Oorzhak Eresmaa

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ESSAY

on the topic: "Olympic Games in Ancient Greece"

Done by a 5th grade student

Oorzhak Eresmaa

Introduction.

1. History of Olympic Games

2. Rules , conditions, traditions of the Olympic Games in antiquity.

3. Program of the Olympic Games. Olympionics.

4. The tradition of lighting the Olympic flame

5. Importance of the Olympic Games .

6. The impact of the Olympic Games on religion andpolitics .

7. Exploring Ancient Olympia.

Conclusion

List of used literature
Introduction.

All ancient Greek holidays and sports games are associated with the gods. The famous Olympic Games that Ancient Greece gave to the world were in the eraantiquity not the only ones. The origins of the first Olympiads are lost in antiquity, but in 776 BC. e. For the first time, the name of the winner in running was written on the marble board, so this year is considered to be the beginning of the historical period of the Olympic Games. The site of the Olympic festivities was the sacred grove of Altis in Olympia. The place was chosen very well. All buildings, both early and later - temples, treasuries, a stadium, a hippodrome - were erected in a flat valley framed by soft hills covered with dense greenery.Nature in Olympia, as it were, imbued with the spirit of peace and prosperity, which was established at the time of the Olympic Games. In the temple of Olympian Zeus there was a statue of the god, created by the sculptor Phidias, which was considered one of the seven wonders of the world. Thousands of spectators flocked to the sacred grove. In addition to the spectacles of athletic competitions, trade deals were concluded here, public performances of poets and musicians were held, exhibitionsworks sculptors and painters. Here new laws, treaties were announced, important documents were discussed. Since the announcement of the holy month of the games, all warring parties have ceased hostilities. It is known that only men from among free citizens took part in sports games, who were never brought to trial and were never caught in dishonorable acts. Women were not allowed even as spectators under painof death . For them, there were also their own competitions - in running. Thanks to numerous texts and paintings on ceramics, we now know what sports existed in Ancient Greece:fight , competitions of runners at various distances, throwing a spear, a hammer, a discus, swimming, fisticuffs, running in full armor, a chariot competition, weight lifting, pancratics (a combination of boxing and wrestling). Athletes competed only naked to demonstrate the beauty of their bodies. This clearly manifested the corporeality of ancient Greek culture. The cult of the body was so great that nudity did not cause a feeling of shame.Rules it was forbidden to kill an opponent, to resort to unlawful methods, to argue with judges. The winners were also solemnly awarded. The winners of the games (olympionics) were awarded with wreaths of wild plums that grew near the temple of Zeus. On the last day of the holiday, a solemn procession was organized in honor of the winners, and the return of the Olympionist to his hometown turned into an unworthy triumph. The whole city came out to meet him, the city authorities arranged a feast, and a statue of the winner was erected on the square: he became a national hero and enjoyed respect throughout his life.

In addition to the Olympic Games, ancient Greece hosted the Pythian Games in Delphi, dedicated to Apollo, the Isthmean Games in honor of the god Poseidon, and the Nemean Games, glorifying Zeus. Games gave religious sanction to physical virtues - "arete", and moralright dominion over people. In them, as nowhere else, such a feature of ancient Greek culture as competitiveness was manifested.
History of Olympic Games

The Olympic Games are the oldest and most popular sporting events in ancient Greece. For the first time (although, according to legend, this attempt turns out to be the third), they took place in 776 BC. e. and were part of the festival dedicated to Zeus. The Greeks considered the year of the first Olympiad to be very important for themselves, and therefore the ancient Greek chronology began with it.

Greece owes the second attempt to resume the Olympic Games to Hercules. The sixth feat of Hercules was the cleansing of the "Augean stables" - the barnyard of Avgius. Augeas was the son of Helios and the king of Elis. were innumerablewealth him, and especially the herd. Three hundred white-footed bulls, two hundred red like purple, twelve snow-white like swans, and one shining like a star. It is not surprising that the stables of the royal house were very neglected. And it was this garbage that Avgiy offered to clear Hercules in one day and a tenth of his herds. Avgiy agreed to such a lucrative offer and, as it turned out, lost. Hercules directed the streams of the two Elide rivers - Alfea and Peneus - to the barnyard, and then simply restored the walls destroyed by water. Avgiy did not want to part with his beloved animals and expelled Hercules. Hercules a few years later invaded Elis with a large army and killed Avgii. In honor of the victory, Hercules made traditional sacrifices to the gods, planted a grove of olives (subsequently, Olympionists were crowned with wreaths from the branches of this particular grove) in honor of Pallas Athena and established the Olympic Games.

Starting from 660 BC. e. - that is, from the 30th games - all residents of mainland Greece were allowed to compete, and after 10 games (40 years) inOlympics began to take part and the inhabitants of the Greek colonies. The Olympic Games gained wide popularity, and the winners could count on a generous prize, honors and national fame. Olympionik was "crowned" with a textbook olive wreath (the branches for which were cut with a golden knife by a boy, the son of free and healthy parents) and was awarded a palm branch. Plutarch wrote that the Athenian who won the Olympic Games received 500 drachmas as a reward, which was a very considerable amount. Also, in honor of the winning athletes, sculptures were erected - sometimes in Olympia itself near the sanctuary of Zeus, sometimes in the homeland of the hero. However, according to Pliny, these sculptures had a similarity only with three-time winners of the Olympics, while the rest could only be content with an idealistic image in their honor. The motherland did not remain indebt in front of their heroes - they usually received a number of economic and political privileges up to release from all state duties, and in some cases were even deified. In addition to the above awards, olympionists could count on free lunches at the city government until the end of their days, which was more pleasant and useful for them than a statue that, moreover, did not have an actual similarity. Copper statues of Zeus (called zanami in the Doric dialect), dedicated to the disgraced participants (for example, those convicted of fraud, bribery, etc.) of the games, were performed onmoney , received in the form of fines, and were placed on the sides of the road leading to the Olympic stadium. The Greeks were very fond of material reminders of events.

From the 15th Olympiad - 720 BC. e., Sparta, which had the character of a military-organized tribal union, becomes the dominant state in terms of the number of winners. 15th to 50thOlympics (720-576 BC) the names of 71 winners have been preserved, of which 36 are Spartans. For example, a certain Spartan Hyposphep is known. For the first time he won in the fight among young men, later moving into the "adult" category, and there he won over the course of five Olympiads. In other words, he successfully performed in wrestling competitions for 24 years.

In the era Greek colonization the influence of Olympia gradually spreads to Asia Minor and the islands adjacent to it. On the 23rdOlympics In a fist fight, Onomast from Smyrna won, who also developed the rules for the competition of fist fighters. At the 46th Olympiad, the winner in the race was Polymnestor of Menest, who is said to have caught up with a hare in the pasture.

number Olympics became only 600 years after they began. In the 2nd c. BC e. Eratosthenes, an astronomer and geographer from Alexandria, developed an accurate chronological table in which he dated all the political and cultural events known to him according to the Olympics (that is, according to the four-year periods between games), while relying on the list of Olympic winners he compiled.

The highest flowering of the Olympic Games falls on the VI-IV centuries. BC e. - The Olympics are becoming a pan-Greek holiday, and Olympia is the center of the entire sports world. Among other things, the Greco-Persian wars of the first half of the VI century. BC e. managed to rally (albeit for a short time) the Greek cities that were at war with each other, andOlympics were the epitome of this unity.

Rules, conditions, traditions of the Olympic Games in antiquity.

The games were accompanied by certain conditions. So, the Olympiad took place once every four years at the first full moon after the summer turn of the sun (usually in late July - early August). Back in the spring, messengers-spondophores were sent out in all directions with the announcement of the date of the upcoming Olympiad, appointed by a special committee. Stewards and judges of games from 572 BC. e. were elected from the citizens of the region of Elis Hellanodiki in the number of 10 people. Strict condition for holdingolympiads there was a general truce (the so-called divine peace - ekecheria) - no hostilities and no death penalty. The ekecheria lasted two months, and its violation was punishable by large sums of money.fine . So, in 420 BC. e. independent Spartans fought in Elis with the participation of a thousand hoplites, for which they were fined - 200 drachmas for each warrior. Refusing to pay, they were suspended from participating in the games.

Athletes who trained during the year arrived in Olympia in a month, where they participated in qualifying events and continued training in a special gymnasium, which was a courtyard surrounded by a colonnade with paths for God, platforms for throwing, wrestling, etc., a palestra and living quarters for athletes .

