In the category of non-painful participles, it is necessary first of all to highlight the formations of nasya, returnable forms of participles. Their sharp morphological difference from adjectives (that is, the final -sya), their collateral meanings serve as an obstacle to their quality. Only the complete grammatical isolation of such a participle from other forms of the same verb, its inclusion in the circle of purely qualitative meanings can lead to the neutralization of its verb properties (compare, for example, outstanding, omitted, and especially the forms of participles with negation of non-, giving the word a pronounced a shade of potential quality: an undanced story, an unsuccessful enterprise, an unsuccessful actor; compare an unexploded bomb; "Young, unwilling blood was boiling in him" (Scheller-Mikhailov, "Rotten Marshes"). ; cheerful man in the street; unadorned nudity, etc.).
The use of the participles nasya in the passive sense can only strengthen and emphasize their verbal character (especially the forms of the past tense of the imperfect form to -passed, -si, since the corresponding passive forms with the suffixes -нн-, -т- are uncommon). Wed, for example, the building erected by the City Council. To judge the strength of the verbal beginning in the participles nasya, at least the following examples can serve:
Silent, greedy, boring wheeze,
The dreary clang and knock of the knife,
And the boulders colliding
Grinding chewing.
(Pasternak, "Icebreaker")
"A crumpled old woman with a worn and faded face" (Herzen, "Past and Thoughts").
It is clear that participles in the -washed, -washed, especially rarely lend themselves to a qualitative transformation.
The participles without -sy are also the most vivid and most strongly retain their verb in the forms ending in -shy. In these forms, the relation to the past tense is perceptible (cf. the past). The past tense, as a strong verb tense, retains its meaning in mixed verb formations. Relation to the past, with pronounced species shades, the values ​​reinforced by prefixes, eliminates the possibility of a qualitative transformation32. For example: "The secretary of a feuilletonist, sweating to his shirt, makes lines from five hundred and one and a half lines" (Mayakovsky, "Newspaper Day"); "That night, as if on purpose, the empty sheds belonging to the tax farmers caught fire" (Herzen, "Past and Thoughts"); "Having finally kissed him on a face that was reddened from a bent position and shining with tenderness, the girl opened her hands and wanted to run back" (L. Tolstoy). Wed: "His round face was chilled and crumpled" (A.N. Tolstoy). Apparently, past participles in -вш, formed from the stems of the infinitive to a vowel (read, wrote, fell asleep, etc.), as well as from single verb stems on -д-, -т- (fallen, attacked, acquired, sat down, stole, eaten from there are some others, but compare: blossomed, brought, etc.), express verb meanings brighter than past participles in -shy. In fact, most of the past participles of the past tense fall precisely on the forms with -shy from the bases of the perfect form of intransitive verbs: crazy, fallen, deceased, arch. deceased, past, faded (faded face), expired (in the past year, for the past day), etc. Wed: "His mouth was slightly open, and water was dripping from the saggy brim of his hat onto his wet shoulders" (Fedin, "Cities and Years"); "A guy, about 40 years old, with a crimson, somewhat swollen and flabby face" (Dostoevsky, "Demons").
Participles in -shi, formed from verb stems to a consonant (in the infinitive), are unproductive. They are attached to a strictly limited range of verb stems. They are increasingly losing their correlation with the forms of the participle, since in colloquial speech, and under the influence of it and in the styles of the book language, the participles in -shi become uncommon or are supplanted by forms in etc. In a word, these participles are more and more isolated from the system of other forms of the verb. This contributes to their rapprochement with adjectives, turning them into separate words with a qualitative meaning.
However, it is easy to see that qualitative meanings develop only in those participles in -shi that are formed from the stems of intransitive perfective verbs (bloated, withered, swollen, soggy, etc.). In participles, the tense category is closely related to the species category and to some extent subordinate to it. The meaning of the participles is species-temporary. The time of participles in -vshi and -shy depends not so much on the tense of the main verb of the sentence, as on the time of the action-quality denoted by them itself. But the use of the past participles from the stems of the imperfect form is syntactically limited. Imperfective past participles in the modern language are more often used if there is any kind of a verb form of the past tense or a form of the future tense in the meaning of the past tense, less often if there are forms of the present tense and a simple future in the direct meaning, and very rarely - in the form the future tense of an imperfect form. For example: "Another time bile will rush to the heart and raise from the bottom the hatred that has recently raged there" (Goncharov, "An Ordinary History").
