The drawing of the German automatic rifle STG 44 is depicted. Sturmgewehr assault rifle (STG.44). Rifle armament of the infantry division of the Wehrmacht

According to the results of military tests of automatic carbines of firms and held in the late 1942 - early 1943 on the Soviet-German front, it was decided to develop the design of the HAENEL company, created under the leadership of Hugo Schmisser. The initial design of the machine MKB.42 (h) has made significant changes regarding the first place of the device of the USM and a gas-conductive mechanism. Due to Hitler's reluctance to begin production of new class weapons, the development was carried out under the designation of MP 43 (Machinen Pistole - a gun-gun).

The first MP 43 samples were successfully tested in 1943 on the eastern front against the Soviet troops, and in 1944, more or less mass production of a new weapon sample begins, but already under the new name MP 44. After the results of successful front tests were presented. Hitler and approved by them, the nomenclature of weapons was changed again, and the sample was finalized STG.44 (Sturm Gewehr-44, assault rifle). The name Sturm Gewehr carried a purely propaganda sense, however, as it sometimes happens, tightly stuck not only to this sample, but also to the entire class of manual automatic weapons under the intermediate cartridge.

In general, MP 44 was a rather successful model that maintains an effective fire by single shots to 600 meters and automatic fire to a range of up to 300 meters. He was the first mass model of a new class weapon - assault rifles, and had an undoubted impact on all subsequent developments, including, of course, on the Kalashnikov machine. However, it is impossible to talk about the direct borrowing to Kalashnikov from the Schmaisovskaya design - as follows from the above, the design of the AK and MP 44 contain too many fundamentally different solutions (layout of the receiver box, the device of the UCM, the device of the barrel locking unit, etc.). The disadvantages of MP 44 include an excessively large mass of weapons, too highly located sighting devices, which is why when shooting lying down the arrow had to raise the head too high, and for MP4 was even developed shortened stores on 15 and 20 rounds. In addition, the attachment of the butt was not sufficiently durable and could collapse when using weapons in a hand-to-hand combat.

In total, about 500,000 copies of MP 44 / STG.44 were issued, and with the end of the Second World War, its production was over, however, it was armed with the GDR Police until the mid-1950s. Airborne troops and a number of police formations of Yugoslavia used these automata up to the beginning of the 1980s (officially removed from weapons in 1983, replaced with copies of AKM local production M64A and M70AV2) under the designation "Automat, Padobranski, 7.9 mm M44 , NEMACKI. Caliber cartridges 7.92x33 mm were produced in Yugoslavia until the 1970s.

MP 44 was an automatic weapon, built on the basis of automation with a gas engine with a long-term gas piston. Locking the trunk was carried out using the shutter skew down, for the insert of the receiver.
The hard box is stamped from the steel sheet, also a stamped body of the curricular shock-trigger (USM), together with a pistol handle, is hingedly attached to the trunnor box and folded down and forward when disassembling weapons. Butt wooden, when disassembling, starred after removing the spring-loaded transverse pin.

The power supply of the machine is made of removable boxed steel stores with a capacity of 30 ammunition. Store latch button, located on the side surface of the store receiver (similar design later was used in the American rifle M16).
Sight sector, fuse and translator of fire modes - independent, translator - in the form of a transverse button above a pistol handle, a fuse - in the form of a lever on the left on the CSP case, over a trigger. The shutter handle is located on the left and when shooting moves together with the gate frame. On the bunny part of the trunk, a carving was made for fastening a rifle grenade launcher, usually closed with protective sleeve.

MP 44 could be equipped with an active IR speaker "Vampire" as well as a special Krummlauf Vorsatz Jrottable device that put on the trunk of the weapon and intended for shooting the crew from the inside of tanks through the hatches on the enemy in the dead zone near the tank. This device was an arcuately curved "extension" of the trunk, which was from the outside of the curved barrel, a series of holes intended to reset the powder gases to avoid breaking the barrel with increased friction. Because of this, the initial velocity of the bullet rejected by 30 degrees down from the axis of the weapon was reduced to about 300 m / s, which was quite enough, since this weapon was intended for the very closest battle - infantry shelling in a radius of 30-40 meters from the tank . For the guidance of the weapon, a special mirror system was used, reliating on the cryptionvar nozzle. In total, about 10,000 krummlauf vorsatz jits kits were released. In addition, they were developed, but serially did not produce Krummlauf Vorsatz P and Krummlauf Vorsatz V sets, which ensured the deviation of the bullet path down to 90 and 40 degrees, respectively.

The article is devoted to the fierce topic in the weapon world about the plagiarism of the Soviet Machine Mikhail Kalashnikov AK-47 With an assault rifle of Hugo Schmeisser (Hugo Schmeisser)STG -44 (MP. -43-latice). For a certificate of Russian / domestic qualifications, automatic small arms using an intermediate cartridge is called "automatic", according to a foreign classification, this type of weapon is called "assault rifle", so that the article will go about "automata". The reason for the dispute is the poor education of people in this topic (technical and historical vacuum) and not the desire to look deeper into the essence of the dispute, plus a great desire to rewrite the story based on arguments and distorted facts. Below in the article, everything will be laid down on the "shelves" without "foam around the mouth", what about when and why.

