Relevance: Environmental Pollution is one of the most important problems in our time. Every year it grows waste volume, including toxic. All waste pose a threat to the environment, many of them are dangerous to human health, because contain dyes, solvents, detergents, medicines, mercury, etc. Hypothesis: One of the problems of purity in the city is an organization of unauthorized landfills and a self-altitude relief of garbage in unidentified places. Dumps of garbage cause pollution of soil, air, water, which leads to a deterioration in the well-being, the emergence of a number of diseases among the population of nearby areas. The purpose of the work: - to study the effect of garbage dumps of household waste on the environment and identify ways to resolve the situation. Tasks: 1. Review various sources indicating environmental pollution with dumps. 2. Examine the types and composition of domestic garbage. 3. To explore the place of collecting household waste, analyze their condition and determine the necessary measures to improve them. 4. Find out the possibility of the effect of garbage dumps on the health of people. Object: Dumps of garbage


Now there are about 600 landfills in the Urals, of which only 71 has permits, the rest work with all sorts of violations. On the territory adjacent to the Urals capital there are only polygons for the utilization of waste of the 4th and 3rd degree of safest materials. This, for example, includes household appliances, counterfeit audio and video products. And all this can be "grinding." Dust problem


MBO are often found on the garbage dump. Toxic substances that are included in such a garbage penetrate the soil, water, the atmosphere, having a detrimental effect on the ecological situation of our area. To date, we have been made so much waste that for their disposal in vivo it will take several thousand years. Effect of TBI


The results of the decay of MSW conventional solid household waste of a large modern city contain more than 100 items of toxic compounds. Among them are dyes, pesticides, mercury and its compounds, solvents, lead and its salts, medicines, cadmiums, arsenic compounds, formaldehyde, salts of waist, etc. Special place among solid waste is occupied by plastics and synthetic materials, they are not subjected to biological destruction processes. And there may be for a long time (dozens of years) to be in the objects of the environment. When combustion of plastics and synthetic materials, numerous toxicants are distinguished, including polychlorbiphenyls (dioxins), fluoride compounds, cadmium, etc.


Scientist-Ecologist Chairman of the Board of the Regional Public Organization "Green Cross" Member of the Public Chamber of the Mary Sabol: The attitude of people to the "garbage problem" so far often leaves much to be desired, and not by chance, on behalf of the governor Mikhail Yurevich, the concept for the formation of the ecological culture of the population is now being developed. Processing of garbage will reduce the load on the testing, will allow to turn waste into revenues. Scientists about the disposal problem:








For natural processing of garbage, many years and even centuries are required. Rubber soles shoes - years.


For natural processing of garbage, many years and even centuries are required. Products from nylon - years.


For natural processing of garbage, many years and even centuries are required. Polyethylene package - years










3. Do not throw garbage in the sinks and toilets. Every year millions of tons of uncleans who kill everything alive fall into the sea. For their natural processing, months are required, but, for example, most plastic packaging materials are not biodegradation at all. Some Soviets






Do you worry the problem of garbage in your city / settlement? Are you ready to sort garbage (collect separate paper, plastic, metal, glass, food waste)? Are you ready to take waste (waste paper, glass, plastic, etc.) in redemption items? Are you ready to take part in a cleanup for cleaning garbage or arrangement of waste collection / warehouse places? Questions from the questionnaire.
Ideas for respondents. A variant with the most common answers is presented. I can't ever do it I will do it. I don't want it. I could have a sentence + to collect the waste paper + to use for both sides of the sheet + repeatedly use plastic bags + make compost from waste + use details of old mechanisms + not throw out clothes


Recommendations: To improve the environmental condition, it is necessary to take measures to organize the collection and disposal of household waste: 1. Sorting and appropriate processing of household waste is recommended. 2. In the process of producing consumer goods, use the most environmentally friendly technologies and materials. 3. Increase the number of containers and urns in places of the largest garbage accumulation and close them with covers. 4. Organize reservoir reception points where you can take waste paper, bottles, batteries and tin cans. Previously, these items existed, and many residents of the city successfully used them. In addition, these items, it seems to me, will contribute to the sorting of surrendered sublissure.


5. It is rather to solve the issue with the construction and launch of the garbage processing plant; - To introduce into practice actions to eliminate the spontaneous landfills, landing trees and shrubs in the elimination places of landfills in order to prevent re-pollution of the territory. 6. Regularly hold shares "Days of Fight for Environmental Safety" in the city or any other settlement with mandatory summary of the results of radio, television, press, turn similar shares on holidays. 7. In schools, you can organize students to create campaign posters and leaflets about the dangers of environmental pollution. Recommendations:



It is not a secret for anyone that recent years the most relevant issue for Russian citizens is the issue of ecology. This is confirmed by the survey of the All-Russian Public Opinion Center (WTCOM) held on behalf of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation. During the survey, it was determined that the greatest concerns of residents cause communal waste problems - this is 44% of the total environmental problems marked by citizens.

With traditionally used landfills, many problems are usually associated - they are hotels of rodents and birds, pollute the reservoirs, self-turn, the wind can blow off the garbage and so on. In the 50s, the so-called "sanitary polygons" begin to be introduced for the first time, on which waste every day is driven by soil.

According to the materials of the site of sites: http://ztbo.ru/o-tbo/lit/ekologicheskie-prblemi-otxodov/zaxoronenie-musora-tbo http://ztbo.ru/poligoni-tbo/rekultivaciya-poligonov-tbo http: //news.nerers. RU / DOM-U-SVALKI-EST-LI-OPASNOST.html The article on the deadly danger is written for residents of the TWW polygon

The dump or waste disposal polygon is a complex system, the detailed study of which began only recently.

