State policy concept essence, structure and levels. Chapter I State policy. The concept of public policy. Formation of public policy

The implementation of the goals and objectives of the state is carried out through the development and implementation of state (public) policy. Public policy(public policy) - a set of goals, objectives, priorities, principles, strategic programs and planned activities that are developed and implemented by public authorities with the involvement of civil society institutions. This is the purposeful activity of public authorities to solve social problems, achieve and implement the generally significant development goals of the whole society or its individual spheres. It is a means that allows the state to achieve certain goals in a specific area, using legal, economic, administrative and other methods and means of influence, relying on the resources at its disposal.

In the end, public policy is a general plan of action for political and administrative bodies of power and administration, aimed at solving important social problems affecting the life of citizens, and includes such elements as:

determination of goals and priorities for the development of society;

development and planning of political strategy;

analysis and evaluation of alternative programs and policies according to benefits and costs;

discussion and consultation with various political and social groups;

selection and adoption of government decisions;

monitoring and evaluation of implementation results, etc.

As one of the forms of social activity, state policy has its own characteristics and characteristics.

Firstly, these are purposeful actions of state institutions to solve major social problems based on the coordination of the interests and needs of various social groups and strata of the population, and, therefore, the work of these structures should reflect national interests and be of a public nature.

Secondly, it is a set of coordinated actions and measures that are carried out in specific historical conditions and in a given external environment in order to mobilize public and state resources, in the implementation of which both state and civil institutions are involved in order to solve the assigned tasks and goals.

Thirdly, state policy, as a rule, is based on a system of legislation, but it should be based not only on the legal, but also on the moral and historical foundations of the life of society, it is important to take into account national traditions and features of the civil service.

Fourth, the results and consequences of public policy have an impact on various areas of public life and can have both positive and negative effects, especially when it comes to social innovation. In addition, historical experience shows that it is never possible to fully calculate all the consequences of intervention in the social and natural environment by the state, both due to the limited human knowledge and due to the absence of rigidly determined processes in social relations and the behavior of the person himself.

Fifth, public policy covers all the main spheres of society, therefore, its analysis and development requires an interdisciplinary, integrated approach using modern achievements of sociology, economics, management, psychology and political science, as well as the best practices and practices of various countries.

The development process of public policy includes four main stages, representing a kind of "political cycle", consisting of several sequential and logical actions.

1st stage - defining social problems and policy goals (policy initiation).

2nd stage - development and legitimation of public policy (policy formation).

3rd stage - implementation and monitoring of public policy (policy implementation).

4th stage - assessment and regulation of public policy (policy assessment).

From the point of view of the mutual influence of social problems and the actions of state authorities, we can distinguish the following chain of interconnections: at the first stage, "the problems of society - the state"; at the second stage, "the state is a political strategy"; at the third stage “the state - solving problems”; at the final stage “analysis of problems - actions of the state”.

Any state policy is realizable under certain conditions and with the use of adequate means. The set of means for implementing state policy can be quite wide: from diverse forms of ownership, market economy to education and upbringing. Everything that concerns a person, his development and self-realization is important here. There can be no trifles, deviations from the central idea, indifference and inertia in the means of implementing state policy. State policy certainly goes out to the person, hurts his interests and should contribute to the satisfaction of his needs.

Among conditions implementation of state policy, the following can be distinguished:

state legal(consisting in the creation of an agreed, sufficiently identical, structural and legal space of the country, allowing the maximum use of the existing (available) technologies of economic, social and other activities with their specialization and cooperation);

socio-psychological(including awareness of new life guidelines, avoiding illusions, expectations of grace coming from nowhere and from everything that does not correspond to the realities of life and does not give rise to the creative energy of people);

activity-practical(when decisions, actions, operations, procedures, deeds, etc. are made for the purposes and in line with state policy, "promote" this policy and clearly reveal its value for society).

