Grammatical errors in Russian escape. Grammatical errors in Russian: examples. II. Errors in the formation of forms of different parts of speech

Assessment of knowledge, skills and abilities of students in the Russian language(Classification of logical, speech, factual errors)

Grade- this is a violation of the requirement of correctness of speech, a violation of the norms of the literary language. We say about her: you can’t say that, it’s wrong.

defect- this is a violation of the recommendations associated with the concept of good speech. We evaluate a defect from the standpoint of “worse or better” said or written. In other words, a defect is a minor mistake, a roughness of speech. You could say that, but it's better to say otherwise.

Language errors(grammatical) are associated with a violation of the structure of a language unit: these are incorrect word formation, violation of control links or agreement in a phrase, errors in the structure of a sentence (31%). All violations of grammatical norms are grammatical errors.

— Speech errors do not contain structural disorders (69%). They arise as a result of incorrect or unsuccessful use of words or syntactic constructions.

Grammatical errors- this is a violation of the norms of word and form formation, the norms of the syntactic connection between words in a phrase and sentence. To detect a grammatical error, context is not required, just one word, phrase, sentence is enough. A grammatical error can be made in both written and oral speech. These are non-linguistic errors associated with an incorrect presentation of facts (their substitution), as well as their exaggeration or understatement (actual defect).

Factual Errors- these are errors with violations of the informational reliability and accuracy of the material presented in the source text (background facts): facts of the biography of the author or hero of the text, dates, surnames and authorship of the named works.