The composition of participants and spectators was also regulated by special rules. From 776 to 632 BC e. only free citizens of the Greek policies no older than a certain age, who had not committed a crime or sacrilege, had the right to compete in the Olympiads. Later, the Romans were also allowed to participate, if they could confirm, with the help of ingeniously compiled genealogies, that they were descendants of pure-blooded Greeks. From 632 BC e. (37tholympiad ) competitions are also introduced between boys. Barbarians and slaves (under the supervision of their masters) were allowed only as spectators. Women (excluding the priestesses of Demeter) were not even allowed to attend competitions, although girls were not forbidden to do so. A very severe punishment awaited the disobedient - they were thrown off the mountain (probably a hint at the unfortunate Myrtilus). However, the execution of such a punishment was not recorded. Vhistory of the ancient olympic games only one case is known when a woman was nevertheless present at the competition. In 404 BC. e. a certain Greek woman named Kallipateira, who trained her own son, the fist fighter Eucles of Rhodes, came to the stadium dressed in a man's cloak. In a fit of joy from the victory of the offspring, Kallipateira, having made a careless movement, showed the world her primary sexual characteristics. The deception was revealed. But there are no rules without exceptions: since her father, three brothers, nephew and son were Olympic winners, the judges still spared her from punishment. However, included inregulations For the Olympiads, the following condition - from now on, the coaches of the participating athletes had to be naked at the stadium.

For almost three hundred years, the Olympic Games lasted three days. The first and last days were devoted to solemn ceremonies, processions and sacrifices, only one day was allotted for competitions.

Women had their own athletic games - Gerai, dedicated to the cult of Hera. The founder of the Olympic Games for girls was considered Hippodamia - the wife of Pelops, if you remember, who did not get it so easily. The Games were held every four years, regardless of the Olympics. Women ran with their hair loose in short tunics. They were provided with an Olympic stadium for running, only the distance was shortened. The winners were crowned with wreaths of olive branches and received a part of the cow sacrificed to Hera. They could also put up a statue with a name carved on a pedestal.

A little more about the competitions themselves, which differed in some originality. For example, competitions of wrestlers (pyugme, pankraty, pale) in comparison with modern ones may seem rather barbaric. Instead of boxing gloves, the hands of the wrestlers were wrapped in gimmants - special leather belts (later with metal plaques), and the wrestlers themselves were richly lubricated with olive oil, which, you see, complicated the fight. It was allowed to beat the opponent as you like, but since blows to the body did not matter, the target was the opponent's head. It was forbidden only to bite and beat in the ears and eyes. The concept of "weight category" did not exist. The duel could last quite a long time, a fall to the ground or a request for mercy was considered a defeat. It happened that the loser paid with his life, not to mention numerous injuries. If both wrestlers were on the ground, the judges counted a draw. A fighter who touched the ground three times and stopped fighting was called a triadden.

The most curious and tragic in the history of the Olympic Games can be called a duel in pancratia on the 53rdOlympics in 564 BC e. The opponent of the three-time champion Arigion of Figaletsky squeezed his throat with his feet, intending to strangle him. With the last of his strength, Arigion broke his opponent's ankle, forcing him to beg for mercy, thereby recognizing himself defeated. However, this desperate effort cost Arigion his life. The judges, who found themselves in a rather difficult situation, since one of the wrestlers himself admitted defeat, and the second died, after a long debate found an original way out: the body of Arigion was put on a podium, and an olive wreath was put on the head of the corpse.

Running was the oldest, and before the 13th Olympiad, the only competition in the Olympic Games. Athletes ran naked (hence the name of the exercises - gymnastic, gymnastic, from the Greek gymnoi - naked). And the length of the arena - one stage - gave the name to the site - the stadium. But more on that later. The treadmill was not circular, as it is now - the athletes ran in a straight line, back and forth, as during the throw of a military formation. Running with weapons - hoplitodromos - most clearly demonstrated this.
Disk throwing is known from Homer's poems as one of the favorite exercises of the Greeks, not only in civilian life. Athletes-disco-throwers threw the discus without spinning, which was due to the close formation of warriors - throwing could only be done in a vertical plane.

The favorite sport of many mythical heroes was javelin throwing. It also owes its origin to martial exercises. The spear had a leather handle, with the help of which the spear thrower at the time of the throw imparted to him a rotational movement around the axis. According to the evaluation of the results, spear throwing was divided into two types: “ekebolon”, where the distance that the spear flew was decisive, and “stochasticon”, where it was judged by hitting a special target.

It must be assumed that the most spectacular and exciting were the Ippian competitions. For the victory in them, it was not the driver who was honored, but the owner of the horses and the chariot. That is why wealthy Greeks from all types of competitions preferred equestrian ones. Moreover, any Greek could be an athlete (with minor reservations, which were discussed earlier), that is, a rich aristocrat could easily meet in a fight with a commoner from a provincial town, and even not received a good upbringing. But even not every rich man could put up a chariot with worthy horses.

Olympic Games Program. Olympionics.

Athletes and their mentors came to Olympia a month before the start of the Games for qualifying training. The games themselves in the 5th century BC. e. lasted 5 days: on the 1st day, when the participants of the Games took an oath in front of the altar of Zeus in observance of all the rules of the competition, sacrifices took place; on the 2nd day competitions were held in the group of boys, on the 3rd competition of men, on the 4th horse races, the 5th day ended with sacrifices and was dedicated to the solemn ceremony of awarding awards.

The first winner at the Olympic Games was the Elean Koreb (776 BC), who won the competition in the short race for 1 stage (192.27 m). At 14Olympics (724 BC) a double run is introduced into the program of the Games, i.e. at the 2nd stage, run-diavlos, in the 15th (720 BC) a long run-dolichos (from 7 to 24 stages), from the 18th (708 BC) wrestling and pentathlon, or pentathlon, consisting of jumping, running, wrestling and throwing a spear or discus. From 23Olympics (688 BC) fisticuffs appear. In the 25th, the running of chariots harnessed by four adult horses was introduced for the first time, in 33 (648 BC) horse racing on adult horses and pancratics (fight without rules and fist competition). In the 65th Olympiad (520 BC), running in full armor with a hoplitedrome was included in the program. In the 70th Olympiad (500 BC), the running of the apena (chariot drawn by mules) appears, in the 71st (496 BC) kalpa (alternate running and chariot race), in the 93rd ( 408 BC) a sinorida (chariot race pulled by two adult horses), and from the 99th Olympiad (384 BC) a chariot race pulled by young horses. In 131 Olympiads (256 BC), horse racing on foals was introduced, and in 145 (200 BC) pancracies for boys.

From 720 BC e. athletes who previously competed in loincloths competed naked. The competitions were held in groups, into which the athletes were divided by lot (4 people each). The winner of the Hellanodics was presented with a palm branch, with which he was supposed to come to the awards ceremony.

The name of the Olympionic winner, the name of his father and the fatherland were solemnly announced and carved on marble slabs exhibited in Olympia for all to see. The Olympians were so famous that a yearolympiads often named after the winner. From the 7th Olympiad (752 BC), athletes were awarded wreaths from the branches of the “beautiful wreath olive tree”, according to legend, planted by Hercules himself; from the 60th they were allowed to put their statue in Altis. During the feast that followed the competition, solemn epinic hymns were sung in honor of the Olympionists, composed by the famous poets Pindar, Simonides, Bacchilids, and others. The ancient Greeks considered victory a sign of the deity's disposition, Zeus's attention to the athlete and to the city where he comes from. In their homeland, olympionists were exempted from all state duties and enjoyed places of honor in the theater and at all festivities; There are cases when Olympionists were deified and revered as local heroes.

The tradition of lighting the Olympic flame

History testifies that in other cities of Hellas there was a cult of Prometheus, and in his honor Prometheus was held - competitions of runners with burning torches.

The figure of this titan remains today one of the most striking images in Greek mythology. The expression "Promethean fire" means striving for high goals in the fight against evil. Didn't the ancients put the same meaning when they lit the Olympic flame in the Altis grove about three thousand years ago?

During the summer solstice, competitors and organizers, pilgrims and fans paid homage to the gods by lighting a fire on the altars of Olympia. The winner of the running competition was honored to light the fire for the sacrifice. In the reflections of this fire, the rivalry of athletes took place, the competition of artists, an agreement on peace was concluded by messengers from cities and peoples.

That is why the tradition of lighting a fire, and later delivering it to the venue of the competition, was renewed.

Among the Olympic rituals, the ceremony of lighting a fire in Olympia and delivering it to the main arena of the games is especially emotional. This is one of the traditions of modernOlympic Movement . The exciting journey of fire through countries, and even - sometimes - continents, can be watched by millions of people with the help of television. The beginning of the torch relay races, delivering fire from Olympia to the city of summerOlympics , was laid in 1936. Since then, the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games have been enriched by the exciting spectacle of lighting a fire in the main Olympic stadium from a torch carried by a relay. The Torchbearer Run has been the solemn prologue of the Games for more than four decades. On June 20, 1936, a fire was lit in Olympia, which then made a 3075 km journey along the road of Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Germany. And in 1948, the torch made its first sea voyage.
Importance of the Olympic Games.

The Olympic Games were the unifying center of the entire Hellenic world, the sacred ambassadors of the theory represented all the Greek states in Olympia. The Olympic Games were especially revered by the Greeks from distant places, whom they helped to maintain contact with the metropolis. Many Greek cities hosted games in the likeness of the Olympic Games or built temples of Olympian Zeus (in Athens, Chalcedon, Akragant, Syracuse, etc.).

