Wind designation	Name	Direction
		Northern. Strong, dry and cold, blowing from the north or northeast.
	Tramontana greco	North-north-east. Strong, dry and cold, blowing from the north or northeast.
		Northeastern. Strong wind typical of the Mediterranean.
		East-North-East.
		Oriental.
	Levante scirocco	East-southeast.
		Southeastern. Warm and humid wind blowing from the Mediterranean Sea.
		South-southeast.
		Southern, dry and warm wind.
		South-southwest.
		Southwestern. Cold and wet wind.
	Ponente libeccio	West-Southwest.
		West.
		West-northwest.
		Northwestern.
	Tramontana maestro	North-northwest.

Information taken from the "Cloud Harbor" website
Unfortunately, the site no longer exists and the link does not work accordingly.

"Over Canada the winds are evil", "Above the window a month. Wind under the window "," Hey, Barguzin, stir the shaft! " , the wind of change, finally (I don’t want to remember about the North West at all) - we all know this from songs and poems. Interestingly, poetry would gain more if it used all the possible names for the winds, and there are countless of them.

Literary critics, of course, have calculated how many sayings, realizing the image of the wind, for each classic of Russian literature. It turns out a lot - more than fifty. And then there is European literature. What about Chinese poetry? And the Japanese one? The average person makes do with a small set of different definitions of winds. We all know about blizzard, storm, blizzard. URAGAN came from the language of the Indians (to tell the truth, there is another version about the Türkic origin of the word, but storms and storms in Central America among the Quiche tribes were caused by "Huracan" - the one-legged god of thunder and thunder,

all bad weather and storms, and this is convincing). The Chinese word dai-fyn - big wind - has become a well-known TYPHOON. Those who paid tribute to books about travel in childhood cannot but remember MISTRAL - a strong, gusty, cold and dry wind of the northern directions, MUSSONS (very strong seasonal winds) and PASSATS (eastern winds to the equator).

Oh my dear, my incomparable lady

My icebreaker is sad, and my navigator looks south,

And, imagine that a star from the constellation Cygnus

Looks directly at mine through the copper window.

The wind flies directly into the same window,

Named in different places either the monsoon or the trade wind.

He flies in and flips through the letters with an obvious grin,

Unsent because the recipient is missing. (Vizbor).

How the child's imagination was influenced by the description of SAMUMA (poisonous heat) - a fiery wind, the breath of death - a hot, dry storm in the deserts or CIROKKO - a very dusty storm wind blowing from the deserts. And those who read Paustovsky should remember SORANG - according to legend, the legendary hot night wind in Scotland, observed once every several hundred years.

Many remember from the mythology BOREY - cold north wind, in many areas of the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the deity of the north wind in Greek mythology. Or ZEPHIR - warm and humid on the shores of the Mediterranean (Greece, Italy) and the deity of this wind in Greek mythology. And also AQUILON - the cold northern in Rome and the corresponding deity. Less well known is ARGEST, the dry wind in Greece and, of course, the deity. And the wind is, for example, WHITE. This is a very good wind, probably, many people love it: dry and warm wind with good weather without precipitation. In different countries, it has different names: Tongara path, Levant, Maren, Otan, Levkonotos. And on Lake Seliger either the IDLE or the Married wind blows. There is, it turns out, the Wind of France - Biz, visas - the north wind in the mountainous regions of France, Italy, Switzerland. It plays an essential role in the formation of living conditions and is accompanied by a significant cooling.

There is a black biz (biz noir, biz negro), there is a twilight or brown. And what are the beautiful names of the winds among the Arabs (sea and desert travelers) - ZOBAA (in desert Egypt), KASKAZI - off the southeastern shores of Arabia, IRIFI - strong dust storms in the Sahara and Morocco, sometimes bringing locust clouds to the Canary Islands. KALEMA - very strong wind and ocean surf off the western coast of North Africa with waves reaching 6 meters in height. Kalema is observed in other places of the ocean coasts - California and India. HABABAI - on the shores of the Red Sea.

Even for sandstorms there is more than one name: HABUB, JANI, HAWA JANUBI, the famous HAMSIN. And the Spaniards who conquered the seas and oceans? IMBIERNO, ABREGO, CRIADOR, COLIA, COLIADA, LOS BRISOTES DE LA SITA MARIA, TEMPORAL, PUMPERO in the Andes and on the Atlantic coast, PARAMITO in Colombia, ALISIO in the Canary Islands, CORDONASO and Chubasco. Of course, the masters of the seas of the 18-19th centuries could not keep silent, and we know many English names of winds. But there are also lesser known ones. English learners come across the idiom dog days - a period of light winds and hot weather, often with thunderstorms. And in the ports of the USA and Canada, the workers called the storm with sleet, slush and splashing waves - BARBER (she scratched her skin like a bad hairdresser). In Australia, there is a thunderous barrage of DRUNK, or SKY-EYED BOB.

And it seems not at all poetic in sound, but it is possible that very glorious German names: ALLERHEILIGENWIND - warm wind in the Alps, or MOAZAGOTL (goat's beard) - in the Sudetenland. Surely BERNSTEINWIND (amber wind) sounded in German poetry - the wind from the sea on the Baltic coast of the Kaliningrad region. In Japan, the wind has always been of great importance. The infamous KAMIKAZE is the divine wind in Japanese mythology. According to legend, in 1281 he sank a squadron of ships of Khubilai, the grandson of Genghis Khan. But there are many other winds in Japan: KOGARASHI - wind with snow, MATSUKAZE - a small breeze, autumn HIROTO, cloudy YAMASE. And a very good wind in perfect weather - SUZUKAZE. "The winds are sounding" in other languages ​​as well. LU, onion, feces - hot, dry, sultry and very dusty wind from the Himalayas to Delhi. (Cases of lethargic sleep leading to memory loss have been reported under Lou.)

AJINA-SHAMOL is a squally devilish wind blowing in Tajikistan and upturning trees by the roots. BATTIKALOA KACHCHAN - warm wind on the island. Sri Lanka. (He received the nickname of a madman, as it has a negative effect on the condition of some patients). TAN GA MB IL LI - in Equatorial Africa and Zanzibar, which is called violent. AKMAN, tukman - a strong snowstorm in Bashkiria, marking the transition to spring. Indonesian winds TENGGARA and PANAS UTARA, Mexican (Aztec word) - TEHUANTEPEKERO, Yakut SOBURUUNGU TYAL, Afghan BAD-I-SAD-O-BISTROZ, Bengali BAYSHAK, Nigerian, demolishing the roofs of houses - GADARI. Forty-day SHAMAL of the Persian Gulf. And what about the winds in Russia? How many snowstorms: snowstorm, blowing, windstorm, blizzard, chicken, borosho, and with it - drifting snow, dragging, crawling crawl, podderukha, diarrhea, dragging. SOLODNIK, chief - at the mouth of the Kolyma River.

BABY WIND - weak Kamchatka wind. MIDNIGHT - a northeastern wind in the north, blowing from high latitudes, on the Yenisei it is called restav, frost. PADARA is a storm with snow and wind. HVIUS, hius, hius, fiyuz - a sharp north wind, accompanied by severe frost. CHISTYAK is a fierce blizzard with clear skies and severe frost in Western Siberia. SHELONIK - southwest wind.