Classification of logical, speech, factual errors

TO	LOGICAL ERRORS
	Varieties of errors	Illustrative material
	Varieties of errors	An example with an error	Comments. Correct option
L-1	Violation of cause-and-effect relationships in content Explanation: A conclusion does not follow from a cause; the given consequence does not correspond to the stated cause.	1. The poet perceives the music of the blizzard with his heart, because it is alive ... 2. Lyceum teachers, who instilled respect for each other in their pupils, expanded the horizons of the poet.	1. The poet perceives music with his heart, not because it is alive, but because he loves music! 2. reason: teachers of the lyceum, who instilled in their pupils respect for each other; consequence: expanded the horizons of the poet: respect for each other is not the cause of intellectual development. Lyceum teachers instilled in their pupils respect for each other. They also broadened the horizons of the future poet.
L-2	Violation of the logic of combining words into a homogeneous series TO CONNECT WITH A UNION AND TWO OPPOSITIVE (DIFFERENT) WORDS IN MEANING IS ILLOGICAL	Sofia considers Molchalin a very kind and helpful person. “Molchalin is ready to forget himself for others ...” But I think she is mistaken, because in fact the heroine “caused this love in herself.”	The definitions of "kind" and "helpful" are not synonymous, since the words corresponding to them have different lexical meanings. Wherein: Kind is a positive characteristic of a non-evil person. Helpful - always ready to provide a service. first, the student talks about how Sophia Molchalina sees; then wants to argue with the comedy heroine A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" and claims that "she is mistaken"; but! instead of proving what exactly Sophia is wrong about, the student asserts a new and therefore ILLOGICAL thought: “the heroine herself aroused this love in herself.” We don't know what kind of love we are talking about. Apparently, after the words “she is mistaken”, a sentence was missed: “because in fact, Molchalin does not love her at all, but his dream to quickly climb up the career ladder ...”, etc.
L-3	Violation of the logic of the example in reasoning	Molchalin flatters everyone. He is ready to "crawl in front of everyone on his knees." So, for example, Khlyostova, he talks about what a lovely dog she has: “Your Spitz is a lovely Spitz, no more than a thimble, I stroked it all: what silky fur!” But in fact, this dog is disgusting to him: he despises all people from high society.	Is everything Khlestova and her dog? It is in front of them that Molchalin is ready to crawl on his knees? Perhaps... but! doggy is not a person from high society. Namely, this is what happened as a result of an incorrectly constructed last sentence. Apparently, it should have been like this: he despises her just as much as all representatives of Moscow's high society, to which he would so much like to belong.
L-4	Violation of the logic of text construction (construction of a new paragraph).	Molchalin is very cunning. He understands that only by respect for rank and helpfulness can one achieve a high position in the world. Molchalin and Chatsky ... The relationship of these comedy heroes is a confirmation of this idea.	The student created a sharp transition from one thought to another. The common topics of the sentences of the text of the essay are fragments in italics, but! the general idea is torn apart by an unexpected, sharp, and therefore ILLOGICAL thesis (statement): Molchalin and Chatsky ... This is true: This idea is also confirmed by the complex relationship between the opportunist Molchalin and Chatsky, who does not want to “serve”.
L-5	Violation of assertion logic	Molchalin is scary in his own way. I'm scared to realize how prudently and cynically he treats the feelings of Sophia, who is in love with him. Therefore, I feel very sorry for this hero.	Molchalin is terrible. Further, there should be a proof of this thought: why is the hero Molchalin terrible. It should be about the idea laid down by A.S. Griboedov into this image. but! The student, neglecting the necessary proofs for the first thesis, puts forward a new one: I am afraid to realize... The logic of the conclusion is broken: I am afraid to realize ... and therefore I am very sorry for Molchalin. (We can hardly pity the one who is terrible to us!)
L-6	Violation of the logic of attaching a new evidence	Playgrounds are being built in the city, new shops are opening, places for entertainment appear: clubs, restaurants. The sports life of the city is also developing.	It is not clear how the sports life of the city is developing in the same way? How about in clubs and restaurants? (Hopefully it's not the same)
L-7	Breaking the logic of assertions	A monument to V.I. Lenin. Behind the monument is the House of Culture.	A monument to V.I. Lenin was erected, and the House of Culture is located on Victory Square (for example).
L-8	Violation of the logic of proportionality in the statements	Winters in Karelia are very snowy, very cold. And in the summer in the Karelian village (?) it is very hot, there are famous white nights.	Thought: it's cold in Karelia, but hot only in a Karelian village. - the logic of the assertion and conclusion is broken: is it hot in Karelia in summer because there are white nights? Unlikely… It is true: And in the summer in the Karelian village it is so hot that even on the famous white nights ...