Artists and poets came to Olympia, from the 50thOlympics the custom of reading literary works and reciting poetry at the Olympic Games was established. Herodotus, returning from the East, read here the chapters of his "History"; Socrates conducted his conversations in Olympia, who went there on foot from Athens, Plato, Empedocles, Sophocles, Isocrates, Demosthenes and others spoke with their works. Greece. The name, solemnly announced at the Olympic Games, became known to the entire Greek-speaking world. At the turn of the 4th-3rd centuries BC. e. the historian Timaeus Siculus proposed to keep the chronology according to the Olympics, four-year time periods, from one Olympics to another.

By the 2nd century BC e. Games are losing their splendor, becoming more and more a local event. In 85 BC e. the Roman commander Sulla, who allowed his soldiers to empty the treasuries of Olympia, moved the Games to Rome (175th Olympiad-80 BC), but after 4 years they resume in Greece. With great pomp, the competition was restored by the Roman emperor Augustus. Germanicus received a wreath at the games, Tiberius in 4 BC. e. won the chariot race. In violation of all the age-old rules, the emperor Nero announced the games 2 years ahead of schedule, ordered the destruction of the statues of all the former Olympionists and introduced singing competitions, in which he became the first "winner". After his murder, the games were declared null and void. In 394Olympic Games, 293 in a row, they were banned as a pagan festival by a decree of the Roman emperor Theodosius I the Great.

In April 1896, at the initiative of Pierre de Coubertin, the FirstOlympics , which marked the beginningmodern olympic movement .

The influence of the Olympic Games on religion andpolitics .

For the Greek world already in the VI century. BC e. two phenomena are characteristic: on the one hand, the strong development of particularism, the tenacious upholding of its independence by each of the countless city-states, and, on the other hand, the existence of institutions that united these states to some extent, reminding them of the connection that existed between them, recognition some common Hellenic institutions and customs. One of these institutions, which united all the Zllins, even if for a short time, was the pan-Greek religious festivals and the competitions associated with them.

Among them, the most important place was occupied by sacrifices to Zeus at Olympia and the all-Greek competitions arranged after a religious ceremony. F.F. Zelinsky once remarked that it would be wrong to compare the ancient Greek poets, who became famous for their poems in honor of the winners at the Olympic Games and in honor of the horses that won this victory, with a modern poet who would have a palisade of poems glorifying the horse that took the first prize at the races in the Derby. Indeed, with such a comparison, it immediately becomes clear that we are facing phenomena of a completely different kind. And the point is not only that the Olympic Games were understandable and close to the heart of every Greek, and not only representatives of a wealthy minority, and not in the presence of a religious moment in antiquity, but also that the festivities that took place in Olympia with such solemnity every four years, had not only religious, but also political significance. With the close connection that existed in antiquity between the state and religion, this is quite understandable.

The general significance of the Olympic competitions for the Greeks appears quite clearly in one of the stories of Herodotus, which refers to the arrival in Egypt of messengers from the Elidians. These heralds boasted that they, of all people, organized the competitions in Olympia in the fairest and most beautiful way, and thought that the Egyptians, the wisest of people, could not have invented anything else.

But even more important is another news relating to the time when a terrible threat loomed over Hellas. The Persian hordes were already on Greek soil. It would seem that all other considerations should have faded into the background before the thought of the need to concentrate all forces to repulse the enemy. But the Greeks act differently. The Spartans send King Leonid with a small detachment to Central Greece, dooming him to certain death. They propose to come out with all their strength after: "(now) they were prevented by the Carnean festival." And the same intentions, Herodotus adds, were also among the other allies, since at the same time there was a holiday in Olympia (VII, 206). Thus, even urgent military need could not distract the Hellenes from the religious celebration (maybe Thucydides contains allusions to these events).

Victory at the Olympic Games was given in the VI century. BC e. great significance: the winner became the first person of his policy, not only in the minds of his fellow citizens, but also of all Greeks. Let us remember what awaited the olympionist upon his return to his homeland: a solemn meeting at his entrance to the city, a procession to the temple of Zeus, a feast, the privileges that the winner received, the statues erected in his honor, odes commissioned to the best poets of their time, legends created around his name, the divine honors sometimes rendered to him. All this is explained not only by the passion of the Hellenes for sports, but has a different, deeper meaning. Therefore, when studying the political history of archaic Greece, one cannot ignore the question of the Olympionists, especially since we find interesting news in this regard in the sources.

Whatever the origin of the Olympian competitions - whether they are associated with funeral rites, or with the periodic struggle of kings-magicians for power, or, finally, with the cult of Zeus as a godwars - in the VI century. victory at these games had a strong political resonance. Gardiner, who is an ardent opponent of the religious theory of the origin of the Olympian games, is to a certain extent right in his criticism of attempts to interpret many customs or rites of a later time, moreover, that existed not only in Olympia, as evidence in favor of this theory. But the fact that he denies the religious character of the contests and asserts that their origin is not connected with religion seems unconvincing, especially in the light of the vast comparative historical material that was collected by Frazer on the question of various methods of transferring royal power. But in connection with the further presentation, we are interested not so much in the question of the origin and original nature of the Olympic Games, but in what they were in the 6th century. BC e.

This century was a period of rapid growth in their fame and importance compared to the previous time. First of all, works of art serve as evidence of this. In theory, anyone from the Hellenes could take part in the Olympic competitions, but in fact they were available to wealthy people, and chariot races were only for rich aristocrats or tyrants: the costs of maintaining horses, preparing for running and other Thus, during the period of domination of the aristocracy, the Olympic Games became, as it were, an arena in which rivalry was manifested not only between the nobility of different policies, but also noble families within the policy. To put it more precisely: the winner in the chariot race at Olympia was a potential contender for power in his native city, a possible tyrant. And, conversely, tyrants who had already seized power sought to gain the upper hand in competitions at Olympia or at the Pythian festivities (we mean in particular the chariot race) and often, having huge means, turned out to be winners. Herodotus says that even the Argos tyrant Pheidon, to whom he gave such an unflattering characterization (Pheidon, in his words, "insolence surpassed all Hellenes"), was interested in directing the Olympic competitions. This tyrant acted very actively: he drove out the Elean organizers of the competitions and appropriatedright judge contestants.

The connection between tyrants and olympionists can easily be established if we trace the list of olympionists of the end of the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. Already Myron of Sicyon, grandfather of Cleisthenes, won at the end of the 7th century. victory in chariot races. His grandson Cleisthenes, who was related to the Alcmaeonids (he gave his daughter in marriage to Megacles, the son of Alcmaeon), apparently attached great importance to participation in all-Greek competitions. He proved victorious in 576 or 572.

By the end of the 7th or beginning of the 6th c. refers to the single combat (due to the possession of Sigeus) by Pittacus, the tyrant of Mytilene, and the Athenian Phrynon, the winner in pancratia. In addition to Cleisthenes of Sicyon, other tyrants took part in the competitions - Pisistratus, the Sicilian tyrants Hieron, Gelon, Feron, the tyrant of Akraganta, the king of Cyrene Arcesilaus IV. In this regard, the story of the Spartan king Demarat, who was subsequently forced to flee from Sparta, is interesting. True, the reason for the flight of Demaratus, according to Herodotus, was completely different: an insult from another king, Leotichid. But there could also be a dimming of tradition. In any case, Demarat the Olympionist is an extraordinary person: in a conversation with his mother, he, calling on Zeus Herkey, the guardian of his house, asks to reveal to him the secret of his birth, and then it turns out that his father was a god. Perhaps the father-in-law of King Leotychides, the enemy of Demaratus, Diactorides, was also an Olympionist.

Olympionik - a private individual - aroused the fears of the tyrant so serious that sometimes, in order to eliminate the winner - and, obviously, the rival - they even resorted to murder. A similar case can be found in the history of Athens in the VI century. Corresponding news is an extra feature in the life of that time, characterizing the sharp rivalry of noble families.

How can one explain the connection between the victory at Olympia and the desire or possibility of seizing power in one's own city?

Olympionik, from the point of view of the history of the most ancient cults, is something like Rex Nemorensis: he is the magician king, who ensures the fertility of the soil, due to the mysterious interaction of heaven and earth. Chariot racing was originally of a ritual nature and, as reflected in the myths and messages of later writers, decided the question of who would be the basileus of the new year.
The Olympionics posed some threat to the tyrant ruling in the city. The way out was different: the olympionist could transfer his victory to the ruler of the policy from which he was born, or even to the tyrant of another policy; he could leave his homeland in order to found another city and become a tyrant there, or, finally, the tyrant could resort to the forcible elimination of a possible applicant. In any case, deny the well-known political significance of the victory in chariots in Olympia for the 6th-5th centuries. BC e. hardly possible.

Conclusion.

The Olympic Games in the 20th century became one of the many money shows, turning into a means of low-grade mass national propaganda, supplying the necessary adrenaline rate to the stagnant blood of tired humanity on time and without fail.

