8.12. Youth - what is it and what are they interested in? In the railway station area of ​​a large city on the street, a young creature with tousled purple hair and misty eyes may come up to you and ask you for some money - for drugs. Some teenagers can't find

Caution: Youth From the Bulletin of the Congress of Narcologists: “In Russia, a youth drug culture is being formed with its centers - discos. This youth subculture is actively supported by the media promoting rave as

Chapter 12 Group of Soviet Forces in Germany - Western Group of Forces in 1945-1994

Transition of position.

High level of mobility.

Mastering new social roles (worker, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.

Active search for your place in life.

Favorable professional and career prospects.

Problems of socialization of youth.

A sharp reaction to all the shortcomings of society

Increasing crime among the younger generation

Deterioration of the level and quality of life

Economic insecurity of young scientists

Social vulnerability of youth in the sphere of work

Youth subcultures

Separate social groups are characterized by special features of consciousness, behavior, and lifestyle. They create their own cultural niche - subculture. Sub in Latin is “under”, i.e. in meaning it contains a shade of subordination (subculture, deviation from culture).

Youth subculture has:

With your tongue; special fashion; art and style.

Its carriers are most often informal teenage groups.

The reasons for the wide spread of youth subculture in modern society:

In a subcultural community, a teenager gets the opportunity to belong to a select group of peers, which is a reference for him, a unifying feeling of “we” arises, which increases the level of psychological significance of everyone, gives a certain guarantee (or its illusion) of independence and protection from society;

Subculture allows a young person to better feel and show the independence of his "I";

Helps a teenager to get rid of the painful experiences caused by the conflict with the outside world of adults, with the dominant culture in society.

Young people are encouraged to create a subculture:

- Internal loneliness; - Protest against lies; - Isolation from elders;

The need for friends; - Distrust of adults; - Escape from the cruelty of the world;

Conflicts at school and at home; - Power over others; - Opposition to the official society;

Escape from social reality or rejection of it; - Desire to find emotional support.

Types of youth subcultures

According to the specifics of the behavior of group members, there are:

1. prosocial - groups that do not pose a threat to society, are positive and help;

2. antisocial - carry criticism of any foundations of society, but this confrontation is not extreme;

3. antisocial - not only criticize the social order and foundations, but also seek to crush them.

In Soviet times, our grandparents, fathers and mothers were involved in official youth organizations. This was required by the ideology.

By type of hobbies:

Musical- subcultures based on fans of various genres of music:

Goths (subculture) - fans of gothic rock, gothic metal.

Metalheads are fans of heavy metal. - Punks are fans of punk rock.

Rastas are fans of reggae. - Rappers are fans of rap and hip-hop.

Subcultures based on literature, cinema, animation, games and more:

Otaku - anime fans - Roleplayers - roleplay fans

Bikers are motorcycle lovers - Furries are fans of anthropomorphic creatures.

Image- subcultures distinguished by style in clothes and behavior:

Cyber ​​Goths - Mods - Hipsters - Freaks - Glamor

Political and ideological- subcultures distinguished by public beliefs:

Antifa - Hippies - Yuppies

Expand the concepts of "legal consciousness" and "legal culture". Highlight the factors influencing the legal culture of a teenager.

legal consciousness – it is a set of ideas and feelings that express the attitude of people, social communities to the current or desired law.

STRUCTURE OF LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS

1. Legal psychology corresponds to the empirical, everyday level of social consciousness, which is formed as a result of everyday human practice of both individuals and social groups. The content of legal psychology is the feelings, emotions, experiences, moods, habits, stereotypes that people have in connection with the existing legal norms and the practice of their implementation.

2. Legal ideology– it is a set of legal ideas, theories, views that reflect and evaluate legal reality in a conceptual, systematized form.

TYPES OF LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS

Ordinary legal consciousness – mass representations of people, their emotions, moods about law and legality. These feelings arise under the influence of the immediate conditions of people's lives, their practical experience.

