How to choose a fluorescent lamp. How to choose the right lamp? Lamp selection. Use in the interior

The most economical light sources today are considered to be fluorescent lamps. The ratio of their main characteristics (radiated light flux and electricity consumption) is many times more profitable than that of incandescent lamps. The same can be said about the service life of such light sources.

What are fluorescent lamps, their device and principle of operation

Fluorescent lamp- the most common type of lighting, which is found in administrative premises (kindergartens, schools, offices), as well as in households and industrial areas. Its installation and subsequent waste of electricity will be inexpensive. Design features allow you to use them for both external and internal lighting.

The light source in such devices is Fluorescent Lamp. The principle of its operation lies in the ability of metal vapors and some gases to emit light when exposed to an electric field. Lamps look like glass tubes.

The device of a fluorescent lamp can be represented as follows: inside it there is a coating - a phosphor, an inert gas with mercury vapor is present in the tube. On each edge of the lamp structure are tungsten spirals with a layer of barium oxide, which act as cathodes. They are connected to two pins that connect the lamp to an external power source. This is a typical scheme of such lighting fixtures.

There are also fluorescent lamp designs that are designed for small lamps. They have a slightly different appearance, while the pipe can be bent into a spiral, ring or other shape.

The above designs have their pros and cons. The advantages of such lighting devices include:

the ability to increase light output: a device of 20 W is equal in power to an incandescent lamp of 100 W;
The efficiency is higher than that of lighting fixtures with incandescent lamps;
a large selection of shades of emitted light;
longer service life compared to incandescent lamps;
The emitted light is not a point, but diffused.

If we talk about the shortcomings of such lighting devices, then they can be considered:

special disposal required due to mercury vapor content;
the radiation from such lamps has an uneven spectrum, which is unpleasant for the eyes;
Some lamps may make unpleasant noises during their operation.

It is not advisable to use a luminaire with fluorescent lamps in a design with automatic switching on (when motion sensors are installed), since too frequent operation of lighting devices leads to their rapid failure, reducing their service life.

Varieties of fluorescent lamps

It is difficult to calculate what underlies the active development of electrical devices - rush consumer demand or engineering developments. But the fact that today on the market you can find options for lighting fixtures of various designs is considered indisputable. So, devices appeared that are outwardly similar to fluorescent ones, but the light bulb was replaced with LED elements.

But, despite all the innovations, this type of fixtures is not the last place both in demand and in the number of varieties of devices.

Conventionally, they can be divided into two large groups: ceiling and furniture. Each of them has a fairly large number of subspecies.

Ceiling luminaires

Ceiling fluorescent lighting fixtures are the most common fixtures. The main function of which is the organization of general lighting.

Depending on the location, they are conditionally divided into the following subgroups:

ceiling office;
ceiling industrial.

There are many types of fluorescent ceiling lamps, they can be divided into the following types:

four-lamp (4x18, 4x36);
two-lamp (2x23, 2x58).

Luminaires for industrial areas

For these purposes, the same type of lamp is used, but their distinguishing feature is the absence of decorative excesses when using such lighting fixtures for industrial areas. They are characterized by a strict form, but at the same time they give a good luminous flux. Industrial fluorescent fixtures provide a good source of light for large warehouse, retail and industrial spaces. In addition, higher requirements are put forward for such lamps compared to household or office structures.

So, industrial luminescent light sources should be safer (explosion-proof lamp), relatively low cost, easy to install, provide a long service life under not always favorable circumstances. If working conditions require compliance with increased safety, then the ideal option is explosion-proof lamps with fluorescent lamps. For the convenience of working in such lighting, devices that do not give glare are chosen. An industrial luminaire should emit an even light.

Lamps for offices and household

Office and household lighting options can be classified depending on the number of lamps in them. So, there are ceiling two-lamp (LPO 2x36 and 2x58) or four-lamp lighting fixtures. Their choice depends on the area of the territory that needs to be illuminated. Depending on the installation option, they are divided into embedded and overhead subspecies.

Recessed lighting fixtures

Built-in models are used to illuminate office or domestic premises. The design of such devices allows installation in suspended, rack and stretch ceiling structures. Recessed lighting fixtures are placed in frames when mounting ceilings.