But at the dawn of its existence, the Olympic Games had a fundamentally different meaning. It was a complex of rituals and sports competitions aimed at the religious and cultural unification of Hellas.

Similar games were common in the 11th-9th centuries BC. The sport of that era can be called aristocratic, because mainly representatives of the nobility participated in the competitions. Competitions were held, apparently, on a case-by-case basis: there was no special place for holding competitions, there was no system of rules, no institution of judges. Prizes were given to all participants in the competition, even if they took the last place, and victory in a chariot race, fistfight or wrestling was valued much higher than all the others, since these typessports considered the most noble.

There is a certain regularity in the conduct of games: in the Homeric period, competitions were arranged at the behest of some noble person or king, later competitions began to be arranged, as it were, according to the establishment of the gods, in places associated with miracles. For example, the Pythian Games, held at Delphi, were dedicated to Apollo, who, according to legend, after his victory over the giant dragon Python, established musical competitions, and later poetic, athletic and equestrian competitions were added to them.

The system of holding and the ideological direction of the Olympic Games, the developed code of rules, a clear scale of values ​​- all this together influenced the creation of the image of "kalos kagatos", i.e. in the literal translation of a beautifully good person. It was the ideal of a comprehensively developed person, beautiful in body and soul. Such a hero could compete with the gods, if he had not been brought up on the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bvenerating the gods and obligatory fidelity to the covenants of the ancestors. This image worried both sculptors and writers of antiquity for centuries. In the visual arts, the statue of Polikleitos, depicting a young spear-bearer, is considered the canon of perfection. One example of this type in literature is the image of Ischomachus in the works of Xenophon.

Several centuries later, Christians came here, plundered the treasuries and destroyed everything that they could not carry away (and, among other things, the miracleSveta - the famous statue of Zeus by Phidias). Then the barbarians marched across this land, and a couple of earthquakes completed the devastation.
List of used literature.
1. Kolobova K. M., Ozeretskaya E. L. Olympic Games. M., 1958.
2. Shebel T. Olympia and her games: Per. with him. L., 1971.
3. Sokolov G. I. Olympia. M., 1980.
4. Pausanias. Description of Hellas. SPb., 1996.
5. Takho-Godi A.A. Greek mythology. M, 1989
6. Paul Guiraud. Private and public life of the Greeks., M, 1999.

Olympic Games in Ancient Greece

The birthplace of the Olympic Games is Ancient Greece, the city of Olympia. The name of the games comes from Olympia. Their ancestors are gods, kings, rulers and heroes. The games began in 776 BC. and were held every four years in honor of the god Zeus. In the year of the games, messengers passed through Greece and its colonies, announcing the day the games began and inviting people to attend. Thus, athletes (sportsmen) and spectators from all over the Balkan Peninsula gathered in Olympia. Only free-born Greeks could participate in the Olympic Games. Slaves and people of non-Greek origin, as well as women, were not allowed to the games (women were not even allowed to attend them as spectators).

Initially, the entire program of competitions fit into one day. But gradually, as the Games became more and more important event in the life of ancient Greece, the competition began to last five days. In temples, before the opening of the Games, all participants took the Olympic oath: “I prepared honestly and hard, and I will honestly compete with my rivals!”. The program of the Games was interesting and varied. Athletes competed in a variety of sports. The Games included competitions in fisticuffs, horseback riding, pankration (fight without rules). In addition, chariot races were organized.

The most difficult and at the same time the most popular was the pentathlon - pentathlon. It included running, long jump, javelin and discus throwing, wrestling. All these sports were held on the same day in a certain order, starting with jumping. It is not known exactly how the winner in the pentathlon was determined. According to one of the historians, the athletes were divided into pairs and competed with each other. The athlete who defeated the opponent in three types of competitions was considered the winner. Then the winners competed among themselves until the final pair remained.

Running was the oldest sport. The track of the stadium was 192 meters long and was made of clay sprinkled with sand. There were three main races: stages (one length of the treadmill), dialos (two lengths) and dolichos (20 or 24 segments).

There were three types of freestyle wrestling. Stand up wrestling: to win, the athlete needs to throw his opponent to the ground three times. Fight on the ground: the competition continued until one of the athletes gave up. The third type, pankration, was the most dangerous, since during the battle any tactic was allowed, except for biting and gouging eyes. There were no weight categories (only division into age groups), no time limit for the fight. The referee, however, was present at the fights. His task was to prevent the death of the duel or serious injury. For greater persuasiveness, he was armed with a stick.

Discus throw. Discus throwers, as the participants in this ancient sport were called, lined up one after another, took a heavy bronze disk in their hand, rotated it several times with their hand and launched it into the air. A related sport for discus throwing was javelin throwing, which not only had to be thrown as far forward as possible, but also to hit a specific target.

The last day of the games was devoted to racing chariots drawn by two or four horses. The distance consisted of 12 circles around the posts. At the start, the chariots were released from special starting gates. Up to 40 chariots took part in one race, so collisions were inevitable. Often these competitions, which require great strength and dexterity, ended in accidents.

The name of the winner of the Olympic Games - olympionics, the name of his father, was solemnly announced and carved on marble slabs exhibited in Olympia for all to see. Immortal glory awaited them, not only in their hometown, but throughout the Greek world. The Olympic hero entered his native city in a chariot, dressed in a purple cape, topped with a wreath. Moreover, he entered not through an ordinary gate, but through a hole in the wall, which was sealed up on the same day so that the Olympic victory would enter the city and never leave it.

The Olympic Games were held continuously for 1169 years 292 times. In 394 AD Roman emperor Theodosius I issued a decree restricting some pagan rituals in the territory of the Empire. This was the reason for the closure of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece.

Initially, only and exclusively local residents of Olympia could be athletes. However, for the thirteenth game, they are joined by the inhabitants of all ancient Greece. Subsequently, residents from the ancient Greek colonial cities, who arrived from everywhere - from the Black to the Mediterranean Seas, join the participants in the Olympic competitions.

Participants in the Olympic Games in ancient Greece were only free Greeks who had never committed certain crimes, who had not violated their oaths and who had not stained themselves with dishonorable acts. Accordingly, it was impossible for slaves and foreigners to represent any Greek city.
With regard to age restrictions, both adult men and young men under the age of 20 could become participants in the competition.

They were called "ephebes", which translates as "mature".
Women were not allowed to participate. Moreover, the restriction concerned not only participation in competitions, but also the very presence in the territory where the festival was held. An exception to the rule was the presence of a priestess, a representative of the goddess Demeter, and a woman could also be a charioteer of quadrigas, respectively, gaining the right to speak at the hippodrome.

The participants of the Olympic Games lived on the outskirts of Altis, where a month before the opening of the competition they trained in palestra and gymnastics. This tradition has become the prototype of the Olympic village, which has a place in modern games. The expenses for the accommodation of athletes in Olympia, the preparation of competitions and various religious ceremonies, were borne either by the athletes themselves - participants in the games, or by the city from which they performed.

How the Olympic Games were held in ancient Greece

The start date of the event was set by a commission specially created for this, about which then special people, called spondophores, informed residents of other Greek states. Athletes came to Olympia a month before the start of the games, during which time they had to train under the guidance of experienced coaches.
The course of the competition was observed by judges - Helladonics. In addition to the judicial function, the duties of the Helladonics included the organization of the entire Olympic holiday.

Each athlete, before speaking to the people, had to prove to the judges that during the ten months before the start of the games, he was intensively preparing for the competition. The oath was taken near the statue of Zeus.
Initially, the duration of the Olympic Games was 5 days, but later it reached a month. The first and last day of the Games was devoted to religious rituals and ceremonies.
The public learned about the sequence of holding a certain type of competition with the help of a special sign. Those wishing to take part in it had to determine their order by drawing lots.

Olympic Games Winners in Ancient Greece

The winners of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece were called Olympionists. They became famous throughout Greece, they were met with honor in their homeland, as athletes represented at the games not only themselves, but also the city-state from where they arrived. In the event of a three-time victory in the games, a bust was erected in Olympia in honor of such an athlete. The winner was rewarded with an olive wreath, and he also stood on a pedestal, the function of which was performed by a bronze tripod and took palm branches in his hands. Also, a small cash bonus was given as a reward, but he received the real benefits already upon returning home. At home, he received many different privileges.
One of the most famous Olympionists is Milo of Croton. He won his very first victory in wrestling in 540 BC, during the 60th Olympiad. Later, between 532 and 516, he won five times, and only at the age of 40 lost to a younger athlete, failing to receive Olympian status for the seventh time.

sunset of the olympic games

In the second century BC. The Olympic Games began to lose their great significance, turning into local competitions. This is due to the conquest of ancient Greece by the Romans. The reasons for the loss of former popularity are considered by several factors. One of them is the professionalism of athletes, when the games became in fact a collection of victories from the Olympians. The Romans, under whose rule Greece was, perceived sports only as a spectacle, they were not interested in the competitive spirit of the Olympics.

