• About garbage dumps
  • Staff recruitment
  • Processing technology
  • How much can you earn

According to statistics, our country annually accumulates up to 150 million m3 of household waste with a total weight of more than 30 million tons. Only one person accounts for about 250 kg per year. household waste. And this is not the limit, since with the development of industry and technologies aimed at improving the life of a person, the number of new synthetic materials is growing, and the already created ones are more actively used.

About garbage dumps

And what to do with all this "good"? The decomposition time of just one plastic container is hundreds of years. Local authorities, represented by housing and communal services, simply cannot cope. Most landfills are generated illegally. What can I say, even legal landfills are created in violation of all rules and regulations. Fighting debris with the classic method of arson is not an option. Burning garbage creates a smudge of gases harmful to humans, plus mercury-containing lamps can be thrown into landfills, the arson of which is doubly dangerous.

In this regard, the issue of utilization and processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) is acquiring colossal importance. And it seems that only business representatives can cope with such a task. Garbage recycling should bring good income and only then will the problem get off the ground. Take the same Europe. There, garbage processing is so profitable that politicians and the mafia are ready to fight for it. There, this business is considered a "gold mine". Plastic, glass, paper, metal - all this can be recycled and sold profitably to industrial enterprises. And if in European countries waste recycling is an overfilled niche, then in Russia this business is just emerging.

Step-by-step plan for opening, business profitability

According to experts, the profitability of an enterprise for the processing of solid waste can be 50% or more.

However, it is not so easy to deal with garbage. To organize a large industrial complex for transportation, reception, processing of all types of household waste, tens of millions of rubles will be needed, mainly for the purchase of equipment and lines. Also, large areas of production premises (more than 500m2) and a warehouse are needed. If it is not possible to rent them, then additional construction costs will be required. Plus, it is necessary to summarize all communications, obtain permits, licenses, and so on.

State support is important here. Subsidies, grants, loans, and whatever, just to give the business "financial feeding" for the development of a business that is absolutely new for Russian realities. Recycling of solid waste is an issue that is in the interests of local authorities. Therefore, they should take care of the provision of appropriate areas (land or building) for entrepreneurs wishing to take up this direction.

Investments in this business may not be so "space". For example, it is possible not to be engaged in the transportation of waste, but to organize only the reception of solid waste at the place of its processing. Waste paper is purchased at 50 kopecks, depending on the quality of the paper, and sorted plastic raw materials from 2 rubles per kilogram. Moreover, it is not necessary to recycle all the waste. To begin with, you can deal with the processing of only certain types of solid waste, for example, glass or polymers. In this case, you will not need to purchase a dozen different units and lines. It will be enough to purchase a certain type of press for the procurement of a specific type of secondary raw materials.

Of the whole variety of household waste, the most demanded in the field of processing and obtaining secondary raw materials are:

  • steel, aluminum - up to 100%;
  • textiles - up to 50%;
  • waste paper - up to 35%;
  • glass - up to 35%.

The creation of an enterprise for the processing of solid waste is especially beneficial in large cities, since a lot of "raw materials" are generated there.

How much can you earn from recycling solid waste

The cost of one ton of processed and compressed secondary raw materials is approximately the following: plastic recycling- up to 15,000 rubles, aluminum cans - up to 50,000 rubles, rubber crumb - up to 16,000 rubles, pressed cardboard - up to 12,000 rubles. In one shift, a small enterprise is capable of processing and receiving up to ten tons of secondary raw materials. Hence the monthly turnover of several million rubles.

An important point is that MSW belongs to the 4-5 hazard class, therefore, actions related to the collection, use, disposal and processing of MSW are subject to licensing. The license is issued in the Department of Rosprirodnadzor for the Federal District. The room itself for processing solid waste must meet all the requirements of Rospotrebnadzor and Pozhnadzor, and also be at a distance of at least 600 meters from residential complexes. Therefore, the ideal location for such an enterprise is somewhere on the outskirts of the city.

Staff recruitment

Personnel selection is a separate issue. Waste recycling is mostly manual labor. Therefore, even a small enterprise will require a staff of 25-30 people. At the same time, not everyone wants to deal with solid waste for a long time, hence the high staff turnover. The task of the manager in this case is to establish the optimal piece-rate wages, increase the motivation of workers and their bonuses. The main monthly cost of such an enterprise is the payment of wages to employees.