With a lack of oxygen, organic waste at the landfill is subject to anaerobic fermentation, which leads to the formation of a mixture of methane and carbon monoxide (the so-called "landfill gas"). In the depths of the landfill, a very toxic liquid is also formed ("filtrate"), the hit of which in the reservoirs or in groundwater is extremely undesirable.

Requirements for modern landfills include the requirements for the selection of the site, design, operation, monitoring, conclusion and to provide financial guarantees (disaster insurance, etc.)

When choosing a platform, it is necessary to avoid the neighborhood of airports, water bodies, landing sites to the surface of groundwater, the proximity of wetlands, tectonic faults and seismically dangerous zones.

Safe operation of the landfill implies the following measures:

hazardous waste exception and recordings on all received waste and the exact coordinates of their burial;
ensuring the daily coating of the dumping waste with soil or special foam to prevent waste disposal;
the fight against diseases (rats, etc.), which is usually ensured by the use of pesticides;
the pumping of explosive gases from the subsoil dump (methane can be used for the production of electricity, for example, by the entire UK, such installations produce 80 MW);
controlled access of people and animals to the polygon - the perimeter should be fenced and guarded;

hydraulic structures should minimize the ingress of raindlaxes and surface water to the landfill;
surface drains from the landfill should be directed to clean; The fluid that is distinguished from the waste should not fall into groundwater - for this, special systems of drainage and waterproofing are created;
must be carried out regular monitoring of air, ground and surface waters in the vicinity of the polygons.
Special attention should be paid to the withdrawal of the landfill from exploitation, followed by the reclamation of the TBB polygon. As a rule, the initial project of the landfill should include a plan of measures for reclamation and long-term monitoring of the closed polygon, etc.

Recultivation of waste polygons (MSW)

Each land plot is sooner or later closed when the maximum permissible amount of waste accumulates. And it is quite logical that the land occupied by the landfill must be introduced into economic use, or recultivate. Moreover, the costs of this event should be laid in the price at the stage when the design of the TWW polygons is carried out.

Thus, the recultivation of TBB polygons is a set of works that are aimed at restoring the national economic value and productivity of restored territories. In addition, these works are also aimed at improving environmental environmental conditions.

The process of reclamation of TBM polygons begins immediately after the end of the warehouse on it is garbage. This procedure is performed in two separate stages: technical and biological.

At the technical stage, technological and construction measures are being developed, construction solutions on the device for protective screens for the base and surface of the polygon, collection, cleaning and disposal of biogas, collection and treatment of filtrate and surface wastewater. Thus, the technical phase of the Recultivation of the TBB polygon include the following activities:

Stabilization of the body of the landfill (suction bridge for swelling of failures and cracks, its layout and creation of slopes with the necessary angle of inclination, etc.).
Construction of a degassing system for the collection of landfill gas.
Creating a system for collecting and removing the filtrate and surface runoff.
Creating a multifunctional reclamation protective screen.
The biological reclamation stage provides a complex of agrotechnical and phytomeliorative measures aimed at restoring disturbed lands. This stage is carried out after the engineering and technical stage of recultivation. The following activities include the following events to this phase of the recultivation of the landfill.

Preparation of soil.
Selection of planting material.
Sowing plants.
In each particular case, the choice of design solutions for the recultivation of the closed polygon is carried out on the basis of pre-executed engineering surveys.

Collection of landfill gas (syngaz)

The dumping gas is formed as a result of fermentation of organic components of waste, located in the body of the polygon during the processes of biochemical decomposition. In addition, there is also a sufficiently large amount of water vapor. The gases and pairs arising in the body of the polygon and the pair form a wet gas mixture with the main components of which are methane and carbon dioxide CO2.

Because of such a chemical composition, as well as the presence of other dangerous components in the landfill gas, its emission can have a negative impact on the environment manifested in the form:

fire and explosion dangers.
interference to reclamation of the TBB polygon.
distribution of the appropriate unpleasant odor.
isolation of toxic and dangerous human health components.
negative influence on the climate.
Based on this, forming dumping gases must be collected and subsequently disposed of (processed). For this, at the stage, when the construction of the TBB polygon is carried out, special gas trafficking is provided. For them, landfill gas enters the place of storage, where it is exposed to the cleaning procedure.

The collection of landfill gas is quite responsible, since, subject to the absence of proper management of its collection inside the polygon, an excess amount of gas is accumulated. This comes to an increase in pressure, the accumulated gas is looking for a way out, resulting in damage to the body of the polygon. And this can lead to sufficiently unpleasant consequences, since the crude dumping gas contains a huge amount of harmful and toxic substances that are extremely dangerous to people's health.

There is another category of garbage disposal, which appeared due to the actions of the shadow business. Waste is accepted and stored on them with violation of all standards. As a result, groundwater, soil, air - from uncontrolled garbage burning are polluted. "The greatest complexity here is that it is often" riding "on a certain territory," Kommersans "disappear either is discharged with the impressive fines for them, while dozens of hectares remain polluted forever," the chairman of the MOO "Green Front" Sergey Vinogradov.

Legal landfills - subject to compliance with all technological norms of operation and continuous control - theoretically should not harm the city and citizens. In practice, the so-called human factor is often included. "Any polygon is a source of potential danger. The main factor of negative impact is the ignition of the dumping masses, as the result of the negligence and violation of the rules of operation of the polygons, "says the assistant head of the Department of Rosprirodnadzor in SPO Gulnara Gudulov.