Who Banned the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece

The end of the thousand-year history of the Olympic Games was the result of a change in religion. They were closely intertwined with the Greek pagan gods, so their holding became impossible after the adoption of the Christian faith.

Researchers associate the ban on the Olympic Games with a certain Roman emperor, Theodosius. It is he who publishes in 393 AD. a code of laws prohibiting paganism, and the Olympic Games, in accordance with these new legislative acts, become completely prohibited.

The healing powers of nature

The healing forces of nature include the sun, air and water.

These natural factors play an extremely huge role in human life. First of all, they are the conditions of life in general, and the very health of a person depends on how he uses them.

The use of health-improving forces of pre-birth for physical. education is carried out in two directions:

As necessary conditions for physical education (outdoor activities contribute to the activation of biological processes caused by physical exercise, increase the body's resistance to temperature fluctuations, solar radiation, increase the overall performance of the body, slow down the processes of fatigue)

As a relatively independent means of hardening and improving the body of those occupying (systematic hardening procedures - dosed sunbathing, water procedures, dousing, rubbing, bathing in rivers and reservoirs, staying in mid-mountain conditions, while the measure of the adaptive capabilities of the body is not violated, health is strengthened, efficiency is increased ).

THE REVIVAL OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES is associated with the name of Pierre de Coubertin, (1863-1937) a French aristocrat, educator, passionate about the idea of ​​reforming education in France, introducing elements of the ancient education of youth. Disillusioned with politics and the prospect of a military career, the young Baron Pierre de Coubertin decided to devote himself to educational reform in France. He wrote in 1886-1887. published a number of articles on the problems of physical education.

In the second half of the 19th century, thanks to the creation of the first international federations (gymnasts, 1881, rowers, 1892, speed skaters, 1892) and the holding of world championships and international meetings, sport became one of the most important elements of interstate communication, contributing to the rapprochement of peoples.

Coubertin's initiative at the founding congress in Paris (1894) was supported by representatives of 12 countries. The governing body of the Olympic movement, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), was created and the set of rules and regulations of the IOC developed by the Baron's Olympic Charter was approved.

Subsequently, the Olympic Charter became the basis of the statutory documents of the International Olympic Committee. In its first section, a description and statute of the Olympic flag (approved by the IOC in 1913 at the suggestion of P. de Coubertin) is given - a white cloth with the Olympic symbol, which is five colored interlaced rings (according to the number of continents). The Olympic symbol was also proposed by Coubertin and approved by the IOC in 1913. Since 1920, along with the symbol, the Olympic motto Citius, altius, fortius (“Faster, higher, stronger”) has been an integral part of the Olympic emblem. In 1928, the idea of ​​Coubertin, expressed by him back in 1912, was embodied, lighting the Olympic flame from the sun's rays (with the help of a lens) at the temple of Zeus in Olympia and delivering it by torch relay to the Olympic stadium for the opening ceremony of the Games along a special route developed by the organizing committee of the next games jointly with the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of the countries through which it passes.

According to the Olympic Charter, the honor of hosting the Olympic Games is given to the city, not to the country. The decision to choose the capital of the Olympic Games is made by the IOC no later than 6 years before the start of the Games.

The 1896 Summer Olympics - the first modern Summer Olympics - were held from 6 to 15 April in Athens, Greece.

The first Olympic Games of modern times were originally planned to be held at the same stadium in Olympia, where the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece were held. However, this required too much restoration work, and the first revived Olympic competitions took place in Athens, the capital of Greece.

On April 6, 1896, at the restored ancient stadium in Athens, the Greek King George declared the first modern Olympic Games open. The opening ceremony was attended by 60 thousand spectators.

241 athletes from 14 countries took part in the Games of the I Olympiad: Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary (at the time of the Games, Hungary was part of Austria-Hungary, but Hungarian athletes competed separately), Germany, Greece, Denmark, Italy , USA, France, Chile, Switzerland, Sweden.

Russian athletes were quite actively preparing for the Olympics, but due to lack of funds, the Russian team was not sent to the Games.

As in ancient times, only men took part in the competitions of the first modern Olympiad.

Athletics competitions became the most massive - 63 athletes from 9 countries took part in 12 events. The largest number of species - 9 - was won by representatives of the United States.

The first Olympic champion was the American athlete James Connolly, who won the triple jump with a score of 13 meters 71 centimeters.

Since there were no artificial pools in Athens, swimming competitions were held in an open bay near the city of Piraeus; the start and finish were marked with ropes attached to the floats. The competition aroused great interest - by the beginning of the first swim, about 40 thousand spectators had gathered on the shore. About 25 swimmers from six countries took part, most of them are naval officers and sailors of the Greek merchant fleet.

The culmination of the Olympic Games was the marathon. Unlike all subsequent Olympic competitions in marathon running, the length of the marathon distance at the Games of the I Olympiad was 40 kilometers. The classic length of a marathon distance is 42 kilometers 195 meters. The Greek postman Spyridon Louis finished first with a result of 2 hours 58 minutes 50 seconds, who became a national hero after this success. In addition to the Olympic awards, he received a gold cup, established by the French academician Michel Breal, who insisted on the inclusion of marathon running in the Games program, a barrel of wine, a voucher for free meals throughout the year, free tailoring of dresses and use of hairdresser services throughout life, 10 centners of chocolate, 10 cows and 30 sheep.

The winners were awarded on the closing day of the Games - April 15, 1896. Since the Games of the First Olympiad, a tradition has been established of performing the national anthem in honor of the winner and raising the national flag. The winner was crowned with a laurel wreath, he was awarded a silver medal, an olive branch cut in the Sacred Grove of Olympia, and a diploma made by a Greek artist. The second place winners received bronze medals.

hygiene factors.

Hygiene factors include: personal and public hygiene (cleanliness of the body, cleanliness of places of work, air, sports suits), adherence to sleep (violation can completely remove the positive effect of physical exercise and even harm health), adherence to diet ( violation reduces the result of physical education), compliance with the regime of work and rest. Overwork worsens health, as does constant rest.

Flexibility is called the morphological and functional ability of the motor apparatus, which allows performing movements with a certain amplitude.

Flexibility affects the level of development of coordination abilities, endurance, speed and speed-strength abilities.

In a person with poor flexibility, movements are slower, all other things being equal, because. low mobility in the joints reduces the speed of movement. Such a person gets tired faster, since movements with the same amplitude are not flexible, a person spends more energy than a flexible one.

Flexibility depends on the following factors:

1. Anatomical structure and shape of joints and articulating surfaces. A deeper articular cavity limits the scope of mobility in this joint. In this regard, flexibility is largely determined by congenital, hereditary characteristics that have large individual differences.

2. Elasticity of the musculo-ligamentous apparatus surrounding the joints.

3. Power ability of the muscular system, in particular, the strength of the muscles that produce the movement (synergists), and the degree of relaxation of the antagonists.

4. Age and gender of a person (in a natural way, flexibility increases on average up to 10-12 years, then it stabilizes, and starts to decrease from 25-30 years). The optimal age for improving flexibility is from 8 to 14 years.

5. External conditions: air temperature (at 20...30 °С flexibility is higher than at 5...10 °С); whether a warm-up was carried out (after a warm-up lasting 20 minutes, flexibility is higher than before a warm-up), time of day (flexibility is minimal in the morning, increases in the afternoon, decreases in the evenings due to fatigue).

According to the form of manifestation Distinguish between active and passive flexibility.

Active flexibility- movement with a large amplitude is performed due to the own activity of the corresponding muscles. Passive Flexibility- the ability to perform movements under the influence of external tensile forces: the efforts of a partner, external weights, special devices, etc.

By way of manifestation flexibility is divided into dynamic (manifested in movements) and static (manifested in postures).
There are also general (high mobility in all joints) and special flexibility (range of motion corresponding to the technique of a particular motor action).

The main means of developing flexibility is:

Dynamic exercises without weights,

Dynamic exercises with weights,

Static ex.

Ticket 28

1. Modern Olympic Games, their symbols and rituals. The Olympic Charter is the basic law of the sports movement of our time.

Modern Olympic Games- the largest international complex sports competitions, which are held every four years under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee.

The modern Olympic Games were revived at the end of the 19th century by the French public figure Pierre de Coubertin. The Olympic Games, also known as the Summer Olympics, have been held every four years since 1896, except during the World Wars. In 1924, the Winter Olympic Games were established, which were originally held in the same year as the summer ones. However, since 1994, the timing of the Winter Olympics has shifted by two years from that of the Summer Games.

In the same venues for the Olympic Games, a few days later, the Paralympic Games for people with disabilities are held.

The principles, rules and regulations of the Olympic Games are defined by the Olympic Charter, the foundations of which were approved by the International Sports Congress in Paris in 1894, which, at the suggestion of the French teacher and public figure Pierre de Coubertin, decided to organize the Games on the model of the ancient ones and to create the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

The symbol of the Olympic Games is the Olympic rings, five fastened rings, symbolizing the unification of the five inhabited parts of the world in the Olympic movement. The colors of the rings in the top row are blue, black and red. The bottom row is yellow and green.

