Information network

Information network

Information network - a network designed for processing, storing and transmitting data. The information network consists of:
- from subscriber and administrative systems; and
- from the communication network connecting them.
Depending on the distance between subscriber systems, information networks are subdivided into global, territorial and local. Distinguish between universal and specialized information networks.

In English: Information network

Synonyms: Computing network

See also: Information networks Networks Information systems

Finam Financial Dictionary.


See what "Information Network" is in other dictionaries:

    information network- a set of information systems using computer technology and interacting with each other through communication channels. information network A communication network in which a product ... ...

    Information network is a network designed for processing, storing and transmitting data. The information network consists of: subscriber and administrative systems; the communication network connecting them. Depending on the distance between the subscriber ... Wikipedia

    Modern encyclopedia

    Information network- a set of information systems interacting with each other through communication channels ... Source: MODEL LAW ON INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION EXCHANGE ... Official terminology

    Information network- INFORMATION NETWORK, a set of interacting automatic information processing systems (mainly computers), united by data transmission channels. Distinguish between local (operating within the enterprise, organization, economy) and ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

    information network- informacijos tinklas statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. information network vok. Informationsnetz, n rus. information network, f pranc. réseau informatique, m… Fizikos terminų žodynas

    Information network- 1. A set of technical means and communication channels for the exchange of information between subdivisions of STE primary networks. Used in the document: Approved by the Order of the State Communications Committee of Russia dated October 19, 1998 No. 187 ... Telecommunication vocabulary

    US EPA Information Network for New Technology Transfer- - [A.S. Goldberg. The English Russian Energy Dictionary. 2006] Topics energy in general EN EPA Technology Transfer Network ... Technical translator's guide

    environment information network- - EN environmental information network A system of interrelated persons and devices linked to permit the exchange of data or knowledge concerning natural resources, human health and ... Technical translator's guide

    development support information network- - [E.S. Alekseev, A.A. Myachev. The English Russian Explanatory Dictionary of Computer Systems Engineering. Moscow 1993] Topics information technologies in general EN development information networkDEVNET ... Technical translator's guide

Books

  • The existential status of a number and the universal information network. Experience of rethinking the concept of number and the subject of mathematics, Victor Kudrin. The subject of this work is the experience of rethinking the concept of number and the foundations of mathematics, carried out in 1920 - 1930 by A.F. Losev. According to Losev, mathematics should not be limited to the world ...
  • Small business information system "from scratch". The most necessary thing, Senkevich Gleb Evgenievich. It is shown how to create and maintain an information system of a small enterprise "from scratch" on their own. Considered planning and optimization of information support costs, ...

Results of mastering the topic

By studying this topic, you will know:

  • what network information technologies include;
  • what are the types of network information technologies;
  • how to collaborate online.

Basic concepts:

  • Computing, communication and information network;
  • Local, regional (territorial) and global networks;
  • Internet technologies. Online and offline technologies;
  • Real, artificial and peer-to-peer networks;
  • Network topology and protocols. Plastic bag. Traffic;
  • Web technologies, Internet services.

In the 1960s, the first computer networks (CS) with computers appeared. Since that time, in fact, network information technologies have appeared, which made it possible to combine technologies for collecting, storing, transferring and processing information on a computer with communication technology.

Network (Network) is an interacting collection of objects connected to each other by communication lines.

In information processes, systems and technologies, the term “network” is understood to mean at least several computers and other computers interconnected with the help of special equipment to provide computations and exchange of various types of information. Complex networks imply a large number of users, an extensive structure, switching and communication nodes that connect everyone into a single structure.

The basis of network technologies is made up of computer networks - means of communication (telecommunications), with the help of which computers distributed in space are combined into a system.

Computing network also called computer network or computer network(Computer network). It represents a computing complex that includes a geographically distributed system of computers and their terminals, united into a single system.

Almost immediately with the advent of computer networks, they began to be used to exchange various kinds of data (data transmission networks) and information. The development of computer networks and network technologies has shown the possibility of organizing large-scale information support of people with their help.

This led to the fact that computer networks providing the exchange of information resources began to be called “ information networks”, Representing a kind of communication networks.

At the same time, it is not supposed to abandon network computing, moreover, this technology is constantly being improved, and now supercomputers united in an information network allow performing ultra-fast calculations related to the needs of any subject area.



Note that by area of ​​use(distribution) distinguish local, regional (territorial) and global networks .

They have a less developed architecture compared to the WAN and use simpler methods of managing the interaction of network nodes. The short distances between the nodes of the network and the ease of management of the communication system allow for high data transfer rates.