Residents of districts that are in relative proximity to TSB polygons feel the results of such negligence on themselves, periodically breathing with the smoke or the infant wind "Ambre". "It is possible with a lot of probability to argue that the unpleasant odor with landfills is negatively affecting human health," says Sergey Vinogradov. In his opinion, the combustion of plastics may be released into air such substances such as formaldehyde, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, carbon monoxide, dioxins. The latter have a powerful mutagenic, immunodepressant, carcinogenic effect. When burning a foam rubber, which is used for the manufacture of furniture, poisonous gases containing cyanne compounds come to the atmosphere. Burning tires gives a dense black fat smoke containing hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. Both gas is dangerous to health. As a result of rotting the garbage remaining in the land, continues grapes, a dangerous gas of Radon is formed, which is difficult to detect, as it does not have color and smell. But this gas is poisonous, and even radioactive.

Every year the problem of solid household waste is becoming increasingly serious. In Russia, about 130 million m3 of solid household waste is formed annually. From this quantity of industrial processing is not more than 3%, the rest is exported to landfills and polygons for the burial. Recycled waste is a serious source of pollution, however, with the right waste management organization, they may be an inexhaustible source of resources.

Unfortunately, while 90% of waste is being burned (deposit) on landfills, although it is associated with transportation costs and alienation of large territories. In addition, these polygons often do not correspond to elementary sanitary and hygienic requirements and are secondary sources of environmental pollution.

The garbage layer behind the layer is compactly stacked. Some Western firms propose to press trash in briquettes or grind it, while it decreases in the amount of three times. After each working day, the garbage brought per day is covered with a layer of soil to eliminate unpleasant odors, prevent the insect reproduction, rodents, and so that the garbage does not inflate the wind. After filling the burial, it is again covered with a layer of waterproof material to exclude the inward of surface waters. Then the layer of fertile soil is poured, trees and other vegetation are planted and, maybe after some time everyone will forget that there was a dump.

A similar method of burial solid waste may make it possible to avoid environmental problems, but with accuracy to say it is unlikely to someone. Such garbage sites have appeared no more than 20-30 years ago, and when scientists have begun to excavate old polygons, they found that 80% of food waste, caught on the landfill, did not decompose. Sometimes it was possible to read a 30-year-old newspaper dangling on the dump. The lack of contact of waste with air and water leads to the difficulty decomposition of waste, and they turn into a kind of "slow motion bomb". No one knows what time the garbage will fully decompose and what consequences it can lead. It is important that such a getting rid of garbage requires rather significant financial costs. According to some estimates, on a modern trashal polygon per ton of garbage is spent more than 100 dollars.

But if the usual waste can still be eliminated by depositing, for example, some types of medical waste are subject to only thermal processing, since they pose a risk associated with the risk of infectious infection or dissemination of infections.

Being on open areas, under the influence of atmospheric air, sun and precipitation, harmful substances are blurred and penetrated into the ground, in the soil and underground water pools, groundwater. As a result of various physicochemical and biological processes in landfills, constant gas is released. For example, due to anaerobic decomposition of organic substances, combustible gases are formed inside the dumps, mainly methane. Gas formation is not controlled. They are constantly entering the atmosphere, they can ignore independently either as a result of an unauthorized impact of a person (sometimes as a result of an intentional arson in order to increase the capacity). It should be noted that gases released in landfills, in particular methane, belong to gases that create a strong greenhouse effect.

Waste on landfills slowly, but constantly burned - smooth. As is known, the degeneration is the incineration phase characterized by the greatest formation of persistent organic pollutants. In some cases, there is intentional incineration of waste in order to reduce the volume and operating costs, as well as to increase the life of landfills.

The waste entering local landfills (drives) includes: glass, ceramics, fabric, leather, packages from under various drinks. Often paper, cardboard, plastics, polymer (sometimes halogenated) materials. In addition: Food waste, non-toxic industrial waste, detergents, copper wires, construction trash, including building materials, packaging materials, wood, asphalt, paints and solvents.

When burning any organic garbage (plants, bones, etc.) at a sufficiently high temperature and sufficient amount of oxygen, it should be formed: water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides (in small quantities, due to nitrogen content in proteins and nucleic acids).

However, even with a small moisture of garbage, the temperature decreases sharply. For example, when burning a heap of last year's leaves and herbs, only the upper part of the heap is burning, while the lower tweet. It turns out that the top of the garbage heap is lit, and the middle and lower parts of the heaps are twisted, smoke and with an insufficient amount of oxygen, highlighting the substances dangerous to the health of the human in the atmosphere.

When burning last year's foliage, a large amount of harmful substances and compounds are in air, including those extremely dangerous to human health, like benzapine, formaldehyde, and compounds of heavy metals, which have carcinogenic activity, affect the frequency of cancer, and affect the central nervous system .

When street trash and household waste fall into the fire, containing, as a rule, polyethylene packages, plastic bottles, labels, wrappers and even worn tires, except those listed substances, and superecotoxicants are formed - polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins.

Bephenyls, possessing relatively low acute toxicity, quickly absorbed into blood and accumulated in the body. Adverse effects can manifest themselves at relatively low levels of impact with their long-term admission to the human body.

Dioxins are a polytropic poison that affects almost all organs and organism systems capable of causing immunodeficiency, strengthen the effect of other carcinogens. Upon reaching a certain level of accumulation of dioxins in the body, hazardous genetic changes occur, the consequences of which for the gene pool of the population, plant and animal world are unpredictable.

The main component of smoke is carbon monoxide, or carbon monoxide (CO). Moreover, the concentration of CO with the burning of household garbage can be equivalent to the concentration on the street of the regional center with intensive movement.

As you know, the carbon monoxide (CO) is extremely chemically active and dangerous to a person connection. Maximum permanent PDC (maximum permissible concentration) for carbon oxide for atmospheric air of populated areas - 5 mg / m3, the average daily rate is 3 mg / m3, in the working area you need to constant control over the content of CO in the air, the MPC in the working area is 20 mg / m3. It is noted that Co, very easily binding to hemoglobin blood blocks the delivery of oxygen to the tissues, as a result of which poisoning occurs.