Among the traditional rituals of the Games (in the order they were held):

• grandiose and colorful opening and closing ceremonies of the Games.
• opening and closing begins with a theatrical performance, which should present the audience with the appearance of the country and the city, acquaint them with their history and culture.
• solemn passage of athletes and members of delegations through the central stadium. welcoming speeches by the President of the IOC (obligatory), as well as by the Chairman of the Organizing Committee or other official representative of the host state. The official opening of the games (usually by the head of state) with the phrase: "(the serial number of the games) summer (winter) Olympic Games I declare open." After that, as a rule, a cannon volley and many volleys of salute and fireworks are fired.
• raising the flag of Greece as the parent country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem (at the closing).
• raising the flag of the host country of the Games with the performance of its national anthem.
• utterance by one of the outstanding athletes of the country in which the Olympics take place, Olympic oath on behalf of all participants in the games about a fair fight in accordance with the rules and principles of sports and the Olympic spirit;
• oath of impartial refereeing by several judges on behalf of all judges;
• raising the Olympic flag and playing the official Olympic anthem.
• sometimes - raising the flag of Peace (a blue cloth, which depicts a white dove holding an olive branch in its beak - two traditional symbols of Peace), symbolizing the tradition to stop all armed conflicts for the duration of the Games.
• The opening ceremony is crowned by the lighting of the Olympic flame. The bowl is located high above the stadium. The fire must burn throughout the Olympics and is extinguished at the end of the closing ceremony.
• presentation of medals to the winners and prize-winners of the competitions on a special podium with the raising of state flags and the performance of the national anthem in honor of the winners.
• During the closing ceremony, there is also a theatrical performance - farewell to the Olympics, the passage of participants, a speech by the President of the IOC and a representative of the host country. Olympic Charter- a document that sets out the fundamental principles of Olympism, the rules adopted by the IOC.

The Olympic Charter has three objectives:

• a constitutional document establishing the principles and values ​​of Olympism;
• the charter of the IOC;
• position on the distribution of responsibilities between the International Olympic Committee, international federations, national Olympic committees and organizing committees for the Olympic Games.

2. Methods of physical education. Their general systematics and characteristics of the main groups of methods

Methods of physical education are ways to exercise. In physical education, two groups of methods are used (Fig. 4): specific methods of physical education (characteristic only for the process of physical education) and general pedagogical methods of physical education (used in all cases of training and education).

Specific methods of physical education:

1) methods of strictly regulated exercise;

2) game method (use of exercises in a game form);

3) competitive method (use of exercises in competitive form).

With the help of these methods, specific tasks related to teaching the technique of performing physical exercises and educating physical qualities are solved.

General pedagogical methods methods of physical education:

1) verbal methods;

2) methods of visual influence.

None of the methods can be limited in the methodology of physical education as the best. Only the optimal combination of these methods in accordance with the methodological principles can ensure the successful implementation of a complex of tasks of physical education.

Method of strictly regulated exercise. The main methodological direction in the process of physical education is the strict regulation of exercises. The essence of the methods of a strictly regulated exercise is that each exercise is performed in a strictly specified form and with a precisely determined load.

game method. In the system of physical education, the game is used to solve educational, health-improving and educational tasks.

Competitive method - it is a way of performing exercises in the form of competitions. The essence of the method lies in the use of competitions as a means of increasing the level of preparedness of those involved. A prerequisite for the competitive method is the readiness of those involved to perform those exercises in which they must compete.

Verbal (verbal) and visualization methods (sensory methods.) Verbal and sensory methods involve the widespread use of words and information.

3. Means and methods for stimulating muscle mass and harmonizing the muscle composition of the morphostructure of the body.

Optimization of muscle volumes is derived to a decisive extent from the comprehensive development of motor abilities. At the same time, it naturally depends on the individual characteristics of the physique and other factors, in particular, on the characteristics of sports specialization.

firstly, in connection with ensuring the harmonious formation of the properties of the physique, especially if it is necessary to selectively influence certain parts of the muscular system, which for various reasons lag behind in their development;

secondly, when the increase and preservation of the achieved level of development of self-strength abilities is ensured, since it is largely due to the growth of muscle mass.

Although many physical exercises in one way or another contribute to an increase in muscle mass, if necessary, activate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, preference is given to strength exercises that are part of strength (athletic) gymnastics and weightlifting.

It is known that the synthesis of muscle proteins is, to a certain extent, directly proportional to their consumption (splitting, disintegration) during intense muscular work performed under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, an adequate means of stimulating muscle hypertrophy is strength exercises, characterized by significant weights, but not the maximum intensity, which allows prolonging their effect through continuous serial repetitions.

The sets of exercises used to activate muscle hypertrophy are, of course, different at different stages of physical education. They include, depending on the predominant direction of influences, exercises with a general (generalized), regional and local coverage of the links of the muscular system. This approach to normalizing loads remains valid even when using predominantly local exercises, but the specific values ​​of the loads must be varied, of course, in relation to the features of the functioning and structure of the exposed muscles. Strengthening the effectiveness of exercises that stimulate muscle hypertrophy is facilitated by a number of methodical methods, which increase the degree of summation of influences in the process of serial reproduction of exercises as they adapt to the usual load rate.

One of the most essential conditions for the effectiveness of exercises used to activate muscle growth is a properly balanced diet, which includes an increased amount of proteins, mainly of animal origin, the building material of muscle biosynthesis.

The problem of eliminating excess fat, and sometimes the total body weight, practically still has to be solved in physical education. The best course of action in such situations (apart from pathological cases requiring special medical intervention) is, first of all, to eliminate the incidental causes of undesirable deviations in body weight with the help of complete physical education and a correspondingly adjusted diet. To combat excess body fat, mainly long-term exercises of moderate intensity such as walking, running, swimming, cycling, skiing, rowing, etc. are recommended.

Ticket 29

1. National and universal values ​​in the Olympic movement. Olympism is unity sports, culture and education. Principles of Olympism.

The main values ​​of the modern Olympic movement, focusing on the ideas of humanism, were first formulated and substantiated by Pierre de Coubertin, who, as noted in the Olympic Charter, owns the concept of modern Olympism. Briefly they can be characterized as follows:

1. Olympian - a person who is characterized by:

• holistic, harmonious development of physical, mental and spiritual (moral, aesthetic) qualities;
• activity, purposefulness, focus on constant self-knowledge, self-improvement, achievements in their activities.

2. Behavior in sports, adequate to the Olympic principles and ideals:

• not just participation in sports competitions, but a constant desire to improve one’s results, courage, will, perseverance for the maximum possible (taking into account one’s own capabilities) sports achievements, to victory over an opponent with strict observance of not only the rules, but also the moral principles that lie in the basis of fair play;
• renunciation of the desire to win at any cost (at the expense of one's own health or causing damage to the opponent's health, through deceit, violence, dishonest refereeing, other inhumane actions).

3. Humanistic values ​​of peace, friendship and mutual understanding: democracy, internationalism, equality of all people and peoples, enlightenment in the spirit of true patriotism, combined with mutual respect of nations, despite racial, religious and political differences.

The unity of sport and culture is not limited to the Olympic Games, only to the elite of sports and art. Among other fundamental principles, the Olympic Charter names the connection of sport with education, which affects millions of sports fans, and above all the younger generation. In organic unity with education, there is Olympic education. The potential of the Olympic movement in the pursuit of humanism was worthily appreciated by Pierre de Coubertin, noting at the dawn of the revival of the Olympic Games that in the modern world, full of powerful opportunities and at the same time dangers, destructive destruction, the Olympic movement can become a school of education for nobility and moral purity, equally as well as physical endurance and strength.

Fundamental principles of Olympism:

1. Olympism is a philosophy of life that uplifts and unites in a balanced whole the dignity of the body, will and mind. Olympism, which combines sport with culture and education, seeks to create a way of life based on the joy of effort, on the educational value of good example, and on respect for universal basic ethical principles.

2. The purpose of Olympism is to place sport everywhere at the service of the harmonious development of man in order to contribute to the creation of a peaceful society, concerned with the preservation of human dignity.

3. The Olympic Movement is a concentrated, organized, universal and permanent activity of all persons and organizations inspired by the values ​​of Olympism, carried out under the leadership of the IOC. This activity covers five continents. Its pinnacle is the unification of athletes from all over the world at the great sports festival - the Olympic Games. Its symbol is five intertwined rings.

4. Playing sports is one of the human rights. Everyone should be able to play sports without discrimination, in the spirit of Olympism, understanding, friendship, solidarity and fair play. The organization, management and management of sports must be controlled by independent sports organizations.

5. Any form of discrimination against a country or a person of a racial, religious, political nature, or on the basis of sex is incompatible with belonging to the Olympic Movement.

6. Belonging to the Olympic Movement requires mandatory compliance with the provisions of the Olympic Charter and recognition by the IOC.

