1. In the conditions of a modern open society, it depends on you, what position you will occupy in society, in which social group is to be. Thanks to its own efforts, you can change this position, moving from one step of the social staircase to another.
  2. If you are not indifferent to the fate of your country, if you are trying to present its future development, it is important to know what the situation and the mood of a social group is what its influence on social life and politics.
  1. Evaluating the activities of the state, make sure that it takes into account the interests of certain groups in their socio-economic policy, for example, in solving such issues as establishing or canceling taxes, the definition of social assistance to the poor and so on.

Document

From the book of the Russian sociologist, the founder of the Russian and American sociological schools of P. A. Sorokina "Man. Civilization. Society".

    If the economic status of members of a certain society of unequal, if among them there are both immutors and the poor, then such a society is characterized by the presence of economic bundle regardless of whether it is organized on the communist or capitalist principles, whether it is constitutionally defined as "society of equal" or not . No labels, signs, oral statements are not able to change or climb the reality of the fact of economic inequality, which is expressed in the difference in income, living standards, in the existence of rich and poor segments of the population. If within any group there are hierarchically different ranks in the sense of authorities and prestige, ranks and honors, if there are managers and managed, then regardless of terms (monarchs, bureaucrats, hosts, bosses) This means that such a group is politically differentiated * what It would neither proclaim in its constitution or declaration. If the members of some society are divided into different groups by the nature of their activities, classes, and some professions are considered more prestigious in comparison with others, and if members of a particular professional group are divided into managers of various ranks and on subordinates, then such a group It is professionally differentiated regardless of whether the chiefs are elected or are appointed whether their leadership positions are inherited or thanks to their personal qualities.

Questions and tasks for the document

  1. What kinds of social stratification says in the document?
  2. What, according to the author, demonstrates the economic, political and professional differentiation of society?
  3. Is it possible on the basis of the document to argue that social inequality is manifested in various types of societies?
  4. What conclusion from the read text can be done to understand the social structure of modern society?

Questions for self-test

  1. What caused the existence of social groups in society?
  2. What social groups exist in modern Russian society? What is an objective basis for their occurrence and existence?
  3. How affect the social structure of society by the diversity of ownership and market relations?
  4. Who do you think forms the Russian middle class?
  5. What are the points of view on the possibility of achieving equality and justice in society, where there is social differentiation?
  6. What does the concept of "social mobility" mean? What are her types?
  7. Give examples of social mobility from various periods of world and domestic history.
  8. Name the social mobility channels known to you. Do you think that of them play a particularly important role in modern society?
  9. Expand the social interests of various groups in society on specific examples. How do these groups act in defense of their interests?
  10. What is the practical importance of knowledge about the social structure of society?

Tasks

  1. The National Democratic Institute of the United States issued a methodological manual "How to win the elections?". It is recommended to start planning the election campaign with the study of the social structure of its constituency. What do you think, what caused this practical advice? How can the obtained data on the situation of various social groups in the district be affected by the election campaign?
  2. Describe yourself and members of their family as representatives of the social structure of society, choosing several different criteria for social stratification.
  3. The former worker opened his work and became an entrepreneur. What social phenomenon illustrates this example?
  4. What are the strikes of miners, teachers, other professional groups? Formulating your answer, rely on the relevant concepts of the topic. Use material from newspapers and other media.

Thoughts wise

"Perhaps equality is right, but no power on Earth will make it a fact."

O. De Balzac (1799-1850), French writer

Annotation.Educational sessions are devoted to the topic "Social structure and stratification. Middle class and its role in society. The essence of social inequality. " The methodology for conducting training sessions ensures that emotional contact with students, increasing their learning motivation, the formation of strong knowledge. The use of interactive methods is aimed at the development of creativity, fantasies, communicability, the formation of an active life position of students.

Keywords: Social structure and stratification, social elevator, vertical and horizontal social mobility, historical forms of social stratification, open and closed society, middle class.

Subject lesson: Social structure and stratification. Middle class and its role in society. Essence of social inequality .

Objective: To form knowledge of social structure, stratification, middle class, its role in society, the essence of social inequality.

Travel course:

1. Organizing time , during which the subject of classes is reported, goals and tasks are noted, missing.

2. Actualization of knowledge .

Knowledge of students is checked by using interactive Method "Alphabet". The teacher calls the method and explains the rules for its implementation: Participants are invited to recall the terms and fill out a technological map: enter a marker on Watman or chalk on a blackboard into each line the term starting with the corresponding alphabet letter. If necessary, the teacher may propose to disclose the essence of the term. An example of filling the technological card:

anthropogenesis, Anomy

family, Consciousness, Socialization

marriage, unconscious

creation

interaction, time, virtuality

ufological

philosophy

deviation, movement

natural population decline

values

individual, Institute

Kant, Controller

personality, leader

myth, microatos, matter

space

revolution, reform

3. Statement of new material it is carried out in the form of lecture using the presentation on the following issues:

  1. The concept of social stratification. The essence of social inequality.
  2. The concept of social mobility.
  3. Historical stratification forms.
  4. Middle class and its role in society.