What equipment to choose for the processing of solid waste

On the market for equipment for the processing of solid waste, there are a number of offers from various manufacturers. According to Russian businessmen, there is no need to spend money on the purchase of expensive foreign lines. And in our country there are budget options for equipment that are not inferior in quality to foreign counterparts, and are easier to repair.

Separately, it is worth highlighting the line for the processing of solid waste - Waste sorting complex MSK 50. Such a line unites the entire chain of waste processing, from the reception of waste and ending with their pressing and storage. The line is serviced by 12 employees, 6 people on each side.

Processing technology

Wherein processing technology as follows:

Through the garbage chute, waste is delivered to the receiving site, where bulky waste is screened out of it: TVs, furniture, tape recorders, etc. From the receiving platform, the sifted waste is transported by a loader to the pit and then to the feeding inclined conveyor. From the inclined conveyor, the garbage is transferred to the sorting horizontal conveyor, where it is sorted into fractions. Each conveyor is equipped with a frequency converter to adjust the speed. Selected fractions of waste (paper, PET bottles, cardboard, aluminum cans, etc.) through hatches in the overpass enter mobile trolleys, on which they are delivered to the presses. Further, each fraction is pressed on the appropriate press, tied, stored and sent to purchasing enterprises (customers).

How much can you earn

This type of business has a profitability of 50%, which allows you to recoup your investment within a few months. Profit from the sale of processed raw materials can be up to 50,000 rubles per month, even from a small workshop.

How much money is needed to start a business

To set up a full-fledged plant for the processing of all types of waste (paper, food, rubber, glass, etc.) from scratch will require about $ 20 million. For the organization of a workshop designed for 1 type, investments will amount to 50-200 thousand dollars.

What OKVED to indicate when registering a business

For this business activity, we select code 38, which includes all processing of any type of waste, as well as their disposal.

What documents are needed to open

In this case, in order to avoid problems with the tax inspectorate, it is advisable to immediately register a limited liability company, given the significant financial flows. The following documents will be required:

  • company charter;
  • memorandum of association;
  • the minutes of the owners' meeting or the decision of the founder;
  • application for registration on form 11001.

What taxation system to choose for registering a waste recycling business

Considering the large volumes of income and expenses, it will be necessary to focus on the general system - OSNO. It implies the payment of income tax at a rate of 20%, as well as VAT at a rate of 18%. This mode will be applied by default, so there is no need to switch to it. But such a system is not subject to numerous restrictions such as the number of personnel, the value of property, etc.

Do you need permissions to open

It is necessary to obtain a license from the Ministry of Ecology, which gives the right to engage in the collection and processing of municipal solid waste. For this purpose, an environmental impact assessment will be carried out with the issuance of a corresponding conclusion. After that, it is necessary to obtain permits from the sanitary service, water and municipal services of the city, "firefighters". The process of obtaining permits can take 3-4 months.

One of the sages once said a long time ago that you can make money even on what lies under your feet.

Modern practice confirms his words. Garbage recycling is a very profitable business, and the following indicators confirm this fact:

  • Processing companies are not so common, and there are plenty of raw materials.
  • The entrepreneur has the opportunity to take various types of waste in an organized manner.
  • High profitability is ensured by the possibility of recycling waste and converting it into secondary raw materials.

The relevance of this business can be seen in almost every aspect, from the fact that it has a positive effect on the environmental situation, and ending with the fact that the result gives a large profit to the owner.

The positive aspects include:

  • support from local authorities (this area is very poorly funded, and the local administration is obliged to ensure cleanliness, therefore, one can safely count on the support of such an idea and help with finding industrial premises);
  • unlimited amount of raw materials;
  • if there is no way to get involved with the expensive and time-consuming process of creating a waste recycling plant, then you can limit yourself to the construction of a workshop, which will cost several times cheaper, and will bring decent profit.

Despite the many positive aspects, entrepreneurs may have some problems related to the delivery and sorting of waste. The correct approach to these questions will certainly lead you to an adequate solution.