There are also common names, for example, the famous LEVAN (levant) - the east wind in the Mediterranean, Black and Azov seas (from Gibraltar to the Kuban) or GARBI - the south sea wind in Italy, as well as on the Black and Azov seas.In the Yalta Bay, he whips up a high wave and is able to throw a fishing boat ashore.

We cannot hide from the winds. Wind I am over, and you are alive.

And the wind, complaining and crying, Shakes the forest and the dacha.

Not every pine tree is separate, but completely all trees

With all the boundless distance, Like a sailboat body

On the surface of the ship's bay. And it's not out of daring

Or out of aimless rage, And to find words in anguish

For you for a lullaby song.

Boris Pasternak

Wind is the movement of air masses from an area of ​​high atmospheric pressure to an area of ​​low pressure.

Wind is characterized by strength (speed) and direction. The characteristic of the wind depending on the strength is given in Table 1. The wind speed is determined by the magnitude of the pressure gradient, ie. the difference in atmospheric pressure per set unit of distance equal to 60 miles (1 ° latitude), in the direction of the pressure drop. Therefore, the greater the pressure gradient, the greater the wind speed.

Due to the rotation of the Earth, under the influence of the Coriolis force, the wind direction does not coincide with its baric gradient vector, but deviates in the northern hemisphere to the right, in the southern hemisphere to the left. In mid-latitudes, the deviation can reach 60 °.

The direction of the wind is taken from the point on the horizon where it blows (the wind blows into the compass). It is also customary to determine the direction of the swell, and "from the compass", in the direction of the horizon, sea currents and river currents.

The wind is not uniform in structure. It can be jet (laminar), when the air layers move without mixing, i.e. their particles do not pass from layer to layer. This air movement usually occurs in light winds. If the wind speed exceeds 4 m / s, then the air particles begin to move randomly, its layers are mixed and the air movement becomes turbulent. The higher the wind speed, the greater the turbulence, the greater the speed jumps at individual points of the air flow and the more gusty the wind becomes, and squalls appear.

A squally wind is characterized not only by frequent and sharp fluctuations in speed, but also by the strongest individual gusts lasting up to several minutes. A wind that sharply increases its speed for a very short period of time against a background of weak wind or calm is called a squall. Most often, squalls fly in when powerful cumulonimbus clouds pass and are often accompanied by thunderstorms and downpours. The speed of a squall wind reaches 20 m / s and more, and in some gusts 30-40 m / s. In this case, unexpected wind turns up to several points can be observed.

The main cause of the squall is the interaction of the ascending air flow in the front part of the cumulonimbus cloud and the descending air cooled by the rainstorm, in the rear part of it, as a result, a characteristic swirling shaft with a vortex under it, reinforced by the vortices of the adjacent air layers, arises.

Vertical eddies in a thundercloud can form tornadoes. When the speed of such a vortex reaches 100 m / s, the lower part of the cloud in the form of a funnel descends to the underlying surface (land or water), towards the rising dust or water column. Meeting with a tornado is dangerous: possessing great destructive power and rotating in a spiral, it can lift up everything that comes in its path. The height of the tornado reaches over 1000 meters, the horizontal speed is 30-40 km / h. Therefore, when you see a tornado, you need to determine the direction of its movement and immediately go to the side.

Sometimes a tornado can form without thunderclouds. In this case, it does not arise from a cloud, but on the surface of the earth or sea, often with a cloudless sky. These are "good weather" tornadoes. They degrade quickly and are practically harmless. Often their existence can be quickly noticed by the characteristic whistling sound that is heard when it moves than seen.

Air, air masses are in constant motion, which constantly changes its speed and direction. But on a global, planetary scale, this movement has a clearly expressed pattern, which is determined by the general circulation of the atmosphere, which depends on the distribution of atmospheric pressure in wide areas of the globe - from the tropics to the polar zones.

In the equatorial zone, the warm air of the tropics rises upward, which leads to the formation of a wind at the edge of the troposphere, called an anti-trade wind. The anti-passat spreads towards the poles, north and south, respectively.

The cooled air masses of the anti-trade wind settle to the surface of the earth, creating increased pressure in the subtropics and a wind, called the trade wind, which rushes into the equatorial zone.

Under the influence of the Coriolis force, the trade winds of the northern hemisphere receive a northeast direction, and the southern hemisphere (except for the northern part of the Indian Ocean, where seasonal monsoon winds blow) - a southeast direction. The speed of the trade winds is also constant and reaches 5-10 m / s.

In the equatorial zone, the trade winds weaken and turn east. Therefore, between the trade winds of both hemispheres there is a calm zone (in the Atlantic "horse latitudes"), characteristic of low pressure, thunderstorms and showers, calm. In latitudes 40-60 ° of both plusharies, the winds of the western quarter prevail. They are less stable (from NW to SW), but much stronger (10-15 m / s or 6-7 points). In the southern hemisphere, where westerly winds sweep around the entire world ocean, lay the main routes of sailing ships to sail from Europe to Australia and back to Europe around the Cape of Good Nadazhda and the meat Horn. For their strength, recurrence (up to 50%) and frequent storms, these winds were nicknamed "brave Vesta", and latitudes - "thundering forties" and "roaring sixties".

In the circumpolar regions of both hemispheres, where cold air masses of the upper tropospheric layers settle, forming the so-called polar maxima, southeasterly and easterly winds prevail.

The trade winds are the first in the category of prevailing winds, i.e. constantly blowing in certain areas for a specified period of time. The speed and direction of the prevailing winds are determined by long-term observations for each sea or sea area.

Another category of winds - local, blowing only in a given place or in several places of the globe, arise when thermal conditions change for some time or under the influence of the terrain (the nature of the underlying surface)

The first type includes the following winds:

Breezes are formed under the influence of unequally heating of land and sea. The area essential for the formation of breezes is located in the coastal strip of the seas (about 30-40 km). At night, the wind blows from the coast to the sea (coastal breeze), and in the daytime, on the contrary, from the sea to the land. The sea breeze starts around 10 am, and the coastal breeze starts after sunset. The breeze belongs to the winds of vertical development and blows in the opposite direction at an altitude of several hundred meters. The intensity of the breeze depends on the weather. On hot summer days, the sea breeze is moderately strong up to 4 points (4-7 m / s), the coastal breeze is much weaker.

Breezes can also be observed on land. At night, at the surface of the earth, there is a draft of air from the field to the forest, and at the height of the tree crowns - from the forest to the field.

Foeong is a hot dry wind that occurs when the humid air of mountain peaks flows around and is heated by the warm leeward underlying surface of the mountain slope. On the Black Sea, it is observed off the coast of Crimea and the Caucasus, mainly in spring.

Bora is a very strong wind blowing downhill in areas where a mountain range borders on a warm sea. Cold air rushes down to the sea with great speed, sometimes reaching the force of a hurricane. In winter, at low temperatures it causes icing. Observed in the region of Novorossiysk, off the coast of Dalmatia (Adriatic Sea) and on Novaya Zemlya. In some mountainous areas, for example, in the Caucasus near Leninakan, or in the Andes, there is a daily phenomenon when, after sunset, masses of cold air rush down from the mountain peaks surrounding the valley. Gusts of wind reach such a force that they tear off the tents, and a sharp and strong drop in temperature can lead to hypothermia.

