal structure of the Earth.

Discussion

Generalization of students' knowledge

Summarizing lesson

Generalization and control of students' knowledge, project protection, presentations.

Literature:

Alekseev N.A. Natural phenomena in nature. M., 2004.

Internationalization of economic life and global problems of humanity. M, 2001.

Smooth J.N., Lavrov S.B. Global geography. M., Enlightenment, 2010.

Kondratyev K.Ya. Key problems of global ecology. M., 2000.

Developing countries in the struggle for overcoming backwardness. M, 2007.

Reimers N.F. Natural Management: Dictionary-Directory. M., 2001.

Skinner B. Will mankind of earthly resources? M., 2003.

Slavich S.B. Ocean: resources and economy. L., 2001.

Gladky Yu.A., Lavrov S.B. Economic and social geography of the world. 10 cl. M., Enlightenment, 2010.

Historical and geographical encyclopedia

World Countries: Statistical Directory. The whole world, 2011.

Lesson 1 Global Ethnic Crisis

Lesson 1

Global ethnic crisis

Tasks:

1. To form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe ethnic crisis as a global problem of humanity.

2. Consider the anatomy of the ethnic crisis through the prism of geography.

3. Develop the skills of working with textbook text: to share the main information and secondary, reformulate in your own words, to systematize.

4. Develop the skills of working in a group: exchange of information, development of a joint decision, presenting class.

5. Assimate interest in the world and events, in it, which is happening.

How it became possible: the enlightened XXI century,

multicultural world, global network of the Internet,

Al-Jazeera, SI-En, Quarks, Plasma, DNA Secrets

and space, and humanity did not become tolerant

neither humane, nor smarter, and religion does not soften the morals,

and becomes an additional line of split society.

Valeria Novodvorskaya, journalist

"New time", № 6, 2006.

Activation of cognitive activity

Students are invited to remember the previously studied material.

What is the modern world?

What is he? What trends are characteristic of it?

Trends:

1. "The narrowing of the world" is the possibility of faster movement in space, a temporary "reduction" of distances through the technical capabilities of modern transport.

2. Formation of sustainable economic ties between the countries of the world at two levels: international and transnational. International relations are carried out between states at the level of heads of states, governments and other state organizations. Transnational relations are carried out at the level of transnational corporations through the network of their subsidiaries and branches.

3. Chockerel and penetration of communications (communication) systems in all areas of human life.

Conclusion: These trends lead to the fact that the world becomes compact, accessible, transparently visible. The world is compressed to the point.

Along with the trends in association and integration, the regionalization processes are observed in the world: the rise of nationalism and "sovereignty". The trend towards self-determination, self-identification of countries and peoples is traced. There is a growing and deepening of national ethnic problems.

New Material

Give examples of "hot spots" of the planet.

Work with the "Hot Points of the Planet".

The problem of the ethnic crisis is global.

Confirm that the problem is really global. (It is characterized by all three features: it arose as a result of the development of society, it prevents the further development of humanity and threatens the existence of the global community, it can only be solved by the efforts of all countries of the world.).

Prove that the problem of the ethnic crisis concerns each person.

(Terrorism has become one of the forms of manifestation of a global ethnic crisis. The victims of terrorist acts are people of different nationalities, religiousness and life principles.).

Organization of work in groups.

Work in groups.

In each group of 5 people.

Duration of work in groups of 15-17 minutes.

Each group receives a task.

1. Get acquainted with the text of the textbook p.226-233. Tasks between the members of the group distribute independently:

The text "The principle of identity of state and national borders" and "The movement of nations to self-determination and the desire for the formation of supernations", p.226-227.

The text "aging" of nations and destabilization of inter-ethnic relations ", p.228-229.

Assimilation and depopulation of essentially ", p.229-230.

- "Ecology and ethnic distribution", "other factors," provoking "outbreaks of nationalism," p.230-232.

- "Traybalism is an old African disease", p.232-233.

