The topic of shame was touched upon. Today we will try to answer the question - what is shame?

Definition in psychology:

Shame is an emotion that arises as a result of a person's awareness of a real or imaginary discrepancy between his actions or certain individual manifestations accepted in a given society and shared by him with the norms and requirements of morality. Shame may be associated with the behavior or manifestation of personality traits of others, usually close people (shame for another). Shame is experienced as dissatisfaction with oneself, condemnation or blaming oneself. The desire to avoid such experiences is a powerful motive for behavior aimed at self-improvement, the acquisition of knowledge and skills, and the development of abilities. Different people have different thresholds of shame, due to the value orientations, the orientation of each personality and the sensitivity to the opinions and assessments of other people associated with these characteristics. By focusing the subject's attention on their own actions and qualities, shame contributes to the development of self-awareness, self-control, self-criticism and is considered the most reflective emotion. By increasing the sensitivity of the subject to the assessments of the people around him, shame is involved in the regulation of communication (facilitating or hindering interpersonal contacts). Shame is a completely socially conditioned emotion, which is formed in ontogenesis in the course of conscious assimilation of ethical norms and rules of behavior of a particular social system, a particular culture.

A question that has such a broad answer in psychology prompted students to ask it in their Spiritual Healing course:

Recently, the feeling of shame has been activated. Shame is formed along with guilt, anger, resentment and fear, so shame is a sin? The need to hide and withdraw into oneself can be a consequence of shame? Awareness of shame leads to the awakening of conscience?

The teacher Elena Nikolaevna Kuzmina answers (0:06:42):

What is shame? Shame is the same guilt. The difference between them is that guilt is not manifested and not material, while shame, on the contrary, is manifest and material. Shame and guilt are not different categories of emotional manifestation, they are halves of one whole, only one unmanifested is at the level of the soul, and the other is manifested in the material world. When the soul is guilty, it becomes uncomfortable, which in the material world looks like shame.

How does guilt appear? Guilt arises at the level for certain actions or events (for example, abortions, alcoholism, the death of someone, rude behavior towards relatives or partners). In the complete absence of recognition of one's own injustice and an attempt to shift responsibility for one's actions to another person, condemnation is connected, followed by an infringement on the right of everyone to have freedom in everything.

The shame that has arisen can be disassembled by associative links and you can understand exactly what exactly you are ashamed of. To do this, you need to take a piece of paper, a pen and write in the following order: guilt, then look at the thoughts that will appear after the question “what is the fault for?”, Maybe someone was offended, under “what was lying?” - anger, after the manifestation of anger appears, because the subconscious always clearly knows what can “fly” back for this, hence the fear. And this whole complex of mental problems, in the material world, falls as a shame, because the soul is ashamed and hurt because of its wrongness.

The need to hide and withdraw into oneself may well be a consequence of shame. Because if there is guilt, a person feels it, most often without admitting even to himself of insolvency, relieving himself of responsibility for incontinence, inability and unwillingness to listen to the interlocutor, sinking to verbal delirium, instead of honing the ability to listen to mastery. The soul feels the true state of things, it cannot be deceived by the words that we utter.

"Awareness of shame leads to the awakening of conscience?" - it would be more correct to say "Awareness of one's own guilt leads to the awakening of conscience." Conscience is the torment of the soul from the realization of one's guilt. Therefore, "The realization of guilt leads to torment of the soul." The soul suffers even without awareness, but when a person realizes all the scales to the end, then it begins to suffer. Take care of your soul by raising the level of awareness in thoughts and actions!

Have you ever experienced shame? This feeling can simply paralyze us and deprive us of our own will, but in some cases only it becomes that boundary within our personality that we are afraid to step beyond. The feeling of shame has recently become the subject of close study of psychologists. For a long time it was identified with guilt and embarrassment. Now shame is presented by psychologists in a completely different light than before. Let's try to analyze this interesting and not quite simple topic in detail in today's article.

What is shame?

If you do not delve into the psychology of this word, then, according to the dictionary, shame is a very strong feeling with a negative connotation, which is caused by some act or characteristic, and a person’s awareness of himself as wrong and having defects. It is possible to experience this feeling only in the presence of another person; shame does not arise in solitude. The lexical meaning of the word "shame" does not reveal the complexity of the term itself and its many layers.