An interesting story about this field of activity in the conditions of Russia is in the following video:

What kind of garbage can be dealt with and what is most profitable

So, let's look at the most common options:

  • Car tires... Pyrolysis (depolymerization) is called as the most promising and profitable method of processing this variety, which consists in the decomposition of rubber:
    • for carbon;
    • for gas;
    • for steel cord, which is an excellent raw material for the metallurgical industry;
    • for synthetic oil.

    Each of these products is a demanded raw material, and if the marketing is organized correctly, then the result can be high profitability.

  • Construction garbage usually consists of concrete, brick, wood and metal. After thorough sorting, you can, for example, start processing concrete, which includes crushing and parallel extraction of metal particles from it. As a result, you can get secondary crushed stone used in construction. In world practice, the practice of dismantling buildings and sorting construction waste is now increasingly practiced, about 80% of which can be reused.
  • Processing broken glass involves the re-use of non-standard and broken bottles that would still go to landfill. Broken glass can be taken directly from production or you can organize your own collection point for glass containers or your own line for sorting waste. Recycled raw materials will gladly be bought by glass manufacturers, since such material can be remelted at lower temperatures than those required by the glass-making process. Also, this secondary raw material is in great demand among manufacturers of abrasives, ceramics, tiles and bricks.
  • Used paper... The process of recycling simple (so-called wet) waste paper involves:
    • dissolving paper in water using a hydraulic thinner;
    • removal of all foreign objects from it with a cyclone cleaner;
    • thermomechanical processing when it comes to cardboard;
    • fine purification of the mixture (filtration).

    Recycled paper can be used for packaging cardboard, toilet paper, or roofing material.

Required documents for company registration

Legal processing of municipal solid waste involves obtaining a license from the Ministry of Ecology... The Law "On Environmental Expertise" regulates the obligation of each entity that decides to engage in waste collection and processing, to conduct an environmental expertise. This conclusion can be used throughout the entire life of the company (the approximate cost of this document is 5500 rubles).

The entrepreneur must obtain permits from such services as fire fighting, sanitary, and also stock up on project documentation, which will describe all the technological processes of the future waste recycling organization. The total time for collecting and confirming documentation fluctuates from 2 to 4 months, and the cost is approximately 24,000 rubles.

Where to get garbage?

The average bin contains:

  • 50% of polymers: polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene;
  • 25% food waste;
  • 10% paper and cardboard;
  • 15-20% of rubber, metal, textiles.

In general, household waste is at least 60% recyclable. But this is only from a theoretical point of view, since the separate collection of solid waste, common in many European countries, seems to us only a distant prospect. Undivided waste sent to a modern recycling line can only yield 25% results.

The best option is to install special mobile processing plants. They can be manual or automated, and their cost ranges from several hundred thousand to several million dollars.

There is another option: concluding an agreement with a local landfill or a collection point for glass or plastic containers. Then the problem of sorting will disappear by itself: the production will be provided with ready and sorted waste at a price of up to 5 rubles / kg.

Effective organization of production

A suitable room is a very important stage, because for a waste recycling production you need at least 600 m 2, for a recycling shop - 300-400 m 2, and for a warehouse - 200 m 2. In addition to buildings and structures for industrial use, it is necessary to allocate a place for the administrative premises, which can be located both in the production area and outside it. By the way, the workshops located next to the city dump will help to reduce the costs of both the delivery of raw materials and the rental of premises.

The minimum complete set of equipment should include:

  • sorting line;
  • storage hopper;
  • crusher;
  • magnet;
  • bake.

The additional equipment is a melting furnace, but it should be borne in mind that it will significantly increase the cost side of the project.

Domestic equipment is considered the most affordable and functional.

Staff

It is impossible to recycle household waste without manual labor. In order to carry out sorting, selection, calibration and many other production steps, you need staff from 20 to 40 people(it all depends on the volume of production).

In addition, the high-quality functioning of the enterprise is impossible without accountant, driver, manager and cleaner.

Sales channels for finished products

The end result directly depends on the raw materials used:

  • Many industrial and building materials can be obtained from toxic waste such as mercury lamps;
  • compost can be made from plant waste, which serves as an excellent soil fertilizer;
  • from electronic waste (picture tubes, electrical appliances) - iron, copper, aluminum and glass;
  • from paper - secondary raw materials, from which new materials are subsequently formed.