In addition, in foggy days, fires create a kind of "smog", (microparticles released with incomplete combustion of garbage, bind to water vapor) harmful to the human body. The smaller the particle, the faster it penetrates into the lungs and, accordingly, greater harm can apply. When burning tons of plant waste, in an open method, more than 9 kilograms of such particles are distinguished into the atmosphere ... Even with the combustion of simple cellulose (natural polymer), polycyclic compounds are distinguished with obviously mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. The most noticeable for humans are "irritants" - irritants that are most dangerous to people with Orz, asthma, chronic bronchitis. Irritatants annoy nervous endings in bronchi, causing a suffocation.

One of the most powerful irritants are acetic acid (CH3CO) and acrolein (CH2CNC), standing out when burning the campfire. It is because of them that eyes are blushing and wrapped, there are painful bouts of cough. But the most dangerous of the products of open combustion of organic waste, they are PAU (polyaromatic hydrocarbons) to them include benzapirenes (C20N12), MPC The composition of which should be not more than 0.1 mg / 100m3 for settlements, and they belong to the highest - I class of danger, and possess the largest carcinogenicity compared to other related substances. The PAU also includes benzanttraceans, also carcinogenic, benzofluorcences and intedeniaries.

Scientists have proven that in the smoke of the fire, contains 350 times (!) More benzapirens than in a cigarette smoke (containing 70 parts of harmful particles per million) ...

However, the most harmful smoke of the fire happens when PVC wastes (polyvinyl chloride - CH2-CHL-CH2-CHL-CH2-CH2-CHL-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHL-) are falling - these are plastic waste, linoleum, leatherette, electric cable braid, plastic toys, packaging, greenhouse film and Dr.

As a rule, these waste burns in a fire flame at a temperature of not more than 1,100 degrees, most of them exactly in the fire, with the most "acceptable" for the formation of temperature dioxins in 850-900 degrees. And, as studies have shown, when burning PVC, (remember the greenhouse film), at a temperature of 600 degrees, in the absence of air (in a small pile of garbage or at a large landfill, it is exactly how "ideal" conditions for the emergence of such the most dangerous Toxic substances as dioxins (CNHNCLNO2). Dioxins are known for their strong toxic effects, almost all human life organs. In addition, under these conditions, the carbonyl chloride (COCL2) is also allocated to the atmosphere, which used to us as phosgene, used during the First World War, as a chemical weapon.

It is extremely dangerous to burn out all sorts of films, synthetic materials (foam rubber used for packing mattresses, sofas, seats, manufacture of rugs, foam) during the combustion of which cyanides (CN) are distinguished, which are the cause of many deaths during household fires. In the fires in most cases, due to lack of oxygen, cyanides are not destroyed, falling into the environment. At low combustion temperatures (below 600 degrees) polyurethane foams (polyurethane [-OCNH (CH2) 6NHCOO (CH2) 4O-] N) do not release cyanides, but form a dense, yellow-suffocating smoke containing isocyanates, including the strongest allergen and irritant diisocyanate Toloole (CONCH3 (CH2) 6NCO). In 1984, in Bhopal (India), as a result of the leakage of methylisocyanate at the Yunion Carbayad plant, the accident was the largest accident in the history of the Chemical Industry, which took 3 thousand lives and led to the poisoning of more than 200 thousand people. Methylisocyanate affects the skin, eyes, gastrointestinal tract.

When combustion of polyethylene: (-CH2-CH2-CH2-), polystyrene: (C6H5-CH-CH2-), polypropylene: (CH2 \u003d CH-CH3), the most common bottles, for polyethylene terephthalate drinks: (HOCH2CH2ON-1 OCC6H4COOH) At high temperatures of harmful substances into the atmosphere, it is almost not distinguished - they are simply burning, turning into carbon dioxide and water vapor. But, as a rule, the fire temperature is insufficient for this, so carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons, acrolein, etc. fall into the atmosphere.

When plywood, fiberboard, chipboard containing phenol-formaldehyde resins are falling into the fire (phenol formaldehyde - C6H5OH2OH), cyanides and formaldehyde (NSON) are allocated to the atmosphere. When burning wood, painted paint containing lead compounds, these compounds enter the body through the lungs.

  • Carbon oxide. It turns out in case of incomplete combustion of carbon substances. It falls into the air as a result of burning solid waste, with exhaust gases and emissions of industrial enterprises. This gas comes into atmosphere at least 1250 million tons. Carbon oxide is a compound that is actively reacting with component parts of the atmosphere, and helps increase the temperature on the planet, and the creation of a greenhouse effect.
  • Sulfurian anhydride. It is released in the process of combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or processing of sulfur ores (up to 170 million tons per year). Part of the sulfur compounds is highlighted when combusthing organic residues in mining dumps. Only in the United States, the total number of sulfurized anhydride thrown into the atmosphere amounted to 65% of the global emission.
  • Sulfuric anhydride. It is formed when oxidizing sulfur anhydride. The final product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil, exacerbates the diseases of the respiratory tract of man. The loss of sulfuric acid aerosol from the flue torches of chemical enterprises is noted with low cloudiness and high humidity. Leaf plates of plants growing at a distance less than 11 km. From such enterprises, there are usually thickly dodged with small necrotic stains formed in places of settlement of drops of sulfuric acid. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of color and ferrous metallurgy, as well as TPPs annually throw tens of millions of tons of sulfur anhydride into the atmosphere.
  • Hydrogen sulfide and servo carbon. Enter into the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur connections. The main sources of emissions are enterprises for the manufacture of artificial fiber, sugar, coke-chemical, oil refinery, as well as oilfields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, slow oxidation to sulfur anhydride is subjected.
  • Nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compound, viscose silk, celluloid. The number of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 20 million tons. in year.
  • Fluoride connections. Sources of pollution are enterprises for the production of aluminum, enamel, glass, ceramics, steel, phosphate fertilizers. Fluoro-containing substances come to the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - fluoride hydrogen or dust of sodium fluoride and calcium. Compounds are characterized by toxic effect. Fluorous derivatives are strong insecticides.
  • Chlorine compounds. Enter into the atmosphere from chemical enterprises producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolyzed alcohol, chlorine lime, soda. The atmosphere is found as an admixture of chlorine molecule and hydrochloric acid vapor. Chlorine toxicity is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry during the smelting of the cast iron and when it is recycling, it will be released into the atmosphere of various heavy metals and poisonous gases. So, in the calculation of 1 tons. The administrative cast iron is distinguished except 12.7 kg. sulfur gas and 14.5 kg of dust particles, which determine the number of mice compounds, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapors and rare metals, resin substances and cyanide hydrogen.