Public policy- this is the purposeful activity of public authorities to solve social problems, achieve and implement the generally significant goals of the development of society or its individual spheres. It is a means that allows the state to achieve certain goals in a specific area, using legal, economic, administrative methods of influence, relying on the resources at its disposal. Policies should be open, competitive and results-oriented.

The government action plan for solving social problems includes the following elements: development of a political strategy and goals; cost estimation for alternative programs; their discussion, consultation; choice and decision making; monitoring execution, etc.

The main goals of public policy:

protection of citizens, their activities and property belonging to them; ensuring social activity; creation of conditions for the production of goods and services necessary for the population.

Based on a comprehensive analysis of problems, taking into account their specifics and factors affecting the problems, the goals and objectives of the policy are determined, which allows you to select the main directions and develop a set of measures to solve a particular problem. At the same time, a mechanism for the implementation of state policy is being formed, which ensures the fulfillment of the set goals and objectives.

The complexity and scale of the development of public policy determine the participation of many organizations and individuals in it, but the most important role is played by:

1) legislative (representative) authorities;

2) executive authorities;

3) interest groups and pressure groups.

There are various models of public policy development.

Top-down model - decisions are made at the highest levels of government, and then brought to the lower levels.

Bottom-up model - the formation of policy begins with the lower structures of government, public groups and organizations are actively involved.

"Mixed" model combines these two approaches when there are mechanisms to involve citizens and civil servants in policy making with strong centralized governance.

Usually, state policy is divided into directions depending on the nature and content of problems and issues that need to be addressed by the authorities in a particular area of public life. There are the following types of state policy: economic, social, fuel and raw materials, administrative, environmental, foreign, military, national security, personnel, demographic, cultural, informational, agricultural, legal, scientific and technical, etc.

When drawing up plans for the socio-economic development of the state, measures are developed in the following areas:

- financial, monetary and pricing policy;

- structural policy;

- agrarian policy;

- social politics;

- regional economic policy;

- foreign economic policy.

Monarchical form of government

The form of government is an element of the form of the state that characterizes the organization of the supreme state power, the procedure for the formation of its bodies and their relationship with the population.

Monarchy(translated from Greek - autocracy) is a form of government in which power is fully or partially concentrated in the hands of the sole head of state - the monarch (king, tsar, shah, emperor, etc.).

Signs of a monarchy:

- power is inherited;

- carried out indefinitely;

- does not depend on the will of the population.

Monarchies are unlimited in which there are no representative institutions of the people and in which the only bearer of the sovereignty of the state is the monarch (for example, absolute monarchies of the last period of the era of feudalism, from modern - Saudi Arabia, Brunei), and limited(constitutional), in which, along with the monarch, the bearers of sovereignty are other higher state bodies that limit his power (England, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Norway, etc.).

Monarchy has been the dominant form of government in the world for several centuries. It remains in a specific form today in almost a third of the countries of the world.

Monarchies are distinguished:

- absolute;

- constitutional (parliamentary).

V absolute monarchies (United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia) the monarch has all the full legislative, executive, and judicial powers. The monarch combines the functions of the head of state and government, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, the supreme judge, and in Islamic countries also the spiritual leader. The government is appointed by the monarch and fulfills his will. In constitutional monarchies (Great Britain, Spain, Japan, Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Kuwait, Morocco, Nepal), the power of the monarch is limited by the representative body of power - the parliament, which performs legislative functions.

V constitutional the monarchies of developed countries, the institutions of representative democracy operate without restrictions. The power of the monarch does not extend to the sphere of legislative activity and is limited in the sphere of government. All laws are passed by parliament. Monarchs do not use the veto (the right to refuse the head of state to sign and enact a bill). The government is formed on the basis of a parliamentary majority and is responsible not to the head of state, but to the legislative assembly. Thus, the real government of the country is exercised by the government, and the head of state performs his functions in close agreement with him. The monarch remains only symbol of the nation embodying the unity of the country. However, during his reign, the monarch gets acquainted with the most important documents of the government and often acts as his adviser. Before appointing a new prime minister, the monarch consults with the leaders of the country's leading parties. In general, a constitutional monarchy is a completely viable form of government and ensures the stability of society.

