Iskander nuclear warhead. Missile complex "Iskander" (7 photos). Mechanical maintenance machine
"Iskander" (complex index - 9K720, according to the classification of the US Defense Ministry and NATO - SS-26 Stone, English Stone) - a family of operational-tactical missile systems: Iskander, Iskander-E, Iskander-K. The complex was developed in the Kolomna Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering (KBM).
Purpose of the complex
Designed to engage combat units in conventional equipment of small-sized and area targets in the depth of the operational formation of enemy troops. It is assumed that it can be a means of delivery of tactical nuclear weapons.
Most likely targets:
The composition of the complex
Command and staff vehicle (KShM) (9S552) - designed to control the entire Iskander complex. Implemented on a KamAZ-43101 wheeled chassis. R-168-100KAE "Aqueduct" radio station. Calculation 4 people. Characteristics of KShM:
- maximum range of radio communication in the parking lot / on the march: 350/50 km
- task calculation time for missiles: up to 10 s
- command transmission time: up to 15 s
- number of communication channels: up to 16
- unfolding (clotting) time: up to 30 minutes
continuous work time: 48 hours
Combat characteristics
- 500 km Iskander-K
- 280 km Iskander-E
Types of combat units
It can also be equipped with nuclear and chemical charges.
Rocket
The rocket of the 9M723K1 complex has one stage with a solid propellant engine. The trajectory is quasi-ballistic, the rocket is controlled throughout the flight using aerodynamic and gas-dynamic rudders. Manufactured using technologies to reduce radar visibility (similar to the low visibility technology of NATO countries "Stealth"): small scattering surface, special coatings, small size of protruding parts. Most of the flight takes place at an altitude of about 50 km. The rocket conducts intensive maneuvering with overloads of the order of 20-30 units in the initial and final sections of the flight. The guidance system is mixed: inertial in the initial and middle sections of the flight and optical (using the GOS developed by the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics, TsNIIAG) in the final section of the flight, which achieves high accuracy. It is possible to use GPS / GLONASS in addition to the inertial guidance system.
Options
Iskander can be equipped with R-500 cruise missiles with a range of more than 2,000 km.
Combat use
There is no reliable information about the combat use of the Iskander complexes, however, there were reports refuted by the Russian military that the complex was used during the Georgian-South Ossetian armed conflict in 2008.
According to Shota Utiashvili, head of the Analytical Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia, Russia used Iskander missile systems at facilities in Poti, Gori and the Baku-Supsa pipeline.
In blogs, Utiashvili's statement was widely discussed and was perceived ambiguously, since some of the photographs of several march stages presented as evidence do not refer to the Iskander, but to the 9M79 missiles of the Tochka-U complexes, while the other part of the pictures really shows fragments from applied code 9M723, corresponding to the designation of the missiles of the Iskander complex.
Mikhail Barabanov, an expert in the Moscow Defense Brief, points out that the Iskander complex was used at the base of a separate tank battalion in Gori. As a result of a direct hit of the warhead in the weapons depot of the Georgian battalion, it detonated. At the same time, the author notes that this information is based on unverified sources. A Dutch commission investigating the death of RTL Nieuws cameraman Stan Storimans in Gori on August 12, 2008 determined that the journalist had been killed by a single 5mm steel ball. According to the BBC, the Dutch commission expressed an expert opinion that Iskander was the carrier of the cluster munition, but the report did not indicate on what grounds such a conclusion was made.
The Russian Foreign Ministry said that the data provided by the Dutch side is not enough to determine the type of media. Earlier, Human Rights Watch put forward another version, according to which the cause of the death of the Dutch journalist was RBC-250 aviation cluster bombs.
Colonel-General Anatoly Nogovitsyn, Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, denied all reports of the use of Iskanders in Georgia, saying that the Iskander complex was not used during the hostilities in South Ossetia.
Politics
OTRK Iskander is a powerful weapon that can fundamentally change the military-political situation in certain regions of the world, therefore, the issues of placing Iskander complexes, as well as their export supplies, are often part of political consultations between countries.
Tactical and operational-tactical missile systems.
The strategy of conducting armed conflicts shows that one of their essential tendencies is the striving of the opposing sides to maximally limit the fight on the front line, in direct contact between troops in order to preserve manpower for inflicting a decisive blow and transfer the bulk of operations to the second echelons, which can be achieved by using aviation or missile systems for various purposes.
However, given that aviation operations are not all-weather and are also associated with human losses, missile systems remain the most effective means of destroying various types of objects at any time of the day, year, in any climatic conditions.
The social and political situation that prevailed at the initial stage of the development of the fuel and airborne missile systems and OTRK predetermined the creation of complexes, the use of which provided for only nuclear warheads (8K14, Luna, Temp-S), while the missiles had low accuracy and a low probability of overcoming enemy missile defense and other shortcomings determined by the level of scientific and technological development for the period of creation of these complexes.
The subsequent change in the military-political situation and the transition to conventional (non-nuclear) equipping of the fuel and air complex and OTRK required a fundamental change in the ideology of building these complexes, the main directions of which at the present stage are:
- high efficiency of the use of combat units of conventional equipment due to precision shooting accuracy;
- a wide range of combat units;
- autonomy, mobility, maneuverability and high cross-country ability of combat vehicles;
- secrecy in the preparation and delivery of a missile strike;
- speed of deployment of SPU and the minimum time for preparing a rocket launch;
- the possibility of using starting positions unprepared in engineering and topographic and geodetic terms;
- high reliability and ease of use;
- a high degree of automation of the process of preparing and conducting a launch;
- wide temperature range of combat use;
- long service life;
- high probability of overcoming enemy missile defense.
The first missile system of this class, created by KBM together with other leading enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the USSR, was the Tochka tactical missile system, which was put into service in 1975.
The "Tochka" complex, having high firing accuracy, was the first model of missile weapons of the Ground Forces, capable of effectively solving the tasks of destroying objects in the tactical depth of the enemy's defense with conventional warheads, has significant advantages over previously created RK (including foreign ones) in maneuverability, the possibility of preparing and delivering a covert missile strike, etc.
The complex is still in service with the Russian Army and the armies of a number of foreign countries and has proven itself to be one of the most effective and reliable means of destruction.
Subsequently, in order to expand combat capabilities, on the basis of the Tochka complex, a modernized Tochka-U tactical missile system was developed and put into service (in 1989) with a firing range of up to 120 km and maintaining high firing accuracy. At the same time, the Tochka-U complex has the ability to operate and combat use of missiles of the Tochka complex.
The "Tochka" and "Tochka-U" complexes, in addition to combat equipment, also include a complete set of their service maintenance and training equipment. KBM services organized after-sales service of the complexes and extension of their technical suitability.
Simultaneously with the work on tactical missile systems, KBM, together with co-executors, developed and put into service (in 1979) the Oka operational-tactical missile system with a firing range of up to 400 km.
9P71 with the 9K714 Oka missile in Slovakia (2000, a month before they were destroyed for American money).
The Oka complex was the only one in this class of missile systems, both domestic and foreign, in which the problem of overcoming the enemy's anti-missile defense was solved for the first time with a probability close to one.
The combat and technical characteristics of the complex significantly exceeded the characteristics of similar complexes, providing it with a significant perspective.
However, the Treaty on Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles, concluded in 1987 between the USSR and the USA, led to the elimination of not only the Temp-S complex with a range of up to 900 km, which falls under the Treaty, but also the Oka complex.
The scientific and technical groundwork accumulated by KBM in the development of the TRK and OTRK and the experience of operating these systems made it possible to use them in the creation of modern weapons, incl. in the development of the operational-tactical missile system "Iskander-E", which meets the requirements of the regulation on the control regime for the non-proliferation of missile technologies, with technical characteristics that ensure the fulfillment of not only modern, but also future requirements for weapons of this class.
The complex is designed for covert preparation and delivery of effective missile strikes against particularly important small-sized and area targets. It is built on the latest scientific, technical and design achievements in the field of operational-tactical missile systems and, in terms of the combination of implemented technical solutions and high combat effectiveness, is a weapon of a new generation. This is a "weapon of deterrence" in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space - a strategic weapon.
The large firing range, which allows it to be used from the depth of the location of its troops, and the short time spent at the starting position make the complex practically invulnerable. According to the conclusion of the leading military-technical centers, the Iskander-E complex in terms of efficiency-cost exceeds the best foreign analogues by 5-8 times.
The structure of the complex, its control system, automated combat control and information support make it possible to quickly respond to new requirements without significant refinement of combat assets and, as a result, provide it with a long life cycle.
The complex ensures the adaptation of its elements to the automotive and radio-electronic base of potential customers, as well as the possibility of constant (or periodic) maintenance of its elements by highly qualified specialists of Russian companies.
In terms of the level of combat capabilities achieved, the Iskander-E missile system has no analogues in the world, which makes it a promising weapon for the coming decades of the 21st century.
High-precision tactical missile system "Tochka-U".
Purpose: designed to effectively defeat the most important targets in the tactical depth of enemy troops.
The composition of the complex:
- single-stage missile, controlled along the entire trajectory, with an inseparable warhead; control system - inertial;
- automated control and testing machine;
- maintenance vehicle;
learning aids.
Main tactical and technical characteristics:
Firing range, km minimal 15 maximum 120 Shooting accuracy high Starting weight, kg 2010 Time.: preparation for launch, min:
from readiness No. 12 from the march 16 Launcher weight (with rocket and crew), kg 18145 Maximum speed of PU movement, km/h: by highway 60 afloat 8 Cruising range of combat vehicles by fuel (with full load), km 650 Technical resource of combat vehicles, km 15000 Crew, pers. 3 Temperature range of operation, deg.С -40 to +50 Service life, years at least 10, of which 3 years in the field Warheads (warheads) of the missile: a type Cassette, high-explosive fragmentation weight, kg 482
Operational-tactical missile system "Iskander-E".
The mobile missile system "Iskander-E" is designed to destroy the following ground targets in the operational range of high-precision missiles:
- command posts and communication centers;
- large groupings of troops;
- means of fire destruction;
- air defense and missile defense facilities;
- airplanes and helicopters in parking lots;
- the most important industrial and energy facilities.
The main features of the missile system:
- effective destruction of various types of targets in the conditions of the use of countermeasures by the enemy;
- possibility of covert preparation, combat duty and effective delivery of missile strikes;
- automatic calculation and input of the flight mission of missiles by means of the launcher;
- high probability of failure-free operation of the rocket during preparation for launch and in flight;
- high tactical maneuverability due to the high cross-country ability of combat vehicles mounted on all-wheel drive chassis;
- strategic mobility due to the transportability of the machines of the complex by all modes of transport, including transport aviation;
- automation of combat control of missile subunits, operational processing and bringing intelligence information to the appropriate command and control levels;
- long service life and ease of use.
The composition of the complex:
- rocket complex "Iskander-E" - solid-propellant, single-stage, controlled throughout the flight path, with an inseparable warhead in flight;
- self-propelled launcher;
- transport-loading machine;
- routine maintenance vehicle;
- command and staff vehicle;
- information preparation point;
- a set of arsenal equipment;
- training aids.
Main characteristics
Firing range, km minimal 50 maximum 280 Weight, kg: launch rocket 3800 payload 480 rocket launcher 42300 Warhead type cassette, high-explosive fragmentation, penetrating Rocket engine RDTT Type of control system autonomous, inertial, integrated with optical seeker Chassis type wheeled, off-road Number of missiles, pcs.: on the launcher 2 on a transport-loading machine 2 Combat crew of a self-propelled launcher, people: 3 Temperature range of application, hail. WITH ±50 Service life, years 10, of which 3 years in the field
Replicas from http://www.kbm.ru/ru/product/otrk, http://www.kbm.ru/ru/product/otrk/tochka-u, http://www.kbm.ru/ru/ product/otrk/iskander-e
Chronicle of the OTRK "Iskander".
The state tests of the Iskander-E operational-tactical complex are being completed, the supply of which to the Russian Armed Forces is provided for by the state defense order. As part of the state tests of the Iskander-E OTRK, more than 10 launches were carried out - more than half. The main problem is the delay in the prepayment of subcontractors for the manufacture of the material part for the next stages of testing. With proper funding, they will be completed within a few months. (as of April 2004)
Russia has successfully completed testing of the new Iskander tactical missile system. According to Krasnaya Zvezda, the Chief of the General Staff, Colonel-General Yuri Baluyevsky, said that it is planned to purchase a complex of the new Iskander tactical missile system and create a brigade equipped with this latest weapon. (30.08.2004. Business News Agency). In 2005, the first missile brigade equipped with new weapons will appear in the Ground Forces: each of its three missile divisions has 3 batteries, each of them has 3 mobile launchers of the Iskander-E complex, each with 2 missiles. In total - 27 launchers and (taking into account the stock on "loading" vehicles) 100 missiles. (for August-September 2004)
The first division of operational-tactical missile systems (OTRK) "Iskander" has been formed in the Russian Armed Forces. It will operate in one of the units of constant readiness in the south of the country, said Colonel-General Vladimir Zaritsky, head of the Missile Forces and Artillery of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Subsequently, in accordance with the Armament Program and the Development Concept, we will begin re-equipping, apparently, the missile brigades of the Far East and the Siberian Military District," the general said. (03/25/2005 ARMS-TASS news agency)
In 2005, plans were reported for the supply of Iskander complexes to Syria. This caused a negative reaction from Israel and the United States. During a visit to Israel, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a ban on such supplies in order to prevent disruption of the balance of power in the region.
According to the information received during the IMDS-2005 exhibition, the Iskander OTRK is also being developed in a sea-based version (for the Navy). This variant has the designation "Iskander-MKR". While there are no details on this topic, it is only known that the TT charge of the remote control is created at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Perm Plant named after S.M. Kirov", and the TT rocket engine - at the Iskra Scientific and Production Association (Perm). >>>
On May 30, 2007, tests of the R-500 cruise missile for the Iskander-K complex were completed at the Kapustin Yar test site, which is expected to be put into service in 2009. The R-500 high-precision subsonic cruise missile has an increased firing range compared to the Iskander-M and develops a cruising speed of 230-260 m/s. The combat load is 500 kg, the firing range is 500 km. The R-500 is equipped with a compact two-circuit low-thrust high-efficiency turbojet engine. (http://www.kapyar.ru/index.php?pg=218)\
According to the Dutch Foreign Ministry, the Iskander missile with a cluster warhead was used on August 12, 2008 during the shelling of the city of Gori during the August war against Georgia. The Russian side considers the evidence provided in the application to be insufficient.
In August 2008, during a visit to Moscow, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad expressed his readiness to deploy complexes in Syria.
On November 5, 2008, Russian President Medvedev, addressing the Federal Assembly, said that the response to the American missile defense system in Poland would be the deployment of Iskander missile systems in the Kaliningrad region.
The export of Iskander-E high-precision operational-tactical missile systems will be suspended until the Russian army is equipped with these weapons in sufficient quantities, said Nikolay DIMIDYUK, Director for Special Assignments of Rosoboronexport. Earlier, he stated that Syria, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, and India are showing interest in the Iskanders. True, the head of one of the defense plants recently admitted that foreign orders for Iskanders are several times higher than Russian ones. Moreover, the defense industry could not accept orders from the Russian army, because all production facilities are busy manufacturing Iskanders for export. We may need about 50 such complexes. And industrial capacities allow us to produce only 12 Iskanders per year. Therefore, it will take four years... (KP, 11/13/2008)
Optical seeker of the TRK "Iskander", shown by TsNIIAG at MVSV-2006.
- This GOS for Iskander was shown at the TsNIIAG stand at MVSS-2004. Apparently this is an optical-electronic correlation-extreme guidance system 9E436 (-E) for the Iskander missile system (-E).
- Model "Iskander-E" at MAKS-2005. The KBM representative said that the name "Iskander-M" was an invention of journalists...
- Model at the St. Petersburg MAKS-2003.
Questions about products on the KBM website.
Section: OTRK.
And what can you say about the possibility of overcoming the Iskander-E missile defense system of the enemy?
For the first time, the issue of overcoming missile defense was raised during the development of the Oka complex. The technical solutions adopted at that time made it possible to effectively overcome the existing missile defense system. It is quite natural that missile defense did not stand still and the developers of missile weapons attach great importance to the solution of the problem of overcoming missile defense, built on the basis of modern anti-missile systems. In the Iskander-E complex, of course, technical solutions have been implemented that make it possible to overcome the most modern missile defense with a high probability.
Doesn't the need to prepare two missiles lead to an increase in the time spent by the launcher of the Iskander-E complex at the launch position, which in turn will lead to an increase in the likelihood of it being hit by an enemy retaliatory strike?
No. In the Iskander-E complex, as well as in the Tochka, Tochka-U and Oka complexes, the time spent by the launcher at the launch position is minimal and is up to 20 minutes, while the interval between launches of the 1st and 2nd missiles no more than one minute. In addition, it should be noted that missile launches do not require launching positions specially prepared in engineering and topographic and geodetic terms, which can lead to their disclosure by the enemy. Launches can be carried out from the so-called "readiness from the march", i.e. the launcher drives into any site (except for swampy terrain and loose sands) and its calculation in an automated cycle, without leaving the cockpit, prepares and launches a rocket. After that, the launcher moves to the reloading point and, after loading the missiles, is ready to deliver a second missile strike from any starting position.
What warheads can be carried by the missile of the Iskander-E complex?
The missile can be equipped with: a cluster warhead with fragmentation submunitions of non-contact detonation; cluster warhead with cumulative fragmentation submunitions; cluster warhead with self-aiming submunitions; cluster warhead volumetric detonating action; high-explosive fragmentation warhead (OFBCH); high-explosive incendiary warhead; penetrating warhead (PrBCh). I would like to note that, unlike previously developed similar systems, in which missiles used a cluster warhead with contact detonation submunitions, the missile of the Iskander-E complex uses a cluster warhead with non-contact detonation submunitions that fire at a height of » 10 m above the surface.
Why, unlike the complexes you have previously developed, the launcher of the Iskander-E complex is equipped with two missiles, and not one. After all, this complicates the launcher and increases its cost.
Yes, of course, the launcher becomes more complex and more expensive, but not twice. If we evaluate the cost of performing a combat mission to hit a certain number of targets, then it is obvious that in the case of Iskander-E it will be significantly lower than when using the same missile from a hypothetical launcher for one missile, because the number of launchers involved to hit all the intended targets in the latter case is required just twice as much. It is possible, of course, to reload the launchers after the first missile strike, but this takes time, which, given the enemy's countermeasure capabilities, may not be enough. In addition, when using a launcher for two missiles in the complex, the cost of operation is reduced and the number of personnel of the missile unit is reduced.
KBM is known as the developer of such effective tactical and operational-tactical missile systems as “Tochka”, “Tochka-U”, “Oka”. Currently, information about the latest development has appeared in the media.
At one time, these complexes fully met the requirements and the level of development of technology of that period. But the Tochka and Tochka-U complexes have a range of up to 70-120 km, respectively, and Oka, unfortunately, was unfairly classified as a “shorter-range” missile and was liquidated in 1989 in accordance with the INF Treaty. The Iskander-E complex is a modern model of weapons, in which the latest achievements of science and design ideas are implemented. Its main features include: - high firepower of a missile strike due to the placement of two missiles on one mobile launcher; - effective engagement of one or two missiles of a large range of targets with warheads of conventional equipment due to the use of modern warheads, high accuracy and reliability of the rocket, as well as the ability to overcome the enemy's missile defense; - high efficiency of missile strikes and efficiency of control by bringing the automation of combat control to the launcher; - ample opportunities for modernizing the complex, including building up combat equipment, improving the accuracy of missile firing, and in other areas. Due to its characteristics, the complex is a “weapon of deterrence” in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space it becomes a strategic weapon.
The operational-tactical missile system 9K720 (according to NATO classification - SS-26Stone) appeared on paper as a concept in the early 80s of the last century. Its creation is dated for one of the stages of the Cold War, when the superpowers decided to limit the use of nuclear weapons for military purposes. To maintain the combat effectiveness of missiles, a significant increase in accuracy was required, which the inertial control system could not provide.
In addition, it was supposed to achieve the following aspects:
- the ability to maintain control over the projectile along the entire trajectory of movement to the target or most of it;
- automate the bulk of calculation tasks, including data exchange;
- use the rocket as a carrier for various warheads (there are currently 10 of them known).
The history of the creation of the Iskander missile system
Several bureaus of designers and institutes took part in the development of the Iskander, but the leading enterprise was the Federal State Unitary Enterprise KB Mashinostroeniya (Kolomna). By that time, the organization had a lot of missile systems on its account, and earlier the institution was developing most of the mortar systems that entered service, both of the Soviet period and for the needs of the Russian army.
S.P. Invincible, a designer who gained tremendous experience in creating similar systems using the example of the Oka complex, took up the development of Iskander. According to experts, the predecessor of the machine in question was the first in history capable of passing the means of destroying the enemy threat from the air with a probability of almost 100%. Due to this property, it was meant to ensure a high percentage of hits on intended targets. However, the equipment was destroyed according to an agreement between the main participants in the Cold War, concluded in 1987. But a small number of vehicles were in the ranks of the Russian army until 2003.
The baton for the development of a unique machine was taken over by Valery Kashin, who to this day is the general designer and head of the design bureau.
KBM received a difficult task: the missile must destroy stationary targets and those on the move. It was important to guarantee a high probability of overcoming defense systems and hitting. A major difference from its predecessor was the fact that the warhead did not have to carry a nuclear warhead. It was supposed to compensate for the weakening of the scale of destruction due to the minimum deviation from the target.
The ability to pass unnoticed by anti-aircraft systems and missile defense is based on the following technical solutions:
- The surface of the case was created as smooth as possible, which made it invisible;
- Protection from radar equipment was obtained by applying a special coating;
- A unique feature was the maneuvering of the missile in flight, which did not allow to calculate the meeting point, therefore, shoot it down.
It was not easy to achieve the perfect smoothness of the rocket, since during operation it is necessary to perform logistics operations, dock equipment, etc. All this is realized due to the integrated fastening elements, but at the moment of the shot, all the irregularities are smoothed out. For this, several clips of two half-rings are installed, which are connected by locks that detonate at startup and activate automatic covers. Thus, the places of detachable connections are closed when the rocket leaves the rails. Cheeky, isn't it?
Such a set of capabilities made the rocket unique: so far no foreign development can compare with it. Experts argue that any analogues are inferior to the Russian system by an order of magnitude and are unable to solve such complex problems. During the development phase, all these aspects required numerous improvements, which made the car unique in comparison with the original sketches.
The product "Iskander M complex" has been developed since 1993, when the corresponding decree of the President of the country appeared. The TTZ issued by the Design Bureau required an integrated and innovative approach. The design used and worked out all the advanced achievements of science within the country itself and abroad.
Special attention deserves the tests that were carried out in the framework of three types: bench, flight and climatic. Kapustin Yar was chosen as a testing ground for them, where many rocket novelties of the USSR and the Russian Federation were tested at one time. Some tests were carried out in other regions of the state.
The process was completed in 2011, when the machine was equipped with a missile with the index 9M723, which proved to be excellent during testing. In addition, a new guidance system was integrated - correlation.
The system was adopted by the Russian army in 2006. The systems began to enter the Western Military District (military district) 4 years after being put into service. The first batch of cars consisted of 6 units. The state program provides for the commissioning of 120 complexes by 2020. In 2019, 7 brigades will be formed in the Russian army, in which Iskander-M vehicles will be involved. In the same year, two vehicles will be handed over to the formations of the Eastern and Southern districts.
The purpose of the Iskander complex
According to the assignment, the reconnaissance and strike complex was supposed to hit from 20 to 40 targets per hour, which required a large amount of ammunition. That is why it was decided to place 2 missiles on one chassis at once.
The increased weight had to be compensated for by the development of a new undercarriage. If for previous generations (Point, Oka) the base was designed by the Bryansk plant, a new four-axle chassis was developed by the Minsk plant. As a result, it was possible to place the entire complex of weapons and launch control on one base.
The main objective of the complex is to defeat the targets of the following objects:
- small targets that perform storage and supply functions;
- strikes against objects in the rear of a potential enemy;
- enemy tactical means of destruction - MLRS (multiple launch rocket systems), artillery with a long range of fire, similar to RK;
- aviation at the time of parking and maintenance;
- strategically important objects, communication points;
- key points of civil infrastructure.
These tasks are solved with the help of various warheads that can be equipped with a rocket. Most often it is a cassette with 54 striking components, or high-explosive fragmentation, penetrating. At the same time, the car has tremendous potential, so more advanced parts are expected to appear in accordance with more complex combat missions.
The practice of modern wars shows that the means of destruction itself does not guarantee victory, regardless of the characteristics, striking ability and accuracy. If equipment is not included in the coordinated intelligence system or there is no possibility of prompt exchange of information, its effectiveness tends to zero.
Given the trend, the work of the complex is based on information from various sources: satellites, drones and reconnaissance aircraft. The data is sent to the preparation point, where it is converted into a task for calculation, which is transmitted to the command and staff vehicles of the division. After that, the task is put directly for execution. The system is controlled by local networks based on Russian computers, which can be easily upgraded and replaced with more advanced ones in the future.
The composition of the Iskander missile system
Of course, without support, the installation is not able to complete the entire range of tasks, therefore, many pieces of equipment are included in the support / supply group.
In addition to the self-propelled missile launcher (MZKT-7930 chassis), there are:
- command and staff vehicle, the base for which was KAMAZ;
- transport-loading - on a chassis identical to the launcher itself;
- a mobile point for preparing information at the KAMAZ base;
- a vehicle for regulation and maintenance, a life support vehicle for the crew, sets of equipment (training and arsenal), for which KAMAZ vehicles became the basis.
Together, the equipment is capable of performing a wide range of combat missions almost autonomously, taking positions.
Rocket
The 9M723K1 rocket used is a single-stage, solid-propellant engine. The trajectory of movement is quasi-ballistic, that is, it cannot be predicted. In flight, active maneuvering is carried out, and gas-dynamic and aerodynamic rudders are used to control movement to the target.
The projectile has unique characteristics. Manufactured using various advanced techniques to reduce radar visibility, in particular, "stealth technologies" are involved: the body with special coatings, the scattering surface is minimal, the protruding parts are minimized in size, and the missile becomes almost perfectly smooth in the air.
The main trajectory of movement is at an altitude of 50 km, but at the peak, the values \u200b\u200bcan reach a mark twice as high. At the initial and final stages of the flight, active maneuvering is carried out, when the probability of hitting a missile is greatest, while the equipment is affected by overloads of up to 20-30 units. Guidance to the final section (immediately after the salvo and on the main interval of the trajectory) is inertial, and at the final interval - optical, that is, a combined method is used, due to which it is possible to achieve maximum accuracy with an error of 5-7 meters.
For the operation of the first type of guidance system, it is allowed to use GPS / GLONASS. Since 2013, electronic warfare devices have been integrated into the designs, which immediately before the meeting with the goal allows you to cover the projectile from air defense.
The process was implemented by setting two types of interference:
- active;
- passive - at the level of surveillance / firing radars, which includes the emission of noise and decoys.
Self-propelled launcher
This is the main means of the group, which implements the transportation, storage and launch of missiles. The chassis of the product received the MZKT-7930 index.
The machine was developed specifically to perform tasks in this complex, capable of carrying a load of 19 tons, while developing 70 km / h on the highway and up to 40 on rough terrain. The combat crew includes three people. In terms of fuel, the cruising range reaches thousands of kilometers.
Transport-loading vehicle
On a similar basis, another vehicle of the group was created, carrying two missiles on board.
For loading the main installation, a crane is used, integrated into the design and calculation of two people. The total weight of the machine is 40 tons.
Command vehicle
An important decision was the use of a command and control vehicle for automated control.
Created on the basis of KAMAZ. For each link, the technique is unified. To coordinate actions, a chain has been formed: a launch battery - a missile division - a missile brigade. The interaction is supported in open and closed modes, the communication range on the march is 50 km, in a stationary position - 350, it takes no more than 15 seconds to transmit a command, the task is calculated in 10 seconds.
A calculation of 4 people is able to deploy / collapse the installation in half an hour, after which it continuously operates for two days.
Machine regulations and maintenance
The abbreviation for this unit of the complex is MRTO. It is necessary to assess the performance of systems and devices, as well as on-board equipment in the field.
On board there is everything necessary for emergency repairs. It takes up to 20 minutes to deploy by two people; checking missile systems does not exceed a third of an hour.
Missile complex life support vehicle
In MJO, people serving systems and equipment can eat and sleep while on duty.
For this purpose, two compartments are equipped, including 6 beds, a 300-liter water tank, two lockers in each of the blocks.
TTX of the Iskander missile system
The Iskander complex fully complies with the main provisions of the agreement between the countries aimed at limiting the use and sale of missile technologies.
According to the classification, theses are as follows:
- It is forbidden to sell missiles with a range of more than 300 km (Iskander has 20 km less);
- The payload must be less than 0.5 tons (domestic development is capable of carrying - 480 kg).
In addition, the carriers used run on solid fuel, which means that upgrading them to increase the range is difficult.
| The smallest distance to the target, km | 50 |
| The largest varies depending on the modification of the machine: under the symbol E/M/K, km |
280/500/2000 (R-500 cruise missile) |
| Maximum allowable warhead mass, kg | 480 |
| Vehicle weight with loaded missiles, t | 42,3 |
| rocket engine | solid propellant; |
| Number of missiles: | on the loading machine - 2 on the launcher itself, two more |
| Calculation, people | 3 |
| Operating temperature range, deg | -50 - +50 |
| Operational terms / including in conditions of use directly for its intended purpose, years | 10/3 |
| Hit error, m | 5-30 |
| Mass of the projectile at the start, t | 3,8 |
| Height, mm | 7200 |
| Caliber, mm | 920 |
| Cruise speed, m/s | 2100 |
| Ceiling on a ballistic trajectory, km | Over 100 |
| Required time to fire a shot, min | 4-16 |
| Period before the launch of the second rocket, min | 1 |
No similar weapon system can boast of such parameters, which makes the vehicle a unique means of warfare. Not only its functionality and multitasking are noted, but also the potential for deep modernization, which will extend the service life in the troops.
Combat characteristics of the complex
During development, the machine has great potential, thanks to the use of advanced technical solutions and achievements from the field of science. In fact, this is the latest generation of missile systems, with the potential to be upgraded in accordance with the realities of the future. The combat effectiveness of the machine makes it the leader among all existing Russian and foreign analogues. For example, some experts compare the complex with the fourth-generation United States destroyer "Donald Cook".
To obtain up-to-date intelligence and information on targets, interaction with various means is possible. It is used to process information about the location, number of the enemy and other data necessary for an accurate strike. To set up a combat mission, command and staff vehicles equipped with Russian computers are used, in addition, the order can come from artillery control points.
Depending on the purpose, several modifications were created. Among them, there is an export option aimed at supplying weapons abroad:
- "Iskander - M" - for the Russian army;
- Modification K uses cruise missiles;
- A complex with an E index is an option for sale that is fully compliant with the MTCR.
Experts say that no other modern missile defense system can oppose anything to the tandem from the M and K modifications. In the future, the vehicles will become the backbone of the land-based missile forces of the Russian Federation. Until 2020, 120 units will be delivered to the army.
Combat use
There is no conclusive evidence regarding practical use, but there is some evidence that iskandar participated in the 2008 conflict between Georgia and Ossetia. Shota Utiashvili, who was then the head of the Information and Analytical Department of the Georgian Police, made a statement about the use of the installation. According to his statement, the Russian armed forces used the vehicles at facilities in Poti, Gori, as well as along the Baku-Supsa oil pipeline.
The composition of the Iskander OTRK.
- Gross weight: 42 t
- Payload: 19 t
- Calculation: 3 people
- Chassis: MZKT-7930
- Chassis: MZKT-7930
- Loading crane
- Calculation: 2 people.
Command vehicle
- Number of communication channels: up to 16h
- Chassis: KAMAZ 43101
- Calculation: 4 people
- Weight: 13.5 tons
- Calculation: 2 people
- Chassis: KAMAZ
Information preparation point
- Calculation: 2 people
- Chassis: KAMAZ 43101
life support machine
- Chassis: KAMAZ 43118
– Warhead weight: 480 kg
- Length 7.3 m
- Diameter 920 mm
Nuclear munitions.
November 22, 2019
November 18, 2019
September 19, 2019
August 31, 2019
The operational-tactical missile system "Iskander" is designed to destroy areal and small targets in the depth of the operational disposition of enemy troops with combat units used in conventional equipment; destruction of enemy air defense and missile defense systems, as well as the most important objects covered by them, at ranges up to 500 km. The complex was developed by NPO "Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering". The tactical use of the OTRK may include the simultaneous strike of the Iskander-M quasi-ballistic missile and the Iskander-K cruise missile to destroy highly protected missile defense and air defense targets along different trajectories, which complicates the defense against destruction. It has a low non-nuclear barrier. Created using modern design and scientific and technical achievements in the field of OTRK. A feature of the installation is the use of two missiles.
The main characteristics of the Iskander OTRK
The composition of the Iskander OTRK.
The complex includes six types of machines:
Self-propelled launcher- designed for storage, transportation, preparation and launch of two missiles at the target.
- Gross weight: 42 t
- Payload: 19 t
- Highway speed: 70 km/h
- Travel speed on dirt road: 40 km/h
- Fuel range: 1000 km
- Calculation: 3 people
- Chassis: MZKT-7930
Transport-loading vehicle- designed to transport an additional two missiles.
- Chassis: MZKT-7930
- Loading crane
– Full combat weight: 40 tons
- Calculation: 2 people.
Command vehicle- designed to control the entire Iskander complex.
- Maximum range of radio communication in the parking lot / on the march: 350/50 km
- Mission calculation time for missiles: up to 10 seconds
- Command transfer time: up to 15 seconds
- Number of communication channels: up to 16h
- Deployment (clotting) time: up to 30 minutes
- Continuous work time: 48 hours
- Chassis: KAMAZ 43101
- Radio station: R-168-100KA "Aqueduct"
- Calculation: 4 people
Machine regulations and maintenance- designed to check the on-board equipment of missiles and instruments, to carry out current repairs.
- Weight: 13.5 tons
- Deployment time: 20 minutes
- The time of the automated cycle of routine checks of the on-board equipment of the rocket: 18 min
- Calculation: 2 people
- Chassis: KAMAZ
Information preparation point- designed to determine the coordinates of the target and prepare flight missions for missiles with their subsequent transfer to the SPU. PPI is interfaced with reconnaissance means and can receive tasks and assigned targets from all necessary sources, including from a satellite, aircraft or UAV.
- Calculation: 2 people
- Chassis: KAMAZ 43101
life support machine- designed to accommodate, rest and eat combat crews.
- Chassis: KAMAZ 43118
- Rest compartment: 6 wagon-type beds with folding upper sunbeds, 2 lockers, built-in lockers, opening window
- Compartment of household support: 2 lockers with seats, folding lifting table, water supply system with a tank of 300 liters, a tank for heating water, a pump for pumping water, a drain system, a sink, a dryer for clothes and shoes
Combat characteristics of the Iskander OTRK.
Circular error probable: 10-30 m
- Launch weight of the rocket: 3800 kg
– Warhead weight: 480 kg
- Length 7.3 m
- Diameter 920 mm
- Rocket speed after the initial part of the trajectory: 2100 m / s
- Maximum overload during the flight - 20-30G
- The maximum height of the trajectory - more than 100 km
- Minimum target range: 50
- Maximum target engagement range: 500 km "Iskander-K"
- Guidance: INS, GLONASS, optical seeker
- Time to launch the first rocket: 4-16 minutes
- Interval between launches: 1 minute
- Operating temperature range: -50 °C to 50 °C
- Service life: 10 years, including 3 years in the field
Types of warheads OTRK "Iskander".
Iskander can use a very wide range of combat units. The main ones are:
To destroy area targets and dug-in equipment, a cluster fragmentation warhead with remote detonation of 54 combat elements in the air is used to destroy people and equipment in the trenches from above.
- A concrete-piercing warhead is used to destroy bunkers.
- To hit point targets, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead is usually used.
Cluster warheads to destroy area targets.
Iskander can use a wide range of cluster warheads, allowing you to immediately hit a large area target, such as a military base, airfield, air defense / missile defense system.
On average, 1 kg of fragmentation cluster munitions affects about 32 m2. The impact area varies by type of cluster munition and can be much lower for HEAT or volumetric detonating, but these munitions can also hit armored vehicles or infantry/vehicles in shelters. Known types of cluster munitions OTRK "Iskander" are as follows:
Cassette with 54 fragmentation submunitions of non-contact detonation, triggered at a height of about 10 m above the ground
Cassette with cumulative fragmentation submunitions PTAB-2.5KO, capable of penetrating the armor of the roof of armored vehicles up to 20 mm thick, as well as injuring infantry with shrapnel
Cassette with self-aiming submunitions using its own radar and IR seeker to destroy clusters of SPBE-D equipment
Cassette volumetric detonating action to destroy manpower and equipment among buildings and in shelters
Non-cluster ammunition for hitting point targets.
Non-cassette warheads are designed to destroy point fortified objects such as command bunkers, reinforced concrete warehouse buildings, barracks, fuel storage tanks, and the like. Anti-bunker ammunition is designed to break through reinforced concrete floors up to 1.2 m thick and detonate indoors. High-explosive fragmentation warheads strike lightly armored vehicles at a distance of 70 m with shrapnel, and lightly vulnerable equipment, such as dug-in vehicles as part of air defense systems and communications centers, at a distance of 200 m.
Nuclear munitions.
Special (nuclear) warhead with a capacity of up to 50 kilotons.
November 22, 2019 A solemn ceremony of presenting a brigade set of the Iskander operational-tactical missile system to the personnel of the missile formation of the Western Military District took place at the Kapustin Yar training ground. The transfer of the kit completed the rearmament of the existing missile formations of the Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The event was attended by the chief of combat training - deputy chief of missile troops and artillery of the RF Armed Forces, Colonel Yuri Zaritsky, the command of the Western Military District and representatives of defense industry enterprises.
November 18, 2019 the crews of the Iskander-M missile systems of the Central Military District, during the exercises, practiced delivering group and single strikes against important objects and targets that determine the combat potential of a mock enemy at a distance of up to 200 kilometers. The crews marched to the designated area, where they carried out the engineering equipment of the starting positions and took up combat duty. Also, the calculations improved actions when working on launchers and transport-loading vehicles, and drivers consolidated their driving skills in various terrain conditions.
September 19, 2019 At the Donguz training ground in the Orenburg Region, servicemen of the missile formation of the Central Military District hit a training target with a missile from the Iskander-M operational-tactical missile system. The launch was carried out during the Center-2019 strategic command and staff exercises. The complex hit a target that imitated a critically important object of a conditional enemy.
August 31, 2019, as part of a tactical exercise at the Kapustin Yar training ground, military personnel of the air defense missile formation launched a ballistic missile of the Iskander operational-tactical missile system at a target simulating a critically important object of a mock enemy. As a result of the missile strike, the training target was destroyed.
... read more >News and Events
The ground forces completed the re-equipment with the Iskander missile system
On November 22, 2019, at the Kapustin Yar training ground, a solemn ceremony of presenting a brigade set of the Iskander operational-tactical missile system to the personnel of the missile formation of the Western Military District was held. The transfer of the kit completed the rearmament of the existing missile formations of the Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The event was attended by the chief of combat training - deputy chief of missile troops and artillery of the RF Armed Forces, Colonel Yuri Zaritsky, the command of the Western Military District and representatives of defense industry enterprises. Several dozens of launchers, transport-loading and command and control vehicles, life support equipment, regulations and maintenance were handed over to the personnel of the missile formation. The final stage of the rearmament of the missile formation will be a tactical exercise with a combat launch of a missile, after which the entire personnel of the formation will march in a combined way to the place of permanent deployment.
Complexes "Iskander-M" worked out strikes against a mock enemy
The crews of the Iskander-M missile systems of the Central Military District, on November 18, 2019, during the exercises, practiced delivering group and single strikes against important objects and targets that determine the combat potential of a mock enemy located at a distance of up to 200 kilometers. The crews marched to the designated area, where they carried out the engineering equipment of the starting positions and took up combat duty. Also, the calculations improved actions when working on launchers and transport-loading vehicles, and drivers consolidated their driving skills in various terrain conditions.
Iskander-M missile successfully launched at Center-2019 exercises
On September 19, 2019, military personnel of the missile formation of the Central Military District hit a training target with a missile from the Iskander-M operational-tactical missile system at the Donguz training ground in the Orenburg Region. The launch was carried out as part of the Center-2019 strategic command and staff exercises. The complex successfully hit a target that imitated a critically important object of a conditional enemy. The servicemen also complied with the standards for transferring the missile system to a combat position and reloading missiles. The effectiveness of the defeat was evaluated using the Orlan-10 unmanned aerial vehicle.
Strategic command and staff exercise of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Center-2019
The strategic command and staff exercise of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation "Center" was held from 16 to 21 September 2019. They are the final stage of the complex of combat training measures. During the exercises, the servicemen worked out the issues of using groupings of troops in solving the problems of combating international terrorism and ensuring military security in the Central Asian strategic direction.
OTRK Iskander rocket launched near Astrakhan
As part of a tactical exercise at the Kapustin Yar training ground in the Astrakhan region on August 31, 2019, servicemen of the missile formation of the Eastern Military District launched a ballistic missile of the Iskander operational-tactical missile system at a target simulating a critically important object of a mock enemy. During the exercise, the crews of the complex showed skills in meeting the standards for transferring the OTRK from traveling to combat, reloading missiles from transport-loading vehicles to self-propelled launchers and delivering a missile strike at given coordinates. As a result of the missile strike, the training target was destroyed
The Elusive Rocket Avenger
There are magic words in world politics that terrify entire governments of countries. For example, the phrase "chemical weapons in Syria" or "nuclear weapons in Iran" causes a state of extreme military-diplomatic excitement among the political elite of the countries. However, in terms of the speed of the reaction of the progressive public to such phrases, our "" has no equal. Mention of OTRK "Iskander-M", especially in the context of its placement at someone's borders, inevitably entails a reaction close to hysteria from the media, the military and politicians of the border countries and their Western overlords. Let's figure out what is the secret of the magical properties of this operational-tactical missile system that frighten our neighbors so much.
Missile complex problem "Iskander" thing is it is impossible to "catch". Firstly, because during the flight the missile maneuvers with huge overloads, which are still inaccessible for any interceptor missile in service with the countries of the world. Secondly, it flies very low - up to 6 m from the surface at a speed Mach 4, so it is almost impossible to detect using standard radar tools. Thirdly, it throws out decoys to deceive the enemy radar, sets up active radio interference and “jamming” all emitters that are used to navigate the missile defense system in space.
The principle of operation of homing systems, which have the scientific name of correlation-extreme, is that the optical equipment forms an image of the terrain in the target area, which is compared in the on-board computer with the reference one, after which corrective signals are issued to the missile's controls.
Optical seeker universal and imposes only one requirement on the inertial control system of the rocket: bring the latter to the point at which the optics begin to see the target. The existing active means are powerless against such a head, which very effectively counteract radar homing systems. The high sensitivity of the seeker allows work even on a moonless night, which favorably distinguishes the new system from existing analogues. In addition, optical systems do not need signals from space radio navigation systems, such as the American NAVSTAR, which in crisis cases can be turned off by its owners or disabled by radio interference. By the way, many potential customers of Iskander-E put forward demands for independence from satellite navigation. At the same time, the integration of inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that hits a given target almost in every conceivable condition.
Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, a reconnaissance aircraft, or to an information preparation point (IPP). It calculates the flight mission for the missile, which is then broadcast via radio channels to the command and staff vehicles (CSV) of the division commanders and batteries, and from there to the launchers. Commands for launching missiles can be formed both in the KShM and come from the command posts of senior artillery commanders. PPI and KShM equipment is built on local networks Russian computers, and the functional purpose of the complex of controls depends only on and can be easily upgraded to control various fire weapons.
On October 11, 2011, the completion of the first stage of testing the updated missile system was announced. "Iskander-M" with new combat equipment - with a new electronic warfare system, which provides cover for the missile in the final phase of the flight. This system includes means of setting passive and active interference with surveillance and firing radars of the enemy's air and missile defense, through noise and the release of decoys. Since 2013, new missiles have been supplied to the Russian army.
More detailed and a variety of information about the events taking place in Russia, Ukraine and other countries of our beautiful planet, you can get on Internet conferences, constantly held on the website "Keys of Knowledge". All Conferences are open and completely free. We invite all interested. All Conferences are broadcast on the Internet-Radio "Vozrozhdeniye" ...
Search
We may notify you of new articles,