Aerosol pollution of the atmosphere

Aerosols are solid or liquid particles that are suspended in the air. The solid components of aerosols in some cases are especially dangerous for organisms, and people cause specific diseases. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived in the form of smoke, fog, mall or haze. A significant part of aerosols is formed in the atmosphere in the interaction of solid and liquid particles between themselves or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is 1-5 microns. About 1 cubic meter arrives at the Earth's atmosphere. Dust particles of artificial origin. A large amount of dust particles is also formed during the production activities of people. For information on some sources of technogenic dust are given below:

Environment factors affecting the prevalence of some classes and groups of diseases

Francois Ramada 1981 "Basics of Applied Ecology" leads such a definition "Pollution Adverse Environmental Changes, which is entirely or partially the result of human activity, directly or indirectly changes the distribution of incoming energy, radiation levels, physicochemical properties of the environment and the conditions of living beings . These changes can affect humans directly or indirectly, through agricultural resources, through water or other biological products. They can also influence a person, worsening the physical properties of objects in its property, resting conditions in nature and disappearing its self. "

Impact on the soil

Chemical compounds incurred in the soil accumulate and lead to a gradual change in the chemical and physical properties of the soil, reduce the number of living organisms, worsen soil fertility.

Together with polluting substances, pathogenic bacteria, helminth eggs and other harmful organisms fall into the soil.

In fecal residues there may be pathogens of typhoids, dysentery, tuberculosis, polyemielite. Some pathogenic bacteria can be maintained in the soil for a long time and even multiplying tetanus causative agents (up to 12 years), gas gangs.

Some helmintes can be maintained in the soil up to 7-8 years, and in Central Asia to 15 years, the Eggs of the Vlasman-1-3 years.

From the soil, toxic substances and eggs of helminths can get into organs of animals and a person, causing severe diseases and even death.

Unauthorized garbage dumps are the main reason for the spread of ticks. Now cases of attacks of ticks in Karelia are celebrated in a Merezeri district and Kostomuksha, which was not previously observed.

Negative attitude to the technology of factory gaining garbage

"Green" categorically object to the imposed garbage burning technologies. Specialists defending safe methods for waste disposal indicate that Sweden, Finland and Norway refuse to burn combustion technologies, moving to composting to restore soil ecosystems. I think that that is why few people who famous Swedish firm invites us to use an outdated experience ...

Such dangerous technologies, even if the observance of "all environmental norms" is declared when used, are contraindicated for several reasons. First, we have no waste burning law. Secondly, we do not exist an environmental culture of waste management, therefore, on the proposed production in the furnace, something that categorically should not go there. Thirdly, our public organizations are removed from the discussion of the proposed garbage technology, which is equivalent to the absence of independent control. Finally, we have a good memory, and we remember that after the obligatory study of the composition of the urban garbage, we promised not burning, but sorting and re-using it.

The growing plant is "mutton in the sky." It is impossible to say more. Well, isn't the fact that waste burning technologies are the most expensive way to neutralize them from all known and used. "

"We want to dispel the myth that the technology of incineration of waste is most promising. In the furnace of the incinerator, household waste becomes, of course, less visible, but much more dangerous to health. After burning, high-tech ash will still have to be caught, but already on special polygons for toxic waste. "

European experience

Each year in the European Union, an astronomical amount of waste is formed: 1.8 billion tons, approximately four tons per resident. And that is why the handling of garbage has become one of the problems solved in the state and suprannign levels.

According to the European Environment Agency (EEA.EU.Int), household waste (the so-called "municipal") is 14% of all waste.

Household waste is considered as a serious problem also because in Europe more and more packaging is performed, and this is one of the main components of domestic garbage. Only in four years, from 1997 to 2001, the production of packaging in the European Union increased by 7% - and this is despite close attention to the problem of public waste and authorities. At the same time, the largest amount of packaging per year per capita is made in Ireland and France (210 kg), and the smaller - in Finland (about 100 kg).

"The Swedish city of Umea is heated thanks to the burned Musor. And by 2008, the Swedes are generally going to abandon the use of nuclear power plants and switch to the use of alternative energy sources, including from the secondary use of garbage.

In Europe, people are already accustomed to sort waste, even the children in kindergartens tend to put garbage correctly. And if a person mistaken in a container with the inscription "Paper" threw something at all, it can easily be fined.

In Sweden, this is done with manufacturers who ordered to collect and utilize their products that turn into garbage. If the manufacturer does not do this for some reason, he either have serious financial problems with the tax service, or he has to pay a lot of money from the organization engaged in garbage disposal. Of course, people had to get used to this provision of things, and it happened not immediately. All in the same Sweden on the creation of a new system went about ten years.

