Hello, dear friends!

In this article we will talk about names of parts of treesWith which the gardener will have to come together in his practice.

Many gardeners - newbies believe that if they are sowing seeds, for example, or, then the tree will grow and will give fruit. But it is not. Perhaps the tree will grow up, but you will never see fruits on it. That is why the reproduction of fruit crops is carried out with cuttings or vaccination, that is, a vegetative way.

In any, including fruit, there are two main parts: overhead and underground.

The underground part of the tree is the root. Using the roots, the plant is fixed on the soil and saves a stable position. Also the main function of the roots is their ability to absorb from soil and water. For example, plums and pear roots reach a length of 7 meters, although the main absorbing roots are located at a small depth, up to 80 centimeters. In the width, such roots go far beyond the projection of the tree crown.

The above-ground part of the tree, as can be seen from the name, it's all that is above the soil surface.

Root neck is the place where the root is connected with the trunk.

As for the underground part of the tree, here everything is simple - the rod root and surface roots. Therefore, let's go to a more complex, overhead part of fruit trees.

Name of part parts

The trunk is the axial part of the aboveground wood system.

Stack is the bottom, unbranched part of the trunk.

First order branches (main skeletal branches) - These are the largest branches that depart from the trunk.

Second order branches - This is a branch from the branches of the first order.

Branches of the third (top) order - This is a branch from the branches of the second order.

Fruit wood or crops - weak, minor branches on the trunk and all skeletal branches. Just on them the main part of the fruit is formed.

Krone is a combination of all existing branches of the tree.

Soothes are the increments of the current year with leaves.

Conents are such shoots that have grown from one or two kidneys located next door. Usually, competitors are growing from the kidneys of the top of the branch and depart under an acute angle, while forming a fragile development.

Fat shoots (wipes) - Usually grow in old bruises from sleeping kidneys, as well as as a result of damage to branches with severe trimming or frost.

Copseno is a small increase, from 5 to 15 centimeters long, which has short interstices.

Ritch is short (from 2 millimeters to 3 centimeters long) year

A fruit twig is an annual twig, a length of 15 - 20 centimeters, a little thinner of the growth escape. Cherry, plums and other bone breeds lateral kidneys of fruit spots are always a flowering (flower twig), and the top kidney is always a growth.

FROM False rill - This is a long-term short fruit branch, which consists of several simple rill.

Budget branches - Fruit formations inherent in bone rocks, which are increments of small length with a large number of side flower kidneys and one central growth tower.

I think novice gardeners will be useful to know these basic names of wood pieces To use these knowledge in your work. I wish you an excellent crop! See you!

The structure of plants we studied at school. In this article we decided to remind you that it is a tree, and tell about each of its parts: cells and tissues, wood and crust, branches and branches, leaves and roots.

The material was taken from the first Russian-language edition of the reference book of the European Trees Specialist (European Tree Worker) which is useful as owners of nurseries and garden sites and certified specialists.

Anatomy of tree

Trees are wood large-sized plants. They have unique properties that allow them to be the dominant species of the kingdom of plants in many countries of the world. At the heart of trees (Lodiculture) Lies a deep understanding of the growth and development of trees. Only with this principle can be professionally caring for trees.

  • Cells and fabrics

For all living organisms, a general organizational structure consisting of cells, tissues and organs is characteristic. Cells are the main "construction bloki »This structure. In plants, new cells are formed by dividing existing ones. This process takes place in special educational fabrics -meristems.

Cells:
1 - Young cage with plasma and core 2 - Cage growth 3 - Mature cage with large vacuole

After dividing the cells pass the stage of differentiation, duringwhich changes their structure and they acquire the ability to variousspecific functions. Cells with similar structures and functions combine in fabric.

Then the organs are formed from the tissues, which have six plants: leaves, trunks, roots, kidneys, flowers and fruits. And finally, the organs form fully functional organisms - trees.

There are two main types of meristematic tissue:

  • primary meristem from which cells are formed responsible for the growth of shoots and roots in length;
  • the secondary meristem from which the cells are formed responsible for the increase in diameter.

Cross-section of a tree trunk: 1 - core 2 - core 3 - core ray 4 - Collot 5 - Cambier 6 - Floam 7 - Fellogen 8 - Bark

The trees have two secondary meristems: cambier and Fellogen.