Perfective past participles denote an active sign as a result of a completed, completed action. The action-quality expressed by these participles bears a vivid imprint of the resultant meaning of a perfect kind. As a result, the perfect past participles can be freely combined with any tense of the verb predicate (127).
It is clear that the sharper the transitional meaning is expressed in the participle, the sharper the specific shades of action, emphasized by prefixes and suffixes, appear in it, the more verb prevails in it.
Verb meanings very strongly make themselves felt in participles ending in -shy even from verbs with intransitive meaning and, moreover, not complicated by quantitative species prefixes and suffixes (like -nu-). In participles with a transitional meaning, the presence of an object of action completely paralyzes the possibility of developing qualitative meanings.
It is clear that past participles do not have short forms. Past participles cannot put up with the category of tense in its expression, which is characteristic of short forms of the adjective.
A completely different picture is presented by the participles in -with (-with) and -behind (-with), formed from the 3rd person of the plural of the present tense (but with the stress shifted to -sharing (-waving), according to the stress of the infinitive, except for the words loving , breathing and simple-provincial servant; but compare also: mighty) 33. In the absence of sharp quantitative-specific signs (for example, the suffixes -yva, -iva, especially in combination with such prefixes as sub-, pri-, po: coughing, yawning, bargaining, etc.), the participle is easy acquire qualitative shades of meaning. After all, they, in essence, are devoid of the form of time. Usually, it is said that the participles in-present express simultaneity with the action of the main verb or, in relatively rare cases, the extended meaning of the present tense (that is, the meaning of an indefinitely lasting period of time). But this view follows only from the negative property of the form itself: the participles in the - by themselves, cannot indicate either the past or the future tense, they denote only a present procedural sign. Relative to the participles, the one that gave them the meaning seems to be the meaning of the present, i.e. not past, time.
Qualitative meanings develop especially widely and freely in formations with intransitive meaning or when the transitional meaning is eliminated. For example: stupefying smell; challenging view; piercing wind; annoying tone; depressing, overwhelming impression; brilliant abilities; pleading eyes; threatening situation; searching look; repulsive view; caressing sounds; novice writer; bewitching smile; exciting (exciting events, exciting voice). Wed: "Pickets, patrols, posts and detachments carry joyfully their brilliant, brilliant, shining duty" (K. Fedin, "Brothers"). Wed in Turgenev's "Diary of a Superfluous Person": "I will forever remember this devouring attention, this tender gaiety, this innocent self-forgetfulness, this look, still childish and already feminine, this happy, like a blossoming smile that never leaves half-open lips and flushed cheeks" ...
From participles of this type, with a pronounced qualitative meaning, sometimes short, non-separate forms are formed34.
The closeness of the participles in -sch to the adjective is also manifested in the increasing tendency of the book language to form complex participial words with the basis of the noun in the first part, like a commodity distribution network; antipyretic, pain relievers; heartbreaking cry; grain trading organizations, etc. Wed from Saltykov-Shchedrin: "the cattle-hardening character of civilization." This way of word formation is supported in the literary language by the influence of special, professional dialects. In purely verbal forms, word composition in Russian can be a phenomenon of only secondary origin: it can either reflect the method of exact morphological tracing of someone else's, for example, Greek, word (compare: favor, revere, etc.), or move from nominal stems (to do good) , lead, etc.), or arise as a result of the transformation of a syntagma into one word (please).

