Historical reconstruction is a pretty young kind of hobby. In Russia, he appeared in the early 90s and immediately received the spread of people in a circle, fond of historical, romantic dehummond-seeing. Increases several federations of historical fencing. Sportsmans are regularly held. Festivals are held massive battles, mainly clubs of historical fencing and reconstruction of supporting the administration of regions and cities where the event is being held. There are also measures of state importance (for example, the reconstruction of Culikovsky battlelyborodinsky battle of Russia or the reconstruction of Magnunwald Bittle of the border).

The historical reconstruction is to recreate the material and spiritual culture of a historical era and the region using archaeological, visual and written sources.

Historical reconstruction is a movement that is in front of them scientific purposes and using the role-playing method and a scientific experiment to solve problems and a deeper study of the studied question.

The term "historical reconstruction" can be used in two values:

Restoration of the appearance and design of an object, a theoretical or practical, based on its preserved fragments, remnants, and existing historical information about it, with the help of modern methods of historical science (including such a method as an archaeological experiment). Similarly, the historical reconstruction of processes, events and technologies is determined. Also - its (recovery) result.

Activities aimed at restoring various aspects of historical events, objects, etc.

The historical reconstruction as was hobbyped in the Countries (then another -ssr) in the late 1980s. As a rule, an enthusiastic historical reconstruction is interesting to create a historical complex, consisting of the cooler, armor, weapons of household accessories for the selected region and the historical period. Each element of the complex must be confirmed by any scientific sources (archaeological, visual, written). The main idea of \u200b\u200breconstruction of such a complex of costume, armor, etc. is the use of this complex in practice, including to confirm or refutate scientific hypotheses regarding the possibilities of using certain objects.

Currently, there are two most popular directions:

live story;

tournaments (bugurs) - in Napoleonic reconstruction is not present.

Live history (or Englishl.Living history) is a scientific discipline that is at the intersection of such disciplines as "experimental archeology" and "Museum pedagogy". A lively history is to recreate the daily life of the inhabitants of any place in a certain historical period, usually in the form of the organization "Museum of Living History" and / or the "Festival of Living History", as well as living history lessons in schools. It is important to absolutely everything, ranging from the cut and the appearance of wearable clothes and ending with authentic kitchen recipes. Such events are interesting not only to the participants themselves, but also to the audience who can look at the non-good history of their country, on how their ancestors lived. This area is very popular and developed in Western Europe, there are dozens of "open-air museums", where people live and work in the situation of past times.

Tournaments (as well as bugurts - the reconstruction of field battles) - the essence of this area is the study and application of a certain era in the practice of military art. Much is taken from the sources of that time, something is thought of people on the basis of common sense. The result is a spectacular representation, see which it will be interesting to everyone, because everything is perceived especially sharply. Tournaments can be divided into staged (for the audience or just aesthetics) and sports, on which people want to objectively assess their strength, skills.

The most popular epochs of historical reconstruction:

Antiquity;

Early Middle Ages (VII-XI century); High Middle Ages (XII-XIII century); Later, the Middle Ages (XIV-XV century); New Time (XVI-XVII century); Napoleonic Wars; World War II; Second World War; Cold War ( Military conflicts of 1946-1991)

Recently, new directions have been actively developing.

This is a fairly conditional separation, reflecting only the most characteristic differences. Inside each era, there is differentiation by region and certain historical periods (for each era of their own), for example, for the high and late Middle Ages, the recreated complex should be laid in a time frame for 20 years, which is understandable, for the Second World War is unacceptable.

Historical reconstructors - Fans of historical eras, ideology, spirituality.

Reconstructors are people who are engaged in the recreation of life, crafts, the tradition of combat art of a specific efficiency state. Reconstructors explore historical materials about the manufacturer, clothes, household items in order to recreate these items on those technologies for which they are made. Also examined and reconstruct customs and morals. Many reconstructors are engaged in recreating military history and manufacture sedispheries weapons. Many also have historical fencing.

Due to the fact that many role-playing attires are often engaged in a "partial reconstruction" of the historical realities of the Nariral Games, the reconstructors often make up a biased, somewhat ironic attitudes towards roleviks, as to some "undersecutors". At the same time, however, many reconstructors are also also rolewicks, or were previously them. Often rolewicks, starting seriously interested in history, leave role-playing games and switched to historical reconstruction and fencing. The care of the reconstructors in rolewicks is much more rare. [The source is not specified 1055 days] However, extraordinary cases occur when roleplaces are organized in club clubs, which allows role-players and reconstructors without much effort to mix their activities. Although, due to the same neglect of the reconstructors, internal conflicts arise, and such organizations are easily collapsed.

Unlike role-players, the reconstructors have not yet managed to completely take free into the subculture, despite the existing prerequisites for this (historical reconstruction as a base of subcultures, the presence of certain musical styles, a specific chemical adherent historical oristical or historical or historical or historical rings, etc.). At the same time, historical reconstruction often does not imply any particular specificity, religious or political views, etc. in a reconstruction, etc. This distance distance in some cases is specifically emphasized. This is especially true for reconstructors restoring historically ambiguous organizations - such as the jigger.

In most cases, reconstructors are united in the "Historical Reconstruction Club" (Cyrgyz) or "Historical Reconstruction and Fencing Club" (Kyryf) and "Military Historical Club" (VIC), featuring a training room, storage of equipment and clothing, workshop and etc. The club's number is, as a rule, 10-30 people (perhaps more). Large clubs may have branches in other cities. Inside clubs there may be a hierarchy, in one degree or another repeating the hierarchical structure of the reconstructed period (say, the structure of the early-medieval Slavic squad or the infantry regiment of the Napoleonic army). Members of one club in most cases have certain distinctive features that allow them to identify them at large events (shields of a certain color or with a certain pattern, color of uniform, stripes, special epaulets, etc.).