Supporters of the plagiarism insist exclusively on that:

• AK-47 visually on the layout is similar to STG -44, the use of intermediate cartridge and gas-conductive automation, which did not have analog
• Hugo Schmisser was delivered to the USSR to create, the future AK-47
• Mikhail Kalashnikov could not create AK-47Since it did not have technical education, experience in creating firearms, and after the creation did not create a single weapon sample. Simply put, I would not have enough "brains"

Visual similarity AK-47 and STG -47

The design of the machine guns is similar to the layout (visual) and there is nothing more than anything else. Technical similarity between AK-47 and STG -44., the same as the Bulgarian and Perforator. If you look into the design of automata, then the technical difference between them is huge, it is huge, the similarity of the automata: the gas-conductive automation with the upper arrangement and the intermediate cartridge (7.62x41-mm y AK-47To be more accurates after 1948, 7.62x39-mm and 7.92x33-mm at STG-44).

From the table, we see that the technical approach to automation of automata is completely different. Full and not complete disassembly of automata does not have anything in common. Skit U.STG-44 slides inside the top receiver,AK-47 The shutter slides on the grooves in the trunks. Obvious the difference in reciprocating springs and the method of their location. Because of the big return springSTG-44, which is desired to return the shutter with a long run (remove the shutter batch and produce extraction sleeves), so automaticcannot be released with folding butt or without it. Mattakes are different.

Let's place the layout right away AK-46.which turned into AK-47. Here we immediately rush to the familiar way of not complete disassembly of the machine by dividing the trunks on the upper and lower part. That immediately hints at the similarity of the assembly / disassembly with STG-44. But this method of disassembling Kalashnikov is familiar from the beginning of 1942, when he created a submachine gun of Kalashnikov sample in 1942, and six months later he creates a Kalashnikov machine gun in 1942/43, whose drawings were ready back in 1942. That is, over a year and a half before the creation of MP-43 (future STG-44).

Hugo Schmayser was not a "pioneer" in creating an automatic small arms. Gauge automation, locking of the shutter barrel, intermediate cartridges like STG -44 John Garant was used when creating M1 Garbine rifle in 1923. It should also be noted that the use of gas-conductive automation in small arms began in early 1940, when the USSR began to produce a small arms with a gas-conductive automatic automation since 1927 with the adoption of the DP-27 machine gun, and the first sample of Degtyarev's self-loading rifle was presented in 1917 .

Weapons with gas trap automation, rotary locking of the trunk and automatic fire leading, like a machine gun AK-47 It was created back in 1883 by Mexican gunsmith Manuel Montragon when creating an automatic rifle M1883 / M1908. In 1923, this design was used by Isaac Lewis (photo-1, photo-2) when creating a machine gun. In the USSR, this design was used by Ravels in 1944 when creating an AB-44 machine.
As we see automation schemes of automatic machines AK-47 and STG -44. existed long before the Second World War. Logically, it turns out that Hugo Schmayser himself was engaged in plagate.

Hugo Schmisser helped create AK-47 from the USSR

This statement is not true, since Hugo Schmaiser was brought to the USSR in Izhevsk at the end of October 1946, he began to work in November 1946, that is, two months before the final competition of GAU. It turns out Hugo Schmayser arrived after Vasily Lutyi (the leading specialist GAU in small and mortar armament) gave conclusion to correction and modernization of the competitive AK-46. to level AK-47. Mikhail Kalashnikov worked in Izhevsk, and Hugo Schmayser in Kovrov, between these cities 1000 km. If there was a need for the knowledge of Hugo Schmaiser to create a machine gun, he would work in Izhevsk. Also remote operation at that time was not possible due to the lack of modern technology-graphic editors and the analogs of the Internet. After returning to his homeland in June 1952, Hugo Schmaiser did not publish information about his involvement in the creation AK-47. Additionally, the information that Werner Gruner is the creator of the German machine gun MG-38, which was in the field of electrical welding and stamping helped to make the AK-47 stamping method. Then the question arises "why" if AK-47 before adopting an ACM in 1959 was manufactured with a milling trunks, and not a stamping method like STG-44. Plus, weapons to make the weapon in the USSR had experience in manufacturing PPS and PPS.

Would not have enough "brains"

At the time of creation AK-47 Kalashnikov had a technical education that received at the Moscow Aviation Institute (was aimed at training in the middle of 1942, after the submission of his second machine gun), which was evacuated to Samarkand (Kazakh SSR) at the end of 1941. In mid-1942 he had experience in creating two machine gun guns with a different automatic system. Before the war of Kalashnikov, was a tanker and created a device for a more effective shooting from TT through the observation slots of tanks. The first experimental submachine gun had gas-sized, samples and drawings were not preserved. The second preserved prototypes of the 1942 crank machine gun of 1942 with a semi-bonded shutter was distinguished by a screw coupling for slowing the shutter, this semi-free shutter in the design of the weapon was first used by Kalashnikov. In mid-1943, Kalashnikov presented an experienced example of a machine gun, which began to design simultaneously with a machine gun, but due to employment of work on an experienced gun-machine gun Kalashnikov in 1942. In October 1944, Kalashnikov presented the Kalashnikov SKK-44 Self-loading Carabiner, but the preference was given to the Karabin Simonov SCS, which was an eminent weapon designer. So that experience and technical education at the time of creation AK-47 Kalashnikov was. In 1943, he was transferred to the state of the Design Bureau with salary.