Sorting garbage is a whole science. She deals with school lessons, in which the teacher brings a bag of the most different garbage to the class, pumped its contents to the floor, and the disciples lay out waste on the pile and discuss what should happen from each of such a heap. Europe hopes that such lessons will bring their results: it is planned that by 2020 the proportion of the sorted garbage will increase by about 40%.

The struggle against garbage is also carried out by the introduction of taxes. For example, at the end of last year, the Government Commission in Ireland proposed to introduce a decade-free chewing gum tax (about five euroceans for packaging). From the money received, the Fund for cleaning the streets from the thrown gum should be created. So, on the fight against chewing elastic, utilities of Ireland spend up to 30% of the funds allocated for cleaning. At the beginning of this year, such an initiative was nominated in the UK and Germany - it was reported that 300 and 900 million euros are spent on the cleaning of the streets from Zhwumachi in these countries, respectively.

Another solution to the problem of garbage is the German system of the "green point" - it is such a sign, a large green point with an arrow inside, they began to put German manufacturers on their goods, and then manufacturers of other countries of the European Union. This point means that the cost of utilization of the packaging is already included in the cost of the goods. The manufacturer either is recycled himself or lists the means of a specialized organization to her.

Finally, the main task in the fight against waste is to prevent their education. This is the easiest and most effective way out, and at the same time the most difficult, forcing the head of both EU experts and ordinary Europeans.

The nature of the Novosibirsk region is unusually rich and diverse, but among this diversity there is a place that close to my heart is a place where I was born and live.

A modern man has become bad to treat nature surrounding his forest, plants and animals. In the near forest, it began to throw away the garbage and trash unnecessary to him. These waste began to increase every day.

The topic for the project was not chosen by chance, it is relevant not only for major cities, but also our village. Another 5-10 years ago, I could not come to my mind to throw away or leave a package with garbage in the forest.

What happened? What has changed in the minds of people? Who gave them the right to form landfills in her yard, not afraid of punishments? Why this happens in our forest, on the beach, where people of our village are resting annually, Novosibirsk, as well as other regions: Kemerovo, Altai. Can we say that we rest for garbage? These and other exciting questions I tried to find answers.

The purpose of my work is to study the problem of solid household waste on the beach d. New Sharap; identify sources, structure and waste; Consider possible options for recycled waste.

The object of the study was the forest and the beach d. New Sharap. Students of Novosharapskaya secondary school, residents of the village new Sharap and employees of the Agriculture of the Rural Council took part in studies. The project work took place in the spring-summer period of 2008.

It is impossible to disagree with the opinion of Svyatoslav Zakelin, who claims the "ecological crisis, or a deadlock of human and nature relations", which "the most fully described and most famous - the environmental crisis, the essence of which is reduced to the fact that today humanity recesses more waste into the atmosphere What she is able to digest to a safe state, and draws more from the biosphere than it is capable of producing "

In this regard, it becomes obvious the importance and timeliness of issues raised in my work.

1. Waste in our lives.

The XX century was a century, when the ecological worldview of humanity changed more than once. At the beginning of the century, a technocratic look at the planet and faith in the omnipotence of science, which can solve all the problems and will allow you to uncontrollably spend resources, energy, increase the population. However, by the middle of a century, the relations of man and nature aggravated - the resources were quickly depleted, the ocean and the atmosphere were contaminated, due to overpopulation over developing countries, hunger threat. As a result of a reckless attitude towards nature, our land at the beginning of the XXI century has become one big dump.

People seek to quickly buy trendy new and throw out old things, in order to save time to use products in disposable packaging. On average, each inhabitant of the planet accounts for about 1 ton of garbage per year. If this garbage does not recycle, it would grow a mountain with Elbrus height annually. Allowed cars, television and radio equipment, electrical appliances - all this turns out to be in landfills, as often repairs cost more than new goods. The number of waste created on industrialized and densely populated areas is truly huge.

The formation of waste is a non-resistant process that inevitably accompanies human livelihoods.

Waste is unsuitable for the production of these products. Types of raw materials, its unused residues or arising substances and energy in the course of technological processes that are not subjected to production in the production.

In terms of its origin, waste is divided into industrial, agricultural and household.

Industrial waste is those waste that is formed as a result of industrial and economic activities, and is subject to disposal, processing or disposal. This is waste paper and textiles, black and non-ferrous metal scrap, glass, polymer waste, waste oils, washed sawdust and rags, auto strokes, organic and much more - only more than 500 species.

Agricultural waste - waste of biogenic or vegetable origin, resulting from the production, collection, storage of agricultural products or its processing.

Domestic waste - waste formed as a result of ensuring human activity.

Hazardous waste - waste that contains harmful substances with hazardous properties (toxicity, explosion hazardous, fire hazard, high reactivity, that is, the ability to initiate chemical reactions) or containing causative agents of infectious diseases that may be dangerous to the environment and human health independently or Together with other substances.

The garbage is a combination of solid household waste and garbage, formed in living conditions. Synonym - solid household waste (MSW).

2. The impact of waste on the environment.

Today's population of the Earth is the Society of Supermen. It is estimated: 20 tons of raw materials spend on each of us per year, and, most of it - 97% - is in waste. Part of these waste can be found on the beach and in the forest, and as a result of their accumulation, landfills are formed.

The dump is a place where all the waste resulting as a result of life is.

Unauthorized places of waste are called territory not intended for waste disposal (outskirts of streets, forest arrays). Many people do not want to clean the garbage (packaging paper or plastic dishes), and throw it on the beach

In Russia, for the thrown in the forest and the beach do not punish anyone. In Europe, appropriate environmental services are created, which are followed by the state of the forest and the beach. In the West, it is impossible to dilute a fire in the forest where you want. For this, special places and "pirated" kebabs are rigidly punishable by law. This decides both the problem of garbage and, in many ways, forest fires.