Presidential republic

Republic

Signs of the republic:

- the election of the authorities;

- urgency;

Depending on who forms the government, to whom it is accountable and controlled, the republics are subdivided:

- for presidential;

- parliamentary;

- mixed.

V presidential republics(USA, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Bolivia, Syria, Algeria, Egypt, Congo, Cameroon, Peru, El Salvador, etc.) it is the president who performs this role in parliamentary (Germany, Italy, India, Turkey, Israel, etc.) - parliament, in mixed (France, Finland, Poland, Bulgaria, Austria, etc.) - jointly the president and parliament.

Presidential republic- a kind of democratic state, a form of government in which the president of the country combines the functions of the head of state and head of government.

In presidential republics, both the parliament and the president are popularly elected through direct general elections. Therefore, the president does not bear direct political responsibility before parliament.

The relationship between the president and parliament is based on a system of checks and balances.

In a presidential republic, the president is elected independently of parliament, either by an electoral college, or directly by the people, and at the same time is the head of state and government. He himself appoints the government and directs its activities. The parliament in this republic cannot pass a vote of no confidence in the government, and the president cannot dissolve the parliament. However, the parliament has the ability to restrict the actions of the president and the government with the help of adopted laws and through the establishment of a budget, and in some cases it can remove the president from office (if he violated the constitution, committed a crime). The President, in turn, is empowered suspensive veto(from Latin - prohibition) on decisions of the legislature.

In the United States, which is a presidential republic, there is a strict separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers, the so-called "System of checks and balances"... The Legislature and the President, the head of the executive branch, state and government, are elected independently in a general election. Strong legitimacy and autonomy vis-à-vis parliament rests on the president's empowerment directly from the electorate. The President appoints the government with the approval of the country's legislative assembly (parliament) - Congress. The president also has the right to choose candidates for ministerial posts, invite independent specialists and politicians from opposition parties to the cabinet. Traditionally, the government is formed from representatives of the party that won the presidential elections.

Parliamentary republic

Republic(lat. respublica - public business) is a form of government in which the head of state (for example, the president) is elected by the population or by a special electoral college. Legislative power belongs to an elected representative body (parliament). Most modern states are republics.

Signs of the republic:

- the election of the authorities;

- urgency;

- dependence on the will of voters.

Parliamentary republic- the form of the state, the main distinguishing features of which are the formation of a government on a parliamentary basis by a parliamentary majority and its formal responsibility to parliament.

In parliamentary republics governments are formed from representatives of one or more parties with a majority in parliament, and are constitutionally responsible to it. The president is elected either by parliament or by an extended collegium, which also includes members of parliament. Parliament can vote by vote to express a vote of confidence or a vote of no confidence in the activities of the government as a whole, the head of government (chairman of the council of ministers, prime minister, chancellor), a specific minister. Vote(opinion expressed by voting) mistrust to the government from the side of parliament entails:

- the resignation of the government;

- dissolution of parliament;

- holding early elections.

Members of the government are members of the party with the majority of seats in the legislative assembly or in its lower house. The government occupies a leading position in the system of public authorities. Although parliament oversees government activities, the cabinet has broad decision-making freedom. In a parliamentary republic, the government is formed by the legislature and is accountable to it.

The head of state in a parliamentary republic - the president. Elected by the legislature or by general election. However, in the system of government bodies, he occupies a modest place: his duties are usually limited to representative functions, which differ little from the functions of the head of state in constitutional monarchies. The real head of state is the head of the government. Together with the government, the president exercises executive power, but does not have the right to appoint the government at his own discretion. Cabinet of Ministers formed by the leader of the parliamentary majority party. Despite the fact that the constitutional powers of the president are quite extensive, they are still relatively modest than the powers of the head of state in a presidential republic.