The most popular and well-established of all types of such built-in structures are Armstrong fluorescent ceiling fixtures. They are produced by dozens of manufacturers and differ in their parameters. The selection of such lighting devices is carried out by selecting parameters based on the size of the section. So, if the Armstrong ceiling block is 600x600, then the luminescent lamp is selected with the same dimensions. As a result, the ceiling background is even.

Luminescent 2x36 models (for 2 bulbs) are often used as one of the cheapest types of lighting for rooms where protection of the lighting device is required. Luminescent recessed luminaire 2x36 is found in sports halls, schools, kindergartens.

Overhead lighting fixtures

Overhead luminescent lamps (4x18) are mounted on a solid surface. It can be both a wall of a room and a ceiling (plastered reinforced concrete slab or drywall). This overhead design is not used on stretch ceilings. Their choice is quite wide. Luminescent light sources 2x36 are also very popular. Installation takes place using screws or dowels. The ideal place for surface-mounted luminaires is modern kitchen interiors, schools and office spaces.

One of the types of overhead lighting structure is the above-mentioned model 4x18 LPO-71. It consists of a solid steel base. The body of the luminaire is powder coated in white or metallic. On this basis, 4 fluorescent bulbs of 18 W are installed, therefore it has a 4x18 type.

The 4x18 model also has an overlay lattice material that is attached to the body with hidden springs.

Features of explosion-proof fluorescent lighting fixtures

An explosion-proof fluorescent lighting device is used in rooms with increased danger. The case of such devices is made of heavy-duty aluminum alloy, which resists corrosion, temperature extremes, moisture ingress. In addition, all parts in explosion-proof luminaires with fluorescent lamps have a tight connection with a sealant, which ensures that the contacts are isolated from dust and other possible contaminants.

Installation of fluorescent lighting fixtures

Installation of fluorescent lamps is made depending on their design. Devices for installing fixtures are attached to ceiling structures, to walls (wall version), columns using dowels and embedded parts. At the same time, when mounting the fasteners, a ceiling socket is also installed, which serves to connect the wires of the lighting device to the power supply network and closes the slot of their output.

The wiring diagram of the lamp is also important. Initially, there were only models with chokes and starters. They are two devices with separate sockets. Capacitors perform different functions. The first, connected in parallel, serves to stabilize the voltage. The second, located in the starter, performs the function of increasing the time of the starting pulse. This connection scheme is also called electromagnetic ballast.

A diagram is drawn on the reverse side of each fluorescent lighting fixture. It carries complete information about how many lamps are connected, their power and quantity, and the technical characteristics of the device.

Note that the lighting device that was used for fluorescent lamps can be easily converted to LED. But before replacing, the ballast should be removed from the circuit. The voltage should go directly to the LED pins. That's the whole difference.

Before connecting a fluorescent lighting fixture, make sure that the ends of the mains are insulated.

The best way to place fluorescent lamps is to hang them on the main lighting boxes (KL-1 or KL-2). The boxes are supplied with all the necessary parts for high-quality installation to beams, ceilings, walls, etc.

Possible breakdowns

Consider the main possible malfunctions of fluorescent lamps and ways to eliminate them:

How to test a fluorescent light

The serviceability of fluorescent lighting fixtures is checked by the integrity and operation of the main elements that provide current supply:

throttle (during normal operation, it should not make extraneous sounds);
starter (its operation is checked by connecting it in series to an incandescent lamp and a socket);
capacitor capacitance.

All diagnostic measures are carried out in the passive state of the lamp, that is, when completely disconnected from the power source. It is recommended to use a multimeter or ohmmeter for testing. Remove the starter from the cartridge, connect the contacts. Connect the two probes of the device to the output disconnected wires of the lamp. The device will show the value of the total resistance of the lamp.

Video

First of all, lighting should provide conditions for the performance of certain visual tasks. Depending on the type of work performed lighting requirements different.

At choice of fixtures and lighting systems, first of all, it is necessary to proceed from the functional purpose of the illuminated room. Approximately, the following types of premises can be distinguished:

Industrial (among them are separate groups - "clean", dusty and damp, with an aggressive environment, explosive, etc.).
Offices with lots of computers.
Ordinary offices.
Trading.
Educational.
Health care institutions.
Museum and exhibition.
Sports.
Halls, lobbies, etc.
Auxiliary (corridors, changing rooms, toilets, etc.).
Warehouse and auxiliary.
Color designations for fluorescent lamps
Conference halls, rooms for business meetings, negotiations, etc.