Baku Nord - a cold north wind in the Baku zone, blowing in summer and winter, Reaches a storm force, and often hurricane force (20-40 m / s), bringing clouds of sand and dust from the shore.

Sirocco is a very warm and humid wind originating in Africa and blowing in the Central Mediterranean Sea, accompanied by cloudiness and precipitation.

Seasonal winds are monsoons, which are continental in nature and arise due to the difference in atmospheric pressure during uneven heating of land and sea in summer and winter.

Like other winds, monsoons have a pressure gradient directed towards low pressure - in summer on land, in winter at sea. Under the influence of the Coriolis force in the northern hemisphere, the summer monsoons in the Pacific Ocean off the east coast of Asia are deflected to the southeast, and in the Indian Ocean to the southwest. These monsoons bring cloudy weather from the ocean to the Far East, with frequent rains, drizzle and fog. At this time, prolonged and heavy rains fall on the southern coast of Asia, which leads to frequent floods.

Winter monsoons are reversed. In the Pacific Ocean they blow from the northwest, and in the Indian Ocean - from the northeast towards the ocean .. The wind speed in monsoons is uneven. Winter northeastern monsoons coincide with the trade winds of the northern hemisphere, but their speed does not exceed 10 m / s. But the summer monsoons of the Indian Ocean reach stormy power. Monsoon change - occurs in April-May and October-November.

The wind is just as important for predicting the weather as the clouds. Moreover, the weather cannot change without wind. The wind is characterized by strength and direction. The strength of the wind can be determined by its effect on land objects and the surface of the sea. Table 1 shows wind signs on a 12-point Beaufort scale.

Westerly winds usually bring softening weather, i.e. it will be cooler in summer and may rain. In winter, they are accompanied by heavy snowfalls and thaws. The north wind will definitely bring cold, whether there will be precipitation is unknown. The south wind brings warmth, i.e. in winter there is a thaw with snow, in summer it can be warm without precipitation. The east wind is less predictable, it can be cold and warm, one thing is certain. It will not bring a lot of precipitation either in summer or in winter.

Table # 1

Score	Name the wind	Speed ​​in m / s	Signs of wind		Pressure N / m 2
			On the ground	On the water
0	Calm	0-0,5	The smoke rises up, the flag weighs calmly	Mirror sea	0
1	Quiet	0,6-1,7	Smoke deviates slightly, leaves rustle, candle flame deviates slightly	Small scaly waves without lambs appear	0,1
2	Light	1,8-3,3	Thin branches move, the flag flutters weakly, the flame goes out quickly	Short, well-defined waves, their crests begin to overturn, but the foam is not white, but glassy: the surface of the water ripples.	0,5
3	Weak	3,4-5,2	Small branches are swaying, the flag is waving	Short waves. The ridges form a glassy foam. Small white lambs are occasionally formed	2
4	Moderate	5,3-7,4	Big branches sway, flag stretches, dust rises	Waves get longer, foaming "lambs" are formed in places	4
5	Fresh	7,5-9,8	Small trunks swinging, whistling in the ears	The whole sea is covered with "lambs"	6
6	Strong	9,9-12,4	Trees sway, torn tents violently	Formed ridges of great height, "lambs" on the ridges of the water.	11
7	Strong	12,5-15,2	Tents are torn down, small trees bend	Waves pile up and cause destruction, the wind tears off white foam from the crests	17
8	Very strong	15,3-18,2	Thin branches break, movement is difficult, large trees bend	Height and wavelength increase markedly	25
9	Storm	18,3-21,5	Big trees break, roofs are damaged	High, mountain-like waves with long overturning crests	35
10	Heavy storm	21,6-25,1	Roofs are torn down, trees are uprooted	The entire surface of the sea turns white with foam, Rumbles in the open ice intensify and take on the character of tremors	45
11	Tough storm	25,2-29	Great destruction occurs	The height of the waves is so great that the ships in the field of view sometimes hide behind them.	64
12	Hurricane	More than 29	Desolations occur	Mist blowing off the ridges significantly reduces visibility	St. 74

DICTIONARY OF WINDS

Foreword

Wind is the most important characteristic of weather and climate. The wind causes the movement and mixing of air and carries the suspended impurities in it. Wind facilitates the exchange of heat, moisture and energy between the underlying surface and the atmosphere, and also carries huge air masses in the general atmospheric circulation system. Many natural processes and phenomena are associated with the action of the wind. Strong winds cause soil erosion, dust storms, waves in water bodies, and hurricanes and storms cause destruction and flooding of the coast. Wind has a significant impact on the work of numerous sectors of the national economy: agriculture, aviation, sea, river, road and rail transport, utilities, etc.

The Dictionary contains the names and characteristics of winds and wind systems of planetary and local scales, as well as some synoptic, meteorological, hydrodynamic, technical, geographical and marine terms and characteristics related to the action of winds.

For the convenience of using the Dictionary, terms and concepts are grouped in two parts: the first (main) part gives the names and characteristics of winds and wind systems, as well as some terms related to the genesis of winds; in the second part - meteorological, synoptic, geological and Pomor terms and concepts characterizing the effect of winds. In addition, the second part includes some technical terms that are necessary for understanding the main entries of the first part of the dictionary, as well as place names associated with the wind.

The Dictionary contains terms and concepts that are found in various literary sources both in Russian and in some foreign ones. When compiling the Dictionary, encyclopedic and special dictionaries, reference books, textbooks, monographs and individual studies were used. In addition, materials were used from the author's long-term correspondence with some meteorological institutions, stations and libraries of the Soviet Union, as well as with the meteorological services of the German Democratic Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Japan, Hawaii, Sweden, Spain, France, etc.

It should be noted that textbooks on climatology and meteorology and special reference books, as a rule, contain very brief information about the main wind systems and winds. In the "Meteorological Dictionary" by S. P. Khromov and L. I. Mamontova, the "Geographical Dictionary" by S. V. Kolesnik and others, only the main and most famous winds and wind systems are described. In the "Dictionary of General Geographic Terms" by D. Stump, the names of some local (local) winds of foreign countries are given. There are many similar winds in the USSR and, unfortunately, they are not mentioned either in dictionaries or in textbooks.

However, due to the expansion and improvement of the observing system, as well as the development of previously uninhabited territories, in recent years, meteorologists and forecasters have begun to pay more and more attention to local winds as an important factor affecting weather conditions and human production activities.

When compiling the characteristics of the winds, the author proceeded from the definitions prevailing in Soviet geographical science. The unevenness of the completeness of the presentation of a number of terms is due to their different significance, the degree of study and illumination in the literature.

The dictionary does not claim to be exhaustive. Some definitions may seem subjective; this is due to the difference in the views of the authors of a number of works and monographs, from which the definitions and spellings of titles are derived.

The author expresses his deep gratitude to all specialists who kindly answered his inquiries, read individual sections of the manuscript and made useful comments that contributed to the improvement of the book. The author will be grateful for any comments, additions, suggestions regarding the content and structure of the Dictionary and asks to send them to the author at the Ukrainian Research Institute of the State Committee for Hydrometeorology (252028, Kiev, Nauki Ave., 105).