After all, different cultures have their own moral standards, which determine what actions a person should be ashamed of. This is surprising, but the definition of the word "shame" is the same in all languages, in contrast to the range of actions that cause this negative feeling. It is especially characteristic to experience this emotion in cultures where a collective assessment of what is happening is accepted. Russia and China can be safely attributed to such cultures.

How does shame show up?

While the definition of the word "shame" is clear to us, how this feeling manifests itself often remains a mystery. Is it the same in all cultures and societies? Yes, shame is almost always the same. It causes palpitations, increased sweating, reddening of the skin, hunchback. Often people cover their faces with their hands, trying to block out judgmental looks even when they are not directed at them.

When was shame first classified?

Despite the fact that the study of this feeling was taken up quite recently, already thousands of years ago philosophers clearly understood what shame is. The meaning of the word was first encountered by scientists in the writings of Aristotle and Plato. They believed that this was a kind of fear of being subjected to someone else's condemnation, including undeserved.

In the future, this emotion was reduced to manifestations of guilt and was not considered as a separate one.

Characterization of shame as an emotion

Psychologists have proven that babies do not experience such a feeling as shame. The meaning of this word is unfamiliar to children under seven years of age. From this we can conclude that we ourselves instill in the child this feeling, and it becomes a constant and most severe censor of all his subsequent actions in life.

Initially, the child does not fully experience shame, he realizes that he should be ashamed and reproduces a certain algorithm of actions for a bad deed. This protects him from unnecessary accusations from adults, the situation looks over. In the future, the baby, who is often shamed, begins to involuntarily experience this feeling, accompanied by already genuine feelings and emotions.

First of all, a person who is ashamed focuses completely on himself. He feels different than all other people - much worse and more corrupted. The habit of feeling bashful every time a certain criticism arises from the outside leads to the formation of a person who is extremely insecure. Such a person will always be slightly shy and embarrassed, he instantly withdraws into himself with any attempt to evaluate his actions.

Shame is a mechanism that can keep a person from doing things that society outlaws. In some individuals, this feeling is developed especially acutely and allows them to clearly correlate their actions with internal sensations and attitudes. In addition, modesty does not allow a person to morally decompose in conditions of permissiveness. It has to do with people who suddenly become rich. Some of them continue to lead the right life, while others indulge in all serious and cannot pacify their desires.

The destructive effect of shame

In many cases, shame is a destructive factor that can completely transform a person. For example, many impressionable individuals have a false sense of shame. Most often, it does not arise as a result of actions and actions, but because of certain defects in appearance or imaginary negative character traits. Usually defects are also not real, but in the human mind they look exaggeratedly huge and insurmountable. In these cases, shame makes a person enter the circle of false doubts and self-flagellation, it eats the soul from the inside. The result of such behavior will be the destruction of the individual as a full-fledged member of society.

A person begins to cultivate and multiply his complexes, which can turn from imaginary into real, and finally connect the soul with a constant sense of shame.

Shame and Guilt: What's the Difference?

An ordinary person often confuses feelings of guilt and shame, even psychologists for a long time did not draw a clear line between these two concepts. But in fact, they have quite obvious differences.

Guilt is a feeling that arises as a result of wrong actions. It implies a punishment that fully atones for guilt. That is, the cause of guilt is always an act. Atonement may be an apology, a fine, or a combination of other actions.

Shame, having a certain act under it, makes the individual classify himself as flawed. In this case, it is almost impossible to reduce the level of emotional intensity until the person ceases to be ashamed. It could be in the near future or in a few years. In most cases, the degree of shame experienced is not commensurate with the offense committed. Shame is several times greater than the damage from the actions of the individual.

Shame: causes

Psychologists say that shame is very closely related to arousal. For example, a person wants something very much, he constantly thinks about it and dreams. A plan has already been formed in his head to get what he wants, but at this moment there is an understanding that, having received what he needs, a person will commit an offense. It is then that shame manifests itself, it inhibits emotional arousal and does not allow to bring the plan to the end.

Quite often, people experience shame when they are different from others. It is in the mind of a person to identify himself with other members of society, so any significant difference causes misunderstanding and self-flagellation. This may relate to appearance or internal features associated with mental development or character traits.