According to a considerable number of philologists, participles are considered just a special form of the verb, denoting the qualities of the subject or object in action, as well as answering the questions of adjectives: what? which? how does it feel? which? what is? what are? which? which? However, most often this category of words in the Russian language is considered as a separate part of speech that expresses a sign of a phenomenon or object that changes over time. For correct spelling, understanding, morphological analysis of such a part of speech, it is important to correctly determine the characteristics of the words that are assigned to it.

Verb signs of the participle

According to the verbal properties, participles are returnable and irrevocable... Also, the properties of the verb of this part of speech include:

  1. Time - bathing(present tense), loved(past tense);
  2. View - painted(kind of perfect) working(imperfect view);
  3. Pledge - singing(active voice), taken(passive voice);
  4. Transition - running(intransitive participle) drawn(has the property of transitivity).

Return and irrevocability of the sacrament

Reversibility is a property of a verb that has passed to the participle and indicates the direction of an action or state on an object.



For participles, as well as for the part of speech denoting the action of the subject or his state, this is a permanent sign. In other words, no matter in what gender, number or case they are used, they are always reflexive or irrevocable - just like in the initial form.

The repetitiveness of the participle allows you to feel the semantic shades of the word:

  • the subject's action is aimed at himself - dressing, turning, bathing;
  • the action is performed by several subjects in relation to each other - meeting, colliding, different;
  • item condition - rejoicing, upset, sorrowful;
  • constant feature of the subject - crumpled fabric, scratch cat.

Recurrence can be detected by the presence at the end of the word -sya... In addition, such a participle is always valid. Example: “Princess Helene smiled; she went up with the same unchanging the smile of a quite beautiful woman with whom she entered the living room "("Unchanging" - returnable due to the presence -sya).

If the irreversibility of the word takes place, then at the end, like in adjectives, only the ending can be found. For example: “And with the receptions of the Petersburg business lady, able to to use the time, Anna Mikhailovna sent for her son and went with him into the hall "("Able" - irrevocable, since at the end there is -sya).

Features of the formation of recurrent participles

To create new words, word-forming morphemes (affixes, parts of a word) are used. These include prefixes, suffixes, and postfixes.

Reflexive participles are formed on the basis of reflexive verbs, which, in turn, were obtained using the postfix -sya following the end of the word. Example: “Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow, related to the people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon "("Referring" - reflexive, was formed on the basis of the verb "to relate" using the real suffix -sch- and the genitive endings -them).

In the category of non-painful participles, it is necessary first of all to highlight the formations of nasya, returnable forms of participles. Their sharp morphological difference from adjectives (that is, final -sya), their collateral meanings serve as an obstacle to their quality. Only the complete grammatical isolation of such a participle from other forms of the same verb, its inclusion in the circle of purely qualitative meanings can lead to the neutralization of its verb properties (compare, for example, outstanding, omitted, and especially the forms of participles with negation of non-, giving the word a pronounced a shade of potential quality: an undanced story, an unsuccessful undertaking, a failed actor; compare an unexploded bomb; “Young, unwilling blood boiled in him.” ; cheerful man in the street; unadorned nudity, etc.).

The use of the participles nasa in the passive sense can only strengthen and emphasize their verbal character (especially the forms of the past tense of the imperfect type to -passed, -si, since the corresponding passive forms with the suffixes -нн-, -т- are uncommon). Wed , for example, a building erected by the City Council. To judge the strength of the verbal beginning in the participles nasya, at least the following examples can serve:

Silent, greedy, boring wheezing, Dreary clang and knock of a knife, And clashing blocks Grinding chewing.

(Pasternak, "Icebreaker")

"A crumpled old woman with a worn and faded face" (Herzen, "Past and Thoughts").

It is clear that participles in the -washed, -washed, especially rarely lend themselves to a qualitative transformation.

The participles without -sy are also the most vivid and most strongly retain their verb in the forms ending in -shy. In these forms, the relation to the past tense is perceptible (cf. the past). The past tense, as a strong verb tense, retains its meaning in mixed verb formations. Relation to the past, with pronounced species shades of values, amplified by prefixes, eliminates the possibility of a qualitative transformation * -. For example: “The secretary at the feuilletonist who sweated to the

* SI Sobolevsky said well about the meanings of time in participle forms: “The Russian participle, in relation to the designation of time, is partly similar to the gerunds, partly with the indicative mood. It is the participle of the present tense of greater purity that means an action that is contemporary with the action of the governing verb, but sometimes it means an action that is contemporary with the moment of the speaker's speech. Past participle