In addition to participating in festivals, clubs can organize their own closed events, reconstructing certain events, rites, etc. (for example, peers and balls). Kirov members are often invited to participate in various events of the historical orientation, presentations, exhibitions, participate in the filming of historical films (a characteristic example is the film "Alexander. Nevskaya Battle"). In addition to the "club" reconstructors, there are also reconstructors that do not belong to any particular club and engaged in the reconstruction independently. In the environment of reconstructors, such people are sometimes called esters (SSR - "the reconstruction itself").

Movement of role-playing games (DRI), role-playing, rolewicks - Informal community of people playing various role-playing games, in the first place of live action games. Related role-playing are the movements of historical reconstructors, tolkinists, hardbolists, airsoftistypticistribols. The role-playing movement is also distinguished by both a hobby, and a clarity, which is characteristic of a jargon, its music (see Mestrels), its own literature (in the main attachment) and other characteristic elements of a single culture.

Role movement in Russia and the USSR originated in the 80s based on fiction clubs clubs.

In addition to role-playing games, rolewicks are going to role-playing workers - short-term meetings devoted to informing players about the games of the season, discussing the past games, informal communication. There are tournaments on historical fencing, photos and art exhibitions, concerts of authors of the game song, theater performances, video transactions.

Currently there are critics of this term. Based on the fact that the word "movement" in this context is understood as the commonality of people having some goal, they suggest that this term brings an incorrect meaning in understandingerolete wells, as it is an end in itself and do not pursue any political, social, social or other purposes.

playing polygon games and role-playing live action. This is a kind of theater, where people are reincarnated into the heroes of the book, legends, history, fairy tales or fictional heroes and live their lives. Polygona games are usually held in a few days, and all their participants over these days should organize a camp, the fortress (if necessary), plan the game and live, most often, in the forest, gaming period.

In general, the beginning of the role movement is considered distant 1989, when members of the club of fiction lovers decided to draw the action described in one of the books J.R.R. Tolkien. I liked the idea, and soon there was an annual festival on which games were held on the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. Therefore, it can be safe that the first rolewicks on domestic expanses were tolkienists. With the development of the role movement, it turned out that in addition to Tolkien, there are still great many writers, on whose works you can put games. Costumes for role-playing games were first made from the girlfriend, but over time, the creation of role-playing costumes came to a qualitatively new level. Today is not a problem to find specialized places of sales of reconstruction weapons, decorations, clothes and shoes. All these wondings are made manually in special workshops, the armor is made individually for each customer.

With the development of role-playing, various role-playing clubs appeared, whole fencing schools were created. The standard has been developed for holding role-playing festivals, knightly tournaments and fights. Inside the role community, individual groups with their specialization began to stand out. For example, someone is engaged exclusively with fencing and struggle, participates in the fights; Someone is engaged in the reconstruction of a certain historical era and tries to accurately reproduce the clothes and life of its period, someone specializes in the reconstruction of only dance - dancers can show their art on thematic balas. Men on games are fighting, traineled fencing on swords, satisfy fights. Women shut off the camp, prepare and dance, some also participate in the "battles" on a par with men and are often not worse than them to fly by a sword. With a specialization, everything is now clear, but who deals directly by the organization of the game, thinks over the course of action and distributes roles? This is the case of the master. Here, too, everything is clear - the master "Masterite" game. As a rule, the Master belongs to the roles of the older generation, in their exceptions, which has played the random number of games.

No role event costs without a man with a guitar. Folk (especially Irish and Scottish), medieval music, folk rock, author's song and a little heavy metal are welcome in the role-playing environment. People who perform songs under the guitar (other tools are much less common, but also have a place to be), called minstrels. Approximately about a third of the minesters are women and girls with big sad eyes. Rolling themes are specific, and often the words of songs are incomprehensible to the uninitiated listener. But mostly heroes of Menestrel songs become ladies and knights, elves and gnomes, fairies and dragons. Here you need to obey the laws of the genre, otherwise the role song turns into an ordinary bard.

According to some data, the number of rolewicks in the post-Soviet space approaches half a million, and this figure is steadily growing. What moves people to polygons, tournaments and balls? Most likely, this is escape from the gray everyday life, the opportunity to communicate with interesting people, meet old friends and find new, live the life of a fairy-tale hero, to get new sensations in extreme conditions. There are many reasons for here, as many among rolewicks are truly talented, different and interesting people. Here you can meet programmers, physician and chemists, writers, workers from the factory (and there is such), teachers and doctors. All of them seek to plunge into the magic world, where there are magic and fabulous heroes. Perhaps this is a flight from the real fussy world, and maybe the path to yourself, because we are all in the soul a little children who are secretly believe in a miracle and magic.

Essence.

Imported, of course, unconditional passion for Middle Ages and Fantnesia. Roleviks live where the dragons, demons, elves, gnomes and other magical creatures settle down. This is their lifestyle, but do not think that reality turned away from them. After all, such people are perfectly finding work, friends, family ... What is interesting, according to statistics, most of the roles or psychologists or programmers. Of course, any of them loves fires, forests, nature, songs under the guitar. The role-playing movement, first of all, is built on friendly relations - without them in our world, do not live, so everyone knows that he will fall into a difficult situation - he will be happy to help him. Music. As the old truth says: "Not every metalworker is Rolevik, but every rolewick is a metalworker," it follows that all rolewicks without exception is inherent in love for rock music, mainly to Heavy Metal. Well, of course, to Folk-Rock, stylized for old music ... In Russia, it is either Celtic, Irish or Slavic national melodies, as well as songs on role-playing topics that are still accompanied by musical details of the Middle Ages and Fantnesia. Appearance.