How to use the Dictionary

The terms in the Dictionary are sorted alphabetically. Multi-word terms are shown without inversion. For example, GEOSTROPHIC WIND, not GEOSTROPHIC WIND. The titles of the articles are given in bold capital letters, synonyms - in light lowercase letters, separated by commas. The most common synonyms are listed alphabetically with a link to the main article. The description of the wind in the article is not given as a synonym. If the name of the wind does not fully correspond to a foreign word, then in brackets after the title of the article is indicated "from" (for example, from German. Glets-chcr), if the name of the wind fully matches, then without "from".

Geographic names in foreign languages ​​are given only in cases where the difficulty of pronunciation may be the reason for the distortion of the word.

The title of each article corresponds to the most famous title (sound) in Russian.

Links to articles within one part are in italics, links to articles in the other part are marked with a discharge. When repeating the term within the article, abbreviations are accepted (for example, BREEZ-B., GLACIAL WIND-L. V.).

In the articles that unite a group of winds (for example, WINDS ON THE Danube) all winds or winds of the main points are listed. At the same time, for the territory of the USSR, in some cases, a general wind characteristic is given (for example, WINDS ON LAKE BAIKAL), despite the fact that a separate article is devoted to each of the winds of this group. In other cases, the unifying article gives all the winds in a given area with a brief description, and the articles give cross-references with the name of each of these winds (for example, WINDS ON LAKE TOBA).

Since in many localities the winds are called by the horizon-sides (cardinal points), in the Dictionary these names (synonyms) are given in different languages ​​(see, for example, WEST).

The concepts related to the action of the winds are collected in the second part and presented there also in alphabetical order.

1. Names of winds and wind systems

A

ABAZA, obaza - strong north-east or east wind on the Lower Danube and on the western shores of the Black Sea. Sometimes reaches the strength of the cruel storms. In winter accompanied by snowstorms and severe frosts. Dangerous for fishing boats. Cm. Winds on the Danube.

ABODYE(pomorsk.) - calm with a clear sky, a quiet sunny day on the shores of the northern seas of the USSR. Wed Alkyonides.

ABREGO(Spanish abrego) - moderate humid southwestern wind in southwestern Spain. It is accompanied by short but heavy rains. It arises when a cyclonic vortex moves from the south-west to the Kasis Bay.

ABROLOS, cambueiros (port, abrolhos, cambuei-ros) -winter (May-August) frontal squalls with rains on the southeastern shores of Brazil, as well as in the area of ​​the Bank of Abrolus.

AVAL(fr. aval) -stable downwind on the Atlantic coast of France, blowing up the river valleys: in the northwest of France mainly from the west, in the southeast - from the southeast. Wed Amon.

AVALANSHWIND- cm. Avalanche wind.

AVGONGADAUR(English dial. avgongadaur) - a period of calm clear weather in the Faroe Islands. Wed Alkyonides.

AVGON SHAMOLI- cm. Afghan.

ABP(fr. avre) - warm in winter and cold in summer wind in Luc-en-Dioux (dep. Drome, France). Wed Evr.

AUSTRALIAN MUSSON- the wind blowing from the ocean towards the Australian continent in summer, and from the continent towards the ocean in winter. In the north of Australia, warm and humid northwestern Atlantic m. Sometimes penetrates as far as Queensland, and in the south, cold southern A. m., As far as Sydney. In winter, in the north of the mainland anticyclone, which forms monsoon air currents, dominates southeast trade wind, in the south - westerly wind. Wed Barster, Brickfielder.

AGEY, aiguol (fr. agueil, aiguolas) -cold east wind in the southern part of Cévennes (France). It is accompanied by cloudy weather, often with rain and snow. Spring often lasts for several days.

AG FIR(azerb.) - dry wind in the Kura-Araks lowland (in Baku, Kazakh, Shemakha, etc.). It is a strong eastern flow of tropical air, sometimes with a speed of 10 m / s or more at an air temperature of up to 40 ° C. Usually seen in spring and summer. Wed They ate themselves.

AG KULEK(Azerb.) - warm east or southeast wind in Shemakha, Maraz and others (Azerbaijan). Wed Ag spruce.

ADEN'S CYCLONES- tropical cyclones of the Arabian Sea moving westward (into the Gulf of Aden). The speed of their movement is low (10-20 km / h). The zone of strong winds has a radius of up to 180 km. The pressure drop in the cyclone reaches 40 hPa. The strongest wind is observed west of the island. Socotra. On the open sea in the southern sector of the A. c. the monsoon southwest wind sometimes reaches the strength of the storm. Cm. Arabian cyclones.

AJINA-SHAMOL(Tajik) - squally northern damn wind blowing in the south of Tajikistan from the Kardzhalad-Kum desert. It is accompanied by high air temperatures, up to 50 ° C in summer. The wind raises huge masses of hot sand, damages cotton leaves, upturns trees by the roots, and covers streams and canals with sand. To protect against squalls and wind sediments near cities create protective plantings of saxaul.

ADRIATIC BORA- cold and strong (sometimes up to 60 m / s) north or north-east wind blowing from the mountain passes between the Alps and the Di-Naro highlands towards the Adriatic Sea, over the Dalmatian coast, between the Istria and Dubrovnik peninsulas. On the mountain slopes facing the sea, a strong wind is observed in the layer up to an altitude of 800 m. Above the sea, it sharply weakens and intensifies only on the windward slopes of mountainous islands. A. b. can last from several days to several weeks. Great strength A. b. are called borace, and small strength - borino.

Distinguish between black cyclonic B. - skura(B. scura), accompanied by rain and often extending into the sea for a distance of up to 60 km, and white anticyclonic B. - chiara(B. chiara), sometimes raging along the entire coast of Yugoslavia with a clear sky and does not penetrate far into the sea. However, with a white forest, the tops of the mountains are covered with clouds. Black A. b. occurs when cyclones pass through the central part of the Adriatic Sea. At the same time, in the south of the coast of Yugoslavia, a warm and humid yugd, and in the north of the coast - A. b.

At sea A. b. whips up the waves, tearing off the crests from them, as a result of which a kind of fog appears (see. Spalmejjo).

A. b. blows mainly in winter, with frozen or snow-covered soil. It intensifies in the morning, and subsides or weakens in the evening. Lasts for long periods of time. Due to the high frequency of occurrence A. b. a peculiar belt of aeolian-marine deposits has formed along the coast; vegetation is completely absent on the coast in some places. To protect gardens and fields from A. b. they build stone walls, and stretch ropes for pedestrians along the streets.

The wind is especially strong in the region of Trieste, Rijeka, Idriya, Pula, Klenovitsa, in the Bay of Kotorska, Vrulje and Makarska bays, at the mouth of the Neretva river, between about. Zirye and Cape Ploce n further in the bay of Zadar (Zadar Bora), harbor Senj (senskaya bora), in the Kvarner Strait (kvarner); here between Cape Kamenyak and about. Union at A. b. may arise tornadoes, while there is no wind on the high seas. The direction of the wind on the shores depends on the features of the relief. Before starting A. b. clouds rise above the tops of the mountains (for example, over the mountains Rukovets and Velebit) and burst.

AE(Hawaii.) -Northeast scalding trade wind in the Hawaiian Islands.

ASIAB(arab, aziab) - khamsin, hydrated when driving over the Red Sea; brings stuffiness to the coast.

ASIATIC MUSSON - winter north-east and summer south-west monsoon in the north of the Indian Ocean. Cm. Monsoon.

Azovets- dry wind in the Azov region.