In a LAN, the distance between computers is usually limited to 1–2.5 km, and the information transfer rate is more than one Mbps. Such a network consists of three main components: one or more central (main) machines (servers), workstations and communications.

LANs are easily adaptable to changed operating conditions and upgraded. They have a flexible architecture, which makes it easy to change the locations of the respective PCs. Although there is no clear classification of LANs, the following features are usually distinguished: purpose, topology, types of computers used, organization of control, information transfer, methods of tele-access and access, physical media, etc.

Usually they are divided according to the territorial principle into regional and global networks.

For this reason, regional networks are sometimes referred to as MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) networks. Regional include corporate networks (enterprise-wide networks), connecting LANs, covering an area, as a rule, representing one or more closely located buildings that are part of this corporation (enterprise). They form complex information systems (information systems) with a distributed information architecture.

Intranet belongs to the corporate information system (CIS). This technology implies unity for the internal user and external consumer, which may be the same person. He is an internal user for his organization, and an external consumer for a third-party company. The method is convenient for use when organizations work with their branches, as well as in various corporations.

Global area network(Wide Area Network, WAN) is a set of geographically distant computers (host-nodes) that interact with each other using communication channels for data transmission and special software - network operating systems. Host computers are powerful multi-user computing systems (servers), as well as specialized computers that act as communication nodes. Users of personal computers become subscribers of such a network after connecting their computers to its main nodes.

Depending on the adopted management method networks are divided into: centralized, decentralized and mixed.

The Internet is a decentralized internetwork. The principle of its construction lies in the organization of highways (high-speed telephone, radio, satellite and other communication lines) between central nodal stations.

The growth of information systems, interconnecting for the exchange of information and solving other problems, initiated the creation of international networks, and then the Internet. This contributed to the emergence of Internet technologies.

Modern network technologies provide an opportunity to work in deferred (offline) and interactive (online) mode, provide connection with any available information sources, allow professionally oriented consulting and training, etc.

Online technologies include interactive types of services on the Internet: ISQ, Internet telephony, etc.

Offline technologies include: mailing lists, newsgroups, web forums, email, etc.

In information networks, control systems are called servers. The term "server" (English "server" - a serving processor, service node) is understood as a network-connected, powerful enough computing machine with certain common resources, as well as, as a rule, the ability to combine a number of computers both in the local in global information networks. Network nodes with servers are called hosts(English "host" - the owner). They usually become Internet providers.

Servers typically perform network administration functions and are referred to as system administrators... Their tasks include checking the performance of the system (channels, computers, programs, etc.); identification of failures, unauthorized access and other violations in the network; restoration of network performance; accounting of network operation, preparation of reports on its operation and providing users with information about network resources.

By appointment servers are divided into: file, communication, applications, mail, etc. In addition, networks use: database server (“Data Base Server”), print server, fax server, etc.

The computers connected to the servers on the network are called workstations (PC) or clients. The difference lies in the software used, which makes it possible to use computers on the network only as a server or as a PC. It is possible that any computer in the network can be a server in some conditions, and a “client” in others. A “client” is usually a less powerful computer whose resources are not shared on a network. The network formed from computers "servers" and "clients" and based on the software that ensures their operation in such modes is called " client-server”.

From the point of view of organization, there is a division of networks into three types: real, artificial and peer-to-peer.

Real networks include those in which computers are interconnected according to a certain scheme by means of special devices - network adapters and the presence of specialists is required to monitor and operate such networks. They are called “real network or Network With an Attitude” (NWA).

Artificial networks do not require a dedicated network hard drive. Computers on these networks communicate with each other via serial or parallel ports without special network adapters. This connection is sometimes called zero-modem or zero-slot network, since none of the slots on the computer includes a network adapter. Such networks are very slow and, as a rule, only allow two computers to work at the same time.

Peer-to-peer networks are organized according to the principle “peer-to-peer network” and are of an intermediate type between real and artificial. In such a network, depending on the need, each computer can be a server or a PC. For example, a PC with a printer connected to it can be used as a network print server, etc. The advantage of such networks is that they provide almost the same capabilities (services) as in real networks, while being much easier to install and maintain. In addition, there is no need to unambiguously allocate servers, since any computer can be a server and at the same time a client.

Networking structure(topology) is primarily determined by the way computers are connected to each other.

In the general case, a distinction is made between “bus” (parallel connection of computers to one communication line), star-shaped (radial, ie when all PCs are connected to the server), ring and mixed connections of computers into a network. Mixed refers to both the simultaneous use of the above connection methods, and the hierarchical, multi-connected (in this case, each computer connects to all others in the network) connection of computers to the network.

From point of view the number of computers used in the network can be divided into small (up to 10 pcs), medium (up to 30 pcs) and large (over 30 pcs).