Slide 1.Presentation. Social Structure and Stratification

Slide 2.Social inequality is a form of social differentiation, in which individual individuals, social groups, layers, classes are located on different stages of the vertical social hierarchy and have unequal life chances and opportunities to meet needs.

Our society is divided into layers? For what features this division is carried out, we will learn from the original source. Your attention is offered text P. Sorokina.

Students read the text, then answer questions.

Documentation

From the book of the American sociologist, founder of the national and American sociological schools of P.A. Sorokina "Man. Civilization. Society".

If the economic status of members of some kind of unequal society, if among them there are both immutors and the poor, then such a society is characterized by the presence of economic bundle, regardless of whether it is organized on the communist or capitalist principles, whether it is organized by the constitutional as "society of equal" or not . No labels, signs, oral statements are not able to change or climb the reality of the fact of economic inequality, which is expressed in the difference in income, living standards, in the existence of rich and poor segments of the population. If, within a group, there are hierarchically different ranks in the sense of authorities and prestige, titles and honors, if there are managers and managed, then independently of the terms (monarchs, bureaucrats, hosts, bosses) this means that such a group is politically differentiated that It would neither proclaim in its constitution or declaration. If the members of some society are divided into different groups by the nature of their activities, classes, and some professions are considered more prestigious in comparison with others, and if members of a particular professional group are divided into managers of various ranks and on subordinates, then such a group Professionally differentiated regardless of all, whether the chiefs are elected or are appointed, whether they are inherited by their leadership positions or through their personal qualities.

Questions and tasks for the document

  1. What kinds of social stratification says in the document?
  2. What, according to the author, demonstrates the economic, political and professional differentiation of society?
  3. Is it possible on the basis of the document to argue that social inequality is manifested in various types of societies?
  4. What conclusion from the read text can be done to understand the social structure of modern society?

Slide 3.The stratus (lat. Stratum - layer, layer) is a public layer, a group of people united by any social characteristic (property, professional, official, etc.).

Social stratification - dismemberment of society to the strata allocated in terms of income, power, education, prestige.

Slide 4.Social mobility is the transition of people from some public groups to others.

Slides 5-9.There are two main types of social mobility - vertical and horizontal. Vertical mobility implies moving from one strata (class, class) to another. Depending on the direction of movement, there are ascending mobility (social lifting, upwards) and downward mobility (social descent, downward movement). Increased in position - an example of ascending mobility, dismissal, degradation - an example of descending. Horizontal mobility implies a transition of an individual from one social group to another, located at the same level. An example is the movement from the Orthodox to the Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another, from one family (parental) to another (its own, newly educated), from one profession to another. Such movements occur without a noticeable change in the social position in the vertical direction.

A variation of horizontal mobility is geographical mobility. It implies moving from one place to another while maintaining the former status. An example is international and interregional tourism, moving from the city to the village and back. If the change of status is added to the change of place, then geographic mobility turns into migration. If a rustic resident came to the city to visit relatives, then these are geographical mobility. If he moved to the city at a permanent place of residence and found a job here, then this is already migration. He changed his profession.

Social mobility can be group when the individual goes down or rises along the social staircase along with its group (class, class), and individual when he does it regardless of others. The reasons for group mobility are factors such as social revolutions, foreign interventions, invasions, interstate wars, civil wars, military coups, changing political regimes, replacing the old constitution of new, etc. to the factors of individual mobility, i.e., reasons allowing one person Achieve great success than another, scientists include the social status of the family, the level of education, nationality, physical and mental abilities, external data, receiving education, place of residence, favorable marriage.

Slide 10.Social elevator is the conditional name of the set of factors that have a decisive impact on vertical social mobility.

"Social elevators":

1) crisis society (revolution, war, conquest);

2) Normal society (army, church, family, marriage, school, property).

Slide 11.The army functions as a channel vertical mobility in wartime. Large losses among the command formulation lead to the filling of vacancies from lower ranks. Soldiers are moving along the social staircase thanks to talent and courage. Increasing in rank, they use the resulting power as a channel for further promotion and accumulation of wealth. It is known that out of 92 Roman emperors 36 reached power, starting from the lower ranks. Of the 65 Byzantine emperors 12, they advanced thanks to the army career. Napoleon and his surroundings, marshals, generals and the Kings appointed by them came out of commoners. Cromwell, Grant, Washington and thousands of other commander reached the highest position due to the army.

Slide 12.The church as a social mobility channel has moved a large number of people from the bottom to the vertices of society. Gibbon, Archbishop Reims, was in the past slave. Pope Gregory VII - Son Carpenter. Sociologist P.Sorokin studied 144 Roman Catholic dads biography and found that 28 came out of the bottom, and 27 from the middle layers. Celibacy Institute (celibacy) introduced in the XI century. Pope Gregory VII, obliged the Catholic clergy not to have children. Due to this, after the death of the servants of the Church, the vacant places of officials were filled with new people. In addition to the ascending movement, the church was a dowel channel. Thousands of heretics, pagans, the enemies of the church were given to the court, ruined and destroyed. Among them were a lot of kings, dukes, princes, lords, aristocrats and the nobles of high ranks.