Adults who were constantly reprimanded in childhood also often suffer from shame. In this case, shame will arise for no reason and accompany the individual all his life. Criticism from close people is one of the most common causes of shame, and criticism should come from people who have an influence on a particular person.

The other side of shame

Psychologists who actively study the phenomenon of shame have come to the conclusion that excessive shame is the cause of numerous problems in the human psyche. There is such a term as "the reverse side of shame." It is used when shame, or rather its false manifestations, cause complexes or the cultivation of certain character traits in an unnecessarily exaggerated form.

For example, a person dreams of becoming successful and actively manifests himself in public, but he is told that this is a shame. As a result, contradictions arise between the needs and pangs of conscience, a person begins to feel like an insignificance. He drives himself into a situation where any decision will be wrong - pangs of conscience make him feel wrong, and the inability to realize himself leads to an even stronger sense of uselessness. The body can not withstand such pressure and includes a defense mechanism - pride. This, in turn, leads to another set of problems.

This example is just one of many, at the moment psychotherapists are actively studying how shame affects the formation of the personality as a whole.

Phraseologisms about shame

The significance of shame in the development of society can be traced by the number of different sayings and phrases that reveal the essence of this feeling. In each culture, you can find several dozen phraseological units that fall under the topic of the article. We have collected some of the most popular of them and decided to reveal their meaning, which, perhaps, has remained a mystery to some until now.

Burn with shame: the meaning of phraseology

Almost all of us have heard this phrase, and at least once in our lives we used it ourselves as an assessment of our own or other people's actions. Therefore, many intuitively understand the meaning of this phrase. In the dictionaries of the Russian language, the well-known saying is interpreted in this way: to burn with shame means to be very ashamed of any act done. Moreover, you can burn with shame only when a misconduct is discovered by other people. This fact is indispensable in this process.

In different interpretations, the phrase sounds differently. Which is correct - "burn with shame" or "burn with shame"? The meaning of the phraseological unit does not change from this, and, according to the rules of the Russian language, both options are correct. Although the second refers to the common colloquial genre, it does not contradict the rules.

The phrase has a very real physical manifestation of shame. After all, a person convicted of something begins to sweat profusely and blushes. It is as if something is burning from the inside and he becomes uncomfortable. To the already listed symptoms, suffocation and a desire to hide are added.

Shame is not smoke, it won't eat out your eyes: what does that mean?

Have you heard this phrase: "Shame is not smoke, it won't eat your eyes out"? The meaning of this phraseological unit is quite clear, it is appropriate to mention it when a person wants to tell someone something shameful, but is afraid of condemnation. Therefore, he is told this phrase, which means that it is necessary to discover the truth and endure shame, which will not bring significant harm to the human body.

It should be noted that modesty and conscientiousness are highly valued in the culture of the Russian people. It is difficult to imagine what an unscrupulous person is capable of, so the absence of shame was considered at one time the most difficult deformity of the soul. If a person is able to experience shame for his actions, then he is able to grow spiritually and can overcome any situation, even created by himself.

Indeed, in fact, shame does not eat out the eye, the meaning and purpose of this feeling is a restriction and a warning against evil deeds. And shame in this case is just an emotion, designed to motivate and nurture a worthy human personality.

"Shame and disgrace": when is the phrase used?

In Russian, the word "shame" has several meanings. In the first, it is used as a designation of intimate parts of the body, and in the second, bad deeds that are condemned by society are called shame. In some sources, the authors put the words "shame" and "shame" on the same level, they talk about them as synonyms.

When is the phrase "shame and disgrace" used? The meaning of a phraseological unit is interpreted as a censure, it is used when referring to a specific person or group of people, appealing to their conscience and giving an extremely negative assessment of their actions.

This phrase is often found in Russian literature and was often used in common speech. Now the intensity of the use of phraseological units is not monitored, but according to linguists and sociologists, it can be concluded that the phrase is gradually losing its former frequency of use even in everyday life.

The human psyche is still largely a mystery to scientists, so big discoveries await us ahead, which can bring a lot of new information about feelings and emotions that have long been familiar to people.

Shame for me is to fall through the ground.

I want to experience it, probably because I personally think: if you are ashamed, then you have a conscience. I can’t say that I don’t want to experience shame, probably I no longer want to do things that make me feel ashamed.

How do I run away or silence shame - I close myself, self-isolate, or I ignore my shame, as if I experience it in parallel.