Professional legal awareness – concepts, ideas, ideas, beliefs, traditions, stereotypes that are formed among professional lawyers. Unfortunately, the professional consciousness of lawyers is characterized by both distortions and deformations (“accusatory” or “acquittal” bias, bureaucracy)

Scientific legal consciousness – ideas, concepts, views, expressing a systematic, theoretical development of law. The carriers and generators of this type of reflection of legal phenomena are legal scholars who, as a rule, work in specialized legal research institutes.

legal culture - the totality of all values ​​created by man in the legal sphere, as well as the knowledge and understanding of these values ​​and action in accordance with them.

STRUCTURE OF LEGAL CULTURE

1. psychological element(legal psychology);

2. ideological element(legal ideology);

3. Legal behavior(legally significant behavior, implementation of the law).

Legal culture reflects the qualitative state of the legal life of society and transmits the relevant legal values ​​from generation to generation.

The legal culture of the individual depends on the following indicators:

§ knowledge and understanding of law;

§ respect for the law by virtue of personal conviction;

§ ability to use the right;

§ subordination of one's behavior to the requirements of the rule of law.

TYPES OF LEGAL CULTURE

Legal culture of society is determined by the level of legal awareness and legal activity of society, the degree of progressiveness and effectiveness of legal norms.

Legal culture of a social group can vary greatly depending on the nature of the group. It is higher in social groups that unite people with higher or secondary specialized education, pensioners, law enforcement officers, employees of the state apparatus.

Legal culture of the individual is formed primarily by the education that a person receives, and the way of life that he leads. In addition to legal education, the legal culture of the individual implies the ability and skills to use the law, the subordination of one's behavior to the requirements of legal norms.

Factors affecting the legal culture of a teenager:

Many factors influence the formation of the legal culture of a minor child:

1. Education in the family (starting from birth), when an understanding of good and evil is laid.

2. Preschool education / upbringing (in kindergarten) - the first prohibitions, the experience of socialization.

3. School education / upbringing - compliance with the charter of the school, daily routine, traffic rules, etc.

4. Lessons in law - assimilation of legal terminology, experience in working with documents, analysis of situations

5. Intimate environment (relatives, acquaintances, friends) an example of compliance / non-compliance with laws

6. Street (socialization experience, deviant behavior and its consequences, influence of social groups)

7. Mass media (especially TV and Internet) - disseminated principles, creating patterns of behavior

8. State policy (legal measures, implementation of democratic principles).

9. The work of law enforcement agencies (observance of the principle of punishability, equality before the law)

10. Self-education - reading special literature, analyzing situations and life experience.

11. Economic situation (standard of living of the population, availability of the benefits of civilization, etc.)

12. Age characteristics of the personality of a teenager.

Lecture 4

Types of amateur performances of youth.

Aggressive self-activity - It is based on the most primitive ideas about the hierarchy of values ​​based on the cult of persons. Primitivism, visibility of self-affirmation. Popular among teenagers and young people with a minimum level of intellectual and cultural development.

outrageous(amaze, surprise) amateur performance - It is based on a challenge to norms, canons, rules, opinions both in everyday, material forms of life - clothing, hair, and in spiritual ones - art, science. “Challenge” aggression on yourself from other people so that you are “noticeable” (punk style, etc.)

Alternative amateur performance - It is based on the development of alternative behavioral patterns that are systemically contradictory to generally accepted ones, which become an end in itself (hippies, Hare Krishnas, etc.)

Social amateur performance - Aimed at solving specific social problems (environmental movements, movements for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.)

Political amateur performance - Aimed at changing the political system and the political situation in accordance with the ideas of a particular group

Modern humanity is a complex ethnic structure, including several thousand ethnic communities (nations, nationalities, tribes, ethnic groups, etc.), differing both in number and level of development. Most modern countries polyethnic. There are more than a hundred ethnic groups in the Russian Federation, including about 30 nations.

ethnic community- ϶ᴛᴏ historically developed on certain territory a stable collection of people (tribe, nationality, nation, people) with common features and stable peculiarities of culture, language, mental warehouse, self-awareness and historical memory, as well as awareness of their interests and goals, their unity and difference from other similar entities.