First of all, of course, long hair. Regardless of the floor, 90% of the role-players wear long hair. They are also inherent in all kinds of historical type attributes - metal bracelets, rings, rings, use of various runes, leather shoe, lace on hair across his forehead, well, and all that is associated with their lifestyle. In everyday clothes, they differ little from ordinary informals. But if you are being played or training, then go into the course of old-Russian shirts, chain, armor, raincoats, long beautiful dresses, fur and leather kids, all this is associated with a weapon, such as a sword, onion, dagger, alabard, etc. Classification. First of all, I would like to say that there are role-playing traditional and technicians. The first are fantasy, the second for weapons and games of the XX-XXI centuries. Usually, there is a light, almost imperceptible competition, even disregard by each other. This article is written about the first type. As soon as they are not customary, but the main group are Tolkienists - they are mainly representing a peace class, which simply plays on the books of J. Tolkien. Basic classes. Usually, Roleviks are divided into clans (teams), in which their hierarchy has been built, there are advantages and cons, a set of laws, coat of arms, charter, shape of a single clothing. Each team holds training, usually in nature. They include exercises to be in various types of medieval weapons. Who has no professional sword or staff, can go and cut off a stick somewhere in the woods to exercise in the technique. From here and there are permanent smiles over roleviks, that, they say, run with sticks in the forest and crumbling each other. In addition to physical training, rolewicks still love playing various worlds. For example, someone becomes a demon who "master" (a person who monitors the fulfillment of the rules and defines the course of the game), gave the task to steal the princess from one human settlement. Accordingly, the princess is guarded by other players - warriors-people. This starts a fascinating game with battles, disassembly, agreements, agreements. Everyone defines the pros and cons, magic and power, dexterity and health. Another thing that rolewicks is not in the last place is the so-called DND (Dungeons and Dragons) - the verbal role-playing game in which the player does not actively actively physically, and in words explains its actions, contacts with other players and from his actions The course of the game, which actually behaves "Master" is depends. Well, and, of course, any roleworth will not miss good flash bond! :) In general, the role movement is now acquiring all the big turns. And generally great when people are distracted from everyday everyday and deal with something distracted and unusual.

Games as follows:

A large group of participants - with a weapon, be sure to go somewhere in the forest. There, according to the plot, invented by Master (or Masters-organizers of the game), roles are distributed. Games are held on books, historical epochs or invested by a master of the situation. Rolevukhi can go from a few hours to a few days. During this time, you can live a lifetime, or even a few - the life of the hero or traitor, the king, minstrel or warrior. However, the script in role-playing games does not happen. The plot represents only introductory information and more or less specific tasks from players - teams or individuals. The game includes not only the fighting, but also the economy and magic. According to the rules of the Numenoryuk game, the player must have a piece of fabric on clothes, the color of which indicates belonging to one of the peoples of Mediterranean: blue - elves, red - people, green - dwarves, brown - orcs. In each team, several peasants and fighters (fighters), as well as artisans - weales, blacksmiths, etc. and at least one aristocrat and maybe the magician. Everyone has its own functions. For normal life, they all need a certain number of chips (from English chip) - game equivalents of food and drink. If agriculture is developed in the "country", then the chips give out the master of the team, if not, the chips are bought from the neighbors. For example, if there are only gardens in the village of Dwarves, and there are no conditions for the content of livestock, then meat chips can be obtained as a fee for the services of a skillful gnome blacksmith - at least for the "strengthening" of the armor. At the end of the cycle, each player is obliged to hand over the master the necessary number of chips confirming that he did not die from hunger. In the case of a hungry death (or death on the Brani field), the player goes to Mandos (in the famine of the madman), where he spends three hours, and then returns to another character - what exactly the masters decide in agreement with the player. Each participant of the game has a certain number of hits (from English Hit) - lives. Armor and level of military skills increase their number. Weapons must meet the stringent safety requirements and have a master certificate. Each type of weapon has stipulated in the rules of the striking force and, when applied, the strike removes a certain number of hits. The player is considered to be killed if all the hits have been removed from him and he is applied another blow. Any magic skill must also be certified by a certificate on the form. For example, a very useful gift - so ask questions that the answer is obliged to speak the truth. True, other players may require a certificate. Believe the word - possible right, but the bluff is not prohibited. Special place, and very important, fighting battles. Fights are three species: the wall, when two groups of comrades are converged in the rolling battle, one on one and finally, the milcarbon duel. This is when there are more than two people and "uroat" each other, while everyone for himself. The girls in the walls and lolchanics rarely participate, except the most terrible. But they do not refuse to each other. Serious injuries, as a rule, nobody inflicts anyone. The worst is a finger injury with a subsequent bruising: the holy rule is operating in the party - "not to beat on the head." Tolkinists (from Tolkien) -Fand (informal (usually) subcultural community, whose participants are combined with a single interest associated with works of art - addiction to a certain film, book, TV series, etc.) Book fans. R. R. Tolkina, which has a close connection with subculturerolevics.

Researchers believe that you can even set the exact time of Tolkiennia: the summer of 1965, when the American audience did not have enough million-like "Lord of the Rings". Harvard students acquired icons: "Long live Frodo!", "Gandalf - President!", Etc. It was a time when even the names of the articles like "still a little Mordor were met in the newspapers!" - And people understood this!

Tolkien's full translations appeared for the first time in Russia only at the beginning of the nineties. It was then that the first tolkienists began to appear in Russia. But the mass of this phenomenon received only in the middle of our decade. Then only few went to the game in the forest. Under St. Petersburg, RHA (regional hydroelectric games) was held in Zakhodsky, the participants of which were broken into several camps and lived like hippie, who wanted to fight, someone just rested, did not cost without alcohol, but the role of the role game was vital everywhere.

What was (and is) the purpose of the Tolkienist? I would venture to assume that, first of all, in addition. The role-playing game in Tolkien does not just just allow "to extend the space of the book", to the great regret with the worried, read, and learned by heart. It is just once again to meet with DPYSIA-TRADES, most importantly - you can feel like an auto author.