In a sense of shame, I think, I always admit to myself, not always to other people.

I would like, while experiencing shame, to accept myself and, probably, still understand that I am not perfect.

I often feel ashamed, but I feel ashamed of other people!

I don't want to live this feeling, especially for impudent and arrogant people!

I am also ashamed in front of my parents for my "kuralesinya" in the "torch"!

Something like this. I don't know what to write anymore...

Shame is when I feel uncomfortable in front of someone for what I did, I don’t want to see this person or I don’t want the conversation to come up about this act of mine.

I don't want to have that feeling because it's unpleasant. And I want to, because it makes you analyze actions and change.

I cultivate shame when I analyze events and relate them to generally accepted principles.

I run away and muffle this feeling - when I “freeze” from the one in front of whom I am ashamed.

I will try to make amends for the act and look decent and admit my mistakes: "Yes, I behaved wrong."

I am not afraid to admit it to myself and others and I am ready to change.

A very uncomfortable feeling for me.

My grandmother was an Old Believer and raised me strictly. All the time she told me: “this is impossible - this is a shame, then it is impossible - also a shame.” Looking into the eyes of a boy is shame. Running in a short skirt is a shame. Girls can't wear shorts - shame.

Sexual education was generally taboo for me. It was the biggest sin and shame. It so happened that at the age of 5 I was raped by a man whom I knew well. He was my friend's grandfather. But since my grandmother inspired me that there could be no worse sin than getting close to a man, and this grandfather threatened that he would tell everyone that I had become “unclean” at that age. I closed. I have never felt such shame in my life. I ran into the garden, climbed onto my favorite apple tree and cried there for 5 hours. And I promised myself that I would never tell anyone what this man had done to me. And for more than 30 years I carried this pain in myself until I got to rehabilitation, and there I opened up. There they explained to me that it was not my fault, and that I was not “dirty”.

And today - a sense of shame is constantly walking with me. I constantly feel like I'm naked. I am embarrassed and ashamed all the time. I have learned, I think, to hide this feeling, at least outwardly, but not always. The feeling of shame, if it is strong, closes me like a shell. I just shut up and lower my head. And shame paralyzes me so much that I lose my voice and I can't speak.

Shame for me is a negative feeling of condemnation or rejection of oneself, one's actions, thoughts, desires. Shame is the feeling that I experience when I myself or other people condemn me, and I agree with this condemnation, I consider it fair. That is, shame is a reaction to a just condemnation. Kind of like guilt, but not as destructive.

It's embarrassing when you promise something and don't deliver. It's embarrassing when you accidentally show yourself ignorant in a society of cultured people, or when everyone behaves decently, but you don't, and then you look at yourself through their eyes and think: "How could I say / do such a thing?" It is a shame to blurt out something out of place, which will suddenly show you from the worst side. It is a shame when there is no erection at the right moment. It is a shame when there is an erection at an unnecessary moment. It is a shame to cry, to be weak, not to control physiological functions, for example, to fart loudly and crap one's pants on the subway. I am ashamed to admit some of my desires. It's a shame if you were caught masturbating.

Shame is when others find out something about you that you know about yourself, but you want to hide from others, and sometimes even from yourself, because you consider it characterizes you from a bad side. Shame is always some kind of painful repentance, recognition of oneself as “wrong”, condemnation of oneself due to inconsistency with certain standards or concepts “SHOULD be like this”, “SHOULD do this”. It is a shame when you hurt a person because of your uncontrollable emotions (yell, insult, “prick”).

At one of the psychological trainings, the participants were asked to remember a case when they were ashamed and work it out in pairs. One woman calmly told the host: “But I don’t have such situations. I'm shameless!"

Personally, I would not believe such a statement. But before talking about shamelessness, let's try to understand the nature of shame and its purpose.

What is shame?

This emotion is considered negative. It has a social nature of origin, as it arises at the junction of disagreements in relation to personal qualities and actions. And this conflict is generated because of the foundations accepted in society. When a person is ashamed, he signals to himself that it is impossible to behave this way, there is a possibility that society will not accept this.

Why is this emotion social? There are two reasons.