By the type of funds used network information transmissions are wired (cable), wireless (radio and satellite) and combined.

An important aspect of networking is the choice method of transmitting messages on the network... Three transmission methods are known and used: priority access transmission method, shuttle polling method, and token packet method. There are options for using mixed data transfer types.

Priority access transmission method... A request for information transfer comes from the transmitting computer. He is given a channel for temporary use. All other computers on the network are waiting for the end of the transmission session.

Shuttle polling method... An information packet circulates in the network with an empty interval and sequentially polls all computers for the need to transmit information. If there is such a need, the moving interval picks up a data packet that is possible for transmission and transfers it to the addressee.

Packet token method... This method is similar to container transportation, when a message prepared for transmission is “converted” (transformed) into packets with an address and waits for an opportunity with a transporter, which in this case is a marked time interval. This interval can only be used by one computer.

By data transfer methods there are networks with:

1) data transmission via dedicated communication channels;
2) channel switching;
3) message switching;
4) packet switching of messages.

Network protocols
For the creation and effective functioning of any network, it is necessary to standardize the methods of work in it. For this purpose, network protocols are developed and used.

The transmission and reception of messages in any computer networks is carried out using special data exchange protocols, which represent a set of semantic and syntactic rules that determine the behavior of functional blocks in the network.

At a low level data exchange between PCs is carried out by means of transmission of message packets. Mid-level protocols NetBIOS, IPX / SPX, TCP / IP usually function as a vehicle, allowing computers on the network to communicate with each other. High-level protocols provide file redirection and service of file servers using the method of transferring packets of messages using middle-level protocols.

Data is sent to the Internet in packets using the IP protocol.

Internet Protocol (IP) is an Internet protocol. It provides delivery of network information packets and machine-to-machine communications. The protocol manages the addressing of packets by routing them along different routes between nodes on a network, and allows different networks to be interconnected.

The concept " information network"(As opposed to the concept of" telecommunication network ") is more capacious and reflects all the variety of information processes performed in the network during the interaction of end systems through the telecommunications network. The telecommunication network, thus, as part of the information network, performs the functions transport system, through which the movement of streams of user and service information generated by information processes is carried out.

In general, under information network how physical object should be understood a set of geographically dispersed end systems, united by a telecommunication network, through which the interaction of application processes activated in end systems and their collective access to network resources is ensured.

As you can see, all intellectual work in the information network (see Fig. 3) is performed at the periphery, ie. in the end systems of the network, and the telecommunications network, although it occupies a central position, is only a connecting component. information network, in fact, is intellectual superstructure over the telecommunications network through which users(Users) mechanisms are provided for processing information, effectively searching for it anywhere in the network and at any time, as well as the ability to accumulate and store it.

So, the concept of "information network" in our case indicates a shift in the emphasis of attention when studying or researching an information-communication network towards information processes that arise in the network when end systems interact through a telecommunication network. The description of this interaction demonstrates the complexity of building a communication architecture in a network (communication architecture is discussed in detail later in the course of lectures).

Information processes the network can be divided into two groups. The first of them includes applied processes(Application Processes). They dominate the web. Application processes are initiated when user programs are launched, called applications(Applications). All other processes in the network (defining formats for presenting information for transmission over the network, establishing data transmission modes, forwarding routes, etc.) are auxiliary and are designed to serve application processes. They form a group of so-called interaction processes(Interworking Processes). Application and communication processes are supported network operating systems(SOS).

Figure 3. Information network

Information network resources are subdivided into information resources, data processing and storage resources, software and communication resources.


Informational resources represent information and knowledge accumulated in all areas of science, culture and society, as well as products of the entertainment industry. All this is systematized in network data banks with which network users interact. These resources determine the consumer value of the information network and should not only be constantly created and expanded, but also archived and updated in time, and the use of the network should provide an opportunity to receive up-to-date information exactly when the need arises.

Data processing and storage resources- This is the performance of processors and the amount of memory of computers operating on the network, as well as the time during which they are used.

Software resources are network software: server software, workstation software and drivers; application software focused on using the capabilities of networks and participating in the provision of services to users; tools: utilities, analyzers, network controls, and programs for related functions. The latter include: billing, accounting for service payments, navigation (ensuring information retrieval in the network), servicing networked electronic mailboxes, organizing bridges for teleconferences, converting the formats of transmitted information messages, cryptographic protection of information (coding and encryption), authentication (in particular, electronic signature of documents certifying their authenticity).

Communication resources Are the resources involved in the transport and redistribution of information flows in the network. These include the throughput of communication lines and equipment of nodal points, as well as the time of their occupation when the user interacts with the network. They are classified according to the type of transmission medium used and telecommunication technology.