L-9	Violation of the logic of subject-object relations	Everything was mixed up in the Prostakovs' house: the estate was taken under guardianship, the authorities, so important for the masters, no, the peasants, their main (?) income, was taken away from them (?).	Who performs the action (subject) and who is affected by this action (object). It is not clear: whose income is selected - the peasants or the Prostakovs? That's right: Peasants, the main income of the family, were taken away.
L-10	Violation of the logic of the question and answer.	How did this (?) become possible? First of all, this is the fault (?) of Mrs. Prostakova.	The question is vaguely worded and suggests a different answer. It is true: How did such a state of affairs of the Prostakov family become possible? First of all, Prostakova herself is to blame for this.
L-11	Violation of the logic of the thesis and conclusion	“Learning is the plague, learning is the cause” is said at a time when education for the nobles becomes compulsory. This (?) proves (?) that they are all (?) uneducated and stupid.	The last sentence must be interchanged with the first, excluding its first part: Representatives of the Famus society are uneducated and stupid, because they say that "learning is the plague, learning is the cause." And this is said at a time when education for the nobility becomes obligatory and necessary for serving the Fatherland.
L-12	Violation of the logic of the construction of the essay.	The city hasn't looked the best lately. Firstly, the flow of cars on the main roads of the city has tripled. Near the tracks it is impossible to breathe from exhaust gases and dust. Secondly, everywhere there is dirt and unremoved snow. Thirdly, a huge number of billboards simply crushed the inhabitants with their aggressive obsession.	The beginning of the essay does not correspond to the topic of the work. There is no introduction about the native land, the expression of which for the student was the native city. The logic of the content of the work is broken. You should not start the argument with the negative, it is more correct to start with what causes love and pride in the heart.
L-13	Violation of the logic of paragraphing (arranging paragraphs of text in a certain sequence).	Chatsky denounces the right of feudal lords to own living people. He stands up for the disenfranchised, whose forced labor was the basis of the well-being of the Famus society. (?) Chatsky is a true patriot of Russia. He is ready to serve, but he is "sickening to be served." To people of the “gone century” such a position seems ridiculous and even dangerous. (?) Hypocrisy flourishes in the lordly society.	It was necessary to break the text into 3 paragraphs and supplement each of them: 1: proof needed (quote) 2: a transition to a new thought is necessary (The hero of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov cannot think differently.) 2: it is necessary to complete paragraph 2 with a proof of reasoning (quote) 3: a transition to a new thought is necessary, related to the theme of the composition “The current century” and “the past century” (Chatsky cannot accept the laws of a secular society in which hypocrisy flourishes).
L-14	violation of the logic of constructing a paragraph.	I was born and live in the wonderful city of Sergiev Posad. I'm graduating from high school, I have final exams, then college entrance exams, a new life awaits me, which intrigues with the unknown. In my essay, I would like to tell how my hometown wakes up.	2 sentence does not correspond to the stated topic. It's redundant. One could be built from two sentences: In the essay, I would like to talk about how my hometown Sergiev Posad is waking up.
L-15	Violation of the logic of completing the text of the essay.	Essay ending 1. Being in any corner of our country, I often remember my hometown. 2. On a winter morning, I often go to the forest to see how the nature of my land “lives”.	Two sentences are given, which are independent non-spread paragraphs. After the theses, there is no evidence. Being in any corner of our country, I often remember my hometown, because my heart has settled there forever. Everything is dear to me: wide roads, snow-covered streets, old merchant houses of my city. And on winter mornings, I often go to the forest to see how the nature of my land “lives”.
L-16	Violation of the logic of comparison of figurative-plot concepts, subject-object relations.	Pugachev filled Grinev's life with deep content, and the story "The Captain's Daughter" with deep meaning.	The student in one sentence compares the image of the hero of Pushkin's story and the intention of the writer himself. Pugachev filled Grinev's life with new deep content, helped to rethink his life and establish himself in his ideas of duty and honor.
L-17	Violation of the logic of sentence construction.	Kalashnikov can be called an epic hero. Firstly, he is characterized by courage in relation to Tsar Ivan the Terrible (his answer after the battle). (?)	The bracketed part of the sentence is probably proof. But when creating a detailed text, and not a thesis plan, such a construction of sentences is incorrect. After the battle with Kiribeevich, Kalashnikov speaks with the tsar on an equal footing.
L-18	Violation of the logic of subject-quantitative relations.	Girls in black suits perform exercises with a hoop. The right hand with the hoop is raised up, and the left is smoothly laid back. (?) The girls are graceful, slender, graceful. Looking at the girls, we can confidently say that in a few years they will become famous gymnasts (D).	There are a lot of girls at school. But the expressions "right hand" and "left hand" emphasize the singularity of the described objects of the image.