AI- (Evenk.) - cold downstream wind, blowing in the valley of the river. Olekmy. It is observed mainly in the cold season. Wed Lamus.

AIR DE CARTAGENA - see.Leveche.

IRON WIND(English, iron wind - iron wind) - northeast wind in Central America. It blows for several days in February - March. Wed Norser.

AQUILON(from lat. aquilo - north) -cold north or north-east wind in Rome and a deity personifying this wind in Roman mythology. Cm. Boreas, Septeitrio.

AKMAN, tukman - strong snowy blizzard in Bashkiria, marking the transition to spring. Wed Equinox storms.

ALICIO(Spanish alisio - Punic, Carthaginian wind), Elise - dry northeast trade wind in the Canary Islands and off the coast of Spain. Wed Tiempo del Monte.

ALLERZEELENWINTER(German: Allerseelenwin-ter) - unstable northerly winds in early November in Central Europe, accompanied by a short return of cold weather.

ALLERHEILIGENWIND(German Allerheiligen-wind), allerheiligenzommer - a warm wind such as a hair dryer and Fehnovy weather in the Alps.

ALSION DAYS(eng, halcyon days) - calm days, quiet sunny weather in England during the winter solstice. Wed Alkyonides.

ALUGU-cm. Winds on Lake Toba.

ALU DE VAN(fr. aloup de vent) - cold night wind in the Brevinne valley (France).

ALUSTON- a strong wind like a hair dryer blowing from the Angarsk pass to Alushta.

ALBANI DOCTOR- cm. Doctor.

ALBE(fr. albe) -southwestern Spanish wind, warm and humid in the Eastern Pyrenees, blowing along the slopes of Alberia towards Perpignan in the basin of the river. Dreams. Sometimes preceded by thunderstorm rain. In some parts of France, it is southern. Occurs when the southwestern air flow covers a significant part of Western Europe. It has an exciting effect on some sick people. See howling d"espan. Wed Garbi.

ALBERTVILLE, albertville (fr. albertville) - dry north-west wind with little cloudy weather in the Albertville valley (Ysere basin, France).

ALBTALVIND(German Albtalwind) - night mountain wind in the alpine meadows of the Northern Black Forest.

AL DE MARS(fr.hale de mars) - dry and cold north, north-east or east wind (visas) in the area of ​​the Morvan mountain range and in a number of areas of the dep. Jura (France).

ALKIONID- calm and warm days in winter in Greece (Alcyona is the mythical daughter of the wind god Aeolus). Wed Abodier, Alcion Dayz.

ALMVIND(German Almwind) - south wind type hair dryer, blowing from Hungary and Slovakia through the Tatras in Zakopane (Poland). Sometimes it reaches a speed of 25 m / s. A particularly strong A. is observed in spring and autumn. With the wind, the air temperature rises by 10-15 ° С.

ALPS- cm. Aperwind.

ALPINE HAIR DRYER-cm. Hair dryer.

ALTAN, altanus (lat. altanus) -sea wind. Cm. Otan.

AMBA(fr. amba) - soft fresh south wind in the basin of the river. Rhone. Wed Embat, Embatis, Imbat.

AMON, van d "amont (fr. vent d" amont) - riding wind. On the Atlantic coast of France, it is predominantly eastern or northern, in Boulogne - northeastern, in dep. Oise and on the uplands of Perche (dep. Somme) - north-west, in the south of the Massif Central - north or north-east (type biz). Wed Aval.

ANABATIC WIND(from the Greek anabaino - to rise, ascend) - an upward wind directed up the slopes or over the surface of a layer of denser air. For example, valley wind. At the upper boundary of the ascending air flow, a well-defined surface of the surface haze layer is formed, often coinciding with the level of the neighboring peaks. A. in. promotes the separation of eddies from the slopes, especially if the leeward slope is facing the Sun. Wed Ka-tabatic wind.

HANGARA - riding north or north-east stock wind type bora, blowing from the valley of the river. Upper Angara.

ANGIN(indon. angin) - breeze on the islands of Malaysia: A. darat - coastal breeze; A. laut - sea ​​breeze.

ANGIN RIBUT- cm. Ribut.

ANGREN WIND - mountain wind in Angren. Runoff of relatively cold air from the mountains to the Angren Valley (Central Asia). In the lower part of the valley, the air flow is already sufficiently warmed up due to adiabatic compression and acquires features hair dryer.

ANDER, andro (dia. ital. andre, andro) - moderate, sometimes strong south wind on the lake. Garda (Italy).

ANCOMBR(fr. encombres), - a north wind in little cloudy weather, blowing from the pass in Saint-Martin-la-Port (France).

ANTIBRISE- the upper branch of the breeze circulation directed opposite to the lower branch - breeze.

ANTILLEAN HURRICANE-tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean, arising in the Antilles region. When moving along the initial branch of the trajectory, it can penetrate to Florida and the coast of the continent, then, after turning to the north and northeast, it moves along the return branch of the trajectory. A. at. in some cases reach Iceland and Scandinavia. Their average recurrence is 10 times a year. Most often they are observed in July - September.

ANTIMUSSON- the upper branch of the monsoon circulation, the air current over monsoon, the opposite direction. It is part of the dominant zonal (western) stream at these heights.

ANTIPASSAT, counterpass - air current over trade winds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere of tropical latitudes, with a predominantly western and southwestern direction in the northern hemisphere and northwestern in the southern. It starts at an altitude of 2-4 km, 600-700 km from the equator. A. is better developed in the northern hemisphere. In the winter hemisphere, he carries away to the east the air that has risen in intratropical convergence zone. At a level of about 200 hPa, this is high-risejet stream. Continuous and regular A. does not exist.

ANTI-CYCLONIC HAIR DRYER - hair dryer from a free atmosphere. AOGITA(jap.) - north wind (monsoon) in the north about. Kamijima blowing towards the Korea Strait (Tsushima Islands).

APARCTY(Greek aparktias) - the north wind in Greece and the deity of this wind in Greek mythology. A. is usually associated with clearing, but sometimes it is accompanied by squall clouds and brings a strong cooling.

AP-VALLEY- cm. Lower(grassroots) wind.

APERWIND(German Aperwind), alps (German alpach - open) -spring hair dryer in the Alps, bringing a thaw, evaporating snow and exposing the soil like snowmobile.

APELIOTES(other Greek apheliotes) - see. Aphelion.

APOGEAN WINDS - Onshore winds in Greece.

ARABIC WINDS - cm. Garbi.

ARABIAN AND MINOR ASIAN STORM - the common name for red and yellow storms in the deserts and semi-deserts of Asia Minor and in the east of the Mediterranean. Cm. Sirocco, Khamsin, Habub.

ARABIAN CYCLONES -tropical cyclones Arabian Sea. They are observed infrequently (1-2 times a year) mainly in May - June and October - November, i.e. during the periods of change monsoons. Cm. Aden cyclones.

ARAKATI(port, aracaty) - northeast wind in the state of Ceara (Brazil).

ARAKCHINKA- north wind blowing from the left bank of the river. Volga to the right south-west of Kazan (from the side of the village of Arakchno to the village of Verkhniy Uslon).

WATERMELON WIND - see.Karpuz Meltemi, Meltem.

ARV(fr. arves) -westerly wind from the Jarye pass (dep. Savoie, France).