  • Cambium Performs an extremely important role: during the division process, new cells are formed forming a vessel system of wood. Two types of fabric are generated from it: xylem in the inside and flora outside.
  • Fellogen. - This is Cambier from which the bark is formed. Xylem - This is part of wood consisting of dead and alive cells. Dead cells include tracheas and tracheids in conifers and vessels from deciduous trees. Xylem performs three functions: serves mechanical support of the tree; Provides movement of water and mineral substances; Provides storage of nutrients.

When the tree is cut down and examined in cross section, in xylem you can seesevective rings. In the zones of moderate climate, the data rings correspondannual formation of xylema in Cambia. They have a circle form becausethe carrier size and the density of the vascular tissue is changed during the growing season. As the end of the growing season approachedcells are becoming less in diameter.

Thus, due to the sharp difference between cells formed at the beginning of the season (Early Wood), and cells formed later (Late Wood), Individual annual increase becomes distinguishable.

Core ray in wood 1. Collister wood2. Scattered wood wood

With regard to wood coniferous and deciduous rocks differ significantly from each other. In addition, among deciduous trees are allocated ringheads (eg, Oak (quercus) Ash (Fraxinus)) I. scattered sideways (eg, Lipa (Tilia), Beech (Fagus)).

In the center of the trunk is formed heartwood. It is surrounded live sabot. Not all conductive elements of xylems serve to move water. For this, only the live and active fabric of Collot is responsible, while the other part of xylema, located closer to the center, is non-functional. Such dead cages form the kernel - non-conductive fabric, the color of which is darker than in Collus.

Phloem Responsible for moving sugar from leaves to other parts of the plant. In addition to Floem and Xleema, a vascular tree system includes radiation cells. Rays diverge in the radial direction from the center of the cross-section through the Floem and the Xylem and serve to transport sugars and their components along the barrel. They help to limit the spread of rotting on wood tissue and store nutrient reserves in the form of starch.

Cross cut of the trunk

The outer part of the branches and trunk of trees is called korah.. This is a protective fabric that supports the temperature of the inner part of the barrel, protecting plants from damage and reduce water loss. The bark consists of non-functional floema, cork tissue and dead cells. To minimize the water loss of its cells are impregnated with wax and oils.

Gas exchanges between alive tissues of wood and atmosphere occurs with chechevichk, small pores in the crust.

See also:

It is she who protects trees from environmental exposure. What is a periderma? How is it formed? How does your protective functions? What is the difference between the periderma of different breeds?

  • Branches and branches

Things - These are small branches that serve as a support for leaves, colors and fruits. Branches support branches, and the barrel supports the entire crown. Branches and branches develop from two types of kidneys:

  • terminal or top kidneys at the end of escape;
  • lateral or stubble kidneys that are formed along the branch.

Top kidney It is the strongest on the branch or branch and is located at the end of the escape. It controls the development of secondary kidney withhormones. Usually, secondary kidneys are not developed and remain in sleep.As a rule, the top kidneys is the most active on each branch.or branch and controls development stubborn kidneys on the same shoot thatoften are sleeping: their growth is constrained by apical dominance of terminal kidney.

Formation of branches

Soothes with the dominant tide kidney are monopodial or sympodial.

Soothes without apical domination are falconicomic.

The death of the top kidney as a result of random damage or trimming can lead to the activation of sleeping kidneys next to the cut and, as a result, to the development of a new escape.

Some shoots are developed putness kidneysthat are formed alongbarrels and roots. They arise, as a rule, in response to the loss of ordinarycheck as a result of the actions of growth regulators.

Annual increase: 1 - 1 year; 22; 33 years

Leaves and kidneys are formed from a little thickened part of the branch, which is called knot. Interstown is a zone between the nodes. The leafy scars and scars of the top kidney are visible on the branch. They help measure the annual lengthening of the branch and the overall increase. By its structure and the function, each tree branch is comparable to the whole crown. But at the same time, the branch is not just the proceeding of the trunk.

On the contrary, the branches are characterized by a unique form of accession to it, which is extremely important for practical activities in the field of trees care, for example, for trimming.