In the US, you will not find a single plastic bottle in the forest, and from small rivers you can drink water without consequences. We are all exactly the opposite. Each company considers its duty to find the cleanest glade in the forest (which is understandable: you don't want to sit on the ears in the waste of your colleagues), as it should be noted, and leave behind the hodge of garbage. Such a simple national idea, however, will lead to the fact that the Russians will have to sharpen soon on smoking territies of garbage.

According to statistical data, waste produced by one person per year is:

90 cans from under beverages;

107 glass bottles and cans;

Paper on which 2 wood leaves;

70 cans;

45 kg of plastic.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, everyone has the right to a favorable environment, everyone is obliged to maintain nature, carefully refer to natural riches (the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection"). Despite the law on the territory of Russia, about 80 billion tons were accumulated only hardwood, toxic waste - 1.6 billion tons.

The peculiarity of modern waste is the difficulty of their biochemical decay. It should be remembered that for decomposition of various types of garbage requires a huge amount of time:

Paper - 2-2.5 months;

Fruit peel - 6 months;

Cardboard - 5 years;

Cigarette filters - 10-12 years;

Polyethylene packages - 10-12 years;

Leather shoes - 25 -40 years;

Tin cans - 100 years;

Aluminum banks - 200-300 years;

Plastic bottle up to 500 years;

Glass tableware - never;

The accumulation of waste causes changes in the landscape, soil contamination, atmosphere, surface and groundwater. Promotes the spread of stray animals and rodents, which are carriers of infectious diseases. Over landfills are often contaminated and atmospheric air. An incidence of a organic produces methane, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide and other poisoning gases.

The combustion is the method of destroying household waste in world practice, used since the end of the XIX century. Its main advantage, compared with the disposal, is to reduce waste volumes by more than 10 times, and the masses are 3 times. Of course, it is very convenient. Several decades ago, when the waste was not so much, and the plastic packaging and the products made of polymeric materials did not constitute the overwhelming part of the MSW, the burnt of the garbage did not imagine such a threat to the environment and human health, as at present. In the 80s of the last century, it was found that in the process of burning solid combustible materials, a variety of poisonous products are formed, which fall into the atmosphere.

When burning various types of garbage, harmful gases appear. When burning cellulose, irritants appear (from Latin iritantis-separating, accepted in foreign countries the name of a group of hazardous substances). Eyes will be hampered and blushed from these substances, cough attacks begin, the vessels of the mucous membranes are expanding. Plastic bottles, polyethylene packages, plastic dishes are isolated by a very dangerous substance Zarin (methylfluorofosphonic acid isopropyl ether, is used as a combat poisoning substance of neuro-paralytic action, opened in in 1938). When burning plastic dishes, chemical weapons are formed.

When a person burns garbage in fires, hazardous substances - dioxins (polychlorinated polycyclic compounds, are cumulative poisons and belong to the group of dangerous xenobiotics) affect a large number of people, especially children, since poisonous smoke spreads at a low height (up to one and a half meters) and disperses poorly . Almost influence the immune system, reproductive functions and heredity, increase the risk of allergic and other diseases.

3. Study of the beach and the adjacent territory of the forest. New Sharap.

In the period from May 2008 - to June 2008, a study was conducted by the beach d. New Sharap, and landfills were found in this territory. In the study of the beach and the adjacent territory of the forest, traditional methods were used in the work:

Visual observation;

Questioning of students;

Campaign work;

Attraction of the population to joint activities;

Action on the cleaning of the beach and the adjacent forest from the garbage;

Educational work (spread booklets)

I found out that more waste is formed over the weekend and holidays, when guests come to the village - mostly these city inhabitants. After studying landfills, I determined that the paper is most often thrown out, various plastic packaging, tin cans, glassware.

After examining the contents of the garbage left by resting, I realized that the amount of garbage can be reduced by the secondary use of waste and the rational use of purchased goods. The recycling of waste is one of the promising and competent approaches to the use of natural resources.

Having studied literature, I found out the field of waste application for various industries.

For example, in Germany from the waste paper, 44% of the entire paper is produced, in Japan - more than half.

In our country, wood shavings are used to produce a chipboard, a new toilet paper, worn tires - raw materials for rubber crumbs used in the construction of roads are prepared. In Samara make slate from plastic bottles.

Conclusion.

1. I didn't comply with the questionnaire and a sociological survey of the students of the Novosarapskaya school and the residents of the village were conducted.

In the interviews, 87 students of 5-10 CL took part. and 45 residents of the village. Analyzing the answers, I found out that most of the children's and adults are unanimous in the opinion that the problem of household waste on the beach and in the forest is relevant for our village.

2. When answering a question about solving this problem, the following activities were proposed:

▪ Install garbage containers (which was done on the territory adjacent to the recreation center);

▪ organize subbotniks on the cleaning of the beach and the adjacent territory of the forest;

▪ Use domestic waste

▪ Strengthen control by the Novosarapsky village council for the formation of unauthorized landfills;

3. The administration was sent a petition for the consideration of this problem. The decision on this issue will be accepted at the deputies session.

4. Students of the school took part in the "Clean Beach" shares, where two garbage cars were collected and exported.

5. Pupils of our school from garbage, the lessons were created by their own hands the devices that can be used at home and school, and also proposed options for the secondary use of plastic bottles (in vegetable growing, in flower growing, for recreation, for the home, for animals, in stores).

6. According to the results of research with students, conversations were held and a memo was created on how to behave on the beach.

7. Among the younger students, a competition of drawings "Sketch of the most original and practical urn" was held, and the residents of the village were carried out to create a poster calling for nature.