Tolkienists distinguishes:

Careful attitude to the game, fantasy literature, up to a philological interest in the study of elven languages, great interest in history, mainly early Middle Ages, martial arts, fencing, etc. Life worldview in combination with a very humorous assessment of its own activities (person is able to hot, with It is warm and in full to argue about the pedigree hobbits, but after a minute the same hobbits will become the object of his ridicule - in general, that tolkienist, who always relates to himself seriously);

The tolkienists themselves are allocated in the structure of their parties several types of people who came here, in accordance with the reasons that lead in tolkienism. First, these are people who for any reason failed to approve themselves in the big world, or managed, but what happened to them, they do not like. They hold on the new world as polar explorers for the radio station, since the loss means the final wreck of life. Over time, such people make up the elite of tolkienism; They closes in their narrow circle, and there really grows religion, but directed inside - because it is extremely undesirable to the influx of new flock, because the system is sealed, fresh blood can destroy it. Another part of the Tolkienists is those who just like to play. The role-playing game allows a person to be in the skin of the other, while remaining at the same time, and this is the most interesting emotional experience. Unlike the theater, the game gives a practically unlimited possibility for action. For the most part, such individuals lead a normal "civilian" life, and the games are viewed as a hobby, a means to relax from the harsh everyday life. The third category is those who need to feel their inaccity. In fact, the tolkienist with its bizarre costumes, swords of the armpit, the medieval style of behavior really attracts attention. As a rule, such personalities are fond of in parallel even the longer things and not long, in general, are delayed in the Tolkiensky society.

Usually, the tolkienists are isolated from the crowd with exotic outfits. Many walk in rascoats, some in medieval outfits. Haitniki (ribbons around the head, grabbing hair) are very popular. Range - from simple to woven from threads with beads. Almost mandatory attribute - sword. Swords - wooden or textolite - not empty decoration. Fights (or, as they call, maniacs) occupy hardly no central place in the life of Eglador. Some "creatures" prefer other types of weapons - spears, bows, businesses, daggers, etc. All weapons are homemade or purchased from local masters. In the arsenal also shields, chain rails and armor. A good chain challenge is expensive - up to several thousand rubles. It is possible to make it yourself and independently, in a sufficient amount of washers or wire. Tolkienists are often found at concerts. Concerts arrange Tolkienist singers - Messenters. As a rule, they fulfill their own songs, accompanying themselves on the guitars. Sometimes studio records come across. Themes of songs, like the interests of the performers, are diverse. Some of them are associated with literary works, others - with historical events, third affect pressing topics.

Thus, it can be concluded that tolkienism as a subculture has the right to exist and has a huge effect on modern culture and young people. We looked at the beliefs, expressive means and values \u200b\u200bof tolkienists. It is difficult not to notice how this culture strongly affects the modern world, because it spawned many other works of both printed and cinematographic and musical, which in turn influenced the minds of people, raising several generations of people. Many members of society and public organizations already objectively cannot not recognize the existence of tolkienism. Recently, even the Orthodox Church expressed its attitude to Tolkienimism (an interview of one suburban priest in the newspaper "Orthodox Moscow"): "Tales written by Tolkien are entitled to existence ... They can even be useful, because their meaning is reduced to the struggle of goodness of goodness and evil. This may result in some of the look for the meaning of life, to the question of the existence of God. If you use these works only as a reason to hang out, then there is nothing to talk about .... in the games I also see nothing bad. Even a believer man, serious not alien game, especially in his youth. True, there are some nuances for which special attention should be paid. Children are gaining in their role, most often evil. It is easier, because the awakening of good forces requires will. Sometimes young people identify themselves with dark forces - with nine evil heroes - and even call each other with these names. Won, they can remain in this role in life. It is difficult and hard sometimes it happens to return them to the real world ... "But there are some problems here. Like many subcultures, tolkienism changes with the arrival of new members. A lot of young people come to this culture now, following more and more simple and "low" motives, and the threat of the degeneration of tolkienism is created, but the foundations for optimism still remain.

The youth subculture treated by us to the number of romantic escapist, are indianists. They study the culture of Indians, mainly North American, seeking to accurately reproduce their customs and rites. According to the observation of T.hapanean, Indianists are something average between the club of lovers of American Indians and a religious-mystical movement. With all the "ethnographic" attributes of the Indianist subculture of its value: collectivism (community), ecology, cosmism.

They study the culture of the Indians, seeking to accurately reproduce their customs and rites. In 70-80 Kazan was one of the centers of the nascent Indianist movement. Later, the initiative passed to more numerous groups of Indianists of Leningrad and Moscow. The peak of the Indianist movement falls on the 90s. By now, this subculture is presented weakly.

What is a historical reconstruction? - This is recreation of various phenomena of the past: costumes, household items, weapons, technologies, classes, events.
Reconstruction in Russia in recent years has become a socially significant way to represent the past. The movement has passed a long way to develop directions, enter the streets, fit into the city landscapes.
Now Russia leads in the world along the scale, quality and number of historical festivals. Every year, hundreds of thousands of Russians attend them, thousands of reconstructors are involved, which represent era of antiquity until the end of the 20th century.
I will talk about two aspects of reconstruction, which are significant to activate historical memory:
The first is to recreate the objects of material culture and technologies of different eras. This is the memory of how and what the ancestors lived.
The second is the recreation for the public of historical events, mostly famous battles. This is the memory of the glorious acts of ancestors.

Recreation of objects of the past

Recreation of the items of the past is the basis of the movement. Through the study of material culture, the memory is activated about what the ancestors lived. A person masters the mass of primary sources, often starts practicing craft. Hundreds of people in motion are studying archaeological catalogs, engravings, frescoes, book illuminations, read the chronicles and memoirs, go to the expedition, penetrate the storey museums. They seek the answer: how to make a reliable reconstruction of costume or weapons.
In parallel, they drive around the villages for merger and it themselves, they themselves, work in a blacksmith, pour decorations, blow the glass. Someone rubs the copies of ancient Russian, someone builds the Scandinavian Drakkar or the Spanish Brig and walks around the seas. Someone makes an antique kifara, others restore the tanks of the Second World War, or are stirred on horses in the knightly tournament, or learn to charge a fitting, as taken in Napoleon's army.

Not only national memory is activated. A person aware that belongs to European culture, despite the historical conflicts. European topics are popular in Russia at least than their own. The point, of course, is not in the lack of patriotism. Reconstruction is generally ideally ideologized, and in this part of its attractiveness.
Orientation for primary sources, archives, archeology - a strong vaccination from the fiction, no matter whether they are Russophobes or patriotic. Of course, the commitment of alternative history is an unthinkable thing in motion.