ARGEST(other Greek. argestes) - dry west-north-west wind in Greece and the deity of this wind in Greek mythology. A. is accompanied by a clarification, but is occasionally associated with thunderclouds and hail. In the Ionian Sea is a variety etesium.

ARDENNE WIND(fr. vent d "ardennes) - wind from the Ardennes; in the south of the mountains - north, in the north of France - southeast.

ARI(fr. ari) -winter northeast wind at dep. Jura (France).

ARIFI(arab, arifi) - cm... Sirocco.

ARCH OF CHINUK, chinook's arch, chinook's collar - arcsquall and the cloudy shaft in the zone hair dryer or bora. It looks like a thick cloud sleeve - a collar parallel to the ridge. A. h. Is observed, for example, over the Rocky Mountains in America, over the foothills of Ciscarpathia at the southwestern tropospheric flows, in the Sudetenland. The appearance of A. h. Is a sign of the presence standingmountain waves over the leeward slopes of the mountains. Flying in the zone of A. ch. Is dangerous. Wed Chinook.

ARCTIC HIGH-LEVEL JET FLOW- strong wind in the troposphere of high latitudes at the level of 5-7 km, associated with the Arctic atmospheric front, which separates the Arctic and polar air masses.

ARKYRAGAN SHAMAL(Kyrgyz) - Hurricane in Kyrgyzstan.

ARMAVIR WIND- strong, cold and dusty southeast wind blowing along the river valley. Kuban, in the Armavir gorge-corridor between the Stavropol plateau and the Caucasian foothills. The plateau ends with a ledge, which leads to the wind effect. A. in. sometimes it reaches a speed of 40 m / s, and winds with a speed of 20 m / s are observed 70 times a year, most often in winter. A. in. sometimes lasts up to 10 days. Due to the raised dust, visibility at A. c. sometimes worsens up to 50 m. The wind blows out crops. Wind-blown grains of sand damage tree bark and wall plaster. A. in. occurs on the southwestern periphery of the continental anticyclone in the presence of a cyclone in the Black Sea. Cm.

ARMENAZ(fr. armenaz) -western wind in Frontignan - Albertville (dep. Savoie, France).

ARSINE(fr. arslne) -western wind, accompanied by a thunderstorm and hail in the valley of the river. Guisan (dep. Haute Alpes, France).

ARUERG, ruergue (fr. arouergue, rouergue) is a strong, gusty, warm and humid westerly wind in the south of the Massif Central in the region of Mount Aigual (France). Usually observed in spring, accompanied by sudden rain, sometimes with hail or sleet. Favorable for the development of vegetation. Wed Ruerga.

ARYSSK WIND- dry and dusty gusty wind in the valley of the river. Arys. Represents runoff cold air from the mountains and spurs of the western end of the Talas Alatau. Occurs at any time of the year. In summer it is often accompanied by dust storm.

ASGARDWEG(Swede, aasgardweg) -destructive thrombus (tornado) in Sweden.

ASIPHAT(Arabic asifat) - tropical cyclone Arabian Sea. Cm. Arabian cyclones.

ASPR(fr. aspre) - soft and dry north-east wind of the type hair dryer. The runoff of heated air from the mountains of the Massif Central to the Garonne lowland (France). Cm. Lou cantalier.

ASTRAKHANETS- dry east or southeast wind in the Stavropol Territory, Kalmykia, Sal steppes. Sometimes accompanied by dust storm. Is similar Armavir wind. In the Kuban they call him Stavropol citizen, A. reaches storm speed most often during the cold and transitional seasons of the year. It lasts up to a week. It gets worse during the day and weakens at night. In winter, it brings humid and relatively warm air from the unfrozen part of the Kacn Sea, often accompanied by advective fogs. Cm. East winds in the south of the ETC and in the North Caucasus.

ATOS FALLWIND(German Athos Fallwind) - falling winds suddenly breaking off the slopes of Mount Athos at the southeastern tip of the Agion-Oros Peninsula. A. f. are usually observed on summer evenings or nights and can reach great strength. Especially dangerous for ships. A sign of the beginning of an A. ph. Is sharply outlined white clouds over the mountains.

AURO, aure (fr. aoigo) - soft, humid, moderate (sometimes up to strong) westerly wind in the south of France. In winter it is accompanied by heavy rain or snow, in summer - thunderstorm and hail. Distinguish: A. Rousseau (A. rousso) - winter west wind, accelerating the melting of snow; A. de Meyrueis - southwestern squall; A. negro (A. negro) - north-west and west wind with cloudy weather; A. bas-se - southwest wind; A. du Me-zenc - west wind, in dep. Ardesh. In some places A. acquires the features base. Wed Oro, Horasso.

AUST-EP, Austr. (from Latin austellus - southern breeze) - warm southern, sometimes southwestern wind in Rome and throughout the Mediterranean basin. Wed Sharp.

AUSTROAFRICUS- south-south-west wind in Italy. Cm. Libonotos.

AUSTRU- south-east, south or south-west wind in the Danube lowland. In winter it brings clear weather to the leeward valleys (due to the effect of the hair dryer), at night - a cold snap. Wed Krivets.

AFAT(Azerb.) - summer (May - June) warm dry wind, mainly eastward in Zangelan (Azerbaijan). Sometimes it has a southerly direction, and occasionally a northerly one. Plucks foliage and small fruits from trees, dries up vegetation. Dangerous for crops.

AFGHAN, Avgon shamoli (Uzbek) - a very strong and dusty west or south-west wind in the eastern Karakum and in the Surkhandarya region. It blows for several hours, sometimes up to two days, up the valleys of the Amu Darya, Syrdarya, Vakhsh rivers. Accompanied by dustystorm and thunderstorm. In Termez, there are up to 70 days a year. A. oppresses vegetation, covers fields with sand and dust, and carries away the fertile soil layer. Early spring is accompanied by downpours and a sharp cold snap to frost, destroys cotton seedlings. In winter, it is sometimes accompanied by sleet and leads to frostbite and death of cattle caught on the plains.

A. arises in connection with the northwestern frontal incursions of cold into the Turan lowland. For a day or two in front of A., a thin haze appears in the sky, the luminaries acquire an orange color, the air temperature rises (sometimes up to 45 ° C in summer), humidity decreases, and atmospheric pressure drops. As the atmospheric front approaches, vortices and tornadoes appear. Suddenly, from behind the Kelif Hills, a solid wall of dust falls with a hurricane westerly wind. Then, after a brief lull, the wind speed again increases to 20 m / s and more. A. reaches its greatest strength in Termez and to the east of the Kelif Gate.

The southwestern flow of highly dusty air reaches the Alai Valley and often penetrates into Xinjiang, into the basin of the river. Tarim. The weakening of the wind is accompanied by a sharp increase in pressure and some cooling. At the same time, along the middle course of the Amu Darya west of the Kelif gorge, an eastern prefrontal wind can blow, as well as a wind of 120 days.

APHELION, apeliotes (lat. apeliotes) - a warm east wind in Greece, blowing "from the Sun" (sunny wind), and the deity of this wind in Greek mythology. A. is sometimes accompanied by light showers. Cm. Solaris.

AFRICAN WAVES are cyclonic-scale atmospheric disturbances arising as a result of hydrodynamic instability of the atmosphere over Central and East Africa and propagating to the west. Connected with "Hurricanes" also moving west.

