Jacob Bruce's estate. Bruce's estate: from a noble estate to a holiday village. Usachev, paid for Glinka all his life

In the garden of the late Count Bruce there is a wooden country house with a gazebo and a large garden in the English style, arable land, meadows, a kitchen garden, canals, arbors, and especially on an island in a pond located a beautiful large bathing house, in which the ceilings and walls are painted with paintings. al freco .

This is exactly how I. G. Georgi described in his work “Description of the Capital City of St. Petersburg” one of the most famous estates of the Peterhof road, which once belonged to Yakov Alexandrovich Bruce, the last of the Russian Bryus family; a man who combined the posts of governor-general of two capitals at once - Moscow and St. Petersburg. His estate extendedfrom the Gulf of Finland opposite the current Kronstadt Square to the Baltic Railway. Over the course of two centuries, the estate repeatedly changed its owners, leaving today only a few details of the landscape as a reminder of itself. But first things first…

At the beginning of the 18th century, during the formation of the ensemble of the Peterhof road, the site was granted to Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Shakhovsky. And already by 1719, there was a manor house with outbuildings on the estate, and the small river Chernaya (later Dachnaya) flowing made it possible to create a picturesque pond.

To this day, the manor pond is the dominant feature of the surrounding area.

In the late 30s of the 18th century, a new owner appeared at the estate - Count Mikhail Gavrilovich Golovkin. By that time, he had studied abroad and had the status of an ambassador in Berlin. During the reign of Anna Ioannovna Golovkin supervised the work of the Mint, and under the regency of Anna Leopoldovna he received the status of Vice-Chancellor.

Complicated political intrigues prevented Golovkin from enjoying his possessions on the Peterhof road

Being the son of Peter's Chancellor G.I. Golovkin, the count was able to double his estate possessions, for by marrying Ekaterina Ivanovna Romodanovskaya, he received a neighboring plot from the west as a dowry. As a result, Golovkin's total estate amounted to 200 fathoms.

Golovkin's plans included the construction of a new manor house in the Baroque style. However, he failed to carry out this plan. This was prevented by a palace coup, the result of which was the accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna. Golovkin was immediately arrested for his part in the conspiracy and sentenced to death, later commuted to exile in Yakutia. The estate of the Vice-Chancellor on the Peterhof road was confiscated and in 1745 was granted to Vasily Fedorovich Saltykov, who by that time had the post of General Police Chief of St. Petersburg, as well as an attempt“put a paw” on the legendary “Red Zucchini” located nearby since the time of Peter the Great.Later, Saltykov, fulfilling the instructions of Elizaveta Petrovna, escorted the family of the deposed Anna Leopoldovna into exile. As a reward for her service, the Empress personally granted Saltykov the highest state order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

Vasily Fedorovich Saltykov - a great connoisseur of possessions on the Peterhof road

After his death, 10 years later, the estate was divided between his sons into two parts, thus returning to its original divided state.The western part passed to Alexander Vasilyevich Saltykov. The estate of the Vorontsovs was once located on it, and now there is a courtyard of the monastery with the church of Faith, Hope, Love and their mother Sophia.

Sergei Vasilievich Saltykov - one of the first favorites of Catherine the Great

The eastern part of the future estate of Bruce passed into the possession of the chamberlain of the Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich Sergei Vasilyevich Saltykov. People's rumor ascribes to Saltykov the paternity of Paul the First, thus raising him to the status of the first time favorite of Catherine the Second. Perhaps that is why Saltykov did not really have to enjoy his possession. After the birth of the future heir to the throne, Paul the First, Saltykov was gently removed from the court and sent with this news to Sweden, and later as an envoy to Hamburg, Dresden and Paris. In fact, without being in St. Petersburg, Saltykov was forced to sell his estate on the Peterhof road. So the estate found its new owner, the already mentioned Jacob Bruce. He was the great-nephew of the famous associate of Peter the Great and his namesake Jacob Bruce. His wife was Praskovya Ivanovna Rumyantseva, the sister of the future Field Marshal Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky.