ruchki, makes from five hundred - one and a half lines "(Mayakovsky," Newspaper Day "); “That night, as if on purpose, the empty sheds belonging to the tax farmers caught fire” (Herzen, “Past and Thoughts”); “Having finally kissed him on a face that was reddened from a bent position and shining with tenderness, the girl parted her arms and wanted to run back” (L. Tolstoy). Wed : “His round face was chilled and crumpled” (A. N. Tolstoy). Apparently, past participles in -вш, formed from the stems of the infinitive to a vowel (who read, wrote, who fell asleep, etc.), as well as from single verb stems on -д-, чп- (fallen, who attacked, acquired, sat down, stole, eaten from there are some others, but compare: blossomed, brought, etc.), express verb meanings brighter than past participles in -shy. In fact, most of the past participles of the past tense fall precisely on the forms with -shy from the bases of the perfect form of intransitive verbs: crazy, fallen, deceased, arch. deceased, past, faded (faded face), expired (in the past year, for the past day), etc. Wed. : “His mouth was ajar, and water was dripping from the sagging brim of his hat onto his wet shoulders” (Fedin, “Cities and Years”); "A guy, about 40 years old, with a crimson, somewhat swollen and flabby face" (Dostoevsky, "The Demons"). Participles in -shi, formed from verb stems to a consonant (in the infinitive), are unproductive. They are attached to a strictly limited range of verb stems. They are increasingly losing their correlation with the forms of the participle, since in colloquial speech, and under the influence of it and in the styles of the book language, the participles in -shi become uncommon or are supplanted by forms in etc. In a word, these participles are more and more isolated from the system of other forms of the verb; This contributes to their rapprochement with adjectives, turning them into separate words with a qualitative meaning.

For the most part, a short term means an action that precedes the moment of the speaker's speech (our discharge - V.V.), that is, the past. However, if the governing verb is put in the present or past tense, then the non-durable past participle also means the action preceding the action of the governing verb. But if the governing verb is put in the future tense, then the non-durable past participle of the past tense can only in exceptional cases mean a future action, but preceding the future action of the governing verb, and normally, in this case, it means the past action, preceding the moment of the speaker's speech. The long-form past participle is used in both of these meanings, namely: with the governing past tense verb, it can indicate an action contemporary to its action (along with the present participle); but it can also indicate an action preceding the moment of the speaker's speech; to whatever tense the action of the governing verb belongs ”125. Examples of expressing simultaneity using the present participle form: I see, saw, saw, see a boy carrying milk. “But in the sentence I saw or will see a boy carrying milk to us - carrying no longer means an action contemporary to the past or future, it means an action contemporary to the speaker's speech, that is, the present (in the sense of a constantly occurring action): I (at ) saw or will see a boy who brings us milk. In the sentence I see or (y) saw, or I will see a boy who brought us milk - the one who brought it denotes an action preceding the moment of the speaker's speech, that is, the past: I see or (y) saw, or I will see a boy who brought us milk ... Also in the sentence I see or (y) saw, or will see milk brought to us by the boy - brought means the past action: which (was) brought by the boy. But in the phrase Tomorrow the boy will bring us milk, and I will taste the milk he brought - brought means the action of the future: which will be brought by the boy. But this is an exceptional case: it is only from the general meaning of the phrase that it can be seen that this action precedes the action of the governing verb (I will try), but is future in relation to the moment of the speaker's speech. In the sentence I (y) saw a boy carrying milk - carrying denotes an action that is contemporary to the past (y) saw, and therefore is equal to the past: I (y) saw a boy who carried milk; here is who is = bearer.

But in the sentence I see or will see a boy who carried milk yesterday - carrying does not mean an action, contemporary to the present or the future, but means an action preceding the moment of the speaker's speech: I "see or see a boy,

However, it is easy to see that qualitative meanings develop only in those participles in -shi that are formed from the stems of intransitive perfective verbs (bloated, withered, swollen, soggy, etc.). In participles, the tense category is closely related to the species category and to some extent subordinate to it. The meaning of the participles is species-temporary. The time of participles in -vshi and -shy depends not so much on the tense of the main verb of the sentence, as on the time of the action-quality denoted by them itself. But the use of the past participles from the stems of the imperfect form is syntactically limited. Imperfect past participles in the modern language are more often used if there is any kind of a verb form of the past tense or a perfect form of the future tense in the meaning of the past tense, less often - if there are present tense forms and a simple future in the direct meaning, and very rarely - with the form the future tense of an imperfect form. For example: “Another time bile will rush to the heart and raise from the bottom the hatred that has recently raged there” (Goncharov, “An Ordinary History”).