  1. When people talk about shameful events in their lives, they always use such words as “it’s not decent”, “it’s not customary to do this.” These rules carry messages received in the process of social life.
  2. This emotion is always born during interaction with other people. Shame kicks in when we do awkward things in front of others. He weakens when these actions have not been noticed by others and you can not be embarrassed. But it is wrong to say that a real shaming subject is necessary for its occurrence. It is common for a person to have an image in his head that is sure to “disgrace” him. It can be a significant relative, or he himself.

This feeling is always easier to experience around others who accept the individual with his shameful history. For example, the system of work with anonymous drug addicts, alcoholics, sexaholics is built on the principle of "remove the level of shame." People gather there who accept each other's addictions, there is no condemnation here, you can talk openly about your problems.

All ideas about oneself are reduced to the knowledge of certain qualities. If awareness of new manifestations comes and they are accepted, then this does not cause embarrassment. But there are those qualities, as analytical psychologists call them - shadows that a person denies in himself. The experience of shame is formed when there is a collision with this shadow. And the most interesting thing is that while it is noticed only in other people, the person does not experience this emotion. But as soon as the unacceptable part is recognized in oneself, then the process of condemnation and one's own shame takes place.

How do disagreements arise?

  1. It happens that ideas about oneself were built in one environment, and once in another, they are called into question. A person always roughly knows how sociable or closed, rude or polite he is. This orientation occurs on the basis of one's own observations, the reactions of others. But we must not forget that the opinion of loved ones and all people in general are two big differences. For example, the girl always considered herself sociable. It is customary in her family to talk about her excellent communicative qualities, she skillfully maintained all contacts with her friends, loved noisy companies, and could spend hours talking with friends on the phone.

    But, if we compare her with a friend who is always better to call than write a message, for whom it is easy to get to know the first person you meet and establish a strong friendship with him, then our heroine seems not so open to communication. In some cases, it can even be called closed, because it enters into a dialogue only when there is a mood, and it does not always happen. And now it seems inappropriate to brag about your sociability in a common company with that friend. There will be shame because of the poverty of their communication skills. It is necessary to completely re-evaluate one's own level of development of communicative processes and, possibly, to build a new attitude towards them.

  2. Mismatch may arise due to personal changes that no longer correspond to reality. For example, a woman came to a clothing store, by inertia took a size 44 jacket, confident that she would now go to a large mirror and appear in all its glory. And now, counting on one effect, she realizes that her jacket is small and needs at least size 46. The girl feels embarrassed, and the consultant also looks disapprovingly, offering a wider option. It is at this moment that some other knowledge about oneself arises.

    But the story with the gained kilograms is very primitive, this is most noticeable on the example of changes in one's own properties, qualities, and capabilities. It is not necessary that shame should arise in the place of disagreement, interest, curiosity may appear there. It all depends on how a person himself relates to new information about himself.

  3. A conflict (we advise you to read) can arise between such constants "what I am" and "what I want to be." For example, an individual has created an image of his ideal self, and every time when it is not possible to reach a certain level, an internal conflict occurs, which leads to the experience of shame. Shaming and the one who is shamed - here is the same subject himself. As soon as the real and the ideal part fall into the same area, then shame weakens.

This emotion acts in the case of a mismatch, as a signal that indicates some kind of change and helps to "tune" oneself. Now let's figure out how to get rid of the feeling of shame when it is unreasonable.

How to overcome feelings of shame

At the very beginning of the article, a case was given from the experience of working with this emotion. The girl said she was shameless. This is a great demonstration of one of the defensive reactions that allows you not to experience this feeling.

This is where toxic shame comes into play. It is quite complex, difficult to experience, it makes a person more vulnerable, does not contribute to the emotional strengthening of the body. It has an inhibitory effect, the personality ceases to develop, closes. But there is also such a phenomenon when it is unbearable for the subject to be weak, this is a forbidden manifestation, from which it becomes very embarrassing. Yes, a complex scheme, a vicious circle. And this phenomenon is called amplified shame. Otherwise they say about him - double embarrassment or his fear.

In a healthy form, this feeling is not easily experienced, but when it is doubled, the body experiences tremendous stress, with which something needs to be done. It is in this place that psychological defenses arise.

But how is such a “double portion” of the studied emotion formed? A child in childhood received a double message from significant relatives at once. In the first, they shamed him for some specific offense, calling him stupid, stupid, limited. More often, at this moment, he fell into a stupor, froze in horror. And then they attacked again: “Well, why are you silent? Come on, fix it, do it!" And then he accepted the attitude that it was impossible to even be ashamed, to react somehow (freeze, blush, be embarrassed), just as in this position he is stupid or weak.