Second important moment that when creating AK-47 Kalashnikov worked as a team of Zaitsev Alexander Alekseevich, Solovyov Vasily Ivanovich. Also, when creating a machine, designers had to communicate a lot with technologists, metallurgy specialists, turning masters.

The third important point is a big technical difference between AK-46 and AK-47, which was declared for testing for GAU in 1946, which, under the terms of the competition, it was impossible to make serious technical improvements. Appearance for tests in December 1946 familiar design AK-47 Related to Vasily Low. Vasily Lutyi was at that time one of the main members of the GAU Commission, which recommended Kalashnikov to make technical changes and technical solutions from other automata that participated in the competition. The main technical solutions were borrowed from the Bulkina AB-46 / TKB-415, which was leading throughout the competition. As we see Kalashnikov borrowed a borrowed group with a rotary locking of the trunk and a trunks, initially AK-46 had a different gas piston who had no hard fastening with the commander and the other design of the boron box. The task of Lyuto was to adopt modern weapons, which he made Kalashnikov's hands.

Initially AK-47 could be called AKZ-47.- By abbreviations of the main designers, the Kalashnikov-Zaitseva machine machine of 1947. But one of the highest military officials considered that modern and terrible weapons were created, and the surname of Zaitsev was not appropriate, after which Zaitsev and Solovyov were in the "Shadows" Kalashnikov:
"Avtomat is a formidable modern weapon. How will it be in his title to figure the hares? What does bunny mean? This is not serious. Here Kalash is yes!"

Mikhail Kalashnikov did not know how to draw, yes, it is so that Alexander Zaitsev confirms in his memoirs, who was engaged in intensive work. But if you are fair, but many gunsmiths of that time did not know how to draw and did not have technical education. Hugo Schmisser also did not know how to draw and did not have technical education. You can remember about John Browning, which, not having technical education, has become the most famous gunsmith in the world and created more than 50 samples of small arms. Already at the age of 4, before able to read and write, he already knew the name of all parts of small arms. From domestic gunsmiths without technical education, Mikhail Margolina should be highlighted, not having education and being absolutely blind from 18-years was able to create a small-caliber machine gun, a rifle, a sports gun MC-1 / MCM. And creating a more advanced weapon based on the samples of the weapon should not be surprising, none of the gunsmiths from scratch did not create and the powder did not in the new one. If you take any weapon, then it is easily able to see plagiarism. The plagiarism in the weapon world needs to be understood as full copying of weapons, and not individual nodes and how to create, the fact that it is possible only to upgrade.
There is a rumor that Mikhail Kalashnikov is just a pseudo-designer who brought into gunsmiths and that after AK-47 They did not have anything created. But then the question arises who created Saiga, AK-74, Aksu, APK, PC, PKM, PP "Bizon", PKT, RPK

Conclusion

Automatic designs AK-47 and STG -44 There are no general technical solutions, and there can be no speech about plagiarism. If we were talking about plagiarism, then 100% copy of the automaton would have happened. To compose, copy, disassemble and create owls at that time was the norm / necessity and this was done by all countries of the world, despite the rules of the moral rights .. Hugo Schmisser could not help the creation of AK-47, as it was 1000 km from Mikhail Kalashnikova, and technical shortcomings and recommendations for the creation AK-47 Vasily, the people were compiled 1 month before the arrival of Hugo Schmisser in the USSR, that is, the TK on the creation AK-47 Already embodied in metal. At the time of the creation, Mikhail Kalashnikov had the practical and theoretical experience of creating small arms, and also had a technical education that he received in Samarkand (Kazakhstan) at the Moscow Aviation Institute, which was sent to Anatoly Blagonravov, a year later was admitted to the design office in Karov. Mikhail Kalashnikov did not unoligate AK-47, the design of the Bulkina AB-46 automaton and Curability of Vasily Lyuto, who gave recommendations on the revision of AK-46 and the lobbying design of Kalashnikov. Do not forget about the help of Alexander Zaitseva and Vasily Solovyov, who were in the "Shadow" Kalashnikov. The domestic design school of small arms had an outstanding weapon masters (Shpagin, Degtyarev, Bulkin, Lyuti, Tokarev, Simonov, Schpochin, Dementiev, Sudares, ....) A rich experience in creating successful patterns of small arms. Domestic gunsmiths did not need the help of German prisoners.
Well, a couple of questions for believers, that all the same AK-47 is the STG-44 plagiarism:

• What prevented the military to send Hugo Schmisser to one KB with Kalashnikov to help?
• If it is believed that the AK-46 copy of STG-44 is good, let it be so, but AK-46 has not been produced, and AK-47 with the design of AK-46 has little general.

P.S. For people who, after facts and arguments, continue to believe in the plagiarism of Kalashnikov, then this is their right .... "
Everywhere shit: Designs shit, shit contest, designer shit ... And what about "sweetie" turned out?

German automatic machine created during World War II. About 450 thousand pieces were produced. Among the automata of modern type has become the first development, let out massively.