The branches are firmly attached to the wood and the crust located under the branches, but over them the fastening is more fragile. The annual increase in the layers of the tissue in the branch and trunk zone is well noticeable and formed most of the time. Shoulder or bulge around the base of the branch called collar. At the point of branching the tissue of the branch and the trunk expands to meet each other. As a result, the bark is raised by forming comb branch. If the bark in the area of \u200b\u200bbranching is surrounded by wood, it is called included Korea. This is further weakened by the workshop of the trunk, since the normal connection of the branch to the trunk is not formed.

See also:

Fig.1 Proper trimming

In this article we will talk about the features of trimming at the base of branches and trimming, parallel to the trunk. You will learn why in our time experts prefer precisely the first way to pruning trees.

  • Leaves

Leaves They are responsible for the production of nutrients for wood. They contain chloroplastfilled with green pigment - chlorophyllWith the help of which photosynthesis occurs. Another function of the leaves - transpiration, representing the removal of water through the foliage by evaporation.

List structure: 1 - Ustiets 2 - Cuticula 3 - Epidermis 4 - Cells of a panelous parenchyma
5 - Cells of Sponge Parenhim

The area of \u200b\u200bthe leaves is large enough, which allows them to absorb solarlight and carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis.

The outer surface of the sheet is covered with a wax layer called cuticle. She servesto minimize the dissection (drying) sheet.

Evaporation of water and gas exchange control ustian - Little holes on the surface of the sheet.

The sheet has a developed system of conductive tissues, including veins, or capillary channels. Viennes are made up of tissues as floems and xylems, and are responsible for transporting water and vital substances, as well as for the transfer of nutrients, which are produced in the cells of the leaves, to the other organs of the tree.

Trees dropping the foliage every year are called deciduous, and those that retain it for more than one year are called coniferous or evergreen. Sowing of leaves due to cellular changesand growth regulators forming the point of separation of the organ at the base of the petiole, or the legs of the sheet.

The point of separation of the leaves performs two functions:

  • provides shower of foliage in the fall;
  • prevents drying, distribution of diseases and damage to the part of the plant, from which the sheet is broken.

In the fall, changing the color of foliage of deciduous trees is associated with decompositionchlorophyll, allowing other pigments containedin the leaves. Reducing the duration of the daylight in combination with cold nights leads to enhanced accumulation of sugars and slows down the production of chlorophyll. This process allows other pigments, including anthocyanines (red and purple) and carotenoids (yellow, orange and red), manifest.

  • Roots

Roots of trees perform four main functions:

  • fixation of wood;
  • accumulation of energy and nutrients;
  • absorption of substances;
  • transportation of substances.

The end of the root:
1. Warm root
2. Root hairs
3. Root tip
4. Root cover

Suction roots represent small, fibrous sectionsfabrics growing at the end of the main onesweed roots. They haveepidermal cells modified in root hairs that help to absorb water and minerals. Root hairs live at all for a long time (3-4 weeks in spring) and significantly activate the ability to absorb substances with the onset of the growing season.

As for the root tips, they contain meristenwhere cells are dividedand grow long.

Roots grow where they can find air and oxygen. Most of the suction roots are at a distance of 30 cm from the soil surface. Also near the surface there are horizontal side roots.

Anchor roots It grows vertically towards down from the side roots, providing reliable fixation of the tree and increasing the depth of the soil development by the root system.

Root system:
1 - rod root system 2 - urine root system 3 - Surface root system

The roots of many plants are in symbiosis with some mushrooms. The result of such relationships is called mikoriza (Mribocornia). The symbiosis of two organisms (wood and mushrooms in our case) is based on mutual benefit: the mushrooms receive nutrients from the roots and, in turn, help roots suck water and vital elements.

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Details Category: Tree and Wood

Tree and wood structure

Parts of a growing tree.

The tree consists of crowns, barrels and roots . Each of these parts performs certain functions and has different industrial applications (see Fig.).

Distinguish two concepts: " wood"And" d reversain».
Woodrepresents a perennial plant, but wood - fabric of plants consisting of cells with weathered walls conductive and dissolved in it salts.

Wood use as a cons

truck material for the manufacture of various products.

Wood as a natural structural material is obtained from tree trunks when they saw them into parts.

Trunk The tree has a thickest part at the base and more subtle - vertex. The surface of the trunk is covered korah. . The bark is like clothing for wood and consists of outdoor cork layer and internal - Lubyan (See Fig.).