8. According to the results of research, a booklet was released and distributed.

Conclusion: Scientists believe that there is no effective way to combat garbage, and cannot be in principle. The garbage should get there where it will be the least to cause damage to people and nature. Therefore, it is necessary to use the second time as much waste as possible, there is simply no other output, otherwise the garbage will destroy us.

To date, it has not yet been solved completely both in the world and in our country the problem of the negative impact of waste production, household waste on public health. In connection with the growth of the population, the number of waste is growing daily. The permanent accumulation of waste leads to various diseases of people, manifestation of morbidity in newborns, the occurrence of various allergic reactions of the human body into chemicals, their toxic properties, toxicological danger in contamination of the accumulating garbage, biological and microbial soil pollution. Solid household waste represent both epidemiological and environmental danger.

Thus, 600 - 1200 million tons of solid household waste were accumulated in the Russian Federation. At the same time, about 30 million tons of waste is formed annually, where about 95% is subjected to burial.

In Russia, waste disposal occurs in the old manner. The main methods of disposal are the burning of waste and the burial of them in landfills. Such an attitude towards waste leads to an environmental catastrophe, since, with incineration, many different harmful substances fall into the atmosphere and creating a danger to humans and its health.

In the disposal of waste, which has more than a hundred substances - it is heavy metals in batteries, lead - in batteries and paint, mercury - in cleaning products and lamps, glass, plastic, rubber, etc. At the same time, the glass, and rubber can lie in the ground more than a hundred years, metals - about a hundred years, polymer packaging - more than fifty years, plastic and paper - several decades.

The question of constant accumulation and progression of waste in human accommodation facilities is sharply. It is also necessary to understand that if you cannot delete waste in a timely manner, it is incorrectly to store them and cannot be taken out, then conditions may be created to infect people, the appearance of infectious diseases, there is a deterioration in the ecological state of not only the atmosphere, but also groundwater.

The problem of forced utilization of garbage and its processing is relevant both in Russia and in many countries of the world. The most rationally this issue is solved in Japan and partially in the West, where the garbage processing is quite profitable.

According to analyzing scientists conducted by more than 20 countries of the world, the most common method of garbage disposal are polygons of solid household waste (MSW). Polygons themselves are different from each other only by the features of the design, created depending on the local conditions of the region, used designs and technologies of equipment, new developments used during storage and sorting.

In the Russian Federation today more than 31 billion tons of non-regional waste has accumulated, and their number is increasing on average by 60 million tons.

According to calculations of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, it has been established that as a result of human life, about four hundred kilograms of waste per year appears. Of which approximately 150 kg falls on plastics, 100 kg on waste paper, and about 150 kg per glass, metals, and other various materials.

Based on the data of Rostechnology, about 40% of the garbage in our country is valuable raw materials during its recycling, and only about 7-8% of household waste is really used. The remaining garbage is exported to the polygons.

In Russia, according to scientists, there are 243 garbage processing plants today, 50 waste sorting complexes and 10 incineration plants. The garbage processing plant is able to produce the following raw materials: - glass, paper, fuel, heat, colored and ferrous metals, chemicals and various polymeric waste. But with its task to reduce the number of landfills, it does not cope. In Moscow, repeated attempts were carried out to introduce a system of separate collection of MSW, when containers of various colors were installed and planned to sort waste during their assembly. But positive results in this matter were not received. Residents of houses Sorting containers simply did not notice and ignored them, but did not solve the garbage processing problem.

How is this problem in other states solve? For example, in Germany, a system was adopted and introduced in 1991, according to which German firms should reduce the size of the packaging, to achieve their self-evinted and introduce obligatory fees for their disposal. This system is strictly debugged and is carefully controlled by installed officials and services. For non-compliance with the established requirements, a large fine is imposed, so the collection mechanism is clearly executed. Today, the Germans buy trash even in other countries and successfully recycled it, making a profit. Sorted waste is processed into secondary raw materials. When sorting the remaining waste that is not suitable for processing is used as fuel.

The high motivation of the population on the collection of garbage is related to learning from childhood, their care for environmental and their own health, so the ecological catastrophe does not threaten them.

In Japan, the inhabitants of the country are very brewless to their Earth and with special love, strictly follow their health. The Japanese for collecting and disposal of garbage is distinguished by sufficient funds. In the country of the rising Sun, more than 400 million tons of industrial waste is formed every year, the recycling of which the enterprises themselves are responsible, and about 50 million tons of household waste, which are in the jurisdiction of municipalities. At the same time, the main method used by him to eliminate household waste is incineration (it accounts for approximately 70%), recycling and instillation. Since 2007, the recycling of containers and packaging (reducing packets) has been adopted in Japan. The issues of waste disposal are taken by Japanese society together with the state, resulting in competent waste disposal, and this approach to the problem becomes the style of life of the Japanese. They are characteristic of them: - small territory, lack of resources, careful attitude towards nature.

In the Holland, the sort of garbage is paying close attention, in the Netherlands, environmental coupons are distributed in the Netherlands, in Barcelona children participating in the garbage collection, give delicacies. There is constantly stimulating people, to improve the environmental situation in Western countries.

After analyzing the impact of waste on public health, scientists found that the advanced positions in the world for waste disposal today are occupied by European countries, which have learned to successfully deal with garbage, are actively used in its separation, and do not allow environmental disasters.

In Russia, it is necessary to introduce the experience of European states to collect and dispose of both domestic and production waste and seek to reduce their influence on people's health.

Bibliography

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2. Hizov A.V. The impact of household waste production and population health. Technogenic and natural security: TPB-2014: Collection of scientific papers of the Third All-Russian scientific study. conf. With international participation October 8-10, 2014 (SSTU), Poly-Ex, Publishing House, Saratov, 2014. P. 96-97.