Type of illuminated room
Offices with a lot of	PTF, PRB, PRBLUX, TOP
computers
Offices in which work with computers	ARS, WRS, OTR, OTK, OTN, DR
is not the main
trading floors	ARS, WRS, DLR, DLZ, SNC, SNS, AST, ASM, HBP, DLF, DLH
"Clean" industrial enterprises	OWP, LZ, LB, LMB, HBP
Industrial enterprises with heavy	PAC, LZ, LB, HBS, HBF, KRK

School classes, auditoriums
Hotels, foyers, lobbies, etc.	AL, AL.ARS, ALO, CMP, BH
Lounges, conference rooms	ARS, WRS, OTK, OTR, OTN, DR
Hospitals
Libraries	OPL, PRS, TOP, AOT
Exhibition halls	ASM, DLR, DLZ, SNC, SNS
Auxiliary premises (corridors, stairs, wardrobes)	RTX, BAT, RKL, K, S

Sport halls	SPORT, HBS, HBF, UM
car parks
Catering establishments
Warehouses
Gas stations
Architectural structures (outdoor lighting)

The most important problem in the design of lighting installations is choice of light sources. Table 2 shows the boundary values of the parameters of all modern mass-use light sources, their advantages and disadvantages are noted, and the main areas of application are named.

Summary table of comparison of light sources table 2

Parameter	Fluorescent lamps						Incandescent lamps
Parameter	Linear	Compact	Electrodeless				general purpose	Halogen
Power, W
Luminous flux, lm
Light output, lm/W
Color temperature, K
Color rendering index, R a
Service life, hour
Flaws
Advantages
Main applications	Interior lighting of administrative premises, shops, etc.			Street lighting, industrial lighting enterprises.	Architect-art. lighting, accent lighting.	Street lighting.	Lighting residential premises.	Architect-art. lighting, accent lighting.

In the line "Disadvantages" the numbers indicate: 1 - large dimensions; 2 - the presence of mercury; 3 - the need for special switching equipment; 4 - poor color rendering; 5 - pulsations of the light flux; 6 - low light output; 7 - short service life.

In the line "Dignity" the numbers indicate: 1 - high luminous efficiency; 2 - long service life; 3 - compactness; 4 - good color rendering; 5 - perfect color reproduction; 6 - ease of inclusion; 7 - cheapness.

As can be seen from the table, there are no ideal light sources today - each type has a number of disadvantages. Perhaps LEDs are closest to the concept of an “ideal light source”, but so far it is still more exotic than a mass source.

Obviously, when illuminating industrial and public premises, it makes no sense to use incandescent lamps because of their low luminous efficiency and short service life. However, in everyday life, these lamps so far have almost no alternative due to their low cost, ease of switching on and the absence of mercury. In addition to these advantages, incandescent lamps, including halogen ones, provide perfect color reproduction and are therefore widely used in retail and showrooms for showcase and accent lighting. Cheap luminaires with conventional incandescent lamps may also be recommended for lighting small ancillary spaces with low light levels.

For lighting administrative and public premises (offices, schools, hospitals, design bureaus, etc.), fluorescent lamps, including compact ones, are best suited. Of the fluorescent lamps, lamps in flasks with a diameter of 16 mm (T5 series) stand out especially - they have the highest luminous efficiency, a very long service life, a small decline in luminous flux during their service life, good color rendering, and fit well into the dimensions of standard suspended ceiling modules.

In all rooms with a long stay of people, preference should be given to high-frequency lamp power. Despite the high cost of lamps with electronic switching devices, their use is always justified in many rooms, especially in offices with computers or intensive visual work.

Luminaires of the same type, for example, ARS, are made with lamps of different power (18, 36 and 58 W) and with a different number of lamps. The luminous efficiency of fluorescent lamps increases with their length, and the proportion of power losses in the chokes decreases, which leads to an even greater increase in the luminous efficiency of the "lamp-ballast" set. For example, four 18 W lamps create a luminous flux of approximately 4200 lm and consume power (with chokes) 98 W, and two 36 W lamps - 5600 lm and 85 W, respectively. Therefore, from a lighting point of view, the use of luminaires with lamps with a power of 36 W is preferable than with lamps with a power of 18 W. However, when choice of power and number of lamps it is necessary to take into account not only the luminous efficiency of the lamps, but also all other factors. Practice shows that in rooms with relatively low ceilings it is better to use lamps with lamps with a power of 18 W, and in high rooms (3.5 m and above) - 36 and 58 W.