In early 1943, the name of the weapons MKB42 (H) Aufschiebend was changed to MaschinenPistole - MP 43A. By that time, the design of Walter was removed from the competition, and the design of Hennel has undergone quite significant changes in the shutter. In April 1943, MP 43B was created. In the summer of 1943, the designation again changed, on MP 43/1 and MP 43/2, respectively. The serial edition of the MP 43/1 automata began in June 1943 and continued until December 1943, when the priority was released by the release of improved MP 43. Total issued about 14 thousand copies of MP 43/1.

By the fall of 1943, the MP 43/1 design was somewhat changed so that it can be equipped with a standard rifle grenade launcher created for KAR.98K carbine. MP 43/1 is easily distinguished by the "straight" trunk and a square base of the fly. During the modification in the front of the barrel, the ledger was made, changed the shape of the base of the fly. The version with the "stepped" barrel began to be referred to MP 43. In the future, the design of the weapon almost did not change until the end of World War II.

Thanks to the drier, the modernized automatic is adopted in the fall of 1943 called MR 43 (MASCHINENPISTOLE 43 - Pistol-machinery 43 years). Such a designation served as a kind of disguise, since Hitler did not want to produce a new class weapon, it was afraid that millions of outdated cartridges for rifles and manual machine guns would be on military warehouses.

In September, on the Eastern Front, the 5th Tank Division of the SS "Viking" held the first full-scale military tests of MR 43. It was revealed that the new carbine is an effective replacement of machine guns and store rifles that increased the fire power of infantry units and reduce the need to use manual machine guns.

Hitler received many flattering reviews about the new weapons from the command of the SS, HWAA and personally, in the end of September 1943, an order was armed about the beginning of the mass issue of MR 43 and its adoption. In December 1943, the management of weapons and the company "Hennel" discussed the final design of MP 43. According to the results of disputes, a number of changes have made a number of changes, in particular, they enhanced the gas chamber and supplied it with a cylindrical hat with a grovers washer at the end that simplified disassembly / assembly of weapons . Then they abandoned the guides for fastening the optical sight ZF41. By the end of February 1944, it was possible to make only 22900 MP 43/1 and MP 43 guns.

On April 6, 1944, the Supreme Commander issued an order, where the name of MR 43 is replaced by MR 44, and in October 1944, the fourth and final name - "assault rifle", Sturmgewehr - STG 44. It is believed that this word invented Hitler himself as A sonic name for the newest sample, which could be operated with the aim of propaganda. In this case, the design of the automaton itself is not made.

Assembly enterprises were primarily used for the production of assault rifles details from the nearers, therefore the MP 44 labeling is found on the weapon of 1945, although the designation has already been changed to STG 44. In total, 420000-440000 MP 43, MP 44 and STG 44 were released. . In addition to CG. HAENEL in the production of STG 44 also participated in the company Steyr-Daimler-Puch A.G. (English), Erfurter Maschinenfabrik (ERMA) (English) and Sauer & Sohn. STG 44 went to the arms of the selected parts of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS, and after the war, they were in service with the GDR barrage (1948-1956) and the Airborne Forces of the Army of Yugoslavia (1945-1950). The release of copies of this automaton was established in Argentina by FMAP-DM under the designation of CAM 1, in addition to the CITEFA enterprise on the STG44 base, several prototypes of the machine gun were created. Also in 1950-1965, STG 44, delivered from Czechoslovakia, was armed with the Syrian army. In 2012, at least several thousand cars, in their time removed from the weapon of regular troops, turned out to be in the hands of the Syrian opposition, which is very actively exploited.

Due to problems with the installation of grenades and optical sights, the assault rifle could not completely replace Kar.98K. In addition, shortage of shortened cartridges was felt throughout the war. So in the report of the highest command of the land forces dated June 16, 1944, it was said that MP 44 would become a standard infantry weapon only in case of solving the problem with ammunition. Until the summer of 1944, the assault rifles were found at the fronts in very small quantities (mainly in Waffen-ss), massively such weapons were exploited at the final stage of war. Therefore, these machines did not play a significant role in curbing allied armies.

Design

Automation STG 44 - gas-sized type with a tap of powder gases through a hole in the trunk wall. Locking the trunk channel occurs by the shutter skew in the vertical plane. The skew is carried out by interacting the inclined planes on the shutter and the gate frame. Gas cameras - without regulation. The plug of gas cameras with auxiliary rod is unscrewed by a special paint only when cleaning the machine. For throwing rifle grenades it was necessary to use specials. Cartridges with 1.5 g (for fragmentation) or 1.9 g (for armor-cumulative grenades) powder charge. The standard weight of the powder in the cartridge 7.92x33 KURZ - 1.57 g. The gas piston with a rod is connected to the shutter stem.

Shock-trigger mechanism - curric type. The trigger allows you to conduct a single and automatic fire. The fire translator is located on the trigger box, and the ends come out with the left and right sides in the form of a button with a corrugated surface. To maintain automatic fire, the translator needs to be moved from left to right to the letter "D", and for a single fire - right to left on the letter "E". The machine is equipped with a fuse from random shots. This flag type fuse is below the fire translator and in the position of the letter "F" blocks the trigger lever. The return spring is placed inside the butt, thereby excluding the possibility of simple creation of an option with a folding butt.