Parliamentary republics are generally less stable than presidential republics. In them, the government is replaced more often, early elections are held. In periods of socio-political crises, government instability can lead to the destruction of the state power system. Currently, parliamentary republics are distributed mainly in Europe - Austria, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Finland, Germany, as well as outside Europe - India, Turkey, Israel.

State policy is the purposeful activity of public authorities to solve social problems, achieve and implement the generally significant goals of the development of society or its individual spheres. It is a means that allows the state to achieve certain goals in a specific area, using legal, economic, administrative methods of influence, relying on the resources at its disposal. Policies should be open, competitive and results-oriented. Lobanov, V.V. Public administration and public policy / V.V. Lobanov. - SPb .: Peter, 2005 .-- P. 67 - 69.

State policy (public policy) is a set of goals, objectives, priorities, principles, strategic programs and planned activities that are developed and implemented by state or municipal authorities, with the involvement of civil society institutions. It is a means that allows the state to achieve certain goals in a specific area, using legal, economic, administrative and other methods and means of influence, relying on the resources at its disposal.

Consideration of the essence and elements of the content of the system of public policy is given serious attention in modern political and sociological literature. State policy is a political process of managerial influence mainly of the institutions of the executive power of the state on the main spheres of society, based on the direct application of state powers both in the development and in the implementation of the strategy and tactics of regulating and organizing influence on all components and aspects of the functioning and development of the economy, social sphere and other subsystems of society through the allocation of resources, distribution, redistribution of public goods and other measures. State policy is developed and implemented mainly by such public institutions of power as the government, the president, etc. The above does not exclude the possibility of the participation of legislative institutions in the development of political strategy and control over its implementation. But parliament is not the body for the execution of state policy, for it acts as a public institution of legislative and representative power. The same applies to all other political organizations, including institutions of political participation and civil society.

The system of public policy is not a simple sum of certain elements, but their integral totality, the dialectical interaction of which necessarily creates new integral qualities. The system of public policy means not a simple sum of the components of its content, but their integral and holistic unity within the framework of a given system, the presence of which makes it an independent object of study. To highlight the named property of the public policy system, it is appropriate to first give a classification of the elements of its content.

The following main types of components of the state policy system can be distinguished: substantial, human, institutional, procedural and spiritual. As for the objects of management, there is no reason to class them as internal components of the policy system, because they are external objects of influence from the named system of policy, to which its managerial influence is directed. In this case, the general rule here is that "all parameters of the subject of control are ultimately determined by the object, focused on ensuring effective impact on the object, achieving a specific goal." The lack of correlation between the real properties of the control object and the characteristics of a particular type of policy dooms the latter to subjectivity and failure to fulfill its stated goals.

The initial and substantial element of the state policy system is power, or the "power substructure". The imperative nature of state power presupposes the use of a wide range of measures and methods of legal coercion and, where necessary, even organized violence for the implementation of the processes of administrative influence on society and its subsystems on the allocation of resources, distribution, redistribution of public goods, etc. Running a little ahead, it can be noted that the institutional dimension of state coercion is the power bodies of the government (the Ministry of Internal Affairs, special services, the prosecutor's office, etc.) and special institutions (for example, prisons, correctional institutions, etc.) Kozbanenko, V.A. Public administration: fundamentals of theory and organization / V.A. Kozbanenko. - M .: Nauka, 2005 .-- S. 45 - 47.

The people of this or that country as a source of state power are usually referred to as social subjects of the system of public policy in the first place. In a democratic society, the people exercise their power both directly (referendums, elections, direct channels of influence) and indirectly through a diverse group of deputies of all levels elected at elections, leaders (president, governors, etc.) and professional managers-officials appointed by them, called in the terminology of Max Weber, the class of bureaucracy. In light of the above, the human components (social subjects) of the state system are represented by the leaders of the state and its main institutions, as well as by the class of professional managers, which is usually called civil servants, or bureaucracy. Bureaucracy functions in different institutions and at different levels of the legislative, executive and judicial branches, both vertically and horizontally. Although the main place of its activity is the executive authorities of all levels. At the same time, various types of political elites can be legitimately classified as social subjects of state policy: from the highest state elite to regional and local ones, which include elected leaders empowered by state power, as well as various party factions in legislative institutions at all levels. The economic, financial and banking elites and various groups of influence and interests also indirectly influence state policy in modern society.