Morals of reconstructors

A person is brought up in the process of reconstitution of artifacts and mumbles in history with all its contradictions. This upbringing curiosity, work with sources, as well as the skill to make things with their own hands. This is particularly relevant for generation, with childhood breathing into gadgets. In clubs, where many youth, the task is rarely formulated as "patriotic education", unless for officials. However, I do not know in the movement of nihilists and Russophobes, nor among Rus reconstructors, nor Europe, nor Napoleonic army, nor Wehrmacht. For reconstructors, healthy values, "absorbing" from the past are characteristic of: strong families, traditional gender roles, a cultivation cult.

Audience of historical festivals

The enthusiasm of the reconstructors is infectious - guests of festivals go to the stakeholder, and it happens, and they themselves begin their way to reconstruct.
In general, the level of the audience has grown greatly. 10 years ago, the visitor of the festival often did not distinguish the Viking from the Indian. Now it is rare, interesting discussions are often tied with guests. We went to the hike in the Crimea in the Crimea in the mountains in the full laying out of Roman legionnaires. And somewhere on the deaf trail, we met tourists. Their first question was: "Are you legionnaires of the era of the republic or principal?"
The enlightenment success of historical festivals is largely obliged to the guests are involved in what is happening. Man bakes bread in a clay oven, a knife whines, sculpts a pot on a pottery circle, shoots from Luke or squeaked, rides on the roaster, learns to write by the charter, prints the engraving, goes around. That is, it receives a complex of impressions, immersed in the era and grabs an artifact that made himself.

Recreation of battles

Go to another aspect - the reconstruction of battles. Recall the Romans, which in amphitheaters played episodes of Punic Wars. As now, these reconstructions served and entertain the public, and the cultivation of national memory. For most nations, military exploits and key battles are system-forming myths. These are "myths" in the original value - teachers and drivers of nations in world history. This quality is usually supported by the state.

Battle of Gottisberg

Photo by robert london

A vivid example of the cultivation of the National Myth through the reconstruction - the battle of Gottisberg in the United States. A military-historical park is located on the battlefield, and the battle itself collects up to 10 thousand participants annually, this is the largest event in the world reconstruction. Some participants go to the battlefield, walking 150 miles. In general, the reconstruction of the Civil War, and with sympathy for both parties, is a real cult in America.

Battle with acetic hill

Often the state actualizes adaptable events that can strengthen national identity. For example, in Australia, the authorities considered that the civil cult of Anzakov participating in the First World War is insufficient. The birth of the Australian nation decided to move away for a hundred years - to a little-known second battle with acetic hill, where the explosive Irish beat the British army. At this hill, a monument was set and since 2004 established an annual reconstruction. She collects thousands of spectators and attracts the attention of world media.

Reconstruction of battles in Russia

In Russia, the battles began to reconstruct in 1906. The first experience was devoted to the defense of Sevastopol in the Crimean War. The topic is interested in Bolsheviks: in 1920, the storms of the Winter Palace were reconstructed, which happened three years earlier. Then everything was dumbfounded until the beginning of the 1970s, when the Bondarchuk film "War and the World" aroused interest in Napoleon's era.
In 1987, the first clubs of the USSR staged a campaign at the places of milk glory of the twelfth year. This is considered the beginning of an organized reconstruction movement in Russia. It is not surprising that the Festival "Borodino battle" is the most famous historical event in Russia. This is the oldest festival, it reproduces one of the key battles in Russian history, and on the real battlefield, which is very rare. There are festivals dedicated to the Kulikov Battle, Ice Bare, Battle with young people, Brusilovsky breakthrough and other major military events.
Next, I will talk about several projects of the Ratoborz agency. In these projects, focus on Russian history, they act in their own way to enhance historical memory.

Times and epochs

I will start with the series "Times and Epochs". This is the world's largest reconstruction festival in the metropolis. The series began in 2011, since then every year the festival takes place in the park Kolomenskoye. The key idea is the annual change of historical theme. The first festival was dedicated to the era of ancient Russia, he was made by a small team in just two months. With this, he collected 1000 participants from all over Russia and 50,000 spectators - at the time a lot is unheard of. The reviews were positive, we realized that they found our niche.
In 2012, the festival was devoted to the 400th anniversary of the completion of the troubled time. The central event was the reconstruction of the Moscow battle of 1612.
The third festival presented the European Middle Ages. Here, the first international knightly tournament in Russia was held in Russia - without Butaforia, popular in the West. This tournament, by the way, grew up in a separate festival - "Tournament of St. George".
In 2014, the theme was the First World War. Here I will say that the collision with the native history is not always comfortable. There was an unexpectedly stormy reaction to the reconstruction of the defense of the Osovo. The audience came out with the tribune admired and gluable, despite the fact that before this feat did not hear anything. There was a wave of negative, they can not, it is impossible to show the heart-digestive events that were in historical standards recently. One way or another, no indifferent. The "Forgotten War" emerged in the memory of Muscovites and stuck to the bones. Is there a tragic catharsis who said Aristotle?
Last year, we decided to remind the third Rome about his spiritual instant - Rome the first. For this, in less than a year, almost from scratch developed exotic antiquity for Russia. Ancient Rome caused mad interest - the festival was visited by 300,000 people.
This year, "times and epochs" were again devoted to ancient Russia. It was the largest festival of the series. Here they also conducted a conference where the leading Russian archaeologists performed.

If "times and epochs" is the largest festival in Russia, the Crimean Military Historical Festival is the longest. It takes place from 2014 on Fedyukhin altitudes near Sevastopol. The task of the festival - to remind the glorious history of the peninsula, starting with the Bosporian War I in N. e., ending with the liberation of Sevastopol in 1944.
Key facilities of the festival are an ancient Roman fortress, a medieval factor, the battlefield of the Great Patriotic.
The most atmospheric area is the Crimean War. On Fedyukhin altitudes were fighting in 1855. For the festival, the positions of the Russian army and the interventory are built here. These are fortified batteries with guns, barracks, powder cellar, siege parallels. This year, guests showed the assault Malakhov Kurgan.
In total this year at the festival there were 11 sites of different eras and armies. They worked for 9 days. In the future, we hope to open the historical park working on the Fedyukhin altitudes.