Slide 13.School, institutions of education and upbringing, which particular form they did not have acquired, in all centuries served as a powerful channel of social circulation. Democratic countries relate to societies where schools are accessible to all its members. Large contests in colleges and universities in many countries are explained by the fact that education is the fastest and affordable channel of vertical mobility. In such a society, the "social elevator" moves from Niza himself, passes through all the floors and reaches the top itself. An example is the ancient China. In the era, the confusion of the school was open to all classes. Every three years have been arranged exams. The best students regardless of their family status were selected and translated into higher education, and then to universities, from where they came to high government posts.

Property is most clearly manifested in the form of accumulated wealth and money. They are one of the simplest and effective ways of social advances. In the XV-XVIII centuries. European society began to rule money. Reached high position only those who had money, and not noble origin. The last periods of the history of ancient Greece and Rome were the same. P.Sorokin found that not all, but only some classes and professions contribute to the accumulation of wealth. According to its calculations, in 29% of cases, this allows you to make a classes of manufacturer, in 21% - banker and stock, in 12% of the merchant. The professions of artists, artists, inventors, statesmen, miners and some others do not give such opportunities.

Slide 14.Family and marriage become vertical mobility channels in the event that representatives of different social statuses come to the Union. In European society, the poor, but the titled partner with rich, but doubt was common. As a result, both moved along the social staircase, having received what everyone wanted. An example of descending mobility we find antiquity. According to Roman law, a free woman who married a slave, herself became slave and lost the status of a free citizen. The family has become the main mechanism of social selection, the definition and inheritance of social status. The origin from the notable family guarantees good heredity and not automatically decent education. Parents took care of the best education of children, it became a mandatory norm for the aristocracy. In poor families, parents could not give appropriate education and upbringing. They could give no noble families. Of these, the management elite was recruited. The family has become one of the institutions of the distribution of members of society by strata.

Slides 15-22.Slides illustrate the type of mobility, which is determined by students, worked out the text.

The task

Read the text and determine what type of mobility made an individual.

1. Vysotsky Mikhail Stepanovich began labor activities in 1946 at the Minsk automotive factory as a collector. Today it is known to us as the creator of the Belarusian School of Designing and the study of trucks. Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Hero of Belarus. In 1997, the International Biographical Center in Cambridge, on the basis of expert assessments, assigned to him the honorary title "Man of the Year-1997" with the help of the medal of honor for outstanding achievements. His name is included in the 25th edition of the "Dictionary of International Biographies" as an outstanding figure of science. The American Biographical Institute included the name of Academician M.S. Vysotsky in the list of 5,000 scientists who have made a great contribution to the development of science in the XX century.

2. JIA Marie Frangzhi is an American model, one of the first supermodels in the world. With the advent of the first significant earnings, the quaranji became the frequenter of the most fashionable clubs of New York. Gradually, Jia began to take drugs. In the spring of 1983, the model Career Jii was finally completed. While working on a photo session in North Africa, she once again found for drug use. Quaranges forced to collect things and return home. After 3 years of immoral lifestyle, the supermodel died.

3. Louis Bart Mayer was born in a Jewish family in Minsk emigrated with his family, fearing the anti-European pogroms. Young years spent in poverty. It is now known as one of the first film crews, the head and founder of the Hollywood film studio "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" and the American Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences, annually by the main film "Oscar", also proposed by him.

4. Oscar Wilde during his lifetime was quite popular, his literary works were well sold. In 1895, Wilde condemned for 2 years. Conclusion broke unfortunate. Friends turned away from him, the wife changed her surname and sons. Coming out of prison, Wilde also changed her name and surname, left for France. All money remaining on pocket expenses after buying food and overnight stay, the writer spent on a drink. Three years later, Wilde was cold and infected her ear, having passed into bad weather on the street. Not treated and died in a cheap hotel from meningitis. Doctors caused, but he had nothing to pay.

5. An outstanding French actor Gerard Depardieu was born in a simple peasant family - his father did not even know how to read and write. The financial situation of the family was not easy - in addition to Gerard, there were five more children. Due to poverty, lack of attention and communication, the boy began problems with speech. Gerard stood out and was unlikely, which later led to the fact that he threw his studies and worked for a while at a local printing house, and soon he was seriously carried away by boxing. It was involved in the criminal scams and put on the police recorded. Accidentally Depardieu hit the acting courses, where he noticed his talent.