Speaking about the institutional components of the public policy system, one should also mention the numerous legal and administrative norms embodied in the constitutions of countries, constitutional laws, codes, and other normative documents, including orders for ministries, etc. Such regulatory and legal components play a significant regulatory role in political management of economic, social and other types of social processes. In modern Russia, civilized legal and regulatory institutions have just begun to take shape. The impetus for this process was given by the Constitution of the country, adopted on December 12, 1993. Subsequently, the Civil, Family, Labor and other codes were issued, as well as a number of legislative acts that laid the legal basis for normative regulation of state policy in the main spheres of society. So far, only the first steps have been taken in the formation of a system of legal, legal and administrative norms necessary for the implementation of an effective state policy. For comparison, for example, in Germany there has long been a special set of laws called the "Social Code", which consolidates and codifies laws and other regulations necessary for the implementation of an active social policy of the state. In Russia, such work is still only planned by the Committee on Social Policy of the Federation Council. Other codes and constitutional laws necessary for society, which have been developed in parliamentary committees for a long time, are also awaiting their time.

Procedural components play an important role in the development and implementation of state policy, which reflect the structural ties of social subjects and institutions of state power regarding the political and managerial impact on society. The set of diverse relationships between them, associated with the regulation of economic, social and other processes, is streamlined and covered by the full management cycle.

The latter includes the following stages and the corresponding operations. First, the stage of development and adoption of this or that political decision on managerial influence, the main element of which is goal-setting. Secondly, the stage of organizing the implementation of a political decision, regulation and correction of the object of political control, accounting and control over the implementation of a political decision.

Finally, the resulting stage is the generalization of the results of the implementation of a particular policy. The paramount place in the named complete management cycle is occupied by the process of formulating and making management decisions by politicians. It includes not only the study of the object of political management, but also goal-setting - the development of a “tree of goals” of policy, as well as the definition of the basic principles, methods, technologies and means of achieving the goals.

Public administration system Naumov Sergei Yurievich

6.1. Formation of public policy and its implementation

The implementation of the goals and objectives of any state is carried out through the development and implementation of state policy. State policy is a set of goals, objectives, priorities, principles, strategic programs and planned activities that are developed and implemented by public authorities with the involvement of civil society institutions.

State policy is designed to support the sustainable development of the socio-economic system of the state, all its constituent elements, to orient government bodies, business entities and civil society institutions in the direction of the implementation of strategic and current socially significant tasks.

State policy is a set of economic, legal, administrative methods of influence on the part of state authorities to solve social problems, achieve and implement significant development goals of society or its individual spheres.

Public policy is a plan of actions of public authorities to solve important social problems and includes the following elements:

1) determination of goals and priorities for the development of society;

2) development and planning of political strategy;

3) analysis and evaluation of alternative programs in accordance with the benefits and costs;

4) discussion and consultation with various political and social groups;

5) selection and adoption of government decisions;

6) monitoring the progress of the implementation of programs;

7) evaluation of the results of the implementation of programs.

The main goals of public policy are related to the regulation of the actions of social groups, organizations and individuals by the state and include:

protection of the rights of citizens, state and society;

ensuring social and economic activity;

creating conditions for the provision of goods and services to meet the needs of the population.

State policy is divided into directions depending on the nature of the content of the problems and issues that government bodies need to address in a particular area of public life.

There are the following types of state policy:

economic;

social;

ecological;

administrative;

demographic;

informational, etc.