	ACTUAL ERRORS
	The actual error is called distortion: Quoted material; Information concerning the life and work of poets and writers.
F-1	Inaccurate quoting	I recall the words of a famous song: “To live without love may be simple, but how can one live without love in the world?”	I recall the words of a famous song: “To live without love, perhaps, is simple, but how in the world can one live without love?”
F-2	Incorrect indication of the dates of life and activity (creativity) of writers, writing works, titles and genres of works.	M. Lermontov's poem "On the Death of a Poet" was written in 1837. Comedy A.S. Griboyedov was published in 1825. The tragedy of A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" was a completely new phenomenon in Russian literature.	M. Lermontov's poem "The Death of a Poet" was written in 1837. Comedy A.S. Griboyedov was published in 1833. The drama of A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" was a completely new phenomenon in Russian literature.
F-3		A.S. Pushkin, like N.A. Nekrasov, animates nature in a poem.	Violation of chronology: N.A. Nekrasov, like A.S. Pushkin, animate nature in their works.
F-4	Distortion of events, literary material, names of heroes.	In the poem by F.I. Tyutchev's "Day and Night" there is no lyrical hero, but there are key images of night and day. In F. Tyutchev's poem "Day and Night" there is a circular composition. I.A. Bunin uses epithets in the poem, with the help of which harmony of stylistic figures and emotional image is achieved.	And who thinks about day and night? So, after all, there is a lyrical hero, maybe it's the author himself? It should be written not circular, but circular. The epithet is not a stylistic figure, it is a trope.
F-5	Exaggerated coverage of minor facts.	Frost and Metelitsa are real national heroes.	National hero is a socio-political term. He has nothing to do with the literary heroes of A. Fadeev. Frost and Metelitsa proved to be real heroes.
	SPEECH ERRORS
	Accuracy and clarity of speech. Under the accuracy and clarity of speech is understood the possession of a sufficient vocabulary, a variety of grammatical means for an accurate and understandable expression of thought.
	Wherein: 1. The work retains the artistic and expressive means of the original presentation (emotional and evaluative vocabulary, metaphors, epithets, poetic syntax, paraphrases, intonation created by the appropriate selection of words) 2. The work meets the requirements for the syllable of an essay of any nature (literary, critical, literary and creative, on a "free" topic): a) the accuracy and purity of the language (selection of words that convey exactly those thoughts that the writer wanted to express; the absence of extra words in the sentence); b) simplicity and beauty (accessibility for understanding, perfection of speech, sincerity, absence of abstruse phrases, pretentious words and phrases, false pathos, far-fetched emotions, standard, primitive expressions, verbal cliches); c) accuracy and brevity (selection of words that convey exactly the thoughts that the writer wanted to express; the absence of extra words in the sentence); d) figurativeness (expressiveness, emotional expression of thought, causing visual representations, certain feelings).
R-1	The use of words and expressions that inaccurately convey the idea of the essay	Griboyedov is long gone, the history of his time is less and less close to us, and comedy does not get old, and Griboedov is undoubtedly more alive in his hero than as a historical figure.	See the expression history of his time: there is a confusion of the meanings of the word history - a case, a story or history - is it an objective course of events, a period of development (of a state, individual, society)? And now for us Griboyedov is alive in his literary hero not as a historical person, but as an exponent of the general free-thinking, progressive ideas and views of the early 19th century.
R-2	The use of words in their own meaning. (The replacement word distorts the meaning of the sentence; acquires a different meaning; is used in a different context.)	The truth is often hidden in the depths of the work. The block follows the tradition of the ancestor.	The meaning of the word is often different from the meaning of the word often; the meaning of the word depth gives the text (sentence) a different meaning. The truth is often hidden by the writer between the lines of the work. The meaning of the word ancestor distorts the author's thought. Replacement: ancestor-predecessor.
R-3	Inappropriate use of words of a different stylistic coloring. (The replacement word has a shade of a different style of speech (instead of an artistic one - journalistic, official business or scientific style), violates the stylistic harmony of the text.	In this regard, Boris Pasternak's poem is more calm, more measured. We were shocked by the wonderful performance of the actors.	The word track is of limited use. Replacement - "send in the other direction." The expression in this regard has a shade of official business style, its use in the essay is undesirable. This poem by Boris Pasternak sounds more measured, smooth. The word shocked needs to be replaced. We liked the acting.
R-4	Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words or phraseological units (The word (expression)-replacement gives a shade of excessive emotionality; they “embellish” the text. The work is distinguished by false pathos speech.)	The reflections of poets on these topics that are especially exciting to them are especially clearly presented. Thanks to the creations of the amazing authors of the Silver Age, we hear the "loud melody of the era."	The expression represented by the reflections of the poets needs to be replaced. The reflections of poets on topics that concern them are especially clearly expressed. The word amazing needs to be replaced. Thanks to the great works of famous poets of the Silver Age, we hear the "loud melody of the era."
R-5	Unjustified use of colloquial words	Such people always manage to fool others. After two hours the performance ended and everyone went home.	The word swear needs to be replaced. Such people always manage to deceive others. The expression everyone went home needs to be replaced After two hours, the performance ended, and everyone dispersed.
R-6	Violation of lexical compatibility. (Words cannot be related to each other in meaning and grammatically: each of them has its own sphere of lexical use, its own conditions of prepositional connection. When replacing words in stable phrases, the meaning of the statement as a whole is distorted.)	By the twenties, a change had taken place in the social life of the country.	Need to change the number of expressions change in social life. In the twenties there were changes (changes) in the social life of the country Expressions increase impression and artistic features need to be replaced.
R-7	Pleonasm (Words that duplicate semantic content violate the integrity of the sentence, text.)	In these two works, the theme of despair sounds. There have been social changes in society.	In the expression, these two contain a repetition. In these works the theme of despair sounds. The words social and society have a common semantic core. Great changes have taken place in the social structure of the country.
R-8	Errors associated with the use of single-root words in one sentence.	Under the feet of the hero of the story is the step of the carriage. This story tells about real events.	The hero of the story jumps out onto the footboard of the carriage. The words story and told have the same root (tautology) This story is about…
R-9	Poor and monotonous syntactic constructions. (In the conditions of one context, sentences of the same type of construction were used (subject - predicate - circumstance); only complex or complex sentences are used; Words that are significant for expressing thought are missing in the sentence.)	When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel. Tyutchev's poem is called "Night", and Bunin's poem is called "Night".	The construction of the second sentence needs to be changed. At the end of the conversation, Petrov went to the hotel. Similar constructions are used: subject - object - predicate - circumstance - subject - object - predicate - circumstance. The poems of Tyutchev and Bunin have the same name - "Night".