6. Sergey Shevkunenko was born in the "cinema" family. His father worked as director of the second creative unification of the Mosfilm film studio, mother there. In 1973, Sergey starred in the film "Kortk", in 1974 - in the Bronze Bird, in 1975 - in the film "Missing Expedition". However, at the time of filming the "cortic", 13-year-old Shevkunenko was registered in the Children's room of the police and had serious alcohol problems. After graduating from eight classes of secondary school, Sergey did not want to continue studying. In 1975, after another fight, he was sent to special vocational schools. In March 1976, he again participates in a fight and this time sentenced to the year of imprisonment. Walking to freedom, Shevkunenko engaged in business. In a short time, the brigade was crying, which began to control a number of points in the area of \u200b\u200bMosfilmovskaya Street. The brigade was part of the Ossetian criminal group, which specialized in banditimism, extortion and abduction of people. It is also known for its successful financial transactions. On February 11, 1995, Shevkunenko was killed in his apartment with his mother.

7. Eminem lived in a trailer with his younger sister and mom. The family lived in Detroit, the main population of which was African Americans, therefore, there were frequent cases of beating the "white" eminem. After one of these cases, he could not come to himself more than 10 days.

Slides 23-28.. Illustrated forms of historical stratification.

The task

Students independently in groups of 5 people consider the forms of social stratification: slavery, caste, classes and classes. Then the representative of each group sums up the work.

Historical forms of stratification

Three main stratification systems can be distinguished: slavery, caste, classes and classes.

Historically, the first type of social stratification was slavery. It arose in ancient times in Egypt, Babylon, China, Greece, Rome. Slavery is a social, economic and legal form of consolidating people. For slave-owned society, the extreme degree of inequality is characterized and fullentless.

The two historical forms of slavery are the patriarchal, in which the slave had all the rights of the younger family member (lived with the owners, participated in public life, could marry free and even inherited the owner's property). The killing of such a slave was considered a crime; Classic slavery, in which slave finally rolled out: he lived separately from the owner, did not participate in anything, did not have the right to marry and have a family. The owner could sell him as a cattle or other property and even kill.

Slavement is the only form of social bundle in history, at which one person turns the other in his own and deprives him of all rights and freedoms on the legitimate basis. In the caustes, estates and classes there is no.

Castes (from Portuguese "clean") are such social groups or strata, whose membership is obliged solely by its birth. Together with the membership, a person receives hereditary classes, and a profession. The classic caste system is characteristic of Indian society.

Video "slavery"

In India there were thousands of castes, but all of them were grouped into four main: brahmins, or priests (Kolo 3% of the population), Kshatriiv, descendants of warriors and Visia (merchants) (about 7% of the population), sudra, or peasants and artisans (70% population) and Harjan, or untouchable (cleaners, garbers, horsemen, pigs) who made up 20% of the population.

Each caste has its own drachma - a set of prescriptions and prohibitions that determine the norms of behavior, regulate the actions and even feelings. According to Drachma, the girl can become a wife only a member of his caste, as the bride and the bride are raised in the same drachma.

Caste block divides Indian society on horizontal layers, centuries isolated from each other by the system of prohibitions of mutual communication, changes of the profession, mutual marriages. High caste members should not communicate with members of the low - neither to eat together, nor drink from their hands, nor look at their women, nor allow their children to play with their children. About the accessories of a person to a particular caste says even type of clothing. Dwelling, food, even dishes for its preparation are strictly defined by the laws of drachma of each caste.

Attempts to issue themselves for a member of another caste are immediately exposed in such conditions. They are punished with an exception from the caste. Canceled (Harijan) are deprived of all rights to use the well, a rustic pond, a temple, a house, even manure of their cattle. The castes, connecting people with hundreds of undistributing ultrasound, turned into a closed social organism in a little changing over the centuries.

The strength of age-old traditions is so great that even the cancellation of the caster in 1950 could not eliminate the caste system completely and it continues to be part of the daily life of India.

Video "Castes"

The next type of social stratification is the class division of society. The estate is a social group that is fixed in their customs or law and inherited rights and responsibilities. The class division existed in feudal societies from IV to the XIV century. As in the caustes, they existed a hierarchy, expressed in the inequality of the situation and privileges of people.

Europe at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries was a classic model of a classic organization. The society was divided into two higher estates (nobility and clergy) and the lower third estate (artisans, merchants, peasants). In the X-XIII centuries, the third estate was the peasantry. The division on the estate was the ownership of the land.

Legal laws determined the rights and obligations of each class. It was possible only to move within the estates. Each class includes many layers, ranks, levels, professions, ranks. Only nobles can claim the public service. Aristocracy was considered a military estate (chivalry).

The industrial revolution of the XVIII-XIX centuries, the processes of industrialization and urbanization destroyed the feudal-class and clan system and led to the formation of class system. The concept of "class" appeared only in the XVIII century.

The class is a large social group of people who own or do not speak the means of production, depending on this occupying a certain place in the system of public division of labor and characterized by a specific way to obtain income.

Unlike caste, class data systems, the class system is much more open, since it is based on an economic basis - for money and material property. Although the person's belonging to the class, its social status is also determined at birth, inherited from parents, but throughout the life of the individual it may change depending on what he managed to achieve in life.

In contrast to the caustes and classs, the classes always leave the possibility of a completely free transition of individual personalities from one class to another. For the class system of social stratification, the relative flexibility of its boundaries, creating opportunities and conditions for social mobility, i.e., to move individuals on the social staircase.