Aggressive amateur performance

It is based on the most primitive ideas about the hierarchy of values ​​based on the cult of persons. Primitivism, visibility of self-affirmation. Popular among teenagers and young people with a minimum level of intellectual and cultural development.

Outrageous (fr. epater - to amaze, surprise) amateur performance

It is based on a challenge to norms, canons, rules, opinions both in everyday, material forms of life - clothing, hair, and in spiritual ones - art, science. “Challenge” aggression on yourself from other people so that you are “noticeable” (punk style, etc.)

Alternative amateur performance

It is based on the development of alternative behavioral patterns that are systemically contradictory to generally accepted models of behavior, which become an end in itself (hippies, Hare Krishnas, etc.)

Social initiative

Aimed at solving specific social problems (environmental movements, movements for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.)

Political amateur performance

Aimed at changing the political system and the political situation in accordance with the ideas of a particular group

The acceleration of the pace of development of society causes an increase in the role of young people in public life. Involving in social relations, young people modify them and, under the influence of the transformed conditions, improve themselves.

ethnic communities

In ancient times, people lived a closed life - each group (genus, tribe) had its own area of ​​\u200b\u200bdwelling, its occupations, special insignia, its own language, its own beliefs. All others were considered enemies, and therefore there were constant clashes. Gradually, the situation changed - tribal unions and other associations of different groups appeared. At the same time, the special features of the former groups remained. Thus, the interaction of ethnic groups appeared.
ethnic group- a group of people who have special ethnic, that is, cultural, linguistic or racial features, who are united by a full or partial common origin and who themselves are aware of their involvement in a common group. Assimilated and perceived ethnic differences - language, culture, religion, racial traits are inherited. As a rule, numerous ethnic groups live in modern states.
Characteristic feature of an ethnic group- that its members classify themselves as a separate group that has its own culture, which they strive to preserve in every way. There are 4 mandatory criteria for assigning an individual to a particular ethnic group: self-determination (assigning oneself to an ethnic group, the individual's own desire to belong to it, to classify himself as a member of a group), the presence of family ties, cultural characteristics, the presence of a social organization for internal contacts and for interaction with others.
Thus, an ethnic group can be characterized as an association of people who have common cultural, linguistic, religious or racial features, are characterized by a common origin and are aware of their involvement in a single group.
The main feature of such groups is to distinguish themselves from the surrounding people, understanding the characteristics of their culture and striving to preserve it by all means. Most scientists identify three main types of ethnic communities that existed in the history of mankind: tribes, peoples and nations.
Studying the history of the ancient world, you often heard about clans and tribes . The clan was an association of blood relatives with a common origin, a common place of settlement, a single language, common customs and beliefs.
The next step in bringing people together There was a tribe - an association of several clans. Exactly tribes are considered historically the first ethnic association. Each of them had a special myth about its origin, showing originality and dissimilarity to other tribes. Many traced their ancestry from animal ancestors and tried in every possible way to resemble them - in dances they tried to repeat the habits and movements of sacred animals, painted themselves like tigers, bears or snakes. This emphasized their own position in the world around them. Now there are almost no tribes left in the world - they have survived only in some parts of Africa, on the islands of the Pacific Ocean, in the forests of South America. Their life remains the same as it was thousands of years ago, from generation to generation the ideas of ancestors about the world, traditions, way of life, manners of behavior are passed on. Representatives of these tribes have never seen cities, modern cars, they know nothing about television and cinema. Scientists study the surviving tribes and draw conclusions about what life was like in ancient times.
With the emergence of states, tribes began to turn into nationalities - larger communities with the unity of language, territory, economic and cultural ties. They often formed one state, but they themselves still remained rather disunited, because a subsistence economy dominated, in which each village produced everything necessary for life and had little need to establish trade relations. Not all nationalities could survive to this day - the fate of the Scythians, Etruscans, Assyrians, Khazars and many others is mysterious. And yet most of them have become nations and exist in the modern world.
Nations are understood as a stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common origin, a common culture, living together and close communication with each other. The most important thing in the formation of nations are well-established relationships - economic, political, cultural and interpersonal. Historically, they appeared with the spread of trade relations. Historians attribute the formation of many of the European nations to the 16th-17th centuries. These groups are also characterized by the presence of their own national idea, which is understood as their answers to questions about the origin of the people, the meaning of its existence, its place in the world, relations with neighbors, features of uniqueness and features of the national character.
The community of the nation is expressed in a special national culture.