And the main consumers of services and materials of waste processing production will be:

  • enterprises whose activities are related to one or another final product - cellulose, wood, glass;
  • industrial and individual consumers in need of secondary raw materials.

About costs and future profits

Waste recycling is quite a profitable business, even against the background of the amount of funds required to organize it. This type of business will pay off very quickly (1.5-2 years) if sales are well established. Experts, based on their own observations, argue that the level of profitability of waste processing production ranges from 42 to 80%, because this market segment is practically not subject to competition.

Based on the practice of existing enterprises, you can work with the following statistics:

  • One shift can process 3 tons of waste paper, 1.5 tons of polymer waste or 250 kg of plastic raw materials.
  • One ton of any raw material costs on average from 9,000 to 45,000 rubles.
  • Consequently, the size of the average monthly profit of such an enterprise can range from 150,000 to 3,300,000 rubles.

A huge universal complex for the processing of any type of waste (wood, plastic, metal, paper or glass) will cost a lot of money. Experts claim that the amount will exceed the $ 20 million mark.

But even a modest enterprise has the opportunity to bring a decent profit. The organization of a workshop, the specialization of which will be one type of waste, will cost the amount from 50 to 300 thousand dollars... Arrangement of warehouse and industrial premises in accordance with fire and sanitary requirements - another 2-3 thousand. A crusher, sorting line and other necessary equipment will require $ 50-70 thousand.

In general, the business of receiving and processing waste is very relevant. The size of the initial investment is, of course, higher than that of or, but the amount of profit will delight you already at the very beginning.

Every year waste occupies more and more territories in all corners of our planet. Waste recycling is the most acute, global and most pressing environmental problem today. The level of environmental pollution due to waste and their disposal is increasing at a catastrophic rate. That is why it is necessary to introduce waste processing technologies that would minimize the risks of destroying nature.

Processing technologies and methods

Nowadays, there are several options for recycling waste into useful recyclable materials. Some of them are very harmful to the environment, while others, on the contrary, are more gentle and effective. However, there are three main waste processing technologies:

  • incineration at landfills - the use of this method of waste disposal allows you to free up a significant area of ​​land, but it is harmful to the environment. But if the enterprise is equipped with high-tech equipment capable of first removing all harmful components: metals, plastic, batteries, and then starting the process, then this method of working with waste deserves to exist;
  • plasma processing - allows the disposal of unsorted raw materials, as a result, secondary products are obtained that can be used for the manufacture of building materials, ceramic tiles and other products;
  • pyrolysis at low temperatures is one of the most effective and useful ways to recycle waste, as it has virtually no negative impact on the environment and emits a large amount of heat that can be converted into electricity.

Landfill and composting methods can be used to dispose of waste. The first involves immersing waste under the ground, after which it decomposes and releases methane. The method of filling the landfill is economically profitable, since the gas is transformed into a common natural resource. Composting involves the formation of natural fertilizers, so only organic waste can be recycled.

Waste recycling problem

Safe disposal of garbage is a large-scale and complex process that requires a large area, special conditions, financing and other components. Among the large number of waste disposal problems, the following are distinguished:

  • Financing - the only source of investment in waste recycling is payments from the population. Only with their help it is possible to cover the costs associated with waste removal and disposal. Lack of funds leads to an exacerbation of the environmental problem.
  • Structuring - in order to see the result regarding waste recycling, it is necessary to create a special service that would deal with this issue. Utilities, which have most of the responsibilities and tasks, in truth, do not cope with this volume and devote not enough time to waste disposal.
  • Systematization - work with waste in the regions of the country is carried out by various ministries that are not related to each other, therefore the problem remains unresolved.
  • Informational problem - unfortunately, the population is not aware of the importance of separating waste, exacerbating the issue of waste disposal and the level of harm to the environment.
  • Marketing problem - many entrepreneurs who work with recyclable materials, which are obtained as a result of waste processing, face problems in selling products, since many do not agree to buy goods obtained from garbage.

And the key problem is still the strategic one. There is no long-term planning for waste management at the district level, and without these actions it is extremely difficult to achieve results.

Waste recycling in Russia

At this stage, waste disposal in the country is not carried out using the safest and most effective methods. In addition, most of the landfills are located near settlements, which negatively affects people's health and the quality of their living.