Students fill in the table

Slide 29. In modern science, three classes are allocated - the highest, medium and lowest.

William Lloyd Warner (1898-1970). The position in the social structure (status) depends on the level of education, the kind of classes, the values \u200b\u200bof the state and income.

Higher

The highest layer of the highest class is rich aristocrats

The lower layer of the highest class is a millionaires in the first generation, which are often associated with the criminal world, expose their wealth at the bottom, have a strong character and phenomenal enterprise.

Middle

The highest layer of middle class is highly educated intellectuals (doctors, lawyers) and business people (capital owners). These intellectuals managed to carry out an outstanding invention and get big profits from its sale.

The lowest layer of the middle class is stationery employees, secretaries, cashiers, ordinary doctors, school teachers.

Lower

The highest low-class layer is qualified workers. These include qualified electricians, inspection instrumentation and automation, welders, car drivers, car drivers, etc.

The lower layer of the lowest class is homeless tramps, beggars, criminals and unemployed.

The task

1. The National Democratic Institute of the United States issued a methodological manual "How to win the election?". It is recommended to start planning the election campaign with the study of the social structure of its constituency. What do you think, what caused this practical advice? How can the obtained data on the situation of various social groups in the district be affected by the election campaign?

Aristotle In his work "Politics" recorded the presence of three layers in the ancient city - the state, believing that only then the state would harmoniously develop when people of medium wealth would prevail. This predominance, according to Aristotle, allows you to temper, on the one hand, the immeasurable greedy of the rich, and on the other - the aggressiveness of the poor.

Do you agree with Aristotle, why?

Slide 30.The middle class is a social group of people having sustainable income sufficient to meet a wide range of material and social needs. The resources with which the middle class has sufficient to ensure the "worthy" quality of life. By virtue of this, the middle class is characterized by a higher social stability.

The functions of the middle class are traditionally considered to be stabilization of society and reproduction of qualified labor.

Slide 31. In modern sociology, it is customary to distinguish between the following approaches to the definition of the middle class: an objective (approach based on the level of material well-being and a resource approach), subjective (based on the self-refuge of people to the middle class) and their combination.

Slide 32.Approach based on the level of material well-being

This approach is associated with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe average class as a massive social subject, which is characterized by a relatively high life standard and consumption level.

Slide 33 Arguing about the specifics of the "becoming" the Belarusian social structure of transition society, the following principal features should be taken into account:

  • instability, i.e. exposure to decay into several independent measurements, when there is no connection between different stratification criteria;
  • multipleness in which the old layers and classes of Soviet societies are adjacent to new;
  • mosaic, when autonomous social stratification systems are observed in different sectors of the economy.

Slide 34.Belarusian sociologists strategy of modern Belarusian society by the following indicators: rich (1.5%), wealthy (5-6%), secured (7%), medium-incursed (14%), low-income (17%), poor (44%), beggars (7%).

4. Identify the correctness of the perception of the new material

To identify the correctness of the perception of the new material after the presentation of the material, a discussion is carried out using interactive method "Compose a story."

5. Reflection . Tasks: determine the degree of satisfaction with the occupation, joint activities; Find out the presence of interest in learning the program, the prospects for joint activities.

"Reflective target"

  1. On the interactive board depicted a target that is divided into four sectors
  2. In each of the sectors, the parameters are recorded.
  3. Each participant marker four times "shoots" to the target, making a mark that corresponds to its assessment of the interaction held. If the participant lowestly estimates the results, the mark is put in the "milk" or in the zero field, if higher in the field "5". If the results are evaluated very high, then the mark is placed in the "apple".
  4. After each interaction participant "shot", the teacher offers several participants to analyze the situation.

6. Message of homework . As a home task, it is proposed to explore the results of the abstract compiled in the classroom. Additionally: 1. A. N. Elsukov, A. N. Danilov, "Fundamentals of Sociology and Political Science", p. 114 - 121; 2. Essay from the first person. Imagine that you are a representative of one of the types of historical stratification: caste, layer, slavery, estates (optional). Describe the device of your society, the difficulties you have to face.

Bartkevich, T.O. Methodical development of a lesson on the discipline "Basics of Socio-Humanitarian Sciences" // Mastery Online [Electronic resource]. - 2015. - 3 (4).
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Access date: January 24 2020

What are the five types of stratification of society named in the text?


People speaking in the same language feel more close than people speaking different languages. The manifestation of this we can observe everywhere. In the cities where multiliamatic people live, Russian stretches to Russian, German - to German, etc. The person who fell into an alien country and does not know her language, glad to meet the face speaking in his language. The same we see and within the population of one state.

It is easy to see that the linguistic bundle passes through the lines, other than the lines of state and racial bundle. The population of one state, for example, Russia consists of a variety of language groups. And back, one and the same language group on state affiliation often refers to two or three states. Language grouping does not coincide with racial. People of one race, such as white, speak different languages, and back, people of different races may have one language.