R-10	Violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms. (In one sentence, verbs or verb forms of different types and tenses are used.	The heart stops for a moment and suddenly beats again. Watching the movement of a magical rainbow, the lyrical hero of the poem seemed to plunge into a fairy tale.	Freezes - imperfective verb, present tense; Zastuchit is a perfective verb, future tense. Freeze ... knock. observing - present participle, formed from an imperfective verb; plunged - past tense verb, perfective. Watching the movement of a magical rainbow, the lyrical hero of the poem seems to be immersed in a fairy tale.
R-11	Poor use of pronouns. (The use of pronouns instead of nouns with a specific meaning, instead of other pronouns that have a temporal, spatial meaning.)	The work displays real events and heroes of their time. We get to know their characters and philosophy of life, as they open their souls to the reader. It is the understatement that gives the poem "Escape" its charm, its charm.	It is necessary to change the pronoun them. The work depicts real events and heroes of that time. It is necessary to replace the pronoun with a noun with a specific meaning. We get to know the characters and philosophy of the life of the heroes who open their souls to the reader. It is necessary to exclude pronouns from the composition of the sentence. It is the understatement that gives charm and charm to the poem "Escape".
R-12	Incoherence of sentences (And one sentence is about unrelated events, phenomena, actions. In the middle of one sentence, a new one is "wedged" that is not related to it in meaning. The sequence of presentation of thoughts is broken. An important semantic fragment of the sentence is missing.)	Much in Dubna is given to culture. After all, speaking about this closest, dearest person, you are afraid not to say something, at first glance small and inconspicuous, but in fact very, very important.	the replacement of the word much is necessary; clarification of the word culture is needed. Much attention is paid to the development of culture in Dubna. It is necessary to break the sentence into two independent syntactic units. After all, speaking about the closest, dearest person, we are afraid that we will not be able to express in words the most important thing. Something that at first glance seems unimportant, insignificant.
R-13	Stylistic inexpressiveness of the sentence (Words-substitutions bring new shades to the text (journalistic, scientific styles), "impoverish" the sentence, the text.)	In the spring it is good everywhere: in the open field, and in the birch grove, as well as in the pine and mixed forests. These poets made a huge contribution to Russian literature.	The word also brings a shade of publicism to the sentence, the word mixed (forest) is a term, therefore, their use in artistic style texts is undesirable. The expression to make a great contribution has the connotation of a political set phrase. There is a mixture of styles within the same sentence. These poets had a great influence on the development of Russian literature.
R-14	Unsuccessfully chosen expressive means.	A teacher is a necessary, fair, painful profession. It is difficult to define the literary heart of the Dead Souls work.	One of the epithets is not lexically combined with the previous two; The word painful is better to replace. A teacher is a necessary, fair profession that requires full dedication. It is difficult to determine the most exciting place in the Dead Souls poem.
R-15	Violation of the order of words in a sentence. (Some members of the sentence "wedged" between the main members, violating the logic of the statement.)	In F. Tyutchev's poem at the very beginning - night. During the day we wake up, enjoy life, unlike at night.	Change the middle of the sentence and its beginning, add the missing fragment of the statement. At the very beginning of F. Tyutchev's poem, the night is discussed. Change the beginning of the sentence and its ending. Unlike at night, during the day we wake up, enjoy life.
	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
	Compliance with grammatical rules. Erroneous word formation; Violation of the connection of agreement, control in phrases, errors in the construction of sentences with common definitions and circumstances; homogeneous members.
G-1	Incorrect replacement of prefixes, suffixes in single-root words.	Hairy bumblebee - for fragrant hops.	The word hairy was probably coined by analogy with the adjective "eared". That's right, "furry".
G-2	Wrong form of the noun.	There are few paths in the poem. There are no clouds overhead. Empty treaties were signed and the world collapsed again.	Tropes are the visual means of language: metaphors, epithets, personification, comparison, etc. There are few paths in the poem.
G-3	Wrong formation of the form of the adjective.	This fact is less significant than its coverage in the press.	The formation of the comparative degree of adjectives occurs with the help of the suffix her, her, or with the help of the words more, less. For example: strong - stronger, (s), stronger. This fact is less significant than its coverage in the press.
G-4	Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral.	Olga was bewitched by the power of sixty rings of time. Both sides put forward fair demands.	Olga was bewitched by the power of sixty rings. Both sides put forward fair demands.
G-5	Wrong use of pronoun form.	A bullet whistled past him. Their joy knew no bounds. What we are - to judge by us.	A bullet whistled past him. Their joy knew no bounds. What we are - to judge by us.
G-6	Erroneous formation of the form of the verb. (Mistakes in the formation of participles, gerunds, past, present and future forms of the verb, reflexive and irrevocable verbs, suppletive forms.)	The deer stood motionless and stared without blinking. Bars trembled and rushed to run. After reading the title - "Night", the reader immediately imagines the stars, the night splash of the waves, the moon.	The adverb (not) moving is formed from a perfective verb, and denotes an additional imperfect action. The deer stood without moving or blinking. Bars trembled and rushed to run. The participle is formed with an imperfective suffix, and the sentence refers to an action that has already taken place. After reading the title...
G-7	Disruption of communication connection.	It's like I'm standing on a hill shrouded in darkness.	I'm standing on a hill shrouded in darkness.
G-8	Disruption of communication control. (when constructing a phrase, a preposition is mistakenly used; the rules for using nouns and pronouns are violated.)	His creations have always been consistent with the worldview. Many spectators gathered in the theater to watch the play.	Ask a question from the verb corresponded to the noun attitude. The works of the poet have always corresponded (to what?) to his worldview. Spectators gathered (where?) in the theater to watch the play.
G-9	Violation in the structure of the phrase (With the inept use of prepositions that “wedged” into the utterance of new words, the lexical and grammatical structure of a stable expression is destroyed.)	Becoming a famous poet who is known all over the world.	Ask a question from the word know (where?) ... which is known all over the world ...
G-10	Errors associated with the violation of the syntactic norm of the use of demonstrative and allied words.	In this poem, the future is presented in the same way as M. Tsvetaeva. She didn't like everything she wrote.	Ask the question: the future looks like (how?) ... In this poem, the future is presented as in the works of M. Tsvetaeva. Replace the allied word what with the allied word about what. She didn't like everything she wrote about.
G-11	Errors associated with the incorrect construction of a sentence with homogeneous members. (Homogeneous members are unreasonably different parts of speech; Replacement words of homogeneous members have their own lexical and grammatical context; Replacement words are not related grammatically and in meaning to common words.)	And the heroine hopes, makes incredible efforts, how to escape from the circle of torment.	Expand the phrases by asking the question: hopes (for what?), Makes efforts (for what?)