Often, public policy is also divided according to the levels of its implementation:

international and world politics;

nationwide;

regional;

Depending on the nature of the relationship between the subjects of politics and the level of conflict between them, there are such types of state policy as distributive, redistributive, regulatory (competitive and protectionist), administrative and legal, strategic and anti-crisis.

Distributive policy is related to the actions of the authorities to distribute the corresponding material benefits and benefits among various groups of the population: social programs, educational services, health care, social benefits and subsidies, etc.

Redistributive policy means that certain resources are transferred from one population group or territory to another through taxes, tariffs, transfers, etc.

Regulatory (competing and protectionist) policy includes the actions of government bodies to regulate various types of activities: economic regulation, consumer market protection, antimonopoly policy, ensuring competition in the markets, customs policy, etc.

Administrative and legal policy is associated with legislative and rule-making activities, as well as the functioning and development of state authorities and management at all levels: federal, regional and local.

Strategic policy covers relations with foreign states and international organizations, includes foreign and defense policy, issues of ensuring the national security of society and the state.

Anti-crisis policy is carried out by the state in the event of emergency or crisis circumstances (natural disasters, man-made disasters, economic or political crises), which require special actions from state authorities to resolve crisis situations or eliminate the consequences of natural disasters.

The formation and implementation of public policy is a cycle consisting of several sequential actions and includes four main stages.

1. Initiation of public policy. At this stage, problems are identified, as well as, in connection with this, the goals and objectives of public authorities are established.

2. Formation of public policy. At this stage, a strategy and a plan for solving problems are being developed, and a document on state policy is being legislated.

3. Implementation of state policy. This stage is characterized by the implementation of measures for the implementation of state policy and monitoring of the implementation of state policy.

4. Assessment of public policy. This stage consists in regulating state policy and assessing the results obtained.

The main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian state are determined by the President of the Russian Federation, who, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, addresses the Federal Assembly with annual messages on the situation in the country, on the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the state. The message formulates the main political goals and objectives of the state for the next year. If we are talking about the first message of the President of the Russian Federation after taking office, then the message defines the main directions of the state's development for the next four years. The message of the President of the Russian Federation is based on concepts in various areas of the country's development, mid-term and long-term forecasts, strategies.

State policy, agreed on the basis of interaction between the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation and other authorities, is embodied in federal laws, other regulatory legal acts, in international treaties of Russia and becomes the basis for planning activities and making decisions on its implementation.

Laws and other normative legal acts are developed and adopted in accordance with the established procedure. All branches of government, federal and regional government bodies are involved in legislative activity. The President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, members of the Federation Council, deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, representative (legislative) authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation have the right to initiate legislation.

Policy formulation is an important step, since its quality determines the success of the implementation and the consequences of the policy pursued. The development of state policy should begin with the definition of the main goals and priorities of the state in this area. State policy should be: aimed at achieving specific and definite goals, objectives and results; aimed at meeting the needs of certain social groups; take into account internal and external resources and conditions, risks and threats, as well as measures to prevent and counteract them; imply monitoring and control at all stages of the implementation of public policy.

Among the approaches to the formation of public policy are:

a promising approach, when, on the basis of analyzing trends and predicting the development of the situation, they try to plan and implement measures in advance, working ahead of the curve;

a reactive approach, in which they actively begin to act after the problem becomes serious for society and the state;

a rational approach based on economic and mathematical methods and the principle of rationality.

Depending on the subjects of the nomination of goals and objectives, the development of activities and programs, there are four main models for the development and implementation of state policy.

1. The “top-down” model, when decisions are made at the highest levels of government, and then they are brought to the lower levels and specific bodies of regional or local government, which play a passive role and act as simple executors of state policy.

2. The “bottom-up” model, in which policy formation begins with the lower structures of government, regional and local authorities are actively involved in the development and implementation of various programs and projects, setting goals and objectives. On the basis of their proposals, taking into account their opinions and interests, then an integral state policy in a specific sphere of life is developed.