Cork layer The bark is dead. Lubyana layer serves as a conductor of juices that feed wood. The main inside of the tree trunk consists of wood. In turn, the trunk wood consists of a variety of layers.which are visible on the cut as annual rings . According to the number of annual rings, the age of the tree is determined. 2 rings - dark and bright make up 1 year of tree life. To find out the age of wood, you need to recalculate all rings (dark and light), divide this number to 2 and add another 3 or 4 years (one-year rings of which have not yet been formed and visible only under the microscope.

Loose and soft center of wood called core And in the transverse section, it has the form of a dark spot with a diameter of 2-5 mm and consists of loose tissues that are quickly driving. This circumstance made it possible to attribute it to wood vices.

From the core to the crust in the form of bright shiny lines extend core rays . They have different color and serve for water, air and nutrients inside the tree. Core rays create figure (texture) Woods.

Cambium - Thin layer of living cells located between the bark and wood. Only with Cambia the formation of new cells and the annual increase in the tree in thickness. « Cambium»- from Latin "Exchange" (nutrients).

To study the structure of wood distinguish three main cuts ox (see Fig.).

Enclosure 2. passing perpendicular to the core of the barrel, called tovtsov . It is perpendicular to annual rings and fibers.

Section 3. passing through the core of the barrel call radial . It is parallel to the one-year layers and fibers.

Tangential section 1. Passing parallel to the core of the barrel and removed from it for a while. On these cuts, various properties and drawings of wood are detected.

All boards received on piloram. , have tangental cuts, with the exception of two boards dug out of the middle of the log, so in practice tangental cuts are sometimes called chalkboard. A very important cut in the determination of wood is the end. All major pieces of wood barrel are visible on it: core, wood and bark. To determine the breed of wood in practice, it is enough to explore macrotructure A small piece of wood, which scolded from the board of the bar or ridge. Focusing on annual rings, make tangental and radial cuts. All sections are carefully polished at first coarse-grained, and then fine-grained emery paper. It is also necessary to have a five-dimensional magnifying glass under hand, a jar with clean water and a brush.

In the middle of the trunk of many trees is clearly visible core . It consists of loose fabrics formed in the first years of the tree of wood. The core permeates the trunk of the tree to the top of the vertex, every branch. In deciduous trees, the core diameter is more likely more than that of coniferous. Very big core for elderly. Removing the core, you can quite easily get a wooden tube. Such tubes of the Izstari went from folk musicians to the manufacture of various brass instruments: the pity, swears and duplicate. In most trees core on the ends round, there are rocks with a different shape of the core. The core of alder on the end resembles the shape of a triangle, ash - a square, poplar - a pentagon, and the core of oak reminds a five-pointed star. On the end around the core concentric rings are located original, or annual, layers Woods. On the radial section, the annual layers are visible in the form of parallel stripes, and on tangental - in the form of winding lines.

Every year, the tree as if shirt puts on a new layer of wood, and at the expense of this barrel and branches are thicker. Between the wood and the crust is a thin layer of living cells, called cambier . Most of the cells are on the construction of a new one-year layer of wood and a very small part - on the formation of a crust. Bark consists of two layers - cork and Lubyan. Located outside, the cork layer protects the wood of the barrel from ferocious frosts, sultry sunlight and mechanical damage. The lubyana layer of the cortex conducts water with the organic substances developed in the leaves along the barrel. In the fibers of oak there is a downward deploration. The bark of trees is very diverse in color (white, gray, brown, green, black, red) and on the texture (smooth, lamellar, fractured, etc.) is diverse. Bark willow and oak contains a lot tanning substancesused in medicine, as well as in green and when stretching the skin. From the cortex of cork oak, plugs for dishes are cut out, and waste serves as aggregate of marine life belts. A well-developed lubyana layer Linden is on weaving various economic stories.