2. Through the reading, select the main thing in the text, establish relationships and patterns, if necessary, make entries in the notebook.

3. Get ready to present the results of your work to the group.

4. Consider Figure 41 on C.224. Answer the questions.

What are the reasons, in your opinion, most often in the modern world of ethnic conflicts provoke? Try to systematize the causes of conflicts by region. Does the level of development of countries?

Is it possible to systematize the form of manifestation by region? Does the level of development of countries?

Generalization

Questions about the possibility of systematizing factors and forms of manifestation of ethnic conflicts are made to discussion in the classroom. Systematization options, arguments are heard.

Possible conclusions:

1. The factor is largely determined by the age of the population, which depends on the demographic situation in the country, the ethnic mosaic of the territory, the latest political processes occurring in this area.

2. In developed countries, the forms of manifestation of the ethnic crisis are predominantly "peaceful" nature, whereas in developing countries - an armed confrontation. The question is discussed why in Europe the form of expression develop from peaceful into armed. (Perhaps this is explained by the high number of foreign citizens. Together with the migration of foreigners, "migrate" and the forms of expression.).

One of the systematization options

Homework:

Group 1.

Carefully read the text theme 12 "Global Ethnic Crisis". Make as much as possible dictionary of concepts and terms. Use additional literature and Internet capabilities.

Group 2.

Make a catalog of Internet resources on hot planet points. Make a brief annotation to links. Systematize information. Systematization method select yourself.

Group 3.

Make a bibliographic catalog of information materials (articles, messages) on the topic "Global Ethnic Crisis" confirming the existence of a problem in the world. Make a brief annotation to each bibliographic link.

Group 4.

Confirm that ethnic conflicts exist in Russia. Informational messages Substitute in the form of a table (form and content identify themselves).

Group 5.

Make a list of ways to resolve ethnic conflicts in the world. Rate their advantages and disadvantages. The results of the work are subject to convenient for work.

Lesson 2.

Global ethnic crisis. Presentation of the results of work in groups.

Tasks:

1. Expand knowledge on the topic using the results of the Group's work.

2. Develop the skills of working with oral information: perception, allocation of the main, fixation.

Presentation of the results of the Group's work

Order order:

1. Imagine the task class.

2. Actions to fulfill the task.

3. The results of the task.

The procedure for representing groups:

1. Dictionary of Concepts and Terms.

2. Bibliographic list of media information.

3. Catalog of Internet resources.

In more detail, the results of the work of groups to identify the territories of ethnic stress in Russia are considered. Each member of the group makes a detailed message. Replies to clarifying questions.

Particular attention is paid to ways to resolve ethnic conflicts, the systematization of which the textbook is missing. The results of the Group's work are discussed.

Commenting on homework

Each student is invited to consider one of the ethnic conflicts in more detail and make information in the table.

Lesson 3.

Russia and global ethnic crisis

Tasks:

1. Expanding knowledge on the topic through work with additional information.

2. Development of information analysis skills, its collapse and audience presentation.

3. Summing up students for the awareness of the problem of the ethnic crisis as personally significant.

Here is one of the most gloomy forecasts of the future:

if "white" and "non-dummy" will not learn to live side by side,

humiliate to mutual accusations and information accounts,

i will not understand the values \u200b\u200bof mutual understanding, if racial wars enter our life, the XXI century will become more tragic than the century we have experienced. Although it would seem, where is more tragic.

Apollo Davidson, Professor MSU

Representation of the class of individual work on the advanced job.

Message "Islamization of the modern world".

Task: In the course of the message, make entries in the notebook. The reasons for the Islamization of the world, centers, distribution paths, decision methods. Does this problem of Russia concern? What measures should be taken by the state?

Organization of work in groups

Groups get tasks

Group 1.

The task of this group is not submitted to the class,

The teacher will be checked at the end of the lesson.

Group 2.

Group 3.