The power of the machine gun comes from the separation sector of the double-row store with a capacity of 30 cartridges. Typically, stores for 30 cartridges have been equipped with 25 cartridges due to the weakness of springs, not always providing normal cartridges in full loading of the store. In March 1945, a list of accessories to MP 44 was included a 25-round capacity store, but hardly such stores were made in mass quantities. In the same March 1945, a stopper for a 30-cartridge store was created in the infantry school, which limits its filling 25 cartridges.

The sectoral sight of the rifle allows you to conduct aiming fire on a distance of up to 800 m. The division of the sight is applied on the sighting bar. Each division of the sight corresponds to a change in a range of 50 m. A slot and fly triangular shape. Optical and infrared sights could also be equipped on the rifle. When shooting a target queues with a diameter of 11.5 cm at a distance of 100 m, more than half of the hits were laid into a circle with a diameter of 5.4 cm. Thanks to the use of less powerful ammunition, the rate of return during the shot was twice as low as the Mauser 98K rifle. One of the main deficiencies of STG 44 was its relatively large mass - 5.2 kg for a machine gun with ammunition, which is more than the mass of Mauser 98K with cartridges and a bayonet. Also unflattering reviews deserved an uncomfortable sight and a demasching arrow flame escaped from the trunk when running fire.

MKB42 (H) samples were met with both the fastening for the bayonet and without it. All MKB42 and most MP 43/1 were equipped with guides intended for fastening the optical sight. Starting with MP 43/1 from fasteners for the bayonet refused. MP 43/1 was distinguished from MKB42 (H) mainly by the design of the shutter, a shortened gas removal channel changed by a flourish, a pistol handle with a fuse on the left side above the selector of the fire mode switch. The last two differences are also characteristic of the MKB42 (H) AUFSCHIE? END.

During the serial pylon, they abandoned the globator, but the node of its attachment was kept in case of mounting the muffler. In 1944 simplified the sight. Some samples produced in 1945 did not have a ribbon ribbon on the housing above the store.

Post-war development

In total, by the end of the war, about 420,000 copies of STG 44 were made. In the post-war time, the People's Police of the GDR, the army and the German police, France, Switzerland, Scandinavian countries, the Armed Forces of Czechoslovakia, and the Airborns of Yugoslavia were operated. Contrary to frequent misconception, STG 44 is not related to AK, nevertheless, it served as the starting point and the sample to create the latter. The concept of intermediate ammunition was borrowed by many countries.

At the end of the summer of 1945, 50 copies of STG 44 were made in the assembly shops, and together with 10785 sheets of technical documentation were given to the Red Army to establish the release in the USSR. In October 1945, Hugo Schmisser was brought to work in the so-called "Technical Commission" of the Red Army. The task of the Commission was to collect information on the state of the development of the latest German weapons in order to apply the data of developments in the release of Soviet weapons.

TTH

Mass, kg: 5.2
-Tlin, mm: 940
- Barrel, mm: 419
-Patron: 7,92x33 mm
-Calibr, mm: 7.92
Principles of work: the removal of powder gases, locking the shutter batch
- Skorerity, shots / min: 500-600
- Speed \u200b\u200bvelocity bullet, m / s: 685 (bullet mass 8.1 g)
- Right, m: 600
-Maximal range, m: Effective: 300 (queues) 600 (single)
-Vide Affectionate: Sector Store for 30 Cartridges
- Sole: Sectoral

Closing the topic of Kalashnikov VS Schmeisser

This is not so much for my regular readers, how much to distribute in the form of a link with the next seasonal exacerbations :)

So, the Kalashnikov Ak and Sturmgever Schmayser. What kind of relationships are they?

usually the most closely begin to reason about the strong external similarity of AK and STG.44. What. In general, it is not surprising - the appointment of the weapons one, the epoch is also one, the layout due to the decisions taken and the appointment is also similar. Only that this layout began not from the Sturmhever, there was not Schmayser here a pioneer.

Here is a manual machine gun (or automatic rifle) of the design of American Lewis, models of 1923. Though alone, but for its time a well-known and experienced in various countries.
if you cut off from the bumps and the size of the machine gun that is determined by the usual rifle cartridge, what do we see? The same separate pistol handle, the same rejected by the horny shop, the same top arrangement of the gas feed and even the same length of the piston and locking the shutter (Hi, AK)