In the spring and early summer, when in the soil a lot of moisture, the tree of the one-year layer increases very quickly, but closer to the fall, its growth slows down and, finally, it stops in winter at all. This is reflected in the appearance and on the mechanical properties of the wood of the annual layer: the early spring extended spring is usually brighter and loose, and in the late autumn - dark and dense. If the weather is favorable, then a wide one-year-old ring grows, and in the harsh cold summer, there are so narrow rings that sometimes it can be barely distinguished by the naked eye. In some trees, annual rings are well distinguishable, and others are barely noticeable. But, as a rule, in young trees, annual rings are wider than that of old. Even the same tree trunk in different areas has a different width of a year old rings. In the comlevous part of the tree, the annual layers already than in the middle or in the vertex part. The width of the commercial layers depends on the place of growth of the tree. For example, annual pine layers growing in the northern regions, already annual layers of southern pine. Not only the appearance of the wood, but also mechanical properties depend on the width rings. The best wood coniferous trees is the one who has narrower one-year layers. Pine with narrow vented layers and brown-red wood is called masters ore And appreciated very high. Wood pine with wide arched layers is called Mieda. Her strength is much lower than ore.

The reverse phenomenon is observed in the wood of such trees, like oak and ash. They have a more durable wood having wide one-time layers. And in such trees, like linden, aspen, birch, maple and others, the width of the annual rings does not affect the mechanical properties of their wood.

In many trees at the end, the arched layers are more or less correct circumference, but there are rocks in which the annual layers are formed on the end wavy closed lines. Such rocks include juniper: the waviness of annual rings for it is a pattern. There are trees in which the annual layers have become wavy due to abnormal growth conditions. The waviness of the annual layers in the comluk part of the maple and the elm increases the decorative texture of the wood.

If you carefully consider the end cut of the deciduous trees, you can distinguish with countless light or dark dots - it vessels. Oak, ash, and elm, large vessels are located in the area of \u200b\u200bearly wood in two or three rows, forming well-distinct rings in each arrangement layer. So these trees are customary called ringheads . As a rule, ringing trees have heavy and durable woods. Birch, aspen and linden vessels are very small, barely distinguishable with the naked eye. Inside the one-year layer, the vessels are distributed evenly. Such rocks are called scattered alpine . In the ringing wood, wood is medium hardness and solid, there may be different in scattered alkalistic. For example, the maple, apple and birch are solid, and the linden, aspen and alder are soft.

From the root along the vessels up to the kidneys and the leaves are served water with mineral salts, occurs ascending Software. Cutting the early spring vessels of wood, harvesters collect birch juice - pasok.. Thus, the juice of a sugar maple is bought on the production of sugar. There are trees with bitter juice, such as aspen.

Simultaneously with the growth of a new one-year layer inside the trunk, there is a gradual dieting of earlier arrangement layers, located closer to the core. In some trees, the wood is dying inside the trunk painted in another color, usually darker than all the rest of the wood. Removable wood inside the trunk is called called nucleus and the rocks in which it is formed - sound . Local wood layer, located around the kernel, is called zabolov . Wood of crook is more saturated with moisture and less durable than a weathered wood kernel. The wood of the nucleus is little cracking, more resistant to the defeat of various fungi. Therefore, the sound wood is always valued more than the swamp. Saturated Wood Wood Croke during drying is strongly cracking, tearing at the same time and the kernel. Bottling a small amount of wood, some masters prefer immediately before drying to stick from the ridge of a layer of Collus. Without sickness, the kernel wood dries more evenly.

TO sound rocks relate: pine, cedar, larch, juniper, oak, ash, apple tree other. In another group, wood trees in the central part of the trunk almost completely eliminates, but does not differ from the diseases in color. Such wood is called ripe , and breed spellery . Ripe wood contains less moisture than live wood, because the ascending sludge occurs only in the layer of living wood. TO peelless rocks relate spruce and aspen .

The third group includes trees whose wood in the center does not die and no different from Collus. Wood all the trunk fully consists of sampling alive fabrics, according to which the upwards occurs. Woody rocks are called zabolov . TO zabolov Breeds include birch, Lipa, Maple, Pear other.

Perhaps you paid attention to the fact that in a birch field sometimes come across a polenz with a brown spot in the middle, very similar to the core? You now know that Birch is an unjone breed. Where did the core appear from her? The fact is that it is not a real core, but false. False kernel In joinery spoils appearance, its wood has reduced strength. It is not so difficult to distinguish the false kernel from the present. If the present kernel has a border between it and Zabolov is strictly in a suitable layer, then in false it can cross the arrangement layers. The false core itself acquires sometimes the most diverse color and bizarre outlines, reminiscent of the star, the curler of an exotic flower. False kernel It is formed only in deciduous trees, such as birch, Maple and Alder And the coniferous does not happen.

On the torchova The surfaces of the tree trunk in some tree breeds are clearly visible light shiny strips, going fan-like from the core to the crust, is core rays . They are carried out in the trunk of water in the horizontal direction, as well as span nutrients. The core rays are more dense than the surrounding wood, and after wetting with water become well visible. On the radial section, the rays are visible in the form of brilliant strips, drops and spots, on tangental - in the form of drops and lentils. All coniferous trees, as well as decidive - birch, aspen, pears and others - the core rays are so narrow that they are almost not noticeable by an armed eye. Oak and beech, on the contrary, rays are wide and clearly visible on all cuts. Olhi and Leschin (Forest Oshness) part of the rays seem wide, but if you look at one of them through the magnifying glass, it is not difficult to find that it is not a wide beam at all, but a bunch of very long thin rays collected together. Such rays are customary called false rays .

On the wood of birch, rowan, maple and alder, you can often see brown specks, scattered chaotic - these are the so-called core repetitions . These are overgrown insects. On longitudinal sections of the repetition core are visible in the form of strokes and shapeless stains of brown or brown, sharply different from the color of the surrounding wood.

If on the ends of the wood of coniferous rocks, it is possible to moisten with clean water, then some of them will appear blonde spots located in the late part of the annual rings. it smatties . On radial and tangental cuts, they are visible in the form of light lines. Smith strokes have pines, ate, larchs and cedar, but there are no juniper and fir. The pine resten moves are large and numerous, the larch is small, the cedar is large, but rare.

You have not once, probably noticed on the trunks of coniferous trees having damage, influx of transparent resin - zhivitsa . Sap - valuable raw materials, which are a variety of use in industry and in everyday life. To assemble the Allice, the bins deliberately cut the smallest moves of coniferous trees.

Woods of some widespread hardwood trees of the middle strip are deprived of brightness of coloring and catchy texture patterns, which are found in exotic trees, brought from the southern countries. It is under the middle Russian nature - the colors of it are muted, simple and restrained texture drawing. But the more peering in the wood of our trees, the more finest color shades begin to distinguish in it.

When a quick look at the birch wood, aspen and linden may seem that all these trees have the same white wood. But, carefully clinging, it is not difficult to find that the birch wood has a slightly pinkish tint, Osin is yellowish green, and the linden is yellowish-orange. And of course, not only for excellent mechanical properties of the beloved and traditional material in Russian cutters has become Lipa. The warm and soft color of her wood gives figures and other carvings an extraordinary liveliness. Most coniferous trees texture pattern Expressed very clearly. This is explained by the contrasting color of the late and early parts of the wood in each annual layer. Due to the large vessels located along the annual layers and a well-visible naked eye, a beautiful texture drawing has deciduous trees - oak and ash.

Each tree breed has its own smell . One smell is strong and resistant, and others have a weak, barely catchy. At pine and some other wood plants the smell of core is very resistant and for many years. Very resistant and peculiar smells of oak wood, cherry and cedar.

In the trees of the middle strip, soft pliable wood have linden, aspen, alder, Iva, spruce, pine, cedar and others. Solid wood in birch, oak, ash, maple, larch; Such as the Samshat, Pistachio, Zelkva and Kizil, are growing only in the southern regions of the Caucasus and Europe.

The harder wood, the faster the cutting tools are blown up and break. If a carpenter rubs the construction of a larch, then he has to sharpen the ax much more often than when working with fir or pine, it is more common to breed and sharpen a drink. Working with solid wood, a wood cutter meets with the same difficulties. Bolding tools, it takes into account the hardness of wood and makes the sharpening angle less sharp. Working with solid wood takes more time than soft. But the masters have always attracted the opportunity to apply the finest cutters on solid wood, its beautiful deep color and increased strength. People's masters knew about it well. Where special strength was required, individual details were made of solid wood. In the hayway, the peasant cannot do without wooden robble. Rakes should be lighter, so the cuttings for them were made of pine, ate or from Yves flyer. Blocks and teeth required strength. They were mainly birch, pears and apple trees.