Yakov Bruce - the man whose name is associated with the flourishing of the estate on the Peterhof road

Yakov Bruce took part in the Seven Years and Russian-Turkish Wars, and later alternately held the positions of Governor-General of the Novgorod and Tver governorships, Moscow and St. Petersburg. The impeccable service of Catherine II allowed Bruce to become a senator and holder of a number of orders, as well as to gain the dignity of a count.

The flourishing of the seaside estate is also associated with the name of the new owner. Apparently, he built a new master's house, which consisted of the main building and two adjoining side wings. Three alleys, laid through the littorin ledge, led down to the Peterhof road. In addition to the originally existing rectangular pond, another round pond was arranged with an artificial island in the middle, on which a bath was located (with that al freco - a special technique of painting on wet plaster) . The pond was surrounded by a garden laid out in the English style. A central alley was laid deep into the estate through the forest. Outbuildings were located on the site of the former estate of Shakhovsky. It is the period of ownership of the estate by Bruce that can be safely called the peak for the estate in terms of architectural and park solutions.

The artificial island can now be accessed via a small bridge

The manor pond is practically the only thing that reminds of the “noble roots” of these places

According to some reports, Bruce died in his estate on the Peterhof road. By to the testimony of Prince Alexander Andreevich Bezborodko, secretary of Catherine II

Bruce passed away after a ten-day illness, much to the dismay of the entire town. He was on duty when he fell ill and sent me a cane, and before that he dined at Strekalov’s for three days, from where, getting into the carriage, he hurt his leg, which was followed by erysipelas and gout. Taking turns from the palace, he went home and began to rave; Doctors were called, they found that there was already Antonov's fire below the bruised place, and gout in the stomach.

With the death of the count in 1791, everything changed.Bruce's only daughter, Ekaterina Yakovlevna, married Count Vasily Valentinovich Musin-Pushkin, who held the falsehood of Oberschenk - the keeper of wines at the imperial court. In 1808, he sold the dacha to retired captain P.F. Knorring. In 1820, the merchant A. I Severin became the owner of the estate. In the late 1830s, a new owner appeared at the dacha - the merchant Solodovnikov.By this time, there was no manor house left on the maps of that time; it may have been lost in a fire

After some leapfrog with the owners of the estate, a new period of its existence began - the dacha period, the beginning of which can be attributed to the middle of the 19th century. By that time, the territory of the estate was in the possession of the Krutikov merchant family. It housed stone and wooden houses, a shop, an inn, a brick and pottery factory.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the estate again changed its owner: this time it was the entrepreneur Sergei Konstantinovich Maksimovich, who divided the once manor territory into plots for summer cottage construction and lobbied for the constructionelectric railway along the Peterhof highway from St. Petersburg through Oranienbaum to Krasnaya Gorka.Apparently for this reason, the estate itself and the settlement that arose were called Dachnoe - a toponym that has survived to this day, despite all the ups and downs of the 20th century. In the summer of 1904, the St. Petersburg provincial government approved the plan proposed by Maksimovich for a “suburban estate “Dachnoye”” with a network of streets and lanes. Housing was in demand here, because the place was a combination of favorable nature and climatic conditions with urban amenities (lighting, running water, well-groomed streets).

This is how the territory of the former estate of Bruce, and later - the village of Dachnoye, looked on the map of St. Petersburg in 1913

The development of the street road network of the district did not stand still. Ekaterininsky Prospekt appeared on the site of the central alley of Bruce, two more were laid parallel to it - Kharkovsky Prospekt and Poltavskaya Street, as well as a number of small lanes. The garden with ponds became common areas for residents; buildings on the site of Shakhovsky's estate were also preserved. By the time the Great Patriotic War began, the territory of the Bruce estate was completely built up with individual residential buildings.

Here is how Dachnoye is described in:

Having saved up the amount necessary for the contribution, in 1907 my father acquired a plot of 15 acres in Dachnoye on Ekaterininsky Prospekt ... Three-quarters of the plot was covered with dense forest and undergrowth and therefore had a lovely view. The Dachnoye estate was well planned, had forests, dug ponds with a swimming pool and boats, oak and linden alleys. It was crossed obliquely by the Popov Creek (the Dachnaya River that flows between Lenya Golikov and Khrustitsky) with picturesque banks. Along the Peterhof Highway, the estate extended only 213.4 meters. This width has been established since the time of Peter the Great ...
The foliage and needles were so dense that one and a half meters could not see each other ...
Across the road from our house there was an old clay road, darkened on the sides by huge firs and pines ...