Military historical reconstruction has become extremely popular in Russia and abroad in the past two decades. At the same time, it is known that initially she had deeper roots. The first reconstruction of important events and great battles were held in ancient Greece and Rome. Now this tradition was decided to revive.

History of events

Military historical reconstruction was also conducted in ancient Egypt. The organizers arranged costume views. The public could see with their own eyes how key battles unfolded. Sometimes for such events even built special arena.

The next wave of popularity, this type of ideas survived in the XVII century. This time the country where the military historical reconstructions began to conduct massively, became England. Here in the 1620-1630, the divisions of the London militia were opposed to the public with indicative buildings.

In second place in popularity were the battles of the time of the Patriotic War of 1812.

Battle for Berlin

One of the most popular military historical festivals is the last year - "Battle of Berlin". The reconstruction is devoted to the storm of the German capital by Soviet troops in 1945.

The event takes place in Moscow at the end of April. In the culture and rest of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation "Patriot" reconstructors recreate the main points of one of the most important battles of the Great Patriotic War.

In the very center of battles, guests are the guests of the festival "Battle of Berlin". Reconstruction allows you to plunge into this operation of Soviet troops with your head. The park is recreated by the streets of real Berlin, for which tank units and Motovoysk are passing. The real artillery cannonade sounds, and in the sky, uncompromising aviation expressions are unfolding. It is possible to feel on your "skull", which was the assault of Berlin. Not only history lovers, but also professional casciders and pyrotechnics, who carefully prepare the idea of \u200b\u200bthe heroes of that war, take part in the reconstruction.

It is worth noting that in the history of the war played an important role of the assault on Berlin. Reconstruction allows you to imagine how it really was.

"Fire Arc"

The Moscow region is generally famous for the fact that regularly conducts festivals of military historical reconstruction. The "Fiery Arc" takes place in the town of Stupino at the end of April - early May.

This is a very spectacular Military Historical Festival, in which not only a large number of reconstructors takes part, but also a variety of equipment. These are the German planes "Messerschmitti", and the legendary Soviet T-34 Tank, and the famous cannon "Katyusha", which was horrified by the German troops.

Every year about four thousand guests take part in the Military Historical Festival. The organizers care about the organized delivery of guests for the holiday and on the equipment of parking spaces for those who decided to come on a personal motor vehicle.

About 400 people take part in the reconstruction of the battle itself, as well as at least ten units of military equipment, the times of the Great Patriotic War, produced in the 40s of the last century. A large number of tourists attract the places in which the festival passes. These are fields and meadows near

For guests of the acts prepare a large-scale performance, and after the end of the battle reconstruction, they can communicate with its participants and make unforgettable pictures.

The last time about 550 people took part in the reconstruction of the "Prague operation". Our representatives sent 57 clubs from 19 Russian regions. Germans among them were about 100 participants. It is worth noting that this is one of the largest military historical festivals in the Moscow region.

Spectators are witnessing the last operation of the Soviet troops in the Great Patriotic War. It is held from 6 to 11 May 1945.

How should the activities of those who call themselves historical reconstructors? What is this hobby or profession? What role in modern society plays the reconstruction of historical events - is it just entertainment or something else? In this article we tried to answer these and other issues related to the historical reconstruction.

For some reason, it is believed that the historical reconstruction is a fairly recent hobby. They say, the first clubs and communities of people called themselves by reconstructors began to occur in Western Europe and in the US only after World War II. In fact, this is, of course, not so - the roots of this passion go into the depths of the centuries, and, more precisely, in the ancient times. Although, of course, then it was not a hobby at all, but rather, the profession.

However, in order to deepen in the history of this hobby, first of all should be understood - and who is such historical reconstructors? Usually it is called people who are trying to accurately reproduce everyday life, entertainment, battles or material (however, sometimes spiritual) culture of some long-stayed era. They are traditionally divided into household and military reconstructors, although this division is conditionally and the same people can engage in both directions of this activity.

So, if the reconstruction is a person, recreates the events of the past, then it should be recognized that there are still historical reconstruction ... in ancient Rome. As we remember, the Romans extremely loved gladiatorial battles. So, from time to time, these contests took the type of battles of the past. For example, one group of gladiators was dressed as a soldier Alexander Macedonian, another - as Daria's Persians III Codomana, and after that they played out any episode from the battle of Gavgamela.

See also:Superhobbies: Tanks on 1: 1

At the same time, the fighters tried to follow the historical truth in all the trifles - the detachments were maneuvered in the same way as the troops participating in this battle, the leaders of the detachments called themselves the names of the Macedonian and Persian commander, etc. So such a job can be considered a military reconstruction. From modern analogs, it was distinguished only by the fact that during this battle the fighters died in real.

So, it should be recognized that the military reconstruction first appeared, which operated as an element of the show (for the battles of gladiators were rather ancient Roman show than sporting competitions). Later, in the era of the Middle Ages, she already ceased to be so bloody, but still preserved. During all sorts of holidays, the courtyards of monarchs and aristocracy often played fragments from the battles of the past, for example, the same episodes of the battles of Alexander Macedonsky.

Later, from the XVII-XVIII centuries, the clubs of lovers of antiquities began to occur, which became the examples of associations of modern reconstructors. For example, in England a very popular passion was shooting from a medieval "long" bow. Secretary of the Great German Poet Goethe Johann Peter Ekkerman wrote that: "there (that is, in England. - Ed.) From Luka shoot all who are not too lazy. Even in the saddled town itself there is a "archery society". As the Germans go to the bowelban, so they are going to some Kharchevna - usually it happens under the evening - and shoot from Luke; I enjoyed the exercises with pleasure pleasure. These were all the tall people, and pulling out the tutor, they took surprisingly picturesque postures. "

In parallel with this, household reconstruction developed, which was first element of urban carnival. During these holidays, the participants not only dressed in the costumes of the past epoch, but also tried to reproduce dancing, games and other entertainment of the past. And from the beginning of the XIX century in Europe, the fashion was spread to the manufacture of antiquity objects, and not at all with a commercial purpose.

The pioneers of this movement should be considered two Swedes, Henrick and Hyalmar Lingi, who, getting involved in the era of the Vikings, sought to accurately recreate not only the weapons and armor of these fearless warriors, but also the homework of that era. They focused on the information obtained from Scandinavian Sag. Later, an example of talented father and son inspired other lovers of antiquity from Western Europe, and the products of the past epochs of their own production for a while have become almost an ordinary interior item.

At the end of the XIX century, the first attempt was made to reconstruct at the state level. It happened in Germany. At a special order of the Kaiserovsky government, when whole military companies were allocated to engage in the restoration of the events of the past epochs. Someone restored the appearance and combat techniques of soldiers of ancient Rome, someone - rival with them barbarians, someone depicted knights, landscape chops, etc. Such reconstructions were no longer only elements of the show of those times - their participants helped historians to carry out some studies. So, for example, it was the reconstruction of the battle of Grunevald that helped clarify some of the riddles of this outstanding battle.

Monday, March 21, 2011 12:37 + in quote

Environment of floating candles and evening prayers,
The medium of military trophies and peaceful fires,
There were book children who did not know the battles,
Sweeping from children's catastrophe ...

And tried to comprehend we who did not know the wars
For the warlike cry who accepted howl
The mystery of the word "order", the appointment of borders,
The meaning of attack and clanging chariots ...

Vladimir Vysotsky

So what is it, the military historical reconstruction (abbreviated Vir), the movement arising in the expanses of the former USSR still in the late 80s? The game in the soldiers did not do in childhood? However, they are engaged in this not only "book children who have not known battles", but also mature men, many of which not only served "urgent", but also walked in hot spots. Most of the inhabitants, seeing at any celebration a small performance of reconstructors (Middle Ages, Napoleonistik, the first and second world wars) considers them usually something like artists or just eccentrics that give a free presentation. Some, especially "burdened" intelligence, nothing but stupid replicas of the type "Oh, Fasteners published! .." Calculate it cannot be squeezed out. Alas, the concept of "hobby" is reduced in the consciousness of the population to visiting disco bars, abundant writing in honor of Bahus, at best, to hikes on fishing hunting. All overlooking the usual is perceived suspiciously, sometimes aggressively. Most clearly, in my opinion, the essence of the military historical reconstruction is shown on the website Reibert.info.
"In a person, who first saw adults dressed in the old Uniform, running under the explosions of pyrotechnics on the" Field of the Film ", scaring with their own kind of peaceful village and depicting brave warriors of the past epochs, immediately arise similar questions" What do they do? " And a little later, "What is this" reconstruction "?". Now I will try to answer these questions in order, which still makes these people of a wide variety of professions, ages and nationalities to wear the form of no longer existing armies and become under the banners of the once glorious regiments?

If the word "reconstruction" is understood more widely, then its emergence can be attributed to the distant XVII century. In 1687, the English king of Yakov II played under London, the capture of Budapest, where his son Duke Berwick fought, pre-dress "warring parties" in the corresponding military uniform played place. During the Napoleonic wars, the shelves of the British militia and the regular army conducted demonstration exercises in the Hyde Park for the public entertainment. To the Civil War (in the 1850s) in the United States across the country, volunteer and police companies were traveled throughout the country, which were played by a small scenes from the recent war with Mexico before the public. The Russian Empire also showed small episodes of the former wars, usually at the time of people's holidays and festivities. This tradition was adopted by the Bolsheviks, who in the 20s in the 20s often carried out entire performances, mainly imitating revolutionary events at their historical places. The playful "Taking the Winter Palace" playing the play in Petrograd, which participated about 10 thousand participants and stylists and more than 100 thousand spectators participated in 1920. All this led to the popularization of his own army and individual moments of domestic history.

But, as a rule, these events were carried out by a regular army and of course, this was not a reconstruction in its pure form. In the sense of the word, to which we have already accustomed to understand it, the reconstruction first appeared in the United States and the United Kingdom somewhere in the mid-1960s. Then, in these countries, the first clubs involved in the history of civil wars of 1642-1651 appeared at the same time. and 1861-1865 In the first battles, these clubs participated only a few dozen people in theatrical or partially real elements of uniforms and equipment. Now these are the biggest, most "accurate and correct" Military Historical Associations in the World - only in the US "federalists" and "confederates" together put together for the battlefield of more than 15,000 (!) Soldiers at 200 (!) Tools (antites in 1997 and Gettisburg 1998), and the British "Army" there are about 6,000 people.

By the mid-1980s, the reconstruction has already covered the whole of Europe and the United States, hundreds of new clubs were organized annually, which were engaged in the reconstruction of a wide variety of eras and armies, starting with Roman legions and ending with the Falkland War. And the most popular and numerous clubs engaged in such epochs as the ancient Rome and Greece, the Epoch of Vikings, the "Central War", Burgundy Wars, War Belaya and Scarlet Roses, Napoleonic Wars, Civil War in the United States, the first and second world wars in these Clubs are now numbered thousands and even tens of thousands of people around the world. But there are also pretty "exotic" clubs, for example, Franco-Prussian War, civil war in Russia, Indian wars of the XIX century, even pirates of the XVII-XVIII centuries and many others. Moreover, it is important to note that nationality and place of residence do not play any role for the choice of the era and the army for reconstruction, have long been the Red Army in England, the French in India, the SSECHS in Texas and even the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) in Japan! And the wase deadly feud and prejudice do not interfere with the form of former sworn enemies and being patriots of their homeland. And the choice of the era for the reconstruction and is not limited to anything, the benefit of a variety of world history gives a huge selection to study and recreate the most different historical periods.