Take a look at the old steps of the porch, floorboards or flooring of transitional railway bridges, destroyed by numerous bitch. It seems that the bitches got out of the boards. But this is not the case: the bitches were left on the spot, but the wood surrounding them. Such a resistance to erasure, the knots are obliged not only by resinness, but also a special position in the board. After all, every bitch is turned out to the end. And from the end, as you know, the wood has increased strength and less stratum. Therefore, the most durable wooden pavements of the pavements of the masters were laid out of the end checkers.

Wood has a property that has no other natural materials. it razeliness , or slisteability . When splitting wood does not cut, and splits along the fibers. Therefore, split a log can even with a wooden wedge. Strugging wood of coniferous breeds of pine, cedar and larch. Among deciduous trees, oak, aspen and linden are easily split. Oak splits well only in the radial direction. Razeliness depends on the state of wood. Slightly moisturized or freshly stewed wood splits better than drying. But too moistened, wet wood splits with difficulty, as it becomes too viscous. If you had to chop firewood, then you probably noticed how easy and spores kneading frozen wood.

Wood splitability is practical. The splitting of the wood is obtained by the blanks of matches, riveting for the cooler dishes, in obliges - blanks for spokes and rims, in construction - roofing chips, shingles and plastering. Of the thin strips of the split pine, the peasant craftsmen were spilled baskets for mushrooms and linen, and between the case Mastered for the children from chips funny figures of deer and skates.

If the beam from the dry tree bend into the arc, and then let go, it will instantly straighten. Wood - elastic material. But her elasticity largely depends on the wood, structure and humidity breed. Heavy and dense wood with high hardness is always more elastic than light and soft. Choosing a branch for a rod, you try to pick up such, which would not only be straight, fine and long, but also elastic. It is unlikely that there is such a fisherman who wishes to make a rod from a branch of brittle bezin or twisted, and not from a flexible and elastic rowan branch or nut. American Indians preferred to make rods from elastic cedar branches. It is difficult to imagine the history of mankind without an ancient weapon - Luka. But the invention of the bow would be impossible if the tree had no elasticity. For Luka, a very durable and elastic wood was required, and most often it was made of ash and oak.

Thanks to the same elasticity, wood is used where you need to mitigate the return. To this end, the anvil was put on a massive wooden deck, made of a hammer handle from the tree. Not one century passed since the invention of firearms. Flower rifles and rifles went to the past, the weapon was perfect, but some other parts were still wooden. Where will you find such a material that would be so reliably gassing the return on a shot? It has long been noticed that the stronger wood is more elastic than sworn. Even the wood of one tree in different parts has different elasticity. For example, mature nucleus wood, located closer to the core, more elastic than the young, located closer to the crust. But if the wood wet or displesh, then the elasticity is sharply reduced. A bent strip of wood after drying saves the resulting form.

Than wetting the tree, the higher it plastic And below elasticity. Plastic The opposite of elasticity. Great value of plasticity has in the production of bent and wicker furniture, sports equipment, in basic, income and cooper business. High ductility after digestion in water or stepping is acquired by elm, ash, oak, maple, cherry, rowan, linden, Iva, aspen and birch. Billets from maple, ash, elm and oak and wicker are coming to the manufacture of bent furniture. From birch, ebvious, cherry, maple and rowan hubs bent down arcs. Arcs from these trees are very durable, but if you need them to be easier, Iva and Aspen are in the case. The wood of coniferous trees has low plasticity, so it is almost not used for bent or wicker products. The exclusion is pine, the thin chips of which goes on the weaving of bodyworks and lukashk, as well as the roots of pine, spruce, cedar and larch, walking on the weaving rugs.

Saturated moisture wood swells, increasing in volume. In many products from wood swelling - Negative phenomenon. For example, the wake-up desk of the writing table is almost impossible to push or push. It's hardly closed after the rain of the open window sash. So that the wood does not swell, wooden products are most often covered with a protective layer of paint or varnish. With the swelling of the wood of the master constantly fight. But for the cooled dishes, this property turned out to be positive. After all, when swallowing rivets - skulls, from which the coolest dishes are gaining, the cracks between them disappear - the dishes becomes waterproof.

Previously, when the trial in the winter was repaired, their wooden trim in tradition copal linen or hemp paklee. First of all, a lot of valuable raw materials diverged, besides, in the strong frosts of the packle became fragile and it was very difficult to work with her. This is where the so-called wood wool came to revenue - very thin shavings. Wood wool nipoe frost, it easily fills all the slots of the trim. And when the vessel will descend on the water, wood wool swells and tightly clogs the most smallest gaps in the trim.