Check out the information proposed. Give arguments in favor of those who consider the problem far-fetched. Offer measures to preserve the Kaliningrad region as part of the Russian Federation and the upbringing of Kaliningraders faithful citizens of the country.

Group 4.

Consider Figure 42 on page 234 textbook. Determine using the conditional signs, the severity of interethnic relations in the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug of the Irkutsk region. As you think, to what extent is the upcoming referendum on the combination of two subjects - the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug - will help solve the problem of interethnic relations. Justify your point of view. The results of the work are made in a convenient form.

Group 5.

On April 16, 2006, a referendum on the union of two subjects - the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous District will be held. Examine the proposed information. Suppose what will be the results of the voting. Is it possible in the case of positive voting results, exacerbation of national problems? What measures need to be taken to preserve a stable situation. Results Substitute in a comfortable form.

Groups represent the results of their work.

Discussion of the results of the work of groups.

Reflection

Write an essay from 5-7 sentences on "Could the XXI century for peace and Russia become a century of nationalism and separatism? What to do?". Present your point of view, try to argue it.

Group 4.

Consider Figure 42 on page 234 textbook.

Determine using the conditional signs, the severity of interethnic relations in the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug of the Irkutsk region.

As you think, to what extent is the upcoming referendum on the combination of two subjects - the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug - will help solve the problem of interethnic relations.

Justify your point of view. The results of the work are made in a convenient form.

For reference:

Information about Subjects

Irkutsk region

National composition:

Russians - 88.5%

Buryats - 3.1%

National composition:

Buryats - 39.6%

Russians - 54.4%

Group 1.

You are offered a source situation (country, group of countries, etc.), where the ethnic conflict may occur. Design the factors that may cause a conflict, suggest the manifestation form and invite settlement methods. Answer place in the form of a schema (there may be several of the same situation). If possible, provide real examples of conflict situations under the schemes proposed by you.

Situation 1. A developing country having a polyethnic composition of the population.

Situation 2. A developed country of the world in which the number of foreigners is growing rapidly.

Situation 3. The country formed as a result of the decay of a larger power. It has a multinational composition of the population, characterized by bilingual.

Group 5.

On April 16, 2006, a referendum on the union of two subjects - the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous District will be held.

Examine the proposed information.

Is it possible in the case of positive voting results, exacerbation of national problems? What measures need to be taken to preserve a stable situation.

Results Substitute in a comfortable form.

Information about Subjects

Irkutsk region

The population is 2 million 582 thousand people, including the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous District.

National composition:

Russians - 88.5%

Buryats - 3.1%

Other nationalities - 8.4%

From among all Buryats, 66.6% accommodated in the Ust-Ordane Buryatsky district, the rest are located throughout the area.

The unemployment rate in the Irkutsk region is 15.1% (2002). The average per capita income per person is 1682 rubles (2002). Poor make up 29.9%.

Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous District

The population is 135 thousand people.

National composition:

Buryats - 39.6%

Russians - 54.4%

Other nationalities - 6.0%.

The unemployment rate is in the autonomous district - 14.9%. The average per capita income per person is 473 rubles (2002). Poor make up 89.4%.

Group 2.

It is believed that the Kaliningrad region can become the territory of ethnic conflict.

Check out the information proposed. Give arguments in favor of those who consider possible a conflict in the Kaliningrad region. Suppose what factor can be conflict. Offer measures to prevent the exacerbation of the situation.

Group 3.

There are polar points of view on the possibility of ethnic conflict in the Kaliningrad region: some expressed "for", others - "against".

Check out the information proposed. Give arguments in favor of those who consider the problem far-fetched. Offer measures to preserve the Kaliningrad region as part of the Russian Federation and the upbringing of Kaliningraders faithful citizens of the country.