3. Democratic model, in which there are mechanisms to involve citizens and public organizations in the development of state policy, while maintaining centralized management. Various civic initiatives are encouraged, the state responds promptly to the opinion of the population, shows sensitivity, and creates conditions for the revitalization of civil society.

4. A mixed model that combines the above approaches, when there are mechanisms for involving citizens in the development of state policy and the apparatus of state power.

There are various theoretical approaches to the study of public policy, allowing for a general analysis of public policy from different positions and points of view. All of them provide a specific frame of reference, which is necessary as a starting point for any scientific study of the activities of public authorities in the development of policy in a particular public sphere. The main theoretical concepts and approaches to the study of public policy are presented by the following schools.

1. Institutionalism considers public policy as a result of the activities of state institutions (government, parliament, ministries, judiciary, etc.), using certain administrative procedures.

2. The concept of the political process represents public policy as a result of political activity or a political cycle that has fixed stages and stages (defining problems, setting goals, shaping policy, legitimizing, executing, evaluating and monitoring) for solving social problems.

3. Group theory views public policy as the result of group struggle, constant conflict between various groups in society and government, which have their own values, interests, resources, and at the same time as a search for consensus on specific policy issues.

4. The theory of elites considers state policy as a result of the preferences and choices of the political and administrative elites.

5. The theory of rationalism considers state policy as a result of the state's activities to achieve optimal social goals based on the developed scientific management technologies.

6. The theory of incrementalism presents public policy as a consistent and phased activity of the state bureaucracy to slowly change the current state of affairs.

7. Game theory views public policy as the result of rational choices in the struggle between the two most powerful parties in society or government.

8. The theory of public choice evaluates public policy as a result of the activities of individuals on the basis of awareness of their own interests and the adoption of appropriate decisions that should bring them some benefit.

9. The theory of open systems evaluates public policy as a result of the response of the administrative system to the requests and needs of the relevant structures and environmental factors. The implementation of state policy is expressed in the implementation of specific measures to achieve the set goals through the efforts of all layers of society, all branches of government and levels of government, as well as non-governmental organizations interested in its respective areas.

The implementation of state policy is a complex dynamic process of achieving the set goals, in which government bodies and civil society institutions take part. To implement state policy, the authorities develop programs, organize the activities of the subjects involved in the implementation, mobilize available and potential resources.

The mechanism for the implementation of state policy is the methods and resources that ensure the implementation of the planned activities in accordance with the tasks set. The implementation mechanism includes regulatory, organizational, financial and economic means and methods of influencing the controlled object.

The success and effectiveness of the implementation of state policy depends on the quality of the policy elaboration, the precise definition of the boundaries and the main organizational and financial elements of state policy, the provision of executive authorities with the necessary resources and qualified personnel, the degree of support and understanding of the essence of state policy among various social groups and public associations.

The implementation of state policy is primarily entrusted to the executive authorities. In accordance with federal legislation, responsibility for the implementation of state policy in a particular area of activity is assigned primarily to ministries. The organizational structure of the ministry includes departments, departments, divisions that determine the topics of decisions made, develop their projects, execute decisions, monitoring the implementation of state policy.

For certain areas of state policy, special bodies are being created to coordinate the efforts of ministries and departments to implement the decisions made (council for the implementation of national projects, etc.). Public organizations also play a direct and important role in the organization of state policy, since they are very often themselves interested in the implementation of a certain state policy.

One of the main elements of public policy is its assessment. Public policy assessment is a set of mechanisms and methods for studying and measuring the actual results of public policy and completed or undergoing programs. Without the systematic obtaining of information and ensuring control over the results and consequences of decisions and policies in general, the effectiveness of all public policy and the development of future strategies for the development of the state decreases.

The main purpose of public policy assessment is to collect and analyze information in order to determine the results obtained and the consequences of the policy, as well as the subsequent improvement of public policy.