Wood breeds determine their assessed characteristic features: texture, smell, hardness, color .

Trees having foliage call deciduous , and having a cheva - conifer .

Deciduous Breeds are birch, Aspen, Oak, Alder, Lipa and etc., coniferous rocks - pine, spruce, cedar, fir, larch And Dr. larch called a tree for the fact that she, like deciduous rocks, drops his cheeter for the winter.

branched part of a tree with foliage

Alternative descriptions

. (Latin Corona "Crown, Crown") Monetary Unit of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland and Estonia

Battery

Currency Denmark, Spain, Norway, Czech Republic, Sweden, Estonia

What currency grows on trees

She is on a tree and in a wallet of a Czech or Swede

The totality of all branches of the tree

French vintage coin

Denmark's Monetary Unit

Crown of a tree

. "Wooden" currency

. "Cap" tree

This is the name of many medieval coins and modern monetary units, due to the royal crown depicted on the coin

Roman Russian Writer V. M. Kozhevnikova "Roots and ..."

. "Currency" part of the tree

Carlson's currency

Tree hair chapel

. "Bathedral" part of the tree

Monetary unit of Norway

Monetary unit of Slovakia

Monetary unit of the Czech Republic

Monetary unit Sweden

Monetary unit Estonia

Currency Dania.

Currency Estontsev

Money from a tree

Crown of Tree

Venetian poplar

Currency Danes

Dennack in Prague

Currency Swedov

Czech currency

Swedish currency

Branching part of a tree

Currency in Carlson

Crown of Duba

Battery type type

Hairstyle of a tree

Cash with wood

Sweden currency

And battery and currency

Currency in Prague stores

Currency at the cash desks of Czech stores

Czechly currency

Dennak Czech Republic

Cash vertex Czech Republic

Favorite Czechs Part of a tree

Coin, foliage and battery

Battery for nine volts with "deciduous" title

Currency at the ticket office of Prague stores

Battery for transistor

Currency of Iceland

Swedish "Greens"

Denzak in pocket Cech

CHEX CHAIN \u200b\u200bCHAND

Battery or foliage

. "Tree foliage" from the Czech Wallet

Money in the wallet of the Czech hostess

Battery or currency

At the beets of the top and what is the tree?

Native currency Chekhov

Currency in the pocket of the Swede

Currency that walks through the streets of Prague

View of batteries

All foliage of wood

Name of ninety Baareika

Currency in Czech stores

Small battery

Currency in Iceland

Nostalgic currency of Estonia

. "Branched" currency

Czech Union, Slovakia, Estonia, Sweden, Norway (in 2002, replaced euro)

Branched part of a tree with foliage

Golden coin France, England

Leading part of a tree

Battery

Old currency Estonia

. "Bathedral" part of the tree

. "Currency" part of the tree

. Wooden currency

. "Tree foliage" from a wallet of a Cech

. "Branched" currency

. "Tree hat"

Battery for nine volts with "deciduous" title

Currency or battery

J. German. crown; In wound. applications: club, com, vertex of wood, with foliage; The upper plane of the Bruzier, the upper line of diamond, etc. Military music: Pipes of pipes and horns. Kronverk m. Military. A large external extension to the fortress, of two bastions (pens) and two wings. Crocking m. And Flintech, two kinds of glasses, use. To compile the achromatic pickle glasses, so that the items are not in rainbow colors. Kronepik m. Paint, chromium potassium. Kronzirkul m. Circle (derivation) of the smallest sizes, for the smallest circles and arcs in the drawings; Krivo-legged circulation, for measuring the thickness of round and profile bodies, ball and cylinder. Kronshtep m. German. Our largest kulik, Numenius ArcuAT, shepherd, conepass (translation. With Tatarsk. Ilk "Chi), a big steppe kulik, steppe, steppe; them, in size, two or three types. Bracket, CR (TR) Agestein, console, Gusek, Shelf

Roman Russian Writer V. M. Kozhevnikova "Roots and ..."

The beets of the top and that the tree

Swedish "Greens"

Branched part of a tree

Branched part of a tree

. "Branched" currency

Prague Courtes

Currency that "walks" through the streets of Prague