Interethnic relations

In the modern world, no nation can live in complete isolation and necessarily enter into interethnic relations, establish economic, political, ideological, cultural, legal, diplomatic and other ties. They can be stable (permanent) and unstable (periodic), based on competition and cooperation, equal and unequal. However, it is not always possible without conflicts. Usually their causes are territorial disputes, historical tensions, oppression of small nations and peoples, the use of national feelings by individual political leaders in order to create a tense situation, the desire of individual peoples to leave a multinational state and create their own (otherwise it is called separatism).
There are enough examples of national conflicts in the world - the crisis and many years of bloody war in the former Yugoslavia, territorial disputes between the republics of the former Soviet Union, separatist sentiments in Northern Ireland and the Canadian province of Quebec, wars between Central African states and so on.
These conflicts are based on ideas about the special role of their group in society, which have been characteristic of many peoples since ancient times. Let us give an example from one Indian myth: “To complete the arrangement of the world, God fashioned three human figures from dough and put them in an oven. After a while, burning with impatience, he took out the first little man from the stove, whose appearance was too bright and not very pleasant. It was "unbaked" inside as well. A little later, God got the second one, it was a success - it was beautifully brown on the outside and “ripe” inside. With joy God made him the founder of the Indian race. Well, the third one during this time was very burnt and turned completely black. The first of the baked little men became the founder of the white family, and the last of the black ones. Such an approach, in its extreme forms, leads to the conclusion that certain people, according to their biological racial qualities, are supposedly initially more gifted and talented, both physically and mentally, and therefore more capable of leading and managing.
A position of ethnic superiority results in discrimination- reduction or deprivation of rights and freedoms for a certain group of the population. In everyday life, this is expressed by the prohibition of visiting certain restaurants, beaches, cinemas or urban areas; in the industrial sphere - a ban on professions, the inaccessibility of education, the impossibility of a successful career; in psychological terms - offensive nicknames, ridicule, jokes about the "underdeveloped" people, etc. In extreme cases, minorities live separately in special settlements, marry within their group. Such a separation system existed for a long time in South Africa (South Africa), where the black population was isolated and deprived of most rights.
The 20th century gave many examples of inciting passions on national grounds. Nazi Germany adopted racist ideas about the superiority of one group of people over all others and the existence of a special race Aryans - the chosen people, who should rule the whole world. The implementation of this idea led to the desire to completely destroy the Jews, Gypsies, Poles, and to subjugate others to the "true Aryans." The external parameters of the superior race were even determined - a certain hair color, physique, eye shape, face shape, etc. It is curious that neither Hitler nor many of his associates themselves fit these parameters.
Now there are many neo-Nazi parties and movements that use nationalist ideas to increase their authority and popularity. Who does not want to hear that he is the best in the world, the most intelligent and noble, has the only true religion, has a heroic history, and his ancestors dominated other people? Similar ideas are used at rallies and preached in the press. The newly-minted leaders declare unfair oppression from the side of "strangers" and the need to "put things in order" by force, for which special combat units are created. Usually, the less a person has an internal culture, the easier it is to convince him of special exclusivity and the presence of enemies that prevent it from manifesting itself. The people behind all this strive for power, fame and popularity, for personal enrichment through pogroms. Behind their visible feelings about the fate of the nation are pronounced personal interests. It was, is, and probably still will be. How long? Much depends on the citizens themselves - as long as there is a painful national pride and a desire to lay responsibility for their personal failures on internal or external enemies, ethnic contradictions and hostility between peoples will remain.