On Ekaterininsky Prospekt in house number 8 (the manor house) there were dances for young people, there was a “flying mail”. A brass band played. Then the dances were transferred to a large hall, to the house of the railway engineer Antipov at 35 Ekaterininsky Prospekt ...
In Dachnoye, starting from the Petergofskoye Highway, the building was only on the left side of Ekaterininsky Prospekt up to the house-estate No. 8 and beyond. This row of eight houses was called "state". One-story wooden houses with mezzanines, cottage houses, covered with trees in summer, were very old buildings, 125 years old ...
Only house No. 1, which faced the Peterhof Highway with its facade, was a stone, one-story, old manor type, with columns on the side wall. The white color of the house, the red tiled roof, the columns suggested that its builder - and possibly the owner - most likely came from Ukraine, from the Poltava region. The streets in Dachny also had Ukrainian names - Poltavskaya, Kharkovskaya, Leshko-Poppel - and the southern ones - Krymsky Lane, Baydarsky Lane ...

During the hostilities, most of the buildings were destroyed (Dachnoye was located not far from the front line), and some were dismantled for the construction of defensive structures. And only in the post-war years, the transformation of the estate of Bruce-Shakhovsky continued. In fact, it was divided into two parts by a newly laid highway - Leninsky Prospekt. The central alley of the Bruce estate was transformed into another major transport artery - Dachny Prospekt.

Dachny Prospekt - the former central alley of Bruce's estate

At the very location of the master's house - now the intersection of Leninsky Prospekt with Stachek Avenue (a section of the Peterhof road) - a large oval lawn is spread.

An oval lawn is now located on the site of the manor house

Prospekt Stachek (a fragment of the former Peterhof road) and Leninsky Prospekt intersect here

The only reminders of the noble origin of the territory of the Bruce estate are the preserved ponds with an island in the middle, as well as the toponym "Dachnoe", counting the second century of its existence.

Instead of Bryusov's bathhouse, the island is now adorned with a strange-looking gazebo

P. S. When writing the article, the following materials were used:

S.B. Gorbatenko "Peterhof road"

A. Yu. Alekseev Toponym "Dachnoye": 110 years of history. MEETINGS ON THE PETERGOF ROAD. Materials of the local history conference St. Petersburg 2014

Pylyaev M.I. Forgotten past of the environs of St. Petersburg

Yakov Vilimovich Bruce (1670-1735) - Feldzeugmeister General, later Count and Field Marshal, Peter's inseparable companion in his campaigns, and in some travels, settled in Glinka in 1726, where he lived until the end of his life, occasionally visiting Moscow and indulging in exclusively scientific pursuits.

Bruce received an excellent home education and was especially addicted to the sciences of mathematics and natural sciences. Yakov Vilimovich Bruce was, undoubtedly, the most enlightened of all the associates of Peter. Engaged in compiling and translating essays, Bruce oversaw the course of the entire typographical business in Russia, but most of all his name is known as the author of the calendar, which first appeared in print in 1709 by the "invention" of Vasily Kipriyanov, and "under the supervision" of Yakov Vilimovich . Although he subsequently did not publish calendars himself, nevertheless he can rightly be considered the founder of the calendar business in Rus', since he took the main part in compiling them, imitating mainly German calendars. From him remained, as a monument to his studies, a library and an office of various "curious things", which at that time was revered as the only one in Russia. Before his death, he bequeathed them to the Kunst Chamber of the Academy of Sciences. The composition of both is the most diverse: there are books, and maps, about 735 in number, and manuscripts, and tools, and all kinds of rare items (about 100).

Glinki is the oldest stone noble estate in the Moscow region. The architectural ensemble of Glinka began to form in 1727-1735, when Bruce retired and moved to Glinka, granted to him in 1721 for the Aland peace with Sweden.