At choice of fluorescent lamps in terms of color rendering quality, one should be guided by the requirements of the new European lighting standards: in rooms with a long stay of people, Ra should not be less than 80. Obviously, much cheaper lamps with “standard” color rendering are quite suitable in corridors, toilets and other auxiliary premises. Lamps with "excellent" color rendering (Ra not less than 90) should only be used where color rendering is one of the main lighting criteria - in the printing industry, textile and paint industries, in art galleries, flower shops, etc.

Table 3 gives color designations for fluorescent lamps with different color rendering quality in accordance with GOST 6825 and in the documentation of the world's leading lamp manufacturers - Philips and Osram.

Table 3

Radiation color
Standard lamps (R a
Warm white (T w = 2700-2900)
White (T color = 3500-3900)
Universal (bright)-white 0^=4000-4100)
Cold white (T color = 4500-4800)
Daily (T color = 6200-6500)
Lamps with improved color rendering
warm white
bright white

Lamps with excellent color rendering (R a » 90)
warm white
bright white
cold white

low power metal halide lamps, especially with ceramic burners (CDM type), are now quite widely used for showcase and accent lighting instead of halogen incandescent lamps, since with good color rendering they have much longer service life and light output. In addition, metal halide lamps are widely used in projectors for outdoor architectural lighting.

High pressure sodium lamps indispensable for street lighting and for lighting industrial premises where there are no requirements for the quality of color reproduction (metallurgical, metalworking shops, warehouses, etc.).

High pressure mercury lamps with a phosphor (DRL) are widely used in street lighting of small towns and secondary streets in large cities, as they are much cheaper than sodium lamps and do not require the use of igniters. In interior lighting, the scope of such lamps is industrial premises without special requirements for the quality of color rendering (warehouses, woodworking, chemical shops, etc.).

In places where maintenance of lighting fixtures is difficult, electrodeless fluorescent lamps are preferred, having the longest service life among mass light sources.

Obviously, the same illumination values can be provided by many different options. What criteria should be followed when choosing fixtures that provide good lighting, and what is “good lighting”? This question is not so naive - in Germany, for example, there is even a special scientific and technical society, which is called “Good Lighting”. This society has already published 16 brochures with the titles "Good Lighting for Industrial Premises", "Good Lighting for Administrative Premises" and the like.

Criteria lighting quality it could be considered:

1. Ensuring normalized quantitative parameters (illuminance).
2. Comfort.
3. Safety.
4. Reliability.
5. Profitability.
6. Ease of use.
7. Aesthetics.

These criteria are closely related. The importance of each of them is determined by the type of illuminated room or object and the nature of the work performed. For example, for industrial premises, it is necessary, first of all, to provide the levels of illumination required by the standards, and for representative premises, the appearance of luminaires, their aesthetics, is often the most significant.

Greetings, comrades! Today I am going to tell you what energy-saving lamps the current Russian market offers, how they are arranged and how they differ from each other. You and I will get to know the key features of different types of light bulbs and find out which ones are better to use for home lighting.

dark times

First, a few words about the reasons for the sudden increase in demand for energy-saving light bulbs. In 2010, the country's government officially announced a change of course in the field of energy optimization.

Since 2011, a ban has been introduced on the production of lamps with a power consumption of 100 watts or more. In two years, it was planned to decommission 75-watt lamps, and in a couple of years, all incandescent lamps as a class.

As a positive example, the experience of Europe was cited: by 2010, at least 40 energy-saving light bulbs were used per hundred inhabitants. In China - even more: 80 lamps per 100 inhabitants of the country. We have 2-3.

The purpose of replacing light sources was to reduce domestic energy consumption and offload power grids. The goal, no doubt, is good, if not for one “but”.

In 2011, the Russian Federation exported 22.7 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity. Imports in the same year amounted to 3.4 billion. With an obvious excess of generating capacity, it is at least strange not to give the domestic consumer the opportunity to buy electricity and spend it in any way at his discretion.

Fortunately, it didn’t come to outright insanity: incandescent lamps with a power of up to 95 watts (to be honest, