What paper is made of and how. Lesson "What is made of what?" What natural materials is the notebook made of

But how do you get a beautiful notebook, book or pack of white sheets from a huge tree? Let's figure it out together.

How paper is made

The paper is produced in paper mills. Logs are brought from the forest to the factory. Most often they use pine, spruce, birch, as well as eucalyptus, poplar, chestnut.

On a special platform, the bark is ripped off from the logs and crushed into chips. Then, on a conveyor belt, the fragments are transported to a pulp mill, where they are cooked in a special solution. The result is cellulose - the main raw material for papermaking.

Interesting! From one tree, 2857 notebooks of 12 pages are obtained. It takes 60 years to grow a mature tree. That is why it is important to use textbooks and notebooks with care, because they are all felled trees.

The most economical way to get wood pulp is mechanical... The woodworking company crushes the timber into chips and mixes it with water. This is how poor quality paper is made - for example, for newspapers.

But for the manufacture of high-quality paper - for magazines, books and brochures - they use chemical method... With the help of sieves, the fragments are sorted by size. Then the chopped wood with the addition of acid is cooked in special machines.

Then the cellulose passes through filters and is washed free of impurities. At this stage, waste paper can be added to the raw material, but it must be cleaned of ink first.

The next step is to add adhesives and resins. The first ones repel moisture, the second ones prevent ink spreading, which are often made on a water basis. It is thanks to these processes that what is written in your notebook is not smeared and is easy to read. Printing paper does not require such gluing, because printing inks are not prepared on a water basis.

But that's not all. Then pigments and dyes are added to the paper raw material. For example, the white color of paper is obtained by adding kaolin.

After that, the pulp enters the paper machine on a conveyor belt. Here, using tiny porous holes and wringing with various rollers, moisture is removed from the paper and a continuous roll tape is formed.

At the “wet pressing” stage, the paper is finally dried, dehydrated and compacted. The result is an even white tape wrapped around a huge roll. The paper is ready! Can be sent to book factories. There, the paper web is cut to create books and notebooks.

You can learn all the intricacies of paper production from the video.

How are books made?

So, after the author writes the text, and the editor of the publishing house approves it, it begins proofreading process... The work is checked for errors. Ideally, the proofreader team will proofread the text multiple times. After that, illustrations are selected for the book.

Then begins layout... Using a special computer program, the layout designer selects the format of the book, the size of the margins, types and sizes of fonts, determines the location of illustrations and text.

The next stage is called color separation... Did you know that in order to print the cover of a fashion magazine you only need four colors: blue, pink, yellow and black? Therefore, now the designer must divide all illustrations into four components.

The most crucial stage is book printing... The ink is rolled out to a thin layer with the help of rollers on the printing machine, fed to the printing plate, which rotates and prints the image on a continuous turn of paper.

Interesting! Printing workers can print several thousand sheets in one shift.

It is difficult to imagine any book without a cover. Therefore, the next stage is the creation of the "face" of the future book. If the cover is ready, it is placed on the book block and trimmed. If a hard cover is being made, the book is trimmed before the cover is glued.

That's all - the book is ready to delight the eyes of admiring buyers, all that remains is to pack it. You can see firsthand how books are made in the next video.

What were books and paper made of in antiquity?

Once upon a time there were no books in the form in which you see them in shop windows or in libraries today. And all because people did not know how to make them. Instead of paper, humanity has used walls of caves, stones, dishes, tree bark…

Years passed and people came up with the idea of making records on wet clay... However, such books were too heavy, inconvenient and short-lived.

After some time, the heavy clay canvas was replaced books from veal or goat skins are light and practical. Since the first such book was created in the ancient city of Pergamum, animal skin "paper" was called parchment.

However, such material was too expensive, as many calves had to be slaughtered to create one book. Therefore, people continued to look for cheaper and easier ways to create books. And they succeeded.

A tall marsh plant grows along the rivers of Africa - papyrus... People did not immediately guess about its amazing properties. At first, the plant was used in the construction of houses. But one day a man was repairing his house. I cut the stem, took out the fibrous middle and put it in the sun. Imagine the man's surprise when he noticed that the fibers turned into dry narrow ribbons. And when he saw that papyrus also absorbs paint well, he realized: you can write on papyrus! This is how papyrus books appeared.

But who and when invented paper as we see it now? Researchers assure: the palm belongs to the Chinese. They thought of making paper from young bamboo shoots.

Interesting! ... Until that time, the Chinese used to write on silk or bamboo plates. The Chinese zealously cherished the mystery of silk making. However, silk was very expensive, which means-inaccessible to the majority of the population, and bamboo- too heavy. Only 30 hieroglyphs were placed on one board. Preserved information: in order to transport some of the works, the Chinese needed a whole cart.

Chinese chronicles report that invented paper in 105 A.D. e. Tsai Lun.

"Everyone appreciates the activities of Tsai Lung: he invented paper, and his fame still lives on ..."- says the chronicle.

The 4th century became a turning point in the history of papermaking. After improving the technology of its production, paper has replaced bamboo planks forever. New experiments have proven that paper can be made from cheap plant materials: tree bark, reed, bamboo. The Chinese were especially pleased with the latter: bamboo in their country is a dime a dozen.

No matter how hard the Chinese tried to keep the secrets of papermaking, they failed. In 751, during the fight against the Arabs, several Chinese craftsmen were captured. From them arabs learned the secret of creating a mysterious product and for five centuries sold it profitably to Europe.

Oddly enough, but Europeans the last of the civilized nations to learn how to make paper - somewhere in the XI-XII century. The Spaniards were the first to borrow the paper-making technology, then Italians, Germans, British ... It is interesting that for a long time paper was made not only from soaked tree fibers, but also from rags and other rags.

The first industrial paper production machine was invented in France in 1798.

On the territoryand Ukrainian lands paper production began in the 13th century in Galich. However, documented information about Ukrainian paper "factories" has been preserved since the 16th century. Researchers of the history of the Ukrainian paper industry have found materials about 200 "factories" operating on the territory of Ukraine from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, which testifies to the high cultural level of the then population.

Radomysl Castle in Radomyshl, Zhitomirshchina - the first paper mill in Central Ukraine, built in 1612.

Now paper surrounds us everywhere, every year conquering more and more new areas of application. That is why it is so important to remember that it is made from trees - forest resources, which are catastrophically decreasing every year on the planet.

Taking good care of books, using paper sparingly, handing over waste paper, planting trees is the least that anyone can do to preserve forests. And one inventive boy, in order to preserve the forest plantations, even refused to write an essay. =)

Reply left the guest

Notebook ... this integral part of school life accompanied our childhood, the childhood of our parents - and, probably, will not soon become a thing of the past. It seems that notebooks have always existed! But they did appear sometime ... how and where did it happen?

The word "notebook" itself will help to answer this question ... what associations does it evoke? Let us recall similar words: "tetralogy" is a work consisting of four parts (for example, R. Wagner's tetralogy "The Ring of the Nibelungen", which includes four operas), "tetralogy of Fallot" - a severe heart defect, including four violations ... In other words, the name "notebook "Comes from the word" four "... what's behind that?

There are several possible explanations for this. One of them is that books in the libraries of medieval universities, for the convenience of students, were divided into four parts (it is really convenient: you don’t have to wait for someone to hand over the whole book - you can work with a part of it for now, in the absence of typography this is was irreplaceable), and these parts were called quarters - notebooks ...

But with a greater probability, we can assume that the concept of "notebook" is still ancient, and precisely in the meaning we are accustomed to.
Perhaps it came to us from Ancient Greece, where students (however, not only them) wrote with sharpened sticks-styles on wax-covered boards. But how much can you write on one tablet? On the other hand, it is also not very convenient to fasten many boards at once - an impressive bundle will turn out ... The best option turned out to be four boards - a notebook! Such student notebooks have survived to our times - and they show us how and what they taught in ancient schools. So, in one such notebook, a very relevant saying is rewritten four times: "Be diligent, boy, so that you don't get ripped out!"

But there is another version of the origin of both the notebook itself and the word "notebook". Let's remember what was the “favorite” writing material in the Ancient World? Papyrus, of course! After all, wax boards were convenient for student exercises, current notes "for memory" - in a word, for something short and not particularly valuable, which you can erase immediately, but for large and valuable texts something long-lasting and light was needed. In this regard, papyrus was the ideal option.

But he also had disadvantages. The fact is that the papyrus cannot be folded - it will break at the same time, it can only be rolled up into a scroll. What it is like to find the right place in a scroll (sometimes very long), you can easily imagine if you remember the recent past: how we suffered in search of the right place on video and audio cassettes! And to top it all off, the Egyptians banned the export of papyrus from their territory.

But, as you know, if there is a need, there will always be a replacement. And she was found - after the campaigns of Alexander the Great. In the Greek city of Pergamum in Asia Minor, they took over from the Persians and improved the technology of making skins. This is how the material for writing appeared, which is called - by the name of the city - parchment. It turned out to be even better than papyrus: it did not darken and did not break over time.

At first, scrolls similar to papyrus ones were made from parchment - so to speak, "by inertia". But it was inconvenient: the scroll had to be long and narrow, a lot of parchment went to waste - and this is not a cheap material! Finally, an optimal solution was found: a sheet of parchment was folded in four - this was called a "notebook" - and several such notebooks were stitched together, and it already looked like what we call a notebook now.
Thus, the appearance of the notebook is directly related to the invention of parchment. It took centuries for parchment as a writing material to be supplanted by paper - and notebooks became paper.

My synopsis
NATURE 1 CLASS

A QUESTION TO NATURE

LESSON 58 What is paper made of?

Theme. What is the paper made of?

Purpose: to give students an understanding of papermaking; open the mind; to foster respect for natural resources, respect for working people.

DURING THE CLASSES

I ... Organizing time

II ... Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson

Guess riddles.

He is silent, but he will teach a hundred fools.

White field, black seed, who sows it, he understands.

What is the answer to these riddles? (Book)

What is the book made of?

Today in the lesson you will learn what a person makes paper from.

III ... Perception and awareness of new material

1. Teacher's story

The paper is produced in a paper mill. Pine and spruce logs are brought from the forest to the factory. Special machines rip off the bark from them and grind them into chips. Then the pieces are boiled in a special liquid. Paper is made from boiled wood on porous machines, and it is wound into huge rolls. The rolls are sent to book factories. Here they are cut into sheets and made from them books and notebooks.

What other materials are used to make paper?

Learn how people made paper in ancient times.

2. Physical education

IV ... Generalization and systematization of the knowledge gained

1. Do you know what? ..

Paper was invented in China. The Chinese made it from soaked plant fibers. Paper reached Europe between 1000 and 1100. It turned out that it can be made from wood, rags and even ... from old paper - waste paper. So it turned out that the paper could be used twice!

To make 1 ton of paper, you need 5.6 m3 of wood. Considering that the average volume of one log (tree) is 0.33 m3, then 17 trees are required to produce 1 ton of paper.

And from 1 ton of paper, about 30 thousand ordinary student notebooks can be made.

2. Drawing up a diagram

Make the correct chain, wood paper notebook wood

(wood ----- ruffle ---- - paper ------ notebook)

How is a notebook made from a tree?

There are different types of paper. Where are they used? (Demonstration of a collection of different types of paper.)

What is paper used for?

Is it easy to get paper?

How should we treat our notebooks, textbooks, after all, these are felled trees? And to grow an adult tree, you need at least 60 years.

And also furniture, dishes, toys are made of wood. (Show)

3. Conversation

A person needs different products: dishes, clothes, books and other things.

Where does a person get the material for their manufacture?

Nature is rich and varied. She generously shares her gifts with a person. A person receives from nature various plants, fish, birds, animals, raw materials for the manufacture of materials, objects.

What should people pay attention to when extracting different materials in nature? (To get them no more than necessary, spend sparingly, plant new trees, restore the land on site, use the recycling of raw materials.)

V. Lesson summary

What question was answered in the lesson?

Who now knows what books and notebooks can be made of?

What do you think, today in the lesson we learned about all natural materials from which you can make items of clothing, dishes?

Books will help you with this. (Acquaintance with the exhibition of books.)

Appendix to Lesson 58

Solving logical problems “What is“ superfluous ”? Why?"

Maple leaf, oak leaf, birch leaf, sheet of paper. ... Wardrobe, table, fork, book.

Car, scissors, knife, pencil.

Pencil, book, notebook, notebook.

The topic "What is made of".

Target: To acquaint with natural materials from which various objects are made; to form elementary ideas about some production processes, starting with the extraction of raw materials in nature and ending with the receipt of the finished product; foster respect for natural resources.

Planned results: Metasubject

Regulatory: be able toformulate educational task;understand the educational task of the lesson and strive to complete it; formulate conclusions from the material studied; answer the final questions; realizecontrol and correction;evaluate the results of their activities in the classroom.Cognitive: classify items by the nature of the material, show different production chains in color;read text of the textbook; according to the pictures of the textbooktrace production chains, simulate them,make up story by pictures, give other examples of the use of natural materials for the production of products.Communicative: participate inthe work of the couple and the group. Agree with each other, take the position of the interlocutor, show respect for the opinions of others.

Subject: y know what natural materials people use to make products; learn to make up the simplest production chains

Personal: take good care of things; understand the need to respect nature; respect the work of people.

Educational materials: Textbook A.A. Pleshakov “The World Around”, workbook No. 1, computer, multimedia projector, screen, various objects made of clay, metal, wood, wool; cards - models. Havestudents: signal traffic lights, colored pencils (markers), glue,

1. Organizational moment, emotional attitude. (slide1)

The bell rang funny
Is everyone ready? All is ready?
We, now, do not rest,
We are starting to work.

Look at each other. Mentally wish each other a good mood for the entire school day. Look at me. I also wish you today that you are attentive, active, resourceful. and most importantly, hardworking.

Let the words be the motto of the lesson

"You know yourself, tell another!"

Guys, to get started, let's plan our actions. What do we always do at the beginning of the lesson?repeat

In any lesson we learn something, we learn something, which means

Knowledge will not be lasting, so you need it ...anchor

And also any work must be done ...check and evaluate

Well, now let's get to work. I hope you succeed.

2. Checking homework.

What section are we studying with you? (City and village life)

( ( Industry, trade, transport, construction, agriculture)

A) Individual tasks on the cards. (4 children receive assignments)

- Underline industrial products with one line, agricultural products with two.

1. Tomato, book, carrot, telephone, table lamp, potatoes, tractor, radish, onion, chair, iron, slippers.

2. Watermelon, cherry, chair, T-shirt, grapes, boots, coat, rocket, plum, desk, pumpkin, cabbage, plane, garlic, cucumber.

B) The game “True-False”.

Let's play a game“True-False” (work with signal cards-traffic lights: if true, green, if not, red)

Is it true that the economy is the economic activity of people? (Yes)

Is it true that trade gives us bread, milk, meat? (No)

Is it true that paper money was first used in China? (Yes)

Is it true that money isn't made of wood these days? (Yes)

Is it true that clothes, shoes, furniture are produced in trade? (No)

Is it true that a painter, bricklayer, plasterer, crane operator work in construction? (Yes)

Is it true that we can buy food and things in agriculture? (No)

Is it true that in order for us to drink a glass of milk in the morning, only the branches of agriculture and trade work? (no, transport, industry)

Is it true that together with the builders, transport and industry specialists are involved in the construction of the house? (Yes)

Is it true that all branches of the economy are related to each other? (Yes)

Can a modern economy run without money? (No)

C) Mini-project "How did the money appear?"

D) The story of E. Lentitskaya about the profession of parents.

Which branch of the economy does this profession belong to?

What sectors of the economy are there in our area? (Agriculture, transport, trade.)

Can we tell. What is the most important profession?

Well done for learning so much about economics.

3. Self-determination to action

Guys, I brought these items to the lesson.

What question do you have when you see these items? (What are they made of?)

So the topic of our lesson is "What is what is made of?"

Read the topic of the lesson in the textbook. Page 108.

What educational tasks will we set ourselves?

To do this, use the phrase: “I think that ...

Let's read in the textbook what Ant says about it.

4. Joint discovery of knowledge. Learning new material.

What seemed difficult and incomprehensible? (Production chains)

Production chain - the order in which an item is made. (Board )

What materials are these items made of? (Clay, metal, wool, wood)

Guys, what do these items have in common? (Made by human hands)

Since ancient times, people have had to adapt to living conditions in different conditions. The tools of labor, dwellings and household items, clothing, ornaments created by people were from the materials that were in that area.
- The oldest are stone tools. Ancient people first used stone fragments, branches and branches of trees. Scientists believe that the very first tool made by ancient man was a hand ax, carved out of stone.

In our time, a person from the very birth of a person enters the world of things. We are already so used to this that we do not think about how and from what the objects around us are made.

Task on page 108 from the textbook (Mutual check)

Group work. Task p.109.

Clay - 1 group

Wool -2 group

Metal - 4 group

Wood-3 group

The class gets acquainted with the production of products according to the plan and draws up a poster:

1. Study the information in the textbook.

2. Consider the drawings.

3. The order of making items.

4. Depict the production chain using models.

5. Prepare a poster.

Work together, the result will be successful.

5. PHYSICS.

We played in the profession -

In an instant we became pilots!

We flew on the plane

And suddenly they became drivers!

The steering wheel is now in our hands-

Second class rides fast

And now we are at the construction site

We put bricks exactly.

One is a brick and two and three -

We are building a house, look!

The game is over

It's time for us to go back to our desks.

6. Group performance.

The groups have done some research and will now explain how the items are made. Before the performance, children make riddles.

If you meet on the road

Then the legs will get bogged down,

And to make a bowl or a vase-

You will need it right away. (Clay)

Every year to the good fellow

Adds around the ring. (Wood)

Thick grasses are entangled,

The meadows have curled up,

And I myself am all curly,

Even a curl of a horn. (Sheep, ram)

I'm going into the water red, and I'm going out black (metal)

Performance plan.

Item name.

What is it needed for?

What is it made of

How is it done?

7.Primary fastening.

Questions in the frame of the textbook p.111.

8. Independent work with mutual check according to the sample.

(work in pairs)

Workbook p.79-71

Exercise 1.

Show different production chains with arrows of different colors.

Task 2.

Write what people can transform these materials into.

(Grain, mill, bread. Iron ore, mill, scissors, etc.)

"5" - no errors.

"4" - 1 error

"3" -2 errors. (Check work on multimedia )

And besides clay, wood, metal, what materials can various objects be made of? (Plastic, rubber, glass, etc.)

What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials in nature for the manufacture of all kinds of products?

1) Obtain no more materials than is required.

2) Spend sparingly.

3) Plant new trees.

4) Rehabilitate the land at the site of the quarries.

9.Inclusion in the knowledge system.

Man needs different things.

Where does he get the material for their manufacture? (In nature)

What people should pay attention to. By mining various materials in nature?

Read in the tutorial on page 111 (in bold)

What production chains have you learned about?

Task 3. Workbook p.71 №3.

1, 2 chains for the weak

For the strong (Come up with source material)

8. Lesson summary.

Check how attentive you were to the lesson.

So, a person needs a variety of products. Where does he get the material for their manufacture?(In nature .)

To make a hat and a scarf, you need- (wool )

Paper is made from (wood )

For the manufacture of ceramic dishes you need (clay )

Pots, spoons are made from (metal )

What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials in nature? (Get them no more than required, spend sparingly, plant new trees)

By extracting various materials, people change nature, harm it. The quarry left after the extraction of clay can turn into a ravine on the surface of the earth. The cut down forest is the destroyed home of many plants and animals. Natural resources are not eternal, they must be protected.

What can the unwise, wasteful use of natural resources lead to? (There will be no forest, no animals and plants, no man. Our planet will become a lifeless desert.)

We need to remember that the knowledge and work of many people are invested in every thing, so things must be treated with care.

We made a trip to the Land of Masters.

What question was answered in the lesson? (What is made of what?) - Who now knows what dishes, clothes, comfortable things, books can be made of?

What do you think, today in the lesson we learned about all natural materials from which you can make items of clothing and dishes? (NO)

What classroom items are made from natural materials?

9. HOME TASK.

Your homework will be:

Find out what other natural materials are and what is made of them?In the next lesson, tell your classmates about this. (Optional)
-Find out what materials are used to make your toy.

Workbook p.71 №4. For the strong

10 reflexion

I know that …

I learned …

I am satisfied…

Class: 2

Planned results: Metasubject

Regulatory: be able to formulate educational task; understand the educational task of the lesson and strive to complete it ; formulate conclusions from the material studied; answer the final questions; realize control and correction; evaluate the results of their activities in the classroom. Cognitive:classify items by the nature of the material, show different production chains in color; read text of the textbook; according to the pictures of the textbook trace production chains, simulate them, make up story by pictures, give other examples of the use of natural materials for the production of products. Communicative: participate in the work of the couple and the group. Agree with each other, take the position of the interlocutor, show respect for the opinions of others.

Subject: learn what natural materials people use to make products; learn to make up the simplest production chains

Personal: take good care of things; understand the need to respect nature; respect the work of people.

Teaching materials: Textbook by A.A. Pleshakov “The World Around”, workbook No. 1, computer, multimedia projector, screen, various objects made of clay, metal, wood, wool; cards - models. Have students: signal flags, colored pencils (markers)

1. Organizational moment, emotional attitude. (slide1)

The bell rang funny
Is everyone ready? All is ready?
We, now, do not rest,
We are starting to work.

2. Checking homework.

A) Individual tasks on the cards. (2 children receive assignments)

Underline industrial products with one line, agricultural products with two.

1. Tomato, book, carrot, telephone, table lamp, potatoes, tractor, radish, onion, chair, iron, slippers.

2. Watermelon, cherry, chair, T-shirt, grapes, boots, coat, rocket, plum, desk, pumpkin, cabbage, plane, garlic, cucumber.

B) The game "Is it true or not."

Let's play the game "Is it true or not" (work with signal cards-traffic lights: if true, green, if not, red)

Is it true that the economy is the economic activity of people? (Yes)

Is it true that trade gives us bread, milk, meat? (No)

Is it true that paper money was first used in China? (Yes)

Is it true that money isn't made of wood these days? (Yes)

Is it true that clothes, shoes, furniture are produced in trade? (No)

Is it true that a painter, bricklayer, plasterer, crane operator work in construction? (Yes)

Is it true that we can buy food and things in agriculture? (No)

Is it true that in order for us to drink a glass of milk in the morning, only the branches of agriculture and trade work? (no, transport, industry)

Is it true that together with the builders, transport and industry specialists are involved in the construction of the house? (Yes)

Is it true that all branches of the economy are related to each other? (Yes)

Self-determination to activity

Look at the screen ... (slide 2) The slide shows different objects.

(Shell, mittens, scissors, jug, ruler, spoon, scarf, mug, pencil)

Determine which "extra"? (shell)

Why? ( Shell - created by nature, and the rest were made by man)

What is the name of what is done by human hands? ( Man-made world)

Practical work.

Divide the rest of the items into groups by material. (Divide items into groups.)

All of these items are familiar to you. Name them and explain what they serve. What do all these items of the same group have in common? (They name the items. Tell them what they are for - from clay (vase, pot, brick, clay toy-whistle),

Wool (sweater, gloves, socks, scarf),

From metal (spoon, bowl, mug, scissors, metal constructor),

Made of wood (ruler, wooden spoon, matryoshka, notebook).

What will we talk about in the lesson? (We will find out what and how people make different products.)

Read the lesson topic in the tutorial.

Formulate the learning objectives that we will set ourselves? (we will talk about objects, find out what they are made of). Let's read about it in the tutorial.

Work on the topic of the lesson.

Conversation "What from what?" (Group work)

Now let's talk about each group of items separately.

1. Wool (consider a group of items made of wool ) (slide 3)

We have determined that these items are made of wool. Where does the wool come from?

(p. 111 of the textbook) Consider the drawings and tell us how woolen things are made.

1. Shearing sheep;

2. Making woolen yarn, winding on bobbins;

3. Manufacturing of woolen cloth;

4. Drawing on the fabric;

5. Manufacturing of clothing details according to patterns.

What new things have you learned about woolen making?

How was this scarf made? How did you get the different colors?

2. Wood (consider a group of objects made of wood) (slide 4)

It is clear that the ruler and the stand are made of wood. But how did the notebook end up in this group? How did our textbooks come about? The guys who prepared the messages will help us figure it out.

a) Student speeches on papermaking.

There are different types of paper. Where is it used?

The plant produces paper.

A writer writes a work.
The artist makes illustrations
The publishing house prints books.
Books appear in the store.

Speech by children.

Today paper is made in mills where machines help people.

Machines are taken to work even when the future paper in the forest is growing. Electric saws saw, fell trees. Timber tractors are carrying logs to the river. The machines tie the logs into rafts, and the rafts float down the river to the gates of the workshop. Here other machines get down to business: a fast multi-saw machine cuts logs into logs; machine - a box rip off the bark from them; the chipper chops wood chips into chips; the chips travel on a self-propelled track to the cauldron. In a boiler, wooden porridge is cooked in a special solution. This porridge, when ready, becomes paper.

b) Display of a collection of different types of paper.

What is paper used for?