Under the profession, one should understand the permanent activity of a person who serves him as a source of means of existence. These are the classes of the doctor, engineer, the farmer, the factory worker, etc. In the modern society of professions many. The number of them reaches several thousand. Professional classes impose a strong stamp on the entire spiritual nature of a person, on his way of thinking, on his tastes, habits and interests. The similarities of people by profession causes the similarities of their interests, tastes, habits; Makes single-professional persons with solidarity with each other. It is currently difficult to find a profession, whose members would not be combined to jointly protect their interests in professional groups.

Degree in the degree of property or wealth, dividing the population on the rich and poor for a long time, and remains one of the most important bundles.

Explanation.

1. Reply to the first question: "Under the profession, one should understand the permanent activity of a person who serves him as a source of existence."

2. The answer to the second question: "Professional classes impose a strong press on the entire spiritual nature of a person, on his way of thinking, on his tastes, habits and interests."

Source: GIA according to social studies 05/31/2013. Basic wave. Option 1321.

Attracting social science, facts of public life, confirm the examples of the author's following judgments:

a) "The population of one state, for example, Russia consists of a variety of language groups"

b) "People of one race, such as white, speak in different languages"

c) "People of different races may have one language"

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following items:

a) in language affiliation The peoples of Russia are 6 linguistic families: Indo-European (89%), Altai (6.8%), Caucasian (2.4%), Ural (1.8%), Chukotka-Kamchatka, Eskimo-Aleutskaya ;

b) Russians speak Russian, and the Germans in German;

c) in English speak white Americans and African Americans.

The response elements can be given in other formulations close to the meaning.

1. Install the compliance between the specific rules and types of social norms: to each element given in the first column,

pick up the element from the second column.

Types of social norms

A) when entering the room, a man should

remove headdress

1) moral

B) citizen can be elected president of the Russian Federation

older than 35 years, not less than 10 years constantly

living in Russia

2) Legal

C) every day you need to do some kind of good business

3) etiquette norms

D) younger in age should be the first

welcome elder

E) bellile travel in public

transport is punishable by a fine

1) Family 2) School 3) Health 4) Church

the characteristic of which social institutions is given below "His task is to ensure national security, protection against external threats"?
1) Family 2) School 3) State 4) Church

We offer you a fragment of the text about the progress of one of the well-known experiments of Solomon Asha, about half a century ago of the group's submission to the group

pressure. Ash asked students in a group of eight people to compare lines of different lengths.<...> This task was easy enough. In the control situation, when the group did not pushing a person to the wrong choice, 95% of the participants were correctly found 12 identical lines, and for the participants of the experimental group, the situation changed: they came across the results of a social agreement contrary to their own eyes. Before the subjects endured their own judgment, they heard as five other students (in reality the assistants of the experimenter) unanimously agreed with an obviously wrong answer. Did you have deceived tests for their own opinions and gave the right answer or walked together with the crowd?<...> Only 25% of these participants did not notice the obvious error of the group and allowed only the correct answers. Other 75% responded contrary to their own feelings and to some extent inferior to the opinion of the group. Although none of the participants agreed with all the answers of the group, one subject gave way to a group of 11 out of 12 cases.<...> The participant, gave way to a group of 11 out of 12 times (more than any other), later stated that he was heated due to the seeming confidence of other members of the group. He said that he really believed that the rest of the right, and thought he was the victim of some "illusion." Asha's study showed that people, facing a pronounced opinion of the group, sometimes agree, although they think others can be mistaken. In addition, they sometimes believe that other right, and doubt their own feelings if members of their group seem confident enough. Questions and tasks: 1) What kind of socio-psychological phenomenon described in the paragraph studied Solomon Ash? 2) Relying on the knowledge of the previous paragraph, determine what type of social group can be attributed to the group of students collected by ASH. 3) How many steps of the experiment are described in the text? What did they differ from each other by conditions and results? 4) How did the experiment participants distributed depending on the exposure of the group? What conclusions make an experiment? 5) ASH conducted experiments with unfamiliar students who met during a short experiment. Based on your own experience, bring examples of influence on the identity of a cohesive group, where the good attitude of its members is highly appreciated and there is a group opinion. Reply to the above questions. Thanks in advance :)

Detailed decision Paragraph § 13 in social science for students of grade 11, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014.

Question 1. Does the Higher Steps of the Social Staircase are available to any person? What does the position of a person in society depend on?

The concept of social staircase relatively. For officials - one, for businessmen - another, for artists - the third, etc. There is no single social staircase.

The position of a person in society depends on education, property, power, income, etc.

A person can change its social situation with the help of social elevators - army, church, school.

Additional social elevators - media, party and social activities, accumulation of wealth, marriage with representatives of the highest class.

Position in society, social status has always occupied an important place in the life of every person. So why the situation in society depends:

1. Rodality - the status may depend on the related lines, in children of rich and influential parents, the status is undoubtedly higher than in children born in less influential parents.

2. Personal qualities - one of the most important points on which the status in society depends. A person with a volitional character who has the qualities of the leader, a leader, probably more will reach in life and achieve a higher position in society than a person with the opposite character.