Next, cartridge.
First, Schmaiser did not have anything to create an intermediate cartridge. In 1940, in 1940, within the framework of the HWAA contract, TTT and ready-made cartridge created by Poland were issued. Moreover, working in Germany over a special army intermediate patron was started in 1935, and in general in the world - in 1918 (see picture). At the same time, such works were well known in the USSR. Back in the middle of the thirties V.E. Markevich urged to make guns-machine guns (automatic carbines) not under pistol cartridges, but under a rifle reduced caliber and power, indicating as a good starting point Cartridge.25 Remington
Why in 1918, nor in the twentieth, nor in the thirties, seems to be in the air, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe intermediate cartridge "did not shoot"?
Of course, we cannot know all the exact reasons, but no one bothers us to build reasonable assumptions. So.
1) High-ranking army ranks in nature are conservative, and do not like to risk a quarry in the name of systems, whose usefulness is not obvious. And most of the high-ranking military of that period was raised and trained in the era of shopping rifles with a cut-off store, firing salve and bayonet attacks in dense ranks. The idea of \u200b\u200bmass armament of ordinary infantrymen rainflap automatic weapons was largely alien to most such commander teams.
2) Despite the obvious savings in the materials and costs of the production and delivery of each intermediate cartridge, significantly increased consumption of cartridges in automatic weapons compared to the store rifles still meant an increase in load both on production and logistics.
3) By the end of the First World War, the machine gun has become an integral element of infantry armament. The use of substantially weakened intermediate cartridges in machine guns, especially machines, meant a sharp loss in the effectiveness of their fire in all types of objectives, which, in turn, meant the need to introduce a new "weakened" cartridge in parallel with already existing rifle (and not instead of them) that Also complicated logistics
4) until the end of the thirties, the typical targets for the fire of individual small arms infantry included not only the soldiers of the enemy, but also such goals as a horse (cavalry in many countries was still considered an important native of the troops), as well as armored vehicles and low-fatty airplanes. The use of weakened "intermediate" cartridges could have sharply reduce the possibilities of infantry to combat these goals, which was considered also unacceptable

so in the interwar period in the USSR, a perspective type of armament of infantry has become a self-loading rifle under an ordinary three-line chuck, and the "advanced" Germans left as the main weapon of the infantry ordinary shop of Mauser, while building the fire power on the basis of a single machine gun.

World War II with its elevated (compared to the first world) mechanization and rapidly developed operations clearly demonstrated that in combat clashes of large mass infantry, there are no accuracy of firing or power of ammunition, but the total number of shots made towards the enemy. According to the data collected after the war, on average, one killed soldier accounted for several thousand tens of thousands of shots. Moreover, the cavalry rapidly descended from the scene, and the development of armored vehicles and aviation made them small-needed even for the most powerful rifle cartridges. It must be said that the understanding of this fact (once) came to German military experts in the middle of the thirties, and they began serious work on weapons under an intermediate cartridge.
At the same time, a sharp increase in the popularity of the serial "sturmoremen", which appeared in 1943-44, contributed to the Wehrmacht (and all Nazi Germans) to the Wehrmacht (and all Nazi Germans) - Siberian Poxes. For it was more cheaper to arrange the infantry with one storms, because the store was clearly outdated, self-charging was the roads and there were very few of them, and the machine guns had no longer enough for everyone. Well, what effective shooting range will noticeably fall - so it's still in real mass battle of infantry further than 300 meters shoot only cartridges in an empty burn.

Nobody rejects the fact that serious work in the USSR in the direction of creating an intermediate cartridge and weapons under it began under the influence of German trophies (seized in the winter of 1942-43 under Leningrad MKB.42), but then they were quite independently. As a direct proof - by 1945, when the submembraneous Gogo Schmayser was still sitting in the KB of Haenel and tried to compose an even cheaper STG.45 for the Wehrmacht, in the USSR there were already prototypes of a whole family of weapons for an intermediate cartridge - shopping and self-loading carbines, handmade machine guns and machine guns.
So by the time when the Gerru Schmaysera reached the guests to Herr, and she told Hendhe Hech, the USSR had already prepared for military tests of Sudeva AC-44, as well as their competitors from Tokarev, Degtyarev and many more designers, like these ones:

Sudeva AS-44, 1944

machine Tokareva, 1945

as you can see, no Schmasher in Izhevsk was not needed to create such cars
well, in 1946, the next stage of the contest was already in the USSR, in addition to other designers, Sergeant of Kalashnikov took part. Which by the time, I note was an employee of the research and development polygon of small arms in Bhrovo near Moscow. Where he had the opportunity to closely meet and explore not only the most all of the foreign weapons (both a trophy and received on Land Lases), but also experienced domestic systems that were tested on the same landfill. In addition, landfill employees, extremely experienced and knowledgeable officers, could also share experiences with a young sergeant.
next, the story is in principle known - after failure in the first round of the contest of 1946, Kalashnikov receives permission to participate in the second, and it is sent to redo its automatic (future experienced AK-47) to the city of carpets (the winner of the famous designer of Degtyarev and his school). And carpets, if you look at the map, is about 900 kilometers from Izhevsk, where at the same time languished in the dungeons of the Bloody Gabni Gogo Schmaiser.
Of course, in the Soviet story about how a single self-taught sergeant "of nothing" created an excellent machine, it is difficult to believe. Naturally, he helped him - and the Zaitsev designer, and the staff of the landfill. Kalashnikov (and maybe Zaitsev - now you will no longer know) boldly borrowed successful solutions in the automata - rivals on the competition, first of all, probably at Tula, Bulkina. It must be said that this is nothing reprehensible, and moreover, at that time, any borrowing leading to success was just welcomed. In fact, all intellectual property in the USSR belonged to all the people (I mean the state) ...
So in the creation of AK-47 trace of the hand in person Hugo Schmaiser, it is determined strongly impossible, even indirectly: there are already a lot of differences in the layout of all the main components of the AK and STG. Yes, in a lot of "borrowed" solutions. Yes, what is there to say - there are practically no original, fundamentally new nodes in it, as well as in Sturmgevere (do not believe? Compare the device STG.44 and say the Czech machine gun ZB-26, which is 1926 ...). The whole key is precisely in technical and engineering solutions for layout and combining well-known solutions to one working whole. And then AK and STGs will differ very strongly.