2. Methods of strict regulation of physical exercises used in teaching motor actions

Methods of teaching motor actions. These include:

1)holistic method(method of holistically constructive exercise);

2) dissected-constructive;

3) conjugate impact.

The method of holistically constructive exercise. Applicable at any stage of training. Its essence lies in the fact that the technique of motor action is mastered from the very beginning in its integral structure without dividing into separate parts. The holistic method allows you to learn structurally simple movements (for example, running, simple jumps, general developmental exercises, etc.).

Using a holistic method, it is possible to master individual details, elements or phases not in isolation, but in the overall structure of the movement, by focusing students' attention on the necessary parts of the technique. The disadvantage of this method is that in uncontrolled phases or details of the motor action (movement) it is possible to fix errors in the technique. Therefore, when mastering exercises with a complex structure, its use is undesirable. In this case, the split method is preferred.

Dissected-constructive method. It is applied at the initial stages of training. It provides for the division of a holistic motor action (mainly with a complex structure) into separate phases or elements with their sequential learning and subsequent connection into a single whole.

The disadvantage of the divided method lies in the fact that it is not always easy to combine the elements learned in isolation into a holistic motor action.

In the practice of physical education, holistic and dissected-constructive methods are often combined. First, they begin to learn the exercise holistically. Then they master the most difficult selected elements and finally return to the holistic performance.

The method of conjugated influence. It is mainly used in the process of improving the learned motor actions to improve their qualitative basis, i.e. effectiveness. Its essence lies in the fact that the technique of motor action is improved in conditions that require an increase in physical effort. For example, an athlete in training throws a weighted javelin or discus, long jump with a weighted belt, etc. In this case, both the technique of movement and physical abilities are improved at the same time.

When applying the conjugate method, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the technique of motor actions is not distorted and their integral structure is not violated.

3. Effective exercise regimens for reducing body fat

The problem of eliminating excess fat, and sometimes the total body weight, practically still has to be solved in physical education. It occurs with a general lack of physical activity, an excessive reduction in exercise or the cessation of regular exercise (due to various attendant circumstances, in particular injuries and diseases), an unbalanced diet, and in some other cases (when cutting weight to move to a less heavy weight category). , to increase relative strength indicators, etc.). It is clear that the best course of action in such situations (apart from pathological cases requiring special medical intervention) is, first of all, to eliminate the incidental causes of undesirable deviations in body weight with the help of complete physical education and a correspondingly adjusted diet. At the same time, in physical education, the directed use of those factors that give an increased effect in this regard is of particular importance.

When evaluating the effectiveness of various types of physical exercises as factors for reducing body fat mass, they usually proceed primarily from their energy intensity, or calorimetric cost (the amount of energy spent during their performance, expressed in calories). It is well known that exercises of extreme intensity are characterized by the greatest energy expenditure in the shortest time (per second), however, the total energy expenditure during their performance is relatively small (for example, they do not even reach 20 kcal directly during a 100-meter sprint), which limits them. impact on metabolic processes leading to a decrease in body fat mass. The total volume of energy consumption during the exercise, other things being equal, is the greater, the longer its duration.

The use of body fats as the main sources of energy occurs as the carbohydrate reserves in the body are depleted, which is usually observed when continuous work involving large muscle groups in the active functioning lasts a long time - approximately at least 30 minutes. Even with a fairly significant one-time load, the expenditure of body fats is relatively small. For example, they range from 15-17 to 70 distances, respectively, in adults who do not go in for sports, with accelerated walking at 3.6 and 8 km (according to N. Zunz et al.).

Based on the foregoing, to combat excess body fat, mainly long-term exercises of moderate intensity such as walking, running, swimming, cycling, skiing, rowing, etc. are recommended.

At the same time, as general fitness develops, relatively high-intensity exercises, including exercises with weights, can serve as increasingly effective means of eliminating excess body weight (moreover, which is especially important, while optimizing the ratio of its active and passive components). Of course, this is true provided that the total amount of energy consumption is brought to sufficiently large values ​​(200-300 kcal / h and more) through multiple serial repetitions with strictly normalized rest intervals.

To get rid of significant fat deposits, a prolonged massive use of appropriately directed exercises is necessary with a gradual increase in the volume and intensity of the loads associated with them.

The basis of an effective regimen for the use of physical exercises to eliminate excess fat mass is a system of daily loads associated with such significant total energy expenditure that they exceed for a certain time the intake of energy resources from food.

» History of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece

History of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece

The history of the ancient Olympic Games is extraordinarily rich. The Olympic Games appeared in the ninth century. BC e. In those days, the Greek states ruined each other in endless wars. Ifit, the king of Elis, arrived in Delphi to learn from the oracle how he, the ruler of a small country, should protect his people from wars and robberies. The Delphic oracle - his predictions and advice were considered absolutely correct - answered Ifit:
“I need you to found Games that please the gods!”
Ifit immediately went to meet with the king of neighboring Sparta, the powerful Lycurgus. Obviously, Ifit was a good diplomat, since Lycurgus decided (and all the other rulers agreed with him) that from now on Elis is a neutral state. Immediately, Ifit, in order to prove peaceful aspirations and thank the gods, established the athletic Games: they were to be held in Olympia every four years. Hence their name - Olympic. It was 884 BC. e.

At first, athletes from two cities of Elis, Elis and Pisa, participated in the Games. The first to enter the annals of the Games was 776 BC. e. - the year of the first all-Greek Games. Only thanks to the ancient Greek tradition - to carve the names of Olympionists on marble columns installed along the banks of the Alpheus River, the name of the first winner, Koreb, a cook from Elis, has come down to us.
With the approach of the Olympic Games, messengers (feors) dispersed from Elis in all directions, who announced the day of festivities and announced a "holy truce". They were met with triumph not only in Hellas itself, but everywhere where the Greeks settled. The warriors put aside their weapons and went to Olympia. When the envoys of all the Greek states gathered together, they certainly felt their national community.
Then a unified calendar of the Olympic Games was established, which decided to be held regularly every four years "between the harvest and the grape harvest." The festival of athletes, which consisted of numerous religious ceremonies and sports competitions, lasted first one day, then five days, and later for a whole month. In order to participate in the Games, it was supposed "to be neither a slave nor a barbarian, not to commit a crime, nor blasphemy, nor sacrilege." (Barbarians were those who were not citizens of the Greek states.)

The history of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece - the emergence of new spectacular competitions

At the first 13 Games, they competed only in the stadiodromos - running a distance of 1 stage. In 724 BC. e. a double run was added - diaulos (at a distance of 384.54 m). Then, in 720 BC. e., at the 15th Olympiad, the pentathlon appeared, or, as the Greeks called it, the pentathlon, which consisted of a simple run, long jump, discus and javelin throw, wrestling. After another seven Olympiads, in 688 BC. e., the program was enriched with a fistfight, 12 years later - a chariot race and, finally, at the 33rd Olympiad, in 648 BC. e., pankration, the most difficult and cruel type of competition.

When going to a fistfight, the participants put on a special bronze cap on their heads, and wrapped their fists in leather belts with metal bumps. When preparing to strike, the fighter took precautions: he protected his head with his hand; he tried to stand up so that the sun blinded the enemy, and then with all his might he beat with his fist, actually encased in iron, on his ribs, face and torso. The fight continued until one of the two pleaded defeated. Usually athletes left the battlefield disfigured, crippled, bleeding. Often they were carried out of the stadium half dead.
Pankration combined wrestling and fisticuffs. It was forbidden to use teeth and twist or break the fingers of the enemy, to put on metal armlets on the hands. But any blows, grabs, kicks, painful techniques were allowed, it was possible to overturn the opponent to the ground and squeeze his throat.
Later, armed running was included in the program of the Games; the run of trumpeters and heralds; mule-drawn chariot races; competitions for children in wrestling, horse racing, pentathlon), and in 200 BC. e., at the 145th Olympiad, even a children's pankration appeared.
On the eve of the opening of the Olympics, the audience admired the marble statues of the winners of the previous Games, located between the stadium and the river Alpheus. The statues were made and installed at the expense of the cities where the new “demigods” came from: the first Olympionist Ko-reb from Elis; "the strongest among the strong" Milo of Croton; Polites from Korina, the fastest athlete at the 212th Olympiad; Lasfen from Te-bei, who ran 156 stadia, competing with a horse; Nikola from Akria, who won five race victories in two Olympics, and many other glorious athletes.

The young men were also shown the statues of Zeus, towering near the Krona hill. Each of these statues was ordered and placed on the penalties imposed on those participants in the Games who cheated, tried to bribe the enemy or injured him during the competition.

The Olympic festivities began with the rising of the full moon. The solemn procession was heading to the golden statue of Zeus. The Hellanodiki in purple robes led the procession, followed by athletes and eminent citizens. Two huge bulls were sacrificed to Zeus, and the judges and contestants took a solemn oath to be worthy of being awarded a laurel wreath and a palm branch. In the evening, after the drawing of lots, a festival of arts was held. Long before its end, the athletes went to bed - half-starved, having eaten a piece of cheese and drinking cold water.