The amount of garbage is growing every year, so the government must develop effective ways and methods for the safe disposal of waste. Waste conversion into recyclable materials should consist of several stages, namely: sorting, processing of raw materials and production of secondary products.

Waste processing types

In order not to turn our planet into one huge pile of garbage, it is necessary to properly dispose of waste using effective and safe methods. There are the following types of processing:

  • earth filling - the garbage is filled up, after which it decomposes underground;
  • composting is a safe way to dispose of waste and obtain fertilizer for the soil, but this requires only organic components;
  • incineration is a common method of waste disposal, which causes enormous harm to the environment;
  • low-temperature pyrolysis - effectively neutralizes waste, reducing its amount by up to 10 times, in the process of garbage processing, a small amount of harmful substances is released and pyrolysis oils are obtained, which are used in the manufacture of plastics;
  • high-temperature pyrolysis or plasma processing - consists in garbage gasification. To carry out the procedure, it is not necessary to sort the waste, hazardous substances do not enter the atmosphere, since at a temperature of +900 degrees they simply decompose; the resulting pyrolysis oils do not need to be purified.

Each waste treatment method has its own advantages and disadvantages. The choice of waste disposal method largely depends on the capabilities and funding of the state.

Waste recycling

Recycling means a variety of methods for the disposal of different types of waste in order to reuse and return useful components of the waste into circulation. There are especially valuable raw materials from which you can re-make products and get a good profit. These include: paper and cardboard, glass, rubber, polymers, petroleum products, electronics, metals, timber, secondary waste and construction waste. Recycling is an important area of ​​economic activity.

Scientific research shows that each person produces 445 kg of garbage every year. Much more residues are generated by industrial activities. Irreparable harm to the environment is caused. The article will consider how different types of waste affect the environment, and how you can reduce their adverse impact through proper disposal.

Garbage types

Waste classification by origin separates waste into two groups: production and consumption waste. These include all the remnants produced by humanity.

Production and consumption wastes are understood as by-products resulting from the activities of an enterprise or a person. Waste materials from factories have the greatest impact on the environment.

Industrial waste

Economic growth in the countries of the world has led to the growth of industry. The activities of factories and enterprises on a huge scale provoke an ever-growing amount of waste.

Based on the possibility of reuse, leftovers can be:

  • Returnable. Includes waste materials that, after being used for their intended purpose, are used in other work processes, but not as raw materials. An example is buttermilk left over from milk processing at a factory, sawdust.
  • Secondary raw materials. Such waste is not returned to production, but it can be useful in other industrial sectors. It includes recyclable waste: scrap metal, plastic, glass, rubber, paper products.
  • Non-returnable: Recycling and re-use of the residue is not feasible. If necessary, they are rendered harmless and subjected to burial or disposal.

Many enterprises consider potential recyclable materials to be irrecoverable losses, considering recycling unreasonable, which greatly harms the environment.

Hazard classes

Industrial waste is also divided into groups according to the severity of the consequences for humans and nature.

  • The most dangerous materials are those containing mercury and galvanic sludge. Their impact on the environment is irreversible and leads to serious results, up to and including an environmental disaster.
  • The next hazard class includes batteries, toxic varnishes, materials with a high content of lead, acids. It takes 30 years to eliminate the harm they cause.
  • The middle class includes materials containing a small amount of heavy metals. Their impact is eliminated in 10 years.
  • The next class is made up of practically harmless substances, after the influence of which the environment takes 3 years to fully recover. These include mainly construction waste.
  • The last, 5th class includes completely safe substances and elements: paper products, natural materials. They are recycled for reuse in most countries of the world.

Often, the last two hazard classes practically do not differ from each other, therefore, in many sources one can find a division only into four classes.


A large amount of industrial waste indicates an imperfect production technology and the need to take measures, but this is often ignored by enterprises.

Impact on the environment

Highly toxic substances poison all elements of the Earth's biosphere.

Once in landfills, industrial waste begins to release hazardous substances into the soil and atmosphere. Through contaminated soil, poisons enter underground waters, which are directly connected with the world's oceans. Birds, animals, fish die or mutate, adapting to the new habitat, which leads to irreversible changes within the species.

Lands contaminated with hazardous waste are destroyed and become unsuitable for agricultural work. However, it can take quite a long time before the pollution is detected, which leads to the ingress of poisons into the grown products.

Human health is threatened due to the risk of poisoning from drinking water, food grown in contaminated areas, air near enterprises. Heavy metals, including mercury, increase the risk of cancer and weaken the immune system.

The nuclear industry poses a particular danger to human health. Radioactive debris is stable, it is almost impossible to destroy it. These substances gradually disintegrate themselves, but the half-life (the time during which the number of atoms of an element is halved) of many of them is tens of thousands of years. The effect of radiation on wildlife and humans is catastrophic and leads to the most serious consequences.


The amount of waste continues to grow, so the problem of proper disposal is becoming global.

Waste handling

To minimize the harm caused by enterprises to the environment, it is necessary to properly use the waste generated.

Disposal of industrial waste is carried out in different ways, depending on the type and degree of danger to the environment.

Contaminated wastewater undergoes several filtration stages. Mechanical method: water is purified from debris particles. Biological: with the help of bacteria, organic harmful substances are precipitated. Thermal - in which toxic substances are destroyed to safe components.

For toxic solutions, evaporation is used, after which the dry residue of toxic elements is burned.

Solid production residues are processed in a more complex way. Waste disposal at the enterprise implies a neutralization stage, the goals and main methods of which are aimed at reducing the adverse impact on the environment, reducing the area occupied by the waste material.

Processing methods:

  1. A low-cost, but effective method for elements of lower hazard classes is composting. The debris mixes with organic getter materials, which accelerates the decomposition process. The method is suitable for construction waste, food industry waste.
  2. Thermal neutralization, or incineration. Suitable for all types of garbage. Temperatures above 1200 degrees neutralize toxic substances, purify gas impurities to a safe state. The remainder after such neutralization is 5-10% of the original volume of waste.
  3. Biodegradation is a method in which low-hazard substances are degraded by microorganisms.
  4. To disinfect residues with a high content of toxins, an electric current is used, under the influence of which the structure of the material is destroyed to a harmless state.

The next stage of recycling is waste disposal. This refers to the storage or disposal of waste residues at landfills, equipped complexes that prevent it from entering the environment.

The difference between these processes is that the storage of garbage implies their subsequent use or disposal.


Temporary storage of waste materials at appropriate sites is called accumulation, is allowed for 11 months, after which it becomes a criminal offense. The waste disposal facility must have an appropriate state license.

The company must have a burial permit: it is forbidden to place without a complete set of documents for certain types of garbage. Violation of this law will result in fines.

Waste materials storage activities are strictly controlled by the government. The requirements for waste disposal sites are quite severe: complexes and landfills should be located in specially designated areas after a series of studies. On their territories, constant monitoring of the state of the environment is mandatory. Timely sampling of soil, air and groundwater is required.

It is not allowed to place landfills near settlements, reservoirs, mining sites and other objects prone to contamination. The soil of the landfill must be laid with plastic that does not allow substances to enter the soil.

During the construction of the complex, it is necessary to take into account the likelihood of earthquakes. Seismic protection of landfills is provided by a special design.

Burial of garbage in landfills is as follows. Equipped transport takes it to the landfill.

Moreover, hazardous waste is transported in highly durable sealed containers. A certain amount of waste is discharged onto the territory, which is leveled with the help of technology. The resulting layer is sprinkled with earth and the layer is shipped again.

Garbage of different hazard classes is disposed of in separate complexes.

Closing polygons

During the construction phase of the burial complex, the elevation is calculated at a certain height. When the level of disposal reaches the design level, the waste disposal facility is mothballed or closed. At landfills with high loading and long service life, it is allowed to exceed the established level by 10%.


Before conservation, the last layer of debris must be covered with a dense layer of soil, to exclude the possibility of water entering the soil, and insulated with a vinyl lining to avoid emissions into the atmosphere.

To protect the soil from weathering or washout, the territory of the mothballed landfill must be landscaped in accordance with local climatic conditions.
Planted trees, lawns also contribute to the accelerated soil reclamation - its introduction into agricultural activities.

Features of the disposal of radioactive waste

Disposal of waste from the nuclear industry is a complex and expensive process. Initially, a careful sorting is carried out, determining the uranium content to milligrams: this substance is not buried.

The sorted uranium is sent back to production for reuse. Then the garbage is hermetically packed and sent to recycling plants.


Vitrification is a progressive method of radioactive waste processing. In the process, moisture is first evaporated from the material, then placed in an induction furnace, where it is mixed with crushed glass.

Next, the molten mixture is poured into strong containers, which are sealed and sent to underground burial grounds covered with concrete mortar. Such storage facilities reliably protect the environment from the effects of radionuclides for 1000-1500 years.

Registration of used elements

The state obliges industrial facilities to provide information on waste production materials. To register waste at an enterprise, you need to draw up and approve passports for each type of waste, based on the Federal Waste Classification Catalog (FCCO), in order to obtain a license for the removal and disposal of waste.

If the catalog does not contain the required type, the company is obliged to conduct a third-party analysis of the composition of the substance in an accredited laboratory, on the basis of which the waste hazard class is calculated.

It is important to make sure that the selected company has the appropriate license for all stages of disposal of waste of various hazard classes. These actions take a long time, therefore it is recommended to perform them in advance to avoid exceeding the established deadline for garbage accumulation - 11 months.

The next stage is the direct disposal of solid industrial waste as property. This process depends on the accounting policies of the individual entity.

Waste clearance, neutralization, disposal is a long and costly process that requires careful implementation of each stage, but it is important to prevent an environmental catastrophe.

A growing number of businesses have a negative impact on the environment and humanity. While significant reduction of garbage or complete disposal of them is not possible in the short term, proper disposal will help keep the environment healthy.

The environment has always been a source of resources for mankind, but for a long time its vital activity did not have a noticeable effect on nature. Only from the end of the last century, under the influence of economic activity, noticeable changes in the Earth's biosphere began to occur. They have now reached alarming proportions.

The scale of the problem

The rapid growth of population and the level of consumption of natural resources, modern rates of material production lead to thoughtless treatment of nature. With such an attitude, a huge part of the resources taken from nature is returned to it in the form of waste, harmful and unsuitable for further use.

Scientists have calculated that 5 tons of garbage are generated in the world every day, while its amount increases annually by 3% in volume. The accumulation of household waste on the surface harms the surrounding nature, polluting water, soil and atmosphere and threatens the possibility of the existence of all life on the planet in general. Therefore, one of the important issues around the world is the disposal of household waste.

Household waste classification

Household waste can be classified according to several criteria.

So, according to the composition, household waste is conventionally divided into biological residues and non-biological waste (garbage).

  • rats;
  • cockroaches.

Cockroaches can carry different types of diseases.

Non-biological waste includes:

  • paper;
  • plastic;
  • metal;
  • textile;
  • glass;
  • rubber.

The process of decomposition of these wastes can last about 2–3 years and, in most cases, be accompanied by the release of toxic substances that harm the environment and humans.

According to the state of aggregation, waste is divided into:

  • solid;
  • liquid;
  • gaseous;
  • pastes;
  • gels;
  • suspensions;
  • emulsions.

By origin, waste is divided into:

  • Industrial - a type of household waste obtained as a result of production.
  • Construction - are formed during construction and installation work, during the repair of roads, buildings, as well as during their demolition.
  • Radioactive waste.
  • Solid household waste (MSW) is generated in the residential sector, trade enterprises, education, health care and social and cultural facilities.

These are goods that have lost their consumer properties over time and turned into garbage, as well as MSW, road and yard waste.

The most significant part of household waste is solid waste. For each type of waste, there are special methods of waste disposal.

Waste recycling

The process of disposal of solid waste takes place in several stages:

  • collection;
  • transportation;
  • placement;
  • neutralization;
  • burial;
  • storage;
  • processing;
  • disposal.

First of all, the process of getting rid of garbage involves careful sorting. The task of pre-sorting waste and their disposal is greatly facilitated by the separate collection of waste, which is promoted in most European countries.

Methods for the destruction of solid household waste

There are various options for its destruction. So, the main way to get rid of solid waste is burial at special sites (landfills).

Non-returnable waste is destroyed at landfills - household waste is recycled, as a result of which it almost completely ceases to exist as waste. The burial method is not suitable for all types of solid waste, but only for non-combustible waste or for substances that emit toxic substances during combustion.

The advantage of this method is that it does not require significant financial costs and the availability of large plots of land. But there are also disadvantages in using this method - it is the accumulation of gas during underground rotting of waste.

Briquetting is a new method of disposal of solid waste, which is not yet widely used in practice. It includes preliminary sorting and packing of homogeneous waste into separate briquettes, and then their storage in specially designated areas (landfills).

Waste briquetting makes it possible to significantly save space

The garbage packed in this way is subjected to pressing, which greatly facilitates its transportation due to a significant reduction in volume.

Briquetted waste is intended for further processing and possible industrial use. Along with such a method as the processing of municipal solid waste, when briquetting, they can be transported for burial or disposal by heat treatment.

In fact, this method is similar to the burial method, but in practice it has a number of advantages over it. The disadvantages of the method are that the heterogeneity of the emitted waste and the preliminary strong pollution in garbage containers and the change in some components of the waste creates a great difficulty in briquetting.

And the high abrasiveness of components such as stone, sand and glass interfere with the pressing process.

Since these recycling methods have a number of disadvantages, despite their low cost, the best option would be to completely get rid of garbage when recycling it into recyclable materials and fuel, as well as its possible reuse.

New way of waste disposal

Waste disposal

When disposing of garbage (the Latin root utilis is useful), the waste can later be used for various purposes.

Waste to be disposed of includes:

  • all types of metals;
  • glass;
  • polymers;
  • products from yarn and fabric;
  • paper;
  • rubber;
  • organic household and agricultural waste.

The most efficient way of disposal today is recycling.

In other words, recycling is a special case of the concept of “solid waste disposal”.

When recycling, the waste is returned to the process of technogenesis. There are two options for recycling waste:

  • Reuse of waste for its intended purpose after appropriate safe handling and labeling. For example, the reuse of glass and plastic containers.
  • Return of waste after processing to the production cycle. For example, tin containers are used for the production of steel, waste paper is used for the production of paper and cardboard.

Some types of waste that cannot be used for their intended purpose are recycled, after which it is more expedient to return them to the production cycle as secondary raw materials. Thus, part of the waste can be used to generate heat and electricity.

In addition to those already listed, the disposal of solid waste can be carried out by several more methods. Each of them is applicable to a certain type of waste, and has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Thermal waste processing

Thermal processing means several ways:

  • burning;
  • low temperature pyrolysis;
  • plasma treatment (high temperature pyrolysis).

The simple waste incineration method is the most common and one of the cheapest waste management methods. It is during incineration that large volumes of waste are disposed of, and the generated ash takes up less space, does not undergo rotting processes and does not emit harmful gases into the atmosphere. It is non-toxic and does not require specially equipped burial sites.

The main thing in this method is that during waste incineration, a large amount of heat energy is released, which has recently been learned to use for the autonomous operation of waste incineration enterprises. And its surplus is redirected to city stations, which makes it possible to provide entire areas with electricity and heat.

The disadvantage of this method is that during combustion, in addition to safe components, smoke saturated with toxic substances is formed, which creates a dense curtain over the earth's surface and leads to a significant disruption of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, contributing to its thinning and the formation of ozone holes.

High temperature and low temperature pyrolysis

Is a technological process of garbage gasification that occurs at a melting temperature higher than in a conventional processing plant (over 900 ° C).

As a result, a glazed product is formed at the exit, which is absolutely harmless and does not require further disposal costs. The scheme of this process allows you to get gas from organic components of the waste, which is then used to generate electricity and steam.

The main advantage of this method is that it allows you to successfully solve the problem of environmentally friendly disposal of garbage without unnecessary costs for preliminary preparation, sorting, and drying.

The advantages of low-temperature pyrolysis (temperatures from 450 to 900 ° C) are:

  • use for processing almost all types of household waste, carefully selected in advance;
  • obtaining pyrolysis oils used in the production of plastics;
  • release of pyrolysis gas suitable for further use.

In addition, there is such a method of waste disposal as composting. Since most of the waste is made up of various organic residues, they are subject to rapid decay in their natural environment.

The composting method is based on this property of organic matter. In the process of composting, not only the disposal of a huge part of the garbage that pollutes the environment takes place, but also in the process of it, substances useful for agriculture are obtained - fertilizers.

The presented methods of waste disposal allow recycling waste with the least negative impact on the environment.

Video: Modern Approach to Waste Disposal