Well, finally, the third stage - when Kalashnikov is already with the finished AK coming in 1947 to Izhevsk, put mass production. The design of the AK at this point is already "settled", and everything that theoretically, the German specialist can help at this stage - this is setting up mass production with widespread use of stamping. True, there was also a bummer - Izhevsk plant turned out to be technologically not ready to withstand the right quality of stamping, heat treatment and riveting trunks, so in 1950, in 1950, Izhmash designers had to re-create a millibrated trunks for AK (as the help of the "eating a dog" on Schmaiser They needed something like a dog - the fifth leg).
so Schmayser (together with the barnitis and other his colleagues) for some time continued to have Soviet bread without much, and then he was sent to the historic homeland with the world.

In the middle of the abundance of the rifle gun made by designers in the past century, it is particularly distinguished by individual standards that have had the greatest impact on the upcoming development of the arms. The emergence of some of them can be called a true turning point in the history of the development of a rifle gun. An example of this can be the story of the first storm rifle STURMGEWEHR (STG.44), which can be bolded to call the predecessor and inspirational of the occurrence of such famous guns, as an AK-47 machine and FN FAL rifle.

The German Automatic SturmGewehr 44 rifle was really good for his own time: on this weapon, for the first time it was foreseen for the installation of a lean grenade launcher, an optical sight, other suspended devices. According to the legend, the title for this tool (sturmgewehr, which means "assault rifle") invented by Hitler personally. But all of these less than cherries on the cherry, a more fundamental achievement of STG.44 became his ammunition, which caused a real revolution in weapons.

The Sturmgever was indeed an elite tool. It was even developed by the 1st in the world in the world. The infrared sight of the night vision Zielgerät 1229 vampir. It consisted of the very sight (weighed 2.25 kg) and the battery (13.5 kg), which the fighters wore in the wood box beyond. Vurdalak was intensively used in the last year of the war, although his deceit's range did not exceed 100 meters.

The history of the creation of this gun began for a long time to the 2nd World War, in the middle of the 30s of the past century.

Slightly stories

After the Nazis came to power in Germany, the rapid re-equipment of the German army began. It hurts and rifle weapons. Army administration of Germany wanted to have a more advanced rifle gun, which had their potential opponents. One of the promising directions for the development of small armament, the Germans considered the creation of a interiant cartridge, also new weapons under it.

At that time, all the world's armies were used or pistol, or rifle cartridges. The rifle ammunition had better accuracy and firing distance, but was too massive. This led to an increase in the mass of the gun, to its complication, to a decrease in the number of ammunition, which the fighter could take with him. The range of the rifle bullet reached 2 km, although most of the firing contacts occurred at 400-500 meters distances. In addition, the creation of such ammunitions achieved more resources.

The rifle cartridge was very bad for the creation of an automatic gun.

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The pistol cartridge was not massive enough, well, and his ballistics is seriously called impeccable. It is effective at distances up to 200 meters, which is obviously not enough for the main instrument of infantry. Current machine guns, made before the war and during it, were catchy by proof.

Work on the creation of the intermediate ammunition was conducted from the beginning of the twentieth century, but to make the 1st serial standard managed to German: In 1940, Polte's arms company made a shear cartridge 7.92 × 33 mm Kurz.

Even before the war in Germany, the concept of re-equipment of the army by an instrument made under the intermediate cartridge was created. At that time, the German army had three main types of rifle guns: a machine gun gun, a shop rifle and a manual machine gun. A new automatic instrument made under the intermediate cartridge should be absolutely changed to the machine gun and the store rifle, also partly a manual machine gun. The German military counted with the help of a new gun to significantly increase the firing power of rifle compounds.

In 1938, the management of Wehrmacht's armaments concluded with the Armory of C.G. Haenel, whose owner was Hugo Schmisser, a contract for the creation of an automatic carbise for a new interiant cartridge. The new tool received the abbreviation MKB.

At first of the 40th year, he handed over to his customers 1st standards of a new gun, made under the cartridge 7.92 × 33 mm Kurz. In the same year, another popular German Armory Company received a similar task - Walther.

At the very beginning of 1942, both companies presented their modified MKB (MKBN and MKBW) standards, they were represented by Hitler. The weapon made in Walther was recognized as very complex and capricious. The standard of Schmisser possessed a more ordinary device and a strong design, it was more comfortable in the disassembly, possessed the best features.

A new tool received the designation MKB.42 and for subsequent tests was sent to the Eastern Front. Front tests have completely confirmed the Etlane's Beginner made by Haenel, but the military claimed to make some configurations into the design.

By the mid-1993, the rifle of Schmisser was adopted and once again changed the title. Now this instrument was designated by the Abbreviation MP-43A (MP-431). More than 14 thousand units of such an instrument were made. Then there was still a small refinement of the gun, it received the name MP-43 and was actually not changed until the very end of the war. First, 1944, the rifle received the newest abbreviation - MP-44.

In September 1943, a new rifle was predicted by large-scale military trials, they were armed with the 5th Wiking Tank Division on the Eastern Front. A new automatic rifle received the most accurate reviews, it significantly increased the firing power of infantry units.