AFRICAN WIND, afer, africa, corinthian wind - southwest wind in Rome, as well as in other parts of southern Italy.

AFRICAN MUSSON - northeast wind in southern Africa, which is deflected off the coast of the continent southeast trade wind. Most often observed in September - February. Cm. Tropical monsoon.

AFRICAN HURRICANE - see.Hurricane.

AFROASIAN SUMMER MUSSON -monsoon off the northeastern coast of Africa. Cm. Tropical monsoons.

Answer from Igor [guru]
The trade wind is a wind blowing between the tropics all year round, in the Northern Hemisphere from the northeast, in the South - from the southeast, separating from each other by a windless strip. On the oceans the trade winds blow with the greatest regularity; on the continents and on the seas adjacent to the latter, their direction is partly modified under the influence of local conditions. In the Indian Ocean, due to the configuration of the coastal continent, the trade winds completely change their character and turn into monsoons.

The origin of the trade winds
As a result of the action of the sun's rays in the equatorial zone, the lower layers of the atmosphere, warming up more strongly, rise upward and tend towards the poles, while at the bottom new, colder air currents come from the north and south; due to the diurnal rotation of the Earth according to the Coriolis force, these air currents in the Northern Hemisphere take a direction towards the northeast (northeast trade wind), and in the Southern Hemisphere they take a southeast direction (southeast trade wind). The closer any point on the globe lies to the pole, the smaller the circle it describes in a day, and, consequently, the lower the speed it acquires; thus, air masses flowing from higher latitudes, having a lower velocity than points on the earth's surface on the equatorial strip, rotating from west to east, should lag behind them and, therefore, give a current from east to west. At low latitudes, close to the equator, the difference in speeds for one degree is very insignificant, since the meridian circles become almost mutually parallel, and therefore in a strip between 10 ° N. NS. and 10 ° S. NS. the inflowing layers of air, in contact with the earth's surface, acquire the speed of the points of the latter; as a result, near the equator, the northeastern trade wind again takes an almost northerly direction, and the southeastern trade wind is almost southerly and, mutually meeting, gives a strip of calm. In the trade winds between 30 ° N. NS. and 30 ° S. NS. in each hemisphere, two trade winds blow: in the Northern Hemisphere at the bottom of the northeast, at the top of the southwest, in the South at the bottom - southeast, at the top of the northwest. The upstream is called the anti-passat, the counter-passat, or the upstream trade wind. Over 30 ° north and south. NS. the upper, coming from the equator, air layers descend to the surface of the earth and the correctness of the equatorial and polar currents stops. From the polar border of the trade wind (30 °), part of the air mass returns to the equator as the lower trade wind, while the other part flows to higher latitudes and appears in the Northern Hemisphere as a southwestern or westerly wind, and in the Southern Hemisphere as a northwestern or westerly wind ...
Historical perspective
Lower trade winds between the tropics; on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, were known to sailors of antiquity. Columbus's companions were greatly alarmed by these winds, which carried them non-stop westward. The correct explanation of the origin of the trade wind was first given by Hadley (1735). The strip of calm moves north or south, depending on the state of the sun at the equator; in the same way, the borders of the trade wind area change both in the north and in the south at different times of the year. In the Atlantic Ocean, the northeastern trade wind blows in winter and spring between 5 ° and 27 ° N. NS. , and in summer and autumn between 10 ° and 30 ° N. NS. ... The southeastern trade wind reaches 2 ° N in winter and spring. NS. , and in summer and autumn 3 ° N. NS. , thus crossing the equator and gradually turning into a south and south-west wind.
Special marine terminology.
East wind - stop.
North-east wind - northeast.
Southeast wind - south-east

Gornaya, Barguzin, Verkhovik, Kultuk, Sarma, Angara

Strong winds, even without considering the resulting waves, can pose a serious hazard to a light cruise ship. Therefore, it is still worthwhile on land in a calm atmosphere to get acquainted with the Baikal winds and signs by which one can judge about impending troubles.

Baikal is surrounded on all sides by mountain ranges, which have a significant impact on the climate, in particular, on the formation of air currents. The determining factor is the presence of intermontane basins surrounding Baikal, the temperature in which differs significantly from the temperature in the main basin - the Baikal basin. The greatest temperature difference occurs in autumn, it reaches 30-40 degrees, which leads to a significant pressure drop and the emergence of powerful air currents.

The average wind load on Lake Baikal depends on the geographic location, time of year and time of day. The most favorable season is the one that interests us the most - summer. In June – July, 80% of the time falls on calm or weak wind (wave height does not exceed 0.5 m). Most often, strong winds occur in autumn, for example, in the region of Olkhon Island in October-December, strong winds blow on average 58 days out of 100.

During the day, the quietest time is two to three hours after sunrise and about the same before sunset. Calm during daylight hours is rare. The figure below with wind roses in different parts of the coast can give an idea of ​​the duration of calmness.

The Baikal wind tends to intensify near the capes. Even in complete calm, a small breeze can blow opposite the capes, and in windy weather the increase in wind speed can be significant. This should be taken into account when passing rocky headlands that plummet into the water.

By origin, the winds in the Baikal basin are divided into passable and local. The first are associated with the passage of atmospheric fronts and air masses over the lake - these are the strongest winds. Local winds occur due to the difference in air temperatures over water and land. A striking and well-known example is the breeze blowing from sea to land during the day and from land to sea at night. Usually the local wind is not dangerous. The exception, apparently, is the pokatukha, which will be discussed below.

Depending on the direction, there are two main types of Baikal winds - longitudinal and transverse. The former blow along the basin of the lake and, due to the considerable length of acceleration, raise large waves, the latter blow across the basin, are distinguished by their particular cunning and ferocity.

A good artistic description of the Baikal winds can be found in the book by O. Gusev "Naturalist on Baikal". According to O. Gusev, there are about 30 local names of winds, often the same wind has several names.

Below is a description and characteristics of the most remarkable air currents found on Lake Baikal. I note that Baikal is famous for its violent temper for a reason, even in the most calm season - summer - strong storms can happen. It often happens that several winds blow at the same time and it is rather difficult to understand which of them we are dealing with. The wind in such situations can almost instantly change direction to the opposite.

The directions of air currents on Lake Baikal and wind roses for the summer period are shown on the map.

Verhovik

Verkhovik, aka hangar (the second name is more often used in the northern part of the lake, in the southern part it introduces confusion - hangar is also called the wind that controls the source of the Angara). Sometimes the names verkhovka, north, siver are used. It is named so because it blows from the valley of the Upper Angara River, i.e. from the upper end of the lake.

Verkhovik can blow simultaneously throughout Baikal. In summer, the Verkhovik reaches the southern tip of Baikal extremely rarely, limiting itself to Cape Tolsty as the southern border (there are six capes with this name on Lake Baikal, in this case we mean a cape located about 10 km east of Listvyanka village). On northern Baikal, the Verkhovik blows from the north, on middle and southern Baikal - from the northeast.

Particularly fierce Verkhoviks occur before the freezing of Lake Baikal - in December. The wind is not gusty - it usually blows calmly, the weather with such a wind is dry and clear.