Reconstruction This is not a game of war for adults, although the history of the world is a history of wars, reconstruction is primarily an attempt to recreate with the help of clothes, household items, and even their own behavior of a small piece of past, this is an attempt to recreate the historical spirit and color of this or that era. Many clubs generally cost without "fighting", for example, in the framework of the historical holiday or showing of rare techniques, people dress the appropriate shape, smash and slaughter the camp according to all historical canons. But the reconstruction also serves as goodbye to educate and expand the horizon, whether even saying that such events with the uniform show no longer existing armies, their weapons, real items of that time and surrounded by "people of that era" are much more visual historical benefits than pictures from the stolen history textbook.
If the very first clubs dressed in uniform only externally reminiscent of the historical and armed with modern weapons "shooting" with petards, now it is a whole full-blooded industry, especially in the West. Historians are looking in museums, archives and private collections Original uniform items, signs of difference and equipment, then whole factories are engaged in the manufacture, fully appropriate original, cocardia, fabrics, stripes and belts, and already private workshops are engaged in sewing uniforms, shoes, hats, gear etc. The manufacture of weapon replicas in the West has long become a prosperous business, almost everything is done, from the flint pistols to Kalashnikov machines, all weapons with their appearance a hundred percent correspond to the original and "shoots" with special idle cartridges. And quite recently, firms that are made by even the replica armored vehicles and heavy weapons of the Second World War appeared!
We have a reconstruction began to be born somewhere in the mid-1980s, when the "steel curtain" we will have a "glass" and "publicity" appeared, and, together with her, the first crumbs of information on uniformology, the history of weapons and armies appeared, which of course caused a huge Interest in military history and the history of military costume in particular. Naturally, some of particular romantic confused citizens have a desire to buy or make himself, say the headdress of any glorious army, and after it was made (bought) it, instead of hanging on the wall, of course I wanted first To wear When there is a headdress, it is clear that you need to put on and all the uniform when and she was already wearing, it appeared from nowhere to take a desire to go out into her street or to the forest to feel like a real "those years". These people and became the first reconstruction pioneers on the same sixth of the sushi ... It's nice to notice that now the military-historical clubs of the countries of the former USSR republics can make a worthy competition to their Western colleagues and in many ways, even "to promote" them.

Directions of historical reconstruction

Currently, there are two most popular directions:
live story;
tournaments (Bugurts) - Not present in Napoleonic reconstruction.

Live story (or English Living History) - Scientific discipline at the intersection of such disciplines as "Experimental Archeology" and "Museum Pedagogy". A lively history is to recreate the daily life of the inhabitants of any place in a certain historical period, usually in the form of the organization "Museum of Living History" and / or the "Festival of Living History", as well as living history lessons in schools. It is important to absolutely everything, ranging from the cut and the appearance of wearable clothes and ending with authentic kitchen recipes. Such events are interesting not only to the participants themselves, but also to the audience who can look at the non-good history of their country, on how their ancestors lived. This area is very popular and developed in Western Europe, there are dozens of "open-air museums", where people live and work in the situation of past times.

Tournaments (as well as bugurts - Reconstruction of field battles) - the essence of this area is to study and use in the practice of military art of a certain era. Much is taken from the sources of that time, something is thought of people on the basis of common sense. The result is a spectacular representation, see which it will be interesting to everyone, because everything is perceived especially sharply. Tournaments can be divided into staged (for the audience or just aesthetics) and sports, on which people want to objectively assess their strength, skills.

The most popular epochs of historical reconstruction:

Early Middle Ages, "Viking Epoch" (VII-XI century);
High Middle Ages (XII-XIII century);
Later Middle Ages (XIV-XV century);
Renaissance (XV-XVI century);
Napoleonic;
World War I.
The Second World War.

Recently, new directions have been actively developing:
Start of the XVIII century: Northern War
XVII century: Sagittarius
Mid XIX C.: Crimean War of 1853-1856

This is a fairly conditional separation, reflecting only the most characteristic differences. Inside each era, there is differentiation by region and certain historical periods (for each era of their own), for example, for the high and late Middle Ages, the recreated complex should be laid in a time frame for 20 years, which is understandable, for the Second World War is unacceptable.

Reconstructors (Sometimes slang "Remon") is used) - people who are reconstructed by life, crafts, traditions and martial arts of a specific era of a particular state. Reconstructors explore historical materials on the manufacture of weapons, clothing, household items in order to recreate these items on those technologies for which they are manufactured. Also examined and reconstruct customs and morals. Many reconstructors are engaged in recreating military history and produce armor and weapons. Many are also engaged in historical fencing.

Due to the fact that many rolewicks are also often engaged in a kind of "partial reconstruction" of historical realities on role-playing games, reconstructors often make up a prejudice, somewhat ironic attitudes towards roleviks, as to some "undersecutors". At the same time, however, many reconstructors are also also rolewicks, or were previously them. Often rolewicks, starting seriously interested in history, leave role-playing games and switched to historical reconstruction and fencing. Care of reconstructors in rolewicks is much more rare.

Unlike role-players, reconstructors until the Yesho did not fully take free into a subculture, despite the existing prerequisites for this (historical reconstruction as a base of subcultures, the presence of certain musical styles, specific image accessories of historical orientation, such as historical rings and amulets, etc. d.). At the same time, historical reconstruction often does not mean the presence of any specific worldview, religious or political views, etc. At the same time, this distance in some cases is specifically emphasized. This is especially true for reconstructors restoring historically ambiguous organizations - such as the troops of the Wehrmacht.

In most cases, reconstructors are united in "clubs of historical reconstruction" (Cyrgyz), which have their own workout premises, storage of equipment and clothing, workshop, etc. The number of the club is usually 10-30 people (perhaps more). Large clubs may have branches in other cities. Inside clubs there may be a hierarchy, in one degree or another repeating the hierarchical structure of the reconstructed period (say, the structure of the early-medieval Slavic squad or the infantry regiment of the Napoleonic army). Members of one club in most cases have certain distinctive features that allow them to identify them at large events (shields of a certain color or with a certain pattern, color of uniform, stripes, special epaulets, etc.).

In addition to participating in festivals, clubs can organize their own closed events, reconstructing certain events, rites, etc.