In the implementation of state policy in modern conditions, a huge role is assigned to information support. Providing bodies and officials with the information necessary for making decisions, as well as providing the population with information on the implementation of foreign and domestic policies, government programs and projects is an essential element of the successful implementation of government policy. One of the directions of the administrative reform is, among other things, the transition of government bodies to the provision of public services in electronic form using the all-Russian state information center and the widespread use of information and communication technologies.

From the book State and Municipal Administration: Lecture Notes the author Kuznetsova Inna Alexandrovna

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From the book Administrative Law of Russia in Questions and Answers the author Konin Nikolay Mikhailovich

8. Management of the implementation of state personnel policy in the system of state and municipal service The issues of organizing state and municipal service are, first of all, the development and implementation of personnel policy in the federal, subjects of the Federation

From the book Intellectual Property and the Law. Theoretical questions the author Twin Ivan Anatolievich

III. Scope of international protection and public policy in the field of copyright and related

From the book Foreign Constitutional Law (Edited by Prof. V.V. Maklakov) the author Maklakov Vyacheslav Viktorovich

2. Legal support of state policy in the field of copyright and related rights On the basis of Article 44 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, everyone is guaranteed freedom of literary, scientific, technical and other types of creativity. Moreover, in accordance with

From the book Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Text as amended on September 10, 2010 the author Team of authors

4. Directions of state policy The federal body (Rospatent), conducting state policy in the field of copyright and related rights, is responsible for: 1) developing a policy aimed at the development of creativity and the protection of works that are its

From the book of 25 accounting provisions the author Team of authors

Constitutional and Legal Regulation of the Foundations of the Social System and State Policy The political sphere of the life of the Bulgarian society has received a new legal form. Political pluralism is proclaimed as the fundamental principle of political life.

From the book Criminal Executive Law. Cheat sheets the author Olshevskaya Natalia

Article 210. The main directions of the state policy in the field of labor protection The main directions of the state policy in the field of labor protection are: ensuring the priority of preserving the life and health of workers; adoption and implementation of federal laws

From the book Selected Works the author Belyaev Nikolay Alexandrovich

From the book Law - the language and scope of freedom the author Roman Romashov

4. Factors Affecting the Formation of Criminal Executive Policy The following factors influence the formation of criminal executive policy: socio-political and economic state of society; the state of morality, the presence of ideology; level

From the book Problems of the theory of state and law: Textbook. the author Dmitriev Yuri Albertovich

Implementation of criminal law policy

From the author's book

4.4. The cyclical nature of the state ideology and the rhythms of the state policy of Russia 4.4.1. Linear and cyclical measurement of state laws On the one hand, history is a science that studies all kinds of sources about the past in order to establish

From the author's book

4.4.2. Rhythms of public policy Consideration of public policy as a dynamic category existing and changing within a certain socio-space-time continuum allows us to speak of it as a cyclical system,

From the author's book

§ 11.4. Formation of a new state system in Russia The disintegrated Soviet Union left a very complex legacy to Russia in the form of an economic crisis, general social discontent and, finally, the absence of real Russian statehood. So

The main goals of public policy:

protection of citizens, their activities and property belonging to them; ensuring social activity; creation of conditions for the production of goods and services necessary for the population.

The complexity and scale of the development of public policy determine the participation of many organizations and individuals in it, but the most important role is played by:

1) legislative (representative) authorities;

2) executive authorities;

3) interest groups and pressure groups.

There are various models of public policy development.

Top-down model - decisions are made at the highest levels of government, and then brought to the lower levels.

Bottom-up model - the formation of policy begins with the lower structures of government, public groups and organizations are actively involved.

"Mixed" model combines these two approaches when there are mechanisms to involve citizens and civil servants in policy making with strong centralized governance.

When drawing up plans for the socio-economic development of the state, measures are developed in the following areas:

- financial, monetary and pricing policy;

- structural policy;

- agrarian policy;

- social politics;

- regional economic policy;

- foreign economic policy.