Table No. 1

Grammatical errors

Error type

Examples

Erroneous word formation

hardworking scoff

Misformation of the noun form

many marvels of technology are short of time

Misformation of the adjective form

more interesting, prettier

Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral

with five hundred rubles

Erroneous formation of the pronoun form

their pathos, their children

Misformation of the verb form

they go, they want

writing about nature

Negotiation violation

I know a group of guys who are seriously into jazz

Disruption of control

Need to make your nature more beautiful narrates readers

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

Most objected to such an assessment of his work.

Violation of the way of expressing the predicate

He wrote a book that is epic. Everyone was happy, happy and cheerful.

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

The country loved and was proud of the poet In the essay, I wanted to talk about the meaning of sport and why I love it ..

Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover

As you read the text, you get the feeling...

Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover

The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot.

Errors in the construction of a simple and complex sentence

This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child.

The man thought it was a dream.

Mixing direct and indirect speech

Violation of supply boundaries

When the hero comes to his senses. It was too late.

table № 2

Speech shortcomings

Error type

Examples

The use of a word in an unusual sense

We were shocked by the wonderful performance of the actors. The thought develops on the continuation of the entire text.

Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by prefix and suffix

My attitude to this problem has not changed. Effective measures have been taken.

Indistinguishing synonymous words

The use of words of a different stylistic coloring

Inappropriate the use of emotions -colored words

Astafiev now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications

Unjustified use of colloquial words

Such people always manage to fool others.

Violation of lexical compatibility

The use of excess

words, including pleonasm

The use of words near or close to the same root (tautology)

This story tells about real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

The hero of the story does not think about his act. The hero does not even understand the full depth of his deed.

Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions

When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms

The heart stops for a moment and suddenly beats again.