All listed resources in the information network are shared that is, they can be used simultaneously by several application processes.

The main requirement for an information network is to provide users with efficient access to shared resources... All other requirements - throughput, reliability, survivability, quality of service - determine the quality of this basic requirement.

1.1. Purpose and classification of computer networks

Modern production requires high speeds of information processing, convenient forms of storage and transmission. It is also necessary to have dynamic ways of accessing information, ways to search for data at specified time intervals; implement complex mathematical and logical data processing. Command and control of troops requires the participation of fairly large teams in this process. Such teams can be located in different locations. To solve management problems, the speed and convenience of information exchange, as well as the possibility of close interaction of all those involved in the process of developing managerial decisions, become important and relevant.

In the era of centralized use of computers with batch processing of information, users preferred to purchase computers on which they could solve almost all classes of their tasks in inverse proportion to their number, and this led to ineffective use of the computing power of computers at significant material costs. One cannot but take into account the fact that access to computer resources was hampered due to the existing policy of centralizing computing resources in one place.

The principle of centralized data processing (Fig. 1) did not meet the high requirements for the reliability of the processing process, impeded the development of systems and could not provide the necessary time parameters for interactive data processing in multi-user mode. A short-term failure of a centralized computer led to fatal consequences for the system as a whole, since it was necessary to duplicate the functions of the central computer, significantly increasing the cost of creating and operating data processing systems.

Central computer

Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal

Rice. 1. Centralized data processing system

The appearance of small computers, microcomputers and personal computers demanded a new approach to the organization of data processing systems, to the creation of new information technologies. There was a logical justified requirement for the transition from the use of separate computers in centralized data processing systems to distributed data processing (Fig. 2).

Computer 1 computer 2

Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal

Rice. 2. Distributed data processing system

Distributed data processing - data processing performed on independent but interconnected computers representing a distributed system.

To implement distributed data processing, multi-machine associations were created, the structure of which is being developed in one of the following directions;

multi-machine computing systems (MVK);

computer (computing) networks.

Multi-machine computing complex - a group of computers installed side by side, united with the help of special interface means and performing jointly a single computing process.

Under the process is understood as a certain sequence of actions for solving a problem, determined by the program.

Multi-machine computing systems can be:

local provided installation of computers in one room, which do not require special equipment and communication channels for interconnection;

remote, if some computers of the complex are installed at a considerable distance from the central computer and telephone communication channels are used for data transmission.

Computer (computing) network - a set of computers and terminals connected using communication channels into a single system that meets the requirements of distributed data processing.

The main differences between a computer network and a multi-machine computing complex:

1.Dimension... The MVK can usually include two, maximum three computers, located mainly in one room. A computing network can consist of tens or even hundreds of computers located at a distance from several meters to thousands of kilometers.

2. Separation of functions between computers... If in a multicomputer complex the functions of data processing, data transmission and system control can be used in one computer, then in computer networks these functions are distributed between different computers.

3. The need to solve the problem of routing messages in the network. A message from one computer to another in the network can be transmitted along different routes depending on the state of the communication channels connecting the computers with each other.

Information network (information network) - a network that is designed to process, store and transmit data.

The structure of the information network is shown in Fig. 1-1. The classical structure of an information network consists of two main components: subscriber systems (A - E) and a switching network connecting them. In addition, one or more administrative systems are running on the network.

Rice. 1.1 Information network structure

Administrative systems are designed to control the functioning of the information network. Therefore, such systems are sometimes referred to as control centers.

If an information network unites open systems, it is customary to call it an open information network. On the basis of one communication network, you can create a group of virtual networks, i.e. such networks, the characteristics of which are mainly determined by its software. Virtual networks are presented to its subscribers quite differently than their physical essence and structure. In this case, a subscriber means a device, a legal entity or an individual, interacting with the system or network. In some cases, the term "user" is used instead of the term "subscriber".

Information networks are divided into heterogeneous and homogeneous.

A heterogeneous network is a network in which the systems of various representative firms operate. A network with systems of the same type is called a homogeneous network.

Depending on the distance between subscriber systems, information networks are divided into three types: territorial, local and mixed networks. Territorial networks are called information networks, the systems of which are located in different parts of the region, country, continent, globe. Local networks are information networks located inside a circle with a diameter of about 50 km.

Information networks owned by the state are called public networks. Information networks that are created by firms, concerns, associations are called private.

In accordance with the model used, the network can have: a terminal - host computer architecture, a client - server architecture and a peer-to-peer architecture, in which the information network resources are dispersed across all subscriber systems.

Most information networks are universal. However, there are many specialized networks, for example, the library network, the banking network, the Hermes network, the SWIFT network.