The estate was built in the 20s of the 18th century by a master, unfortunately unknown to us, in the style of palace and park architecture, with features of European baroque. The estate is a symmetrically planned residential complex with a utility yard, a regular park with ponds and a garden pavilion. The main courtyard, which has survived to our time, is a strictly sustained rectangular ensemble of buildings oriented to the cardinal points, the main house and three outbuildings. No less interesting than the architecture is the park in Glinka with its regular shaped paths, which form interesting complex figures in plan, in which one can see Masonic signs. Now the territory of the estate is occupied by the sanatorium "Monino". You can enter the territory completely freely through the main entrance. A few years ago, the Bruce Museum was opened in the western wing through the efforts of local historians. Unfortunately, the museum is now going through hard times associated with the redistribution of property and does not work.

Main manor house. The loggia in the central part of the facade is magnificent, the lower tier of which is formed by a rusticated arcade, and the upper tier by slender paired columns. The center of the building is marked by a tower lantern, where, apparently, Bruce's astronomical observatory was located.

The windows of the lower floor rest on shelves supported by brackets and are surrounded on both sides and on top with rusticated stone with triangles protruding at the top.

The platbands of the first floor windows are endowed with spectacular mascarons. According to legend, the masks represent caricature images of the nobles of that time, opposed to Bruce.

The garden side of the house was planned in general terms similarly to the yard side. The columns of the upper loggia collapsed, leaving an open terrace instead.

The architectural style of the house is continued by other buildings of the estate.

This wing houses the Bruce Museum, now closed.

Homestead entrance

"Bruce's Laboratory" or "Peter's House" is a one-story park pavilion, a typical example of the Petrine era.

Pilasters with Corinthian capitals

Semicircular arched niches with shells on the facade, where statues were previously placed

Wing and guardhouse

Second floor added

park alley

Manor pond. According to one of the legends, Bruce froze the water and skated in the summer on a small pond, and in the winter, on the contrary, he swam in a boat.

In the distance, the ruined building of one of the former buildings of the sanatorium is visible. It is hard to imagine that this is the Church of St. John the Evangelist in the mid-18th century. There will be a separate post about it.

Directions: from the Yaroslavsky railway station to the station. Monino, then bus or minibus number 32 to the stop. "Sanatorium Monino".

The main house of an associate of Peter I Yakov Bruce in the Glinka estate was built in 1727-1735. and is the oldest surviving manor house in the Moscow region. There were legends among the peasants that on a hot summer day, their landowner froze the water from the ponds with a single word in order to go skating. Just on such a day, I flew to Bruce on a quadrocopter to capture a wonderful phenomenon and learn the secret from the owner.

In fact, there is a scientific explanation for Bruce's trick. In March, the ice was frozen to a thickness of 30-40 cm, then sprinkled with straw and covered with wooden shields. Then on top is a small layer of clayey, slightly permeable soil. So the ice could be stored all summer.

Who bought Glinka Ya.V. Bruce, an outstanding military and statesman, diplomat and scientist, was a descendant of the Scottish kings Robert and David, who ruled in the early 14th century.

Having settled in Glinkovo, Ya.V. Bruce is engaged in farming and scientific research. He equips the estate with stone buildings. The layout of the main house is subordinated to the goals of scientific studies, in particular, astronomy, for which he transports his astronomical observatory from St. Petersburg to Glinki.

On the roof of the main house is a light wooden turret specially designed for Bruce's astronomical observations.

The western wing "Bruce's pantry" - the building of the residential outbuilding (on the left), in the basement of which the pantry was located, was built in 1727-1735.

The economic complex is equipped with buttresses on the sides - here Bruce kept gunpowder.

10.

The garden pavilion, called in the literature "Bruce's laboratory", was built in 1727-1735. In 1991 there was a museum here. During the war, the estate was a hospital, since 1948 - the sanatorium "Monino".

In 1934, the People's Commissariat of the Food Industry leased the manor complex to build a rest home.

In 1972, mineral water was discovered near the estate, and the sanatorium began to specialize in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

On the left are the ruins of a church rebuilt into a dormitory building of a sanatorium. To the right is another building.

In the 1930s, the Temple, which was built by Earl A.R. Bruce in the 18th century (1756) was reconstructed in such a way that a sanatorium building was obtained from it ...