Unfortunate use of personal and demonstrative pronouns

Lack of connection between proposals

Grammatical errors

Reference materials

Grammar mistake- this is an error in the structure of a language unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; this is a violation of any grammatical norm: word-formation, morphological, syntactic. For instance:

– slip instead of slipping, nobility instead of nobility - here a mistake was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or the wrong suffix was used;

– no comment go instead of go, it's easier - the form of the word is incorrectly formed, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;

– pay the fare, awarded- the structure of the phrase is violated (management standards are not observed);

– Ride on the rink, legs hurt; In the essay, I wanted to show the meaning of sport and why I love it- sentences with participial phrases (1) and with homogeneous members (2) are incorrectly constructed, i.e. syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammar, speech errors - these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of the language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of the word. For the most part, these are violations of lexical norms, for example:Stolz is one of the main characters of Goncharov's novel of the same name Oblomov; They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can be noticed only in the context, this is its difference from a grammatical error, for the detection of which the context is not needed.

The following are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Grammatical errors

No. p / p	Error type	Examples
	Erroneous word formation	Hardworking bim th, laugh at
	Misformation of the noun form	Many miracles technology, lack of time I am
	Misformation of the adjective form	More interesting, prettier
	Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral	With five hundred rubles
	Erroneous formation of the pronoun form	Their pathos, their children
	Misformation of the verb form	They travel, want, write about the life of nature
	Negotiation violation	I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imitate jazz.
	Disruption of control	We need to make our nature more beautiful. Tells readers.
	Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate	The majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
	Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in separate constructions	He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was happy and happy funny.
	Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members	The country loved and was proud of the poet. In my essay, I wanted to sayabout the meaning of sport and why I love it.
	Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover	Reading the text , it feels like...
	Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover	The narrow path was coveredfailing snow underfoot.
	Errors in the construction of a complex sentence	This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends,which I read as a child. It seemed to the man that this is a dream.
	Mixing direct and indirect speech
	Violation of supply boundaries	When the hero comes to his senses. It was too late.
	Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms	freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly knocks again.

Among the most typicalgrammatical errors(K9) include errors associated with the use of the verb, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

1) errors in the formation of personal forms of verbs:They are driven by compassion(follows: moves);

2) incorrect use of aspect tense forms of verbs:This book provides knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately.(it follows: ... will give .., teach ... or ... gives .., teaches ...);

3) errors in the use of real and passive participles:Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: dripping);

4) errors in the formation of gerunds:Stepping onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: leaving);

5) incorrect formation of adverbs:The author was wrong(norm: here);

These errors are usually associated with a violation of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.

In addition, typicalgrammatical and syntactical errors, also identified in the papers of the examinees:

1) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate:The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work.(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work);To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);

2) errors associated with the use of particles, for example, unjustified repetition:It would be nice if the painting was signed by the artist; separation of the particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers (usually particles are placed before those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays):The text reveals two problems in total.(the restrictive particle "everything" must come before the subject: "... just two problems");

3) unjustified omission of the subject (ellipsis):His courage, (?) to stand up for honor and justice attract the author of the text;

4) incorrect construction of a compound sentence:The author of the text understands the mind not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also the concept of “smart” was associated with the idea of freethinking.

Training exercises

Exercise. Find an error, explain (according to the table), write down the corrected version.

1. Errors associated with the use of the verb, verb forms, adverbs, particles.

1) They are driven by compassion.

2) This book gives knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately.

3) The streams of water flowing down struck the author of the text.

4) Stepping onto the stage, the singers bowed.

2. Grammar and syntactic errors.

1) The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work. To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty.

2) It would be nice if the artist's signature would be on the picture. The text raises two issues.

3) His courage, to stand up for honor and justice attract the author of the text.

5) After watching the performance, I liked the main character the most.

6) I think that in our drama theater the classics are beautifully staged.

7) Pushkin describes and criticizes the Pugachev uprising.

8) In the story "The Captain's Daughter" one of the main characters is Pugachev.

9) The requirements for the essay do not go beyond the limits of the school curriculum.

1. One of the facts of the biography of A.P. Chekhov, which has recently become known, is the construction by him at his own expense of four

rural schools.

2. Andryushin remained on the terrace for a long time, admiring the blinding flashes of lightning over the garden.

3. Everyone really liked the illustrations for the stories sent to the competition.

4. V.G. Belinsky wrote about 20 articles and reviews specifically dedicated to the work of N.V. Gogol.

5. Part of the students of the preparatory courses attends film lectures, interested in gaining knowledge.

6. In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" V.I. Dahl contains more than 80 thousand words, previously not recorded.