Is it easy to get paper? How to treat our notebooks, textbooks, because all these are felled trees. And it takes at least 60 years to grow a full-grown tree.

And also furniture, dishes, toys are made of wood. (Show.)

6.Fizzy

Now guess who you are talking about?. ( The music "Bu-ra-ti-no!")(slide5)

Why do you think we remembered Pinocchio? (made of wood)

And from what fairy tale? ("Golden Key". A. Tolstoy)

7. Conversation "What is what?" (continuation)

For a long time in Russia dishes were made from clay and such wonderful toys. (slide 6)

And how toys are made of clay, we learn from a fragment of the film .

(Watching a fragment of the film “The Legacy of Philemon's Grandfather”.)

A student's story about clay.

Clay is extracted in a quarry by excavators. In its raw form, it is plastic. It is mixed with water to form a thick paste and then utensils or toys are molded from it. When dry, the clay hardens and becomes very strong. Then the products are fired in an oven at a high temperature of 450 ° C. After firing, the clay becomes strong and never becomes soft. The art of doing such things is called ceramics.

In ancient times, when there were no refrigerators, earthenware jugs were used to store cold water. The water remained cold, as it seeped through the fine pores of the jug and evaporated, which helped keep the water cold.
The Chinese were remarkable potters. Made from special white clay porcelain... When fired, this clay becomes white. This cup is also made of clay.

I must say that bricks, toys, and tiles are made of clay.

In the last group, we had objects made of metal ... (slide 7)

A student's story about iron making

Nobody makes iron, it is created by nature itself, like water, clay, sand ... And people only extract this iron and turn it into cast iron and steel.

Iron is apparently invisible in the world - it is in the sand (that is why it is yellowish), and in reddish-brown clay, and in brown stone - flint. Iron is even dissolved in water.

Most iron is found in iron ores. It is from them that this most important metal is mined.

How is the ore mined?

Here you cannot do without a huge, powerful, steel copal - a scoop, a small paper bag with an explosive charge and long wires. The miners will drill holes in the ground, put explosives in them, and let current through the wires. Cover your ears here. As the explosion crashes - tons of earth, stones will fly into the air, scatter around, and the ore hidden under them will open. It happens that the ore itself has to be crushed by explosions. Finally, the explosions died down. A walking excavator is taken to work. The excavator will scoop up the ore with a bucket-scoop, turn around - and a whole wagon or a giant dump truck is loaded. But the ore was brought to the plant. How do you turn it into iron? A hot fire helps people here. In huge, like high-rise buildings, furnaces - blast furnaces day and night raging fire. Here, to the very top of one of these domains, trolleys crawled along an inclined road. They will rise, overturn, pour the load into the oven - and down. In some trolleys, ore, in others - white stone, limestone, in others - fuel, dark gray spongy coke. It is, like a cake, baked from the finest coal, ground into flour. Well, limestone helps the coke to pull out all excess impurities from the ore.
The coke burns hot, but it cannot melt the ore. To make it burn even hotter, you need to constantly fan the fire, you need air, hot, incandescent. That is why there are several more towers next to the blast furnace. It is in them that the air heats up. Mighty fans drive air currents through the pipes, continuously fanning a firestorm in the blast furnaces. The flame is raging, the ore melts, settles, drops of cast iron metal gather in trickles, rivulets ... Cast iron is heavy, it flows down to the bottom of the furnace, and everything that was in the ore rises, floats up in bubbly fiery foam. This is slag.

Finally, the master gives a signal: “Cast iron is ready! You can release melt ”. A minute, another ... and, scattering fountains of sparks, illuminating the sky with a fiery glow, liquid metal will pour into a huge ladle. There are many buckets, each on wheels. There is a whole cast iron train on the rails. One bucket will fill, immediately the next one will fit under the stream. Where will the fire-breathing train go? His way is not far away - to the neighboring workshop. Here the cast iron will be poured into molds. In them, the liquid metal will solidify and take the form of the same form in which it was poured. And we meet with cast iron every day. After all, ordinary pans, cast iron, radiators, grates, into which streams on the streets run away - all this is also cast from cast iron.

So, we got acquainted with some of the materials from which a person can make the items he needs. And now, to consolidate, we will complete the tasks in the notebook.

Fastening (work in pairs):

Independent work on the "Workbook" p.39-40 №1,2