To the left of the refectory, a sleeping complex of a boarding house was attached. On the floor you can still see the remains of a mosaic. Countess P.A. was buried in the altar part. Bruce, over whose grave a magnificent marble tombstone by I. Martos was placed, in 1930 transferred to the necropolis of the Donskoy Monastery. In Soviet times, showers for a boarding house were made at the burial site at a depth of three meters.

And here is the pond that was covered with ice in the title photo. While you were reading the post, it melted.

On the right is the entrance to the altar of the temple.

General view of the estate.

View of Losino-Petrovsky and the place where the Vorya River flows into the Klyazma.

Yakov Vilimovich Bruce (1670-1735) - Feldzeugmeister General, later Count and Field Marshal, Peter's inseparable companion in his campaigns, and in some travels, settled in Glinka in 1726, where he lived until the end of his life, occasionally visiting Moscow and indulging in exclusively scientific pursuits.

Bruce received an excellent home education and was especially addicted to the sciences of mathematics and natural sciences. Yakov Vilimovich Bruce was, undoubtedly, the most enlightened of all the associates of Peter. Engaged in compiling and translating essays, Bruce oversaw the course of the entire typographical business in Russia, but most of all his name is known as the author of the calendar, which first appeared in print in 1709 by the "invention" of Vasily Kipriyanov, and "under the supervision" of Yakov Vilimovich . Although he subsequently did not publish calendars himself, nevertheless he can rightly be considered the founder of the calendar business in Rus', since he took the main part in compiling them, imitating mainly German calendars. From him remained, as a monument to his studies, a library and an office of various "curious things", which at that time was revered as the only one in Russia. Before his death, he bequeathed them to the Kunst Chamber of the Academy of Sciences. The composition of both is the most diverse: there are books, and maps, about 735 in number, and manuscripts, and tools, and all kinds of rare items (about 100).

Glinki is the oldest stone noble estate in the Moscow region. The architectural ensemble of Glinka began to form in 1727-1735, when Bruce retired and moved to Glinka, granted to him in 1721 for the Aland peace with Sweden.

The estate was built in the 20s of the 18th century by a master, unfortunately unknown to us, in the style of palace and park architecture, with features of European baroque. The estate is a symmetrically planned residential complex with a utility yard, a regular park with ponds and a garden pavilion. The main courtyard, which has survived to our time, is a strictly sustained rectangular ensemble of buildings oriented to the cardinal points, the main house and three outbuildings. No less interesting than the architecture is the park in Glinka with its regular shaped paths, which form interesting complex figures in plan, in which one can see Masonic signs. Now the territory of the estate is occupied by the sanatorium "Monino". You can enter the territory completely freely through the main entrance. A few years ago, the Bruce Museum was opened in the western wing through the efforts of local historians. Unfortunately, the museum is now going through hard times associated with the redistribution of property and does not work.

Main manor house. The loggia in the central part of the facade is magnificent, the lower tier of which is formed by a rusticated arcade, and the upper tier by slender paired columns. The center of the building is marked by a tower lantern, where, apparently, Bruce's astronomical observatory was located.

The windows of the lower floor rest on shelves supported by brackets and are surrounded on both sides and on top with rusticated stone with triangles protruding at the top.

The platbands of the first floor windows are endowed with spectacular mascarons. According to legend, the masks represent caricature images of the nobles of that time, opposed to Bruce.

The garden side of the house was planned in general terms similarly to the yard side. The columns of the upper loggia collapsed, leaving an open terrace instead.

The architectural style of the house is continued by other buildings of the estate.

This wing houses the Bruce Museum, now closed.

Homestead entrance

"Bruce's Laboratory" or "Peter's House" is a one-story park pavilion, a typical example of the Petrine era.

Pilasters with Corinthian capitals

Semicircular arched niches with shells on the facade, where statues were previously placed

Wing and guardhouse

Second floor added

park alley

Manor pond. According to one of the legends, Bruce froze the water and skated in the summer on a small pond, and in the winter, on the contrary, he swam in a boat.

In the distance, the ruined building of one of the former buildings of the sanatorium is visible. It is hard to imagine that this is the Church of St. John the Evangelist in the mid-18th century. There will be a separate post about it.