7. Schoolchildren from our village willingly helped a group of archaeologists who came from Novgorod.

8. To the right of the steering wheel was a compass with a circle of pointer covered with cracked and partly chipped enamel, dotted with numerous divisions.

9. In these wonderful books, dedicated to the most interesting events and facts in human life, you will find answers

to many of your questions.

10. At the end of the 18th century, science became aware of the existence of an unusual mammal that lays eggs and incubates them: it was a platypus.

11. The page of the passport containing encoded information about its owner will be filled in by laser engraving.

12. I read this work by Vasil Bykov in the summer, dedicated to the Great Patriotic War.

13. One of the miracles on the Kuril ridge, which attracts tourists from all over the world, is connected

with volcanoes.

14. The girl who was sitting by the window and who sang well was remembered by everyone.

15. Among the houses built on this street, there were several multi-storey ones.

16. The football player who played in attack and who scored two goals was a pupil of a famous coach.

17. One of the independent types of art that has existed since the end of the 15th century is graphics.

18. One of the main features that characterize Natasha Rostova is honesty in relations with people.

19. A good speaker, having carefully prepared for a speech, has a figurative, emotional and at the same time logical speech.

20. A special commission on urban planning has been created in the city, coordinating the work of all construction companies.

21. In autumn, ears of wheat are waiting for the hour, heavy from ripened grains, when harvesters appear in the field.

22. The Order of St. Andrew the First-Called was established by Peter I in 1698, issued only in rare, exceptional cases.

23. F.I. Tyutchev wrote his first poem at the age of eleven, which became the largest representative of Russian philosophical lyrics.

24. The main source of energy for every living being inhabiting our planet is the energy of the sun.

25. In our time, transmitted over global trunk lines, the amount of information is constantly growing.

26. All students figured out a difficult topic who came to an optional lesson.

27. Forest glades were covered with bright strawberries blooming abundantly this year.

28. Among the buildings built on this street were several multi-storey buildings.

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All grammatical errors that occur in speech can be attributed to one of three groups: derivational (erroneous word formation), morphological (erroneous formation of forms of parts of speech) and syntactic (errors in the construction of phrases and sentences). Get acquainted with the examples and check yourself: are any of these errors relevant to you?

1. Erroneous word formation.

It is seen, for example, in the words I will ing, above laugh, next current (right: future, scoff, next).

2. Morphological errors:

Incorrect formation of the noun form: lacks time, trendy polta, fresh cake (need to: not enough time, trendy coats, fresh cakes);

Incorrect formation of the adjective form: more prettier, beautify above (need to: more beautiful, more beautiful);

Incorrect formation of the form of the numeral: With six hundred rubles, in two thousand a third year(need to: with six hundred rubles, in two thousand and three);

Incorrect formation of the pronoun form: theirs father, theirs children(need to: their father, their children);

Incorrect formation of the adverb form: from where, from here (need to: from where, from here);

Irregular formation of the verb form: they they want, they lay down, they go, I am ride ;writing letter (need: they want, put, drive, I am I drive; when i was writing a letter);

3. Syntax errors:

Agreement violation: with a group of guys, exciting miss sports(need to: with a group of guys(how their?), captivating their sports);

Disruption of control: make your office more beautiful; it seemed that (need to: make your office more beautiful; it seemed that);

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate: are growing a lot of trees(need to: many trees grow or trees grow)

Errors in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members: I want to tell about the meaning of books and why i love them . (Need to: I want to talk about the meaning of books and why I love them.);

Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover: drawing , my thoughts have always flowed calmly.(Need to: When I draw, I always calmly think. Or: When I draw, my thoughts always flow calmly.);

Errors in the construction of a simple and complex sentence: It seemed to me what this is a dream. You do not forget about a human never, who did so much for you . (Need to: It seemed to me, that this is a dream. You will not forget never about the person who did so much for you.);

Supply Boundary Violation: He thought hard. So his eyes are so sad. (Need to: He thought hard, that's why his eyes are so sad.);

Errors in the choice and use of a coordinating or subordinating union: I like this city because of it is small and cozy. (Need to: I like this city because that it is small and cozy. Compare: We quarreled because each insisted on his own and did not want to give in.)