When shame is at least a little recognized, even toxic, then this is already a victory. It is possible to work with it, transform it, explore it, correct it. But things are worse when he is unconscious. Usually, this is just a variant of “shame for freezing” (Remember the shameless girl at the beginning of the article? This is a story about her.). It is difficult to influence here, since this feeling is closed, it is denied. It is important to understand that this emotion can be a help to a person when accepted by him. But also the enemy when completely suppressed.

shame denial

When children are "hooligans" they keep repeating "It's not me, it's not me!". To avoid experiencing shyness, they seek to convince others and themselves that nothing awkward happened: “So what? There is nothing to be ashamed of here!” Sometimes people can resort to rationalization, that is, to deny the shameful fact with logical arguments: “Why are you looking at me like that? My neighbor also got pregnant at the age of 16 and it's okay! Here comes the denial of the shame of early pregnancy. Or such cases: “In some European countries, it is even customary to slurp at the table!”.

Suppression or control of shame

In this story, a person forms an illusion for himself in which everything is fine for him. But what happens is the usual ignoring of the situation that made them experience shame. This is clearly seen in the behavior of people who respond to what happened: “I won’t talk about it!”, “Don’t start this conversation, it’s unpleasant for me!”. Others may simply translate the topic of the dialogue or strangely remain silent.

It doesn't always have to be explained in terms of embarrassment suppression, but basically that's exactly what it is. The most difficult thing here is that in this way the person denies the very possibility of influencing this feeling, he perceives it as static, not amenable to influence. Here, as if power and control over one's own feelings are lost, and the only way out is to endure and avoid tension. Often, relationships stop developing because the couple cannot move on, someone slows down the process due to repressed shame and the inability to recognize it.

Self Improvement as Shame Avoidance

Some, especially those who are especially sophisticated in ways of protecting themselves from this traumatic feeling, resort to the development of qualities in themselves for which it is simply impossible to be ashamed. For example, if it is embarrassing to be stupid, then a person begins to read a lot of books, attend various seminars, trainings, and declare the quotes he has read "on every corner." If it is shameful to walk with a dirty head, then he washes it 2 times a day all week. This form of defense is usually "sinned" by the "right people" or narcissists. Their entire reality is spent on constant achievement.

They do not know how to relax, they constantly live in self-improvement mode, because deep inside, on an unconscious level, they are very afraid to experience shame. In many works devoted to the analysis of the type of personality along the narcissistic spectrum, it is written that their biggest fear is to realize their own embarrassment. These characters will do anything not to come face to face with this feeling, because if the narcissist realizes that he is ashamed of being weak, not successful, incompetent, withdrawn, then he will have to admit that he is such. Such a discovery is not safe for him.

Arrogance

It would be more legitimate to classify this form as self-improvement, but it has its own special mechanism. People are very keenly aware of shameful acts in other people and show their obvious disgust for them: “My colleagues are such hypocrites!”. There is a typical projection here. Those qualities that the subject denies in himself, since they are very shameful, are appropriated by others.

shamelessness

In order to cope with their intense tension at being embarrassed, some begin to act very provocatively, sticking out their "feigned indifference to social boundaries." But all this is a mask, since it does not get rid of the sensation itself. It can be experienced only by recognizing it.

How to deal with toxic shame?

Basically, such work is recommended to be done next to an experienced and competent specialist, since he is able to perform a role similar to the image of a mother or father for the person who applied. The described feeling is “cured” only by acceptance. It also arose because of its absolute absence. How does this work in individual psychotherapy? The psychologist in the process of work initially does not seek to evaluate and somehow respond to the actions of the client. His task is simply to be near, to be present, to make it clear that any of his manifestations “do not spit”.

Most likely, the person who applied for a long time will not trust such manifestations, in anticipation of evaluation, condemnation. This is a long work, you need to try again and again to live the real experience of acceptance. After a while, but the client begins to trust. Group psychotherapy is also recommended for people with a toxic form of shame, as this is a small model of society. There it will be possible to constantly receive feedback from other people, but all this will take place under the control and support of a leading psychologist who will definitely not remain indifferent to the vulnerable sides of each participant.