So the big day arrived. Between 40,000 and 60,000 spectators took their seats on the embankment around the stadium. Trumpets greeted the approaching Hellanodics and guests of honor. Athletes took turns going to the middle of the arena to introduce themselves to the audience. The herald loudly announced the name and homeland of each and asked three times: “Do all of you, the happy guests of Olympia, agree that this athlete is a free and worthy citizen?” Then the competition began.
On the first day, competitions were held in all types of running, on the second - in pentathlon, and on the third - in wrestling, fisticuffs and pankration. The fourth day was completely given to the children. Running distances for them were two times shorter than for adults. On the fifth day, chariot races drawn by four horses were arranged, as well as horse racing in a circle at stages 8 and 73 (1538 and 14000 m).
The history of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece is very rich in intense and spectacular sports competitions.

From 776 BC e. Greece began to regularly hold the Olympic Games. These festivities were the most important element of the public life of the Hellenes. The winners of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece became the most famous and honorary citizens of their policy. Perhaps that is why every young man dreamed of taking part in the agony in order to demonstrate to everyone his strength and valor. During such festivities, an atmosphere of justice was created in which a person could demonstrate his skills, merits and become the best among the first.

History reference

Plato emphasized the essential role of sports in public life. The wide popularity of games was associated with the peculiarities of Greek society, where the most important regulator of people's behavior was the evaluation of a person by the team, his censure or encouragement.

It should be noted that the great importance of the Olympic Games is emphasized by the fact that during their holding even wars stopped in Greece. Citizens of not only mainland Hellas, but also the colonies came to the festivities. Writers and poets also gathered here to read their works to thousands of listeners.

The first ancient Greek Olympic Games lasted only 1 day, and later - at least 5. A special society of honorary citizens supervised the competition. Under their supervision, the participants of the games trained for about a month before the start of the agony.

History of the introduction of the Olympic Games

According to legend, the most famous competitions in the world date back to the time of Homer. The Greeks themselves told the story of the origin of these festivities in different ways. Some said that the competition was introduced by the supreme god after his victory over Kron. Others claimed that the father of the festivities was the son of Zeus - the ancient Greek hero Hercules.

Revived the Olympic Games in 776 BC. e. King Ifit. At that time, Greece plunged into a period of long wars and civil strife. In this regard, Ifit decided to turn to the gods. He went to Delphi to the famous oracle. Pythia, proclaiming the will of the gods, said that in order to save the people from wars and diseases, it is necessary to revive the Olympic Games. After that, the king invited the Spartan ruler Lycurgus to his place. They signed an agreement on a truce, which should be concluded at the time of the Olympic Games. Ifit proclaimed Olympia a holy city, where it was forbidden to enter with weapons.

Competitors

In order to understand who the winners of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece really are, it is necessary to figure out who could take part in these festivities. According to the established rules, only free men of Hellenic origin were allowed to compete, except for those who had ever been convicted or guilty of wrong deeds. In addition, slaves and foreigners could not participate in the agony. Also, women were not allowed to compete in the Olympic Games. Moreover, they were even forbidden to visit them as spectators. The only exception was the priestess of the temple

Interesting facts about the participants of the Olympic Games

Not all freeborn Greeks could participate in the festivities. So, there were a number of rules that deprived working poor Hellenes (small landowners, artisans, merchants) of the right to compete in the Olympic Games. A citizen who decided to participate in the holiday had to prove that he had been stubbornly preparing for the competition for at least 10 months. He was required to train for 30 days under the guidance of the referees of the games. Also, the Greek had to participate in the sacrificial ceremonies. However, he paid all the expenses himself. Thus, participation in the Olympic Games was associated with a long break from the main activity and spending a lot of money, therefore, it is available only to fairly wealthy citizens.

Program in antiquity

During the first 13 Olympiads, the program included only running one stage, which was approximately 192.27 m.

Hippic (equestrian) agons were first held at the 25th Olympic Games. At first, chariots harnessed by 4 horses took part in them. To measure the distance at the hippodrome, there was one large stage (950 m). It is interesting that the winners of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece in equestrian competitions are the owners of the chariots, and not the participants of the agons.

An important part of the festival was the pentathlon. This program included running, wrestling, javelin and discus throwing. Athletes jumped into a hole with sea sand from a small height. At the same time, they held in their hands a special cargo - halters. Discus throwing has its origins in the military history of the Greeks. The weight of the gun was approximately 3-6 kg. The disk was made of stone, iron, bronze, tin and wood. Jumping and throwing competitions, as a rule, were accompanied by playing the flute, and the movements of the athletes were in harmony with the musical chords.

The Olympic Games are the largest all-Greek competitions, which were held every 4 years. The participants of these agons were divided into three age groups: youths, beardless and men. Interestingly, Pausanias counted 18 types of competitions for adults and 6 for boys. By tradition, the best athlete in any category was proclaimed immediately after the end of the competition at the stadium, and the awards were held on the last day of the festivities.

The winner of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece was called an Olympionist. An important part of these festivities was the honoring of the best athletes. This ceremony consisted of several parts and continued in the homeland of the athlete.

Thus, we examined how the winner of the Olympic Games was called in Ancient Greece. Next, we will talk about how the most outstanding athletes were revered.

How and with what were the winners of the Olympic Games awarded in Ancient Greece?

The awards ceremony was held in two stages. Immediately after the end of the competition, the herald announced the name and city of the winner to the entire stadium. After that, dolichodromes (messengers) were sent to his policy to tell all the inhabitants the good news. On the last day of the games, at the altar of Zeus, the winner of the Olympic Games and the city where he came from were also announced. The athlete climbed a bronze tripod accompanied by music. Then the winners of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece were awarded with a wreath. After this ceremony, sacrifices were held in honor of the athletes in the temple of Zeus.

Honoring the winner in the native policy

No less solemnly, the winners of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece were revered in their native policies. The athlete entered the city through the main gate in the presence of all honorary citizens. In some policies, the olympionist got to his native land through a small one. It was made on purpose so that the Olympic victory would enter and never leave the city.

The outstanding athlete was revered in the main local temple. Also, the wreath of the winner of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece was transferred here for storage. In some cases, statues were erected in honor of the Olympionists and coins were minted. In addition, they were invited to the post of commanders and entrusted with the foundation of new colonies. After the death of the Olympionist, he could be revered as a god in his native city.

How were the winners of several competitions honored?

Athletes who achieved several victories at the Olympic Games were given special honors. The names of such Olympionists were engraved on the plates of the sacred grove of Altis. From 540 BC e. here it was allowed to erect a statue in honor of their own victory. Poets dedicated special odes to outstanding athletes - epinicia. Also, the names of the winners of the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece were entered in special tables - bassicals.

The most famous winners of the Olympic Games

A person who is not familiar with the history of these festivities may have a question: who was the first winner of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece? According to legend, a certain Koreb was awarded for the first time. He was a simple cook, but he managed to win the race. It was the name Koreb that was the first in the ancient Greek list of Olympionists.

One of the most famous runners is Astilos of Croton. He won eight times at different distances in four Olympic Games. Leoniod succeeded in surpassing Astilos. This athlete won twelve times in running at four Olympic Games.

Later, running was included in the pentathlon system. The best athlete was determined here in this way: the losers are eliminated after each competition. It should be noted that the first winner of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece in the pentathlon system is the Spartan Lampis.

Most Outstanding Wins

The most famous boxing champion was Diagoras from the island of Rhodes. He was the founder of a whole dynasty of athletes. In the middle of the 5th c. BC e. two of his sons became winners in the Olympic Games (the first - in a fist fight, the second - in single combat). According to legend, immediately after the award they went up to their father and put wreaths on his head, lifted him on their shoulders and carried him around the field. One of the spectators asked Diagoras what he expects from life, but the Spartan no longer heard the question. His heart stopped in a moment of triumph.

The most famous wrestler in the history of the Olympic Games is Milon from Croton. At the age of 14, he became the winner in youth competitions. Once in the adult category, Milon became the best wrestler 5 times.

Evagoras from Sparta and Cimon the Elder from Athens also earned fame all over the world, who, together with their four horses, won the hippic competitions three times.

Summing up

Thus, the Olympic Games originate from 776 BC. e., when Koreb was awarded a wreath for the first time. These festivities played a huge role in the life of the Greeks. Not only the inhabitants of mainland Hellas, but also the colonies came to see the competitions of outstanding athletes. The participants of the festivities, in turn, prepared for the competition for a long time. They not only worked hard physically, but also invested large sums of money in the organization of sacrifices. As we have already said, the winner of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece was called an Olympionist. Together with a laurel wreath, he received great honor and recognition not only in his native policy, but throughout Hellas.

The spirit of competition was fully manifested during various sports agony. It should be noted that these competitions were not mere entertainment that had nothing to do with religious rites. Agons were part of the festivities and were sacred.