Humanity is trying to solve this problem. There are various organizations dealing with issues of interaction between peoples - the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the Organization of African Unity, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and others. Many conflicts were stopped thanks to their assistance or with the direct intervention of these organizations.
A reasonable solution to national problems is possible only with a combination of two main trends in the development of national relations - differentiation(the desire of the people for independence, the preservation and development of national culture, economy, politics) and integration(close cooperation, exchange of cultural values, overcoming alienation and maintaining mutually beneficial contacts). The diversity of national cultures should not lead to their isolation, and the rapprochement of nations does not mean the disappearance of differences between them.
When solving interethnic conflicts, it is necessary to observe the following humanistic principles:
- rejection of violence and coercion;
- search for consent (consensus);
- recognition of human rights and freedoms as the most important principle;
- willingness to peacefully resolve disputes.

Causes of interethnic conflicts:

Socio-economic - inequality in the standard of living, different representation in prestigious professions, social strata, authorities.

Cultural-linguistic - insufficient, from the point of view of an ethnic minority, the use of its language and culture in public life.

Ethno-demographic - a rapid change in the ratio of the number of peoples in contact due to migration and differences in the level of natural population growth.

Environmental - deterioration of the quality of the environment as a result of its pollution or depletion of natural resources due to the use of representatives of a different ethnic group.

Extraterritorial - non-coincidence of state or administrative borders with the boundaries of the settlement of peoples.

Historical - past relationships between peoples (wars, the former ratio of domination-subordination, etc.).

Confessional - due to belonging to different religions and confessions, differences in the level of modern religiosity of the population.

Cultural - from the peculiarities of everyday behavior to the specifics of the political culture of the people.

Lecture:

Youth is the most active and dynamic social group of maturing people. Throughout history, society's attitude towards youth has changed. There were times when children worked on a par with adults for 10-12 hours a day. Before the transition of society to the industrial stage of development, young people did not stand out as a separate social group. And in modern society, it is a special demographic group, differing in age range from 14 to 30-35 years.

Adolescence is a very important period for a person, when the formation of personality takes place, the acquisition of one's "I", the assimilation of knowledge and values, the mastery of social roles. This is the period of the most important events in life. First, the young person completes schooling and enters a vocational school. Secondly, he reaches the age of majority, which characterizes his civil formation - the achievement of full legal capacity. Thirdly, he acquires a profession and finds a job. And, finally, fourthly, creates a family.

Consider the features of the social status of the youth group:

Transitivity of the situation - the search for oneself, frequent changes in activities and hobbies, the formation of social status.

A high level of mobility - young people are not tied to a certain place by any obligations, for example, family ones, and actively move along social elevators.

Favorable prospects for choosing a profession and starting a family.

Active search for one's place in life, tireless experimentation, creative upsurge.

Mastering new roles, for example, student, worker, family man.

A special psychological warehouse, the desire to assert their individuality.

The value-oriented orientation of the personality, which is different for different people. For example, Andrei is interested in music, reading books, visiting museums, for him the value is art. Marat is a master of sports in freestyle wrestling, he never spends a day without training, for him the value is sport. Sasha is interested in banking, he knows how and at what price one can buy Sberbank shares, for him the value is money).

Own subculture, characterized by a special image, slang, behavior and often subject to criminalization.

Problems of youth and youth policy of the Russian Federation

The solution of these problems is only within the power of the state. In our country, a Decree “On the main directions of youth policy in the Russian Federation” has been developed. Its goals are the spiritual and physical development of young people, the prohibition of discrimination based on age, the creation of conditions for the full inclusion of young people in all spheres of society, the support of talented youth, etc.

Based on these goals, the directions of youth policy are:

ensuring the rights of young people (for example, parents are responsible for ensuring access and creating conditions for their children to receive school education);

guarantee of employment and employment (by the employment service, unemployed youth are temporarily involved in public paid work, so that the young person can try himself in something new and, possibly, find something of his own);

stimulation of entrepreneurial activity (a young person who wants to do business has the right to do so already at the age of 16, for this he needs the written consent of his parents);

support for a young family (in the Russian Federation there are social programs to improve the living conditions of young families);

support for talented youth (organization and holding of competitions of various content aimed at identifying and encouraging talented youth), etc.

Mind map in social studies No. 37

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