Verkhovik begins usually in the morning, after sunrise and often subsides before sunset, but it can blow for a very long time without stopping - up to ten days. Such lingering winds begin from mid-August. Due to its considerable duration and the absence of gusts, the verkhovik can create very large waves. This is one of the most famous and significant winds on Lake Baikal.

The bright red horizon before sunrise serves as a harbinger of Verkhovik.

Kultuk

Kultuk, he is a lower class, a lower class. The wind blowing from the lower, southern tip of Lake Baikal, from the Kultuk Bay (more precisely, from the Kultuchnaya valley). This is a southwest wind, it blows in the opposite direction to the Verkhovik, but also along the lake basin. Kultuk brings powerful storms, rains and cloudy weather with it. Sometimes in spring and early summer, the kultuk blows even in clear weather. This wind can blow over the entire basin of the lake at once, but not as long as the verkhovik. Quite often the kultuk flies in suddenly, and just as suddenly it can give way to the wind of the opposite direction - the verkhovik. Kultuk leads to the strongest storms on Lake Baikal, raising huge gloomy-leaden waves.

Dark clouds gathering in the south-western part of Baikal serve as a harbinger of Kultuk.

Barguzin

Barguzin - steady and strong north-east wind. The names of the night owl are also used (sometimes the barguzin blows at night) and the already obsolete barguznik. The air stream escapes from the Barguzin Valley.

Unlike the longitudinal winds - verkhovik and kultuk - the barguzin blows across the lake basin and only in its middle part. It is assumed that under certain conditions the Barguzin can reach southern Baikal. In terms of duration and strength, it is inferior to Verkhovik and Kultuk.

Barguzin usually does not blow for more than a day, most often it starts after sunrise and dies down by sunset. Usually Barguzin brings sunny weather with it. The wind speed rarely exceeds 20 m / s, but in the Barguzinsky Bay it can reach hurricane force.

Mountain

Northwest wind. Refers to cross winds. A cold air stream rushes from the mountains (hence the name) - from the slopes of the Primorsky and Baikal ridges and spreads its influence only on the western coast of Lake Baikal. Olkhon Buryats in former times called the mountain wind - khoyta-khaltin or barun-khoyta-khaltin.

The emergence of this wind is due to the existence of the Primorsky and Baikal ridges on the northern coast of Lake Baikal. Cold arctic masses, approaching Baikal, accumulate near these mountain ranges, unable to cross them on the move. Having accumulated a critical mass, the cold air passes over the mountains and, accelerating, rushes along the steep slopes to Lake Baikal. In some parts of the coast - in the valleys of mountain rivers - there are especially favorable conditions for the dispersal of air currents. This is how sarma, harahaikha and other types of mountain wind of hurricane force arise.

Gornaya is the most ferocious and treacherous of the Baikal winds. It flies suddenly, the speed increases in leaps and bounds, the maximum mountain speed can reach 40-50 m / s. Mountainous is often called sarma, although sarma, like harahaikha, buguldeyka, angara, are varieties of mountain.

There are a number of signs by which it is possible to predict the occurrence of a mountain in advance. In summer, it is often preceded by calm, windless weather and sweltering heat; clouds appear over the mountain peaks, gradually forming a gloomy cloudy wall stretching over the ridge. A sharp drop in atmospheric pressure can serve as a fairly reliable sign.

According to my personal observations, in summer, the mountain wind begins most often at night.

Sarma

A strong squally wind erupting from the valley of the Sarma River flowing into the Small Sea is a kind of mountain. Cold arctic air from the Prilenskaya Upland, rolling over the Primorsky Ridge, enters the Sarma River valley narrowing towards Baikal - a natural wind tunnel, at the exit from which it reaches hurricane speed.

Sarma can blow continuously for several days, the wind is so strong that it knocks down trees, overturns ships, tears off roofs from houses and dumps livestock from the shore into the sea. The roofs of houses in the village of Sarma, located in the valley of the river of the same name, are tied to the ground by residents. This wind is most frequent and fierce in autumn and winter. On average, in November, sarma blows for 10 days, in December - 13. Usually, sarma covers the Maloye More and the western part of Lake Baikal, but sometimes it can be felt on the eastern shore of the lake. The wind speed increases in leaps and bounds and quickly reaches hurricane force.

Stratocumulus clouds with sharply delineated boundaries, gathering over the peaks of the Primorsky ridge near the Sarma gorge, serve as a sign of the impending Sarma. Usually 2-3 hours pass from the beginning of cloud concentration to the first gust of sarma. The last warning is the opening of the "gate" - the appearance of a gap between the tops of the mountains and the lower edge of the clouds. Sometimes patches of clouds are visible rushing down the mountain slopes. The wind blows in 15-30 minutes after that.

Harahaikha

A type of mountainous, extremely fierce squally wind blowing from the valley of the Goloustnaya River. It is especially frequent in autumn and winter, at the same time it is most powerful and long-lasting. The name comes from the Buryat "khara" - black.

Buguldeyka

Strong cross wind blowing out of the Buguldeika river valley. Like all mountain winds, it can blow continuously for several days.

Angara

A kind of mountain wind blowing from the Angara river valley. Reaches great strength, dispersing fierce waves in the shallow source of the Angara. Usually it blows smoothly, without squalls. Brings damp cold weather to the east coast. It happens especially often in autumn and winter.

Selenga

A cold southeasterly crosswind blowing from the valley of the Selenga River can reach the western bank and lead to dead swell in the area of ​​the Buguldeika settlement.

Shelonnik

Rolling down from the Khamar-Daban ridge, the air masses that came from Mongolia manifest themselves in the form of a warm southeast wind. The sheath speed usually does not exceed 10 m / s.

The name, most likely, was brought by Novgorodians - this is the name of the southeast wind on the Shelon River, which flows into Lake Ilmen. Shelonnik is most often observed in spring, autumn and early winter; it covers only the southern part of the lake. Brings warm weather.

Pokatukha

Strong short-term local squall. An elongated cloud or a strip of fog above the water can serve as a harbinger of it (according to V.P. Bryanskiy, a cylindrical precursor cloud rotating around a longitudinal axis is located in the mountains, at an average height). After a while, the cloud begins to move rapidly with a powerful flurry, overturning boats, breaking trees, sweeping away everything in its path.

Here is how the eyewitness L. Perminov describes the ride: “A strange cloud attracted my attention. It was small in diameter and evenly stretched over the lake along the west-east axis. The cloud seemed to stand still for a long time, but suddenly rushed to the east. And then in front I saw a "devil's spiral" rushing low over the water. Twisting clockwise (as viewed from the east), the spiral swept over the water with an unusually high speed for a cloud. Dangerous high waves rolled after the cloud. "

There is little information about the downhill, apparently, this wind occurs only on the eastern coast of Lake Baikal in the Vydrino-Boyarsky section.

In conclusion, I would like to note the following. Although many years of statistical data have been accumulated on the Baikal winds, no one can reliably answer the question of which direction the wind will prevail in any region of Baikal, for example, in July. The reason is that the main wind flows are through, i.e. are determined by external conditions - atmospheric fronts passing through the Baikal basin.

Literature:

OK. Gusev "Naturalist on Baikal", "Soviet Russia", M., 1977.
V.P. Solonin "The Shores of Baikal", Materials for tourists, Irkutsk, 1991.
V.P. Bryansk "Desirable, furious, beautiful", Tourist guide, Irkutsk, 2001.