After that, a new tool was demonstrated by Hitler. Previously, he received a huge number of beautiful reviews about him from the generals and control of the German military industrial complex. The fact is that Hitler was against the development and adoption of a new class rifle. But it is believed that the final title of this automatic rifle is "assault rifle" or STG.44 - was invented personally by the Führer.

Sturmheverber commissioned Waffen-SS and selected parts of the Wehrmacht. In total, about 400 thousand units of this gun (for comparison, MP-38/40 were issued for the entire war of about 2 million units to be made to the end of the war. This tool began to appear only at the final step of the war and did not have a significant impact on its move. There was no problem (it is not enough (it is quite convincing), but defects ammunition for STG.44.

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The damn situation with ammunition for the newest assault rifle is celebrated in their own memories and German generals. But in general, STG.44 showed itself from the best side and in accuracy, and on the simplicity of the design, and according to its own technological.

Sturmhever, after the end of the war, was used by the militia of the GDR, the Army of Germany, the armed for several more European states. There is information that in Syria warehouses where several thousand units of this gun were captured by the opposition and at the moment these automata are intensively used by both parties to the conflict.

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Description of the device

Automation STG.44 works due to the removal of part of powder gases from the barrel channel. Gases move back the shutter with a shutter. Locking the channel of the trunk is made due to the skew of the shutter.

Shock-trigger mechanism of curricular type. STG.44 is able to lead both solitary lights and lights. The fuse overlaps the trigger.

Power is made from a box-shaped double-row store with a capacity of 30 cartridges. Sight sector, it allows you to shoot a distance at a distance of up to 800 meters.

The return spring is covered with woodcut, making it impossible to create a folding butt modification.

Advantages and shortcomings STG.44

Sturmheverver can be called a revolutionary prototype of the rifle gun. But, like at least some new tool, the STG.44 had their own "children's diseases". Remove their developers simply did not have enough time. In addition, do not forget that STG.44 the first tool of this kind.

Ladies:

• very high weight by comparison with an ordinary rifle;
• breast box fragility;
• bad sighting devices;
• weak spring in stores;
• lack of lamb.

Advantages:

• good shooting accuracy in neighboring and medium distances;
• convenience and compactness;
• good rapidity;
• excellent ammunition properties;
• universality in combat criteria.

As you can see, the shortcomings of STG.44 are not critical, and they could simply be removed by spending only the small modernization of the gun. But the Germans did not have time for correcting mistakes.

Some specialists believe that if B STG.44 appeared for a couple of years earlier, the war could have another end. But the story does not tolerate the subjunctivends.

STURMGEWEHR (STG.44) and Kalashnikov machine

In April 1945, the Americans took the town of Zul in Thuringia, where the company Hugo Schmisser was located. The gunsmith himself was arrested, but after the Americans made sure that he was not Nazi and the atrocities did not commit, the designer was released. Yankees did not fully intrigued his instrument. They believed that their carbine M1 was even better than STG.44.

Completely differently thought in the Russian Union. Work on the creation of guns under the intermediate cartridge began in the USSR back in 1943, when the first German trophy samples occur. After the city in Germany, where the enterprise of Schmisser was located to the Russian occupation zone, all the techno documentation on STG.44 was taken from the factory.

Next - more. In 1946, harsh people came to 62-year-old Schmisser and made him a sentence from the category of those from whom they did not dismiss. He, also employees of his office together with families, headed in the USSR, and if it is more specifically to read, then in the city of Izhevsk, where at the time there was a hard work on creating a new machine.

Disputes on the relationship of the Kalashnikov machine gun and STG.44 go to now and the heat does not poke them. Was a copy of the German assault rifle? No, naturally, they differ and very seriously. But the question was whether the STG.44 layout was a layout for the creation of the Russian automaton, you can completely definitely give an affirmative answer. For this, it is quite easy to look at their appearance and design.

But the most exciting is not this. Who did the famous Russian automatic machine? The illiterate parenchy with family education classes is either the most experienced weapon with world naming, which last years of life gave work on a similar to the gun? The question is, as they say, rhetorical. According to the memoirs of people who were familiar with Kalashnikov, he did not know how to draw and was not able to make a simple calculation. Although everyone emphasizes that the guy's hands were really gold. But for the creation of the new tool, there are not much obvious.

In 1948, Kalashnikov was focused on working in Izhmash KB, where at this time the finalization of the machine gun was completed. There, during this period, Hugo Schmisser was worked, they could not be sure. But in the memoirs of Misha Timofeevich about the Germans there is not a single word.

Although, the history of the creation of the famous machine is a separate topic that obviously goes beyond our material.

You can also add that in 1952, Schmisser was released in Germany, where in a year he died at one moment.

Technical properties

• weight, kg: 5.2;
• length, mm: 940;
• stem length, mm: 419;
• the initial velocity of the bullet, m / s: 685 (the mass of the bullet is 8.1 g);
• caliber, mm: 7.92;
• cartridge: 7.92 × 33 mm;
• target distance, M: 600;
• evidence of the Equity: Sector Store for 30 Cartridges;
• sight: sector;
• rapidity, shots / min: 500-600.