Perfective past participles denote an active sign as a result of a completed, completed action. The action-quality expressed by these participles bears a vivid imprint of the resultant meaning of a perfect kind. As a result, the perfect past participles can be freely combined with any tense of the verb predicate127.

It is clear that the sharper the transitional meaning is expressed in the participle, the sharper the specific shades of action, emphasized by prefixes and suffixes, appear in it, the more verb prevails in it.

Verb meanings make themselves felt very strongly in participles ending in -shy even from verbs with intransitive meaning and, moreover, not complicated by quantitative species prefixes and suffixes (like -nu-). In participles with a transitional meaning, the presence of an object of action completely paralyzes the possibility of developing qualitative meaning.

It is clear that past participles do not have short forms. Past participles cannot put up with the category of tense in its expression, which is characteristic of short forms of the adjective.

A completely different picture is presented by the participles in -with (-s) I-ash (-shach), formed from the 3rd person plural of the present tense (but with the stress shifted to -sharing (-s), according to the stress of the infinitive, except for the words loving , breathable and simple. -regional employee; but compare also: mighty) *. In the absence of sharp quantitative-specific signs (for example, the suffixes -yva, -iva, especially in combination with such prefixes as sub-, pri-, po: coughing, yawning, bargaining, etc.), the participle is easy acquire quality shades

* In the styles of the book language, especially the official-clerical and scientific-business, which tend to maintain a straightforward logical parallelism between the use of participial constructions and the use of personal forms of the verb in relative sentences, there have been attempts to form participles from the stems of the perfect form into -song, dying) to express the shades of the future tense, and to -shy, -shy (-shy, -shy) with a particle would be to express the shades of the conditional mood. It is known that even Gogol tried to transfer such forms from the clerical language to the soil of literary speech. Prof. D. Kudryavsky wrote in his “Introduction to Linguistics” (1912, p. 95): “At the present time in the Russian language, apparently, the category of the participle of the future tense (a perfect form) is being created; in the language, it is already often found, for example:

Unforgiving depth

There is an abyss opening beneath you. " However, the form of the future participle did not enter the norm of literary speech.

values. After all, they, in essence, are devoid of the form of time. It is usually said that the participles in-present express simultaneity with the action of the main verb or, in relatively rare cases, the extended meaning of the present tense (that is, the meaning of an indefinitely lasting period of time). But this view follows only from the negative property of the form itself: the participles in the - by themselves, cannot indicate either the past or the future tense, they denote only a present procedural sign. In relation to the participles, the meaning that has given them seems to be the meaning of the present, that is, the unpassed time.

Qualitative meanings develop especially widely and freely in formations with intransitive meaning or when the transitional meaning is eliminated. For example: stupefying smell; challenging view; piercing wind; annoying tone; depressing, overwhelming impression; brilliant abilities; pleading eyes; threatening situation; searching look; repulsive view; caressing sounds; novice writer; bewitching smile; exciting (exciting events, exciting voice). Wed : "Pickets, patrols, posts and detachments carry joyfully their brilliant, brilliant, shining duty" (K. Fedin, "Brothers"). Wed in Turgenev's "Diary of a Superfluous Person": "I will forever remember this devouring attention, this tender gaiety, this innocent self-forgetfulness, this look, still childish and already feminine, this happy, like a blossoming smile that never leaves half-open lips and flushed cheeks." ...

From participles of this type, with a pronounced qualitative meaning, short, non-separate forms are sometimes formed *.

The closeness of the participles in -sch to the adjective is also manifested in the increasing tendency of the book language to form complex participial words with the basis of the noun in the first part, like a commodity distribution network; antipyretic, pain relievers; heartbreaking cry; grain trading organizations, etc. Wed. for Saltykov-Shchedrin: "the cattle-harrowing character of civilization." This way of word formation is supported in the literary language by the influence of special, professional dialects. In purely verbal forms, word composition in the Russian language can be a phenomenon of only secondary origin: it can either reflect the method of exact morphological tracing of someone else's, for example, Greek, word (compare: favor, revere, etc.), or move from nominal stems (to do good) , lead, etc.), or arise as a result of the transformation of a syntagma into one word (please).

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§ 22. The process of qualifying return and irrevocable participles

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