3. Communications - the more friends, the more familiar who can really help break down anywhere, the greater the chances of achieving the goal, which means to gain a higher social status.

Questions and tasks for the document

Question 1. What kind of social stratification says the author?

Economic, political, professional differentiation of society.

If the economic status of members of a certain society of unequal, if among them there are both immutors and the poor, then such a society is characterized by the presence of economic bundle regardless of whether it is organized on the communist or capitalist principles, whether it is constitutionally defined as "society of equal" or not . No labels, signs, oral statements are not able to change or cover the reality of the fact of economic inequality, which is expressed in the difference in income, living standards, in the existence of rich and poor people's layers. If, within a group, there are hierarchically different ranks in the sense of authorities and prestige, titles and honors, if there are managers and managed, then independently of the terms (monarchs, bureaucrats, hosts, bosses) this means that such a group is politically differentiated that It would neither proclaim in its constitution or declaration. If the members of some society are divided into different groups by their activities, classes, and some professions are considered more prestigious in comparison with others and if members of a particular professional group are divided into managers of various ranks and on subordinate, then such a group professionally Differentiated regardless of whether the chiefs are elected or are appointed if they are inherited by their leadership positions or thanks to their personal qualities.

Question 3. Is it possible on the basis of the source to argue that social inequality is manifested in societies of different types?

Yes, you can. Since the phrase "no matter whether the bosses are elected or are appointed, whether their leadership positions are inherited or thanks to their personal qualities" indicates that, with monarchic hoold, this situation could also have to work out.

Questions for self-test

Question 1. What is caused by the existence of social groups in society?

Sociologists explain the emergence and existence of social groups primarily by the public division of labor and the specialization of people's activities. Sociologists believe that today the division of human activity on basic species determines the diversity and number of social groups, their situation in society. Thus, with economic activities, the existence of a layer of population differing in terms of income, with political - existence in the company of leaders and masses, managers and managed.

The existence of various social groups is also due to the historically established variety of living conditions, culture, social norms and values. This, in particular, explains the presence of ethnic and religious groups in the modern society.

Question 2. What social groups exist in modern Russian society? What is an objective basis for their occurrence and existence?

Device of Russian society

Class A. Rich. They are mainly engaged in selling raw materials, accumulation of personal capital and export of its abroad. 5-10% of the population.

Class B1 + B2. Middle class. 10-15% of the population. It is engaged in servicing class A in all areas of economic activity (financial, legal, information and technical, in the adoptive-based production required for pumping raw materials).

Subclass B1. Most in their class. Working staff, office, on a good salary.

Subclass B2. Minority in his class. Owners of their own medium-sized businesses and small private capital.

Class S. Small owners. As such in Russia there is practically absent.

Class D. The rest of the people, workers, peasants, state employees, military, students, retirees, electorate, "men", "Russians", cattle, crowd. 75-80% of the population.

National subclass D1. Russians and essentially Russified peoples.

National subclass D2. Tolerant nationality.

Class E. Human resource of the CIS countries + China.

There were in connection with the formation of capitalism, with the emergence of private property in Russia and with the regional bundle.

Question 3. How affects the social structure of society a variety of ownership forms and market relations?

The presence of private property divides society on the owners of the means of production, and workers. Accordingly, who owns the means of production makes a profit from their use, and working ordinary salary. Hence the social structure of rich and simple workers.

Market relations share society on the manufacturer and consumer. There is also a big competition between manufacturers. What also shares society. There are products that are able to acquire only certain groups of society, they are not available for the lower layers of the population.

Question 4. Who, in your opinion, forms the Russian middle class?

According to the World Bank's assessment, the Russian middle class is defined as a household, whose consumption level is one and a half times higher than the level of the national poverty scale (incomes below the subsistence minimum), but below the minimum level of consumption of the so-called "mid-class world level", and was 55.6% in 2008. However, on the calculations of the same World Bank, the average monthly income of the middle class of the world level begins with $ 3,500 and this class can include not more than 8% of the entire population of the world.

In 2009, according to the World Bank's assessment, the middle class of the world level decreased by a quarter from the peak pre-crisis level of 12.6% and amounted to 9.5%.

Very large part of the Russian middle class (about 40%) is the "old medium" class, that is, owners of entrepreneurs. As for intellectuals, they are largely displaced in a lower layer.

Question 5. What are the points of view on the possibility of achieving equality and justice in society, where there are social differentiation?

In modern society, social equality is increasingly understood as equality before the law, as well as equality of rights and opportunities. The path to achieving such equality is to respect the rights and respect for the human dignity of representatives of all social groups. In the society, proclaiming social equality, equal opportunities are created for all people, regardless of gender, race, nationality, class affiliation, origin, place of residence in obtaining education, medical services, in occupations of economic and political activities, etc. So, representatives of all social groups Have equal opportunities when entering institution in higher education, a device for work, promotion, nomination as a candidate for elections to central or local authorities. At the same time, ensuring equal opportunities does not imply the mandatory obtaining the same results (for example, equal to the size of the salary).