Relevance The problem of ethnic conflicts over the past decades is one of the most
topical topics for researchers representing various spheres of science. main reason
lies in the difficulty of such a kind of conflict, which also became one
from the most common sources of public contradictions and political
instability. The main reason is the difficulty of such a kind
conflicts that were also one of the most common sources
Public contradictions and political instability. Events of the last years



literature with potential entities of international terrorism. Events of the last years
demonstrated that ethnic conflicts in different parts of the world go beyond
domestic and even regional. This is of particular importance due to the fact that
Regions of ethnic instability are associated increasingly and in periodic, and in scientific
literature with potential entities of international terrorism.

General definition

1.
Ethnoconflick - conflict between groups of people belonging to various
Ethnic groups. The situation in which each party seeks to take a position,
incompatible and opposing in relation to the interests of the other side in
which one way or another manifests the ethnic identity of the parties. This is a special form
Social or political conflict possessing some features:
. in conflicting groups see the separation of ethnic sign;
. Forens are looking for support in an ethnically related or ethnically friendly environment;
. In certain types of ethnoconflicts, the ethnic factor is striving for politicization;
. The participants are solidized with one of the parties to the conflict based on the general ethnic
Identity, even if this position is not close;
. EntitiesFlicts are most often not value and occur around certain or others.
objects and interest groups.

Conflict-forming factors

Prefession of the principle of identity of state and national borders
Movement of ethnic groups to self-determination
The movement of ethnic groups to the formation of super eaten
Economic struggle for land, housing in cities, natural resources, etc.
Unguided demographic development in the "Third World" countries
Assymigative processes and depopulation of edomy
"Aging" of nations in states with a developed market economy
Environmental factors
Belief in the special relationship of the ethnos "with the Supreme Divine"

Conflict typology. Various approaches to the allocation of individual types of conflicts are also known. So, according to the classification of Lapidus exist

Conflict typology. Also known are also known
Approaches to the allocation of individual types of conflicts. So, in
Lapidus classifications exist:
1. Conflicts occurring at the interstate level (conflict between Russia and
Ukraine on the issue of Crimea).
2. Conflicts within the state:
2.1. Conflicts involving aboriginal minorities in them (for example, Lezgin
Azerbaijan and Dagestan);
2.2. Conflicts with the involvement of communities in them;
2.3. Conflicts with the involvement of forcibly displaced minorities (Crimean
Tatars);
2.4. Conflicts arising from attempts to revise relationships between
Former autonomous republics and governments of successors
(Abkhazia in Georgia, Tatarstan in Russia)
2.5. Conflicts related to acts of community violence (Osh, Fergana) in Central Asia,
Bred by the researcher in a separate category. Ethical
Conflicts
post-Soviet space
on the
Since the late 1980s, 6 regional wars were recorded (i.e.
armed clashes with the participation of regular troops and
using heavy weapons), about 20 short-term
armed clashes accompanied by victims among
civilians and more than 100 unarmed conflicts having
Signs of interstate, inter-ethnic, interfaith
or interglant confrontation.

The number of dead in ethnic conflicts:

Output:

In the conditions of a rapid world, the decision becomes paramount
global problems of humanity and, as a result, overcoming the global ethnic
crisis. Complete confidence can be argued that with improved environmental
settings, raising the standard of living and quality of education, the introduction of the newest
technologies in all the processes of human life, preventing wars and
stopping now existing armed conflicts, the population of the Earth will be much
Closer to the exit from the global ethnic crisis. Naturally, it is very long and
an extremely painstaking process in which all should be involved in equally
countries and states of our planet, since only by combining the efforts of each nation in
separately, you can solve global problems in general. None, even the most developed
the country of the world is not able to solve at least one problem alone, which is so or
Otherwise affects the future existence of the entire population of our planet. I would like to
Add something that focuses on overcoming the global ethnic crisis,
The population of each country of the globe in pursuit of achieving a common goal, not
must forget about his, sometimes original and unique, culture concluded in
the unique features of life, lifestyle, folklore and folk arts,
The harmonious aggregate of which attaches a special appearance to this ethnos on the map
world population ..