The UN current documents are set to ensure equal opportunities for welfare people belonging to both the current and future generations. It is understood that the satisfaction of the needs of the current generations should not cause damage to the opportunities allowed to inherit future generations to meet their needs.

Question 6. What does the concept of "social mobility" mean? What are her views?

Modern society has become open. There are no prohibitions in this or another profession, to conclude marriages between representatives of various social, ethnic or religious groups. As a result, the social movements of people (between the city and the village, between various branches of the economy, between the professions, between different regions of the country) and, therefore, were significantly expanded by the possibilities of individual choice of profession, place of residence, lifestyle, spouse or spouse.

The transition of people from some social groups to others is called social mobility.

Sociologists distinguish horizontal and vertical mobility. Horizontal mobility includes the processes of transition from the group to the group without changing the social position. For example, the transition from one state-owned enterprise to another, from one family to another, from one citizenship to another.

The processes of vertical mobility are associated with the transition up or down the steps of the social staircase. Disturbing ascending (directed up) and descending (directional) social mobility. To the upstream vertical mobility, an increase in person can be attributed in office, the transition to the leadership work, mastering a more prestigious profession, etc. It refers to downward vertical mobility, for example, the expression of the ruin of the average entrepreneur and turning it into the hired worker.

The paths on which people are moving from some social groups to others are called social mobility channels or social elevators. These include the army service, education, the mastery of the profession, marriage, acquisition of property, etc.

Social mobility is often promoted by turning periods in the development of society: revolution, war, political coup, structural shifts in the economy.

Question 7. Give examples of social mobility from various periods of world and domestic history.

Menshikov - from the seller of pies in the "semi-enlightened lord" of Russia under Peter I.

M. M. Speransky - from the peasant he turned into the right hand of the emperor, then became the governor.

Question 8. Name the channels of social mobility known to you. Do you think that of them play a particularly important role in modern society?

Those methods are considered as the channels of social mobility - they are called "stairs", "elevators" - using which people can move up and down in a social hierarchy. For the most part, such channels at different times were: political authorities and socio-political organizations, economic structures and professional labor organizations (labor collectives, firms with a system built into them, corporate institutions, etc.), as well as the army, Church, school, family-clan connections.

These are the channels of the transition of the individual from one social position to the other within the framework of the social layer. (Marriage, Career, Education, Family, etc.)

The choice of elevator (channel) of social mobility is of great importance when choosing a profession and when selecting personnel:

Religious organizations.

School and scientific organizations.

Political elevator, that is, government groups and parties.

Art.

Press, television, radio.

Economic organizations.

Family and marriage.

Question 9. Expand the social interests of various groups in society on specific examples. How do these groups act in defense of their interests?

Each social group is characterized by the general interests for all its participants. The interests of people are based on their needs. However, interests are directed not so much for the subject of needs as those social conditions that make this subject affordable. First of all, it concerns material and spiritual benefits that ensure customer satisfaction.

Social interests are embodied in activities - its orientation, character, results. So, from the course of history you know about the interest of peasants, farmers in the results of their work. This interest makes them improve production, grow higher harvests. In multinational states, various nations are interested in preserving their language, their traditions. These interests contribute to the opening of national schools and classes, entering the light of books of national authors, the emergence of cultural and national societies that organize a variety of children and adults. Competing among themselves, various groups of entrepreneurs defend their economic interests. Representatives of certain professions periodically declare their professional requests.

The social group is able to realize their interests and consciously act in their defense.

The implementation of social interests can lead a group to the need to influence policies. Using a variety of means, the social group can affect the adoption by the power structures of the decisions of it. Such means there may be letters and personal appeals of representatives of the Group to the authorities, speeches in the media, conducting demonstrations, marches, rallies, picketing and other social protests. In each country there are laws that resolve certain targeted actions of social groups in defense of their interests.

In an effort to satisfy your interests, various social powers often seek to win power or get the opportunity to participate in its implementation. Evidence of the struggle and compromise of various social interests is the activities of parliamentary groups when making the laws of the country and other solutions.

Question 10. What is the practical importance of knowledge about the social structure of society?

The practical importance of knowledge about the social structure of society allows you to identify a group manifold, and to determine the vertical sequence of the position of social layers, the layers in society, their hierarchy.

TASKS

Question 1. The National Democratic Institute of the United States issued a methodological manual "How to win in elections?" It is recommended to start planning the election campaign with the study of the social structure of its constituency. What do you think, what caused this practical advice? How can the obtained data on the situation of various social groups in the district be affected by the election campaign?

Any campaign that is elected to one, or another post by voting should be primarily to represent the interests of citizens. What interests should be represented? What bothers, or vice versa, pleases the population now, and what do they want in the future? This question helps to answer exactly the study of its target audience. It will be easier to win the election, as people will hear what they want to hear, however will be honest if they also see it in practice.

Question 2. The former worker opened his work and became an entrepreneur. What social phenomenon illustrates this example?

This example illustrates such a phenomenon as social mobility, i.e. The possibility of changing the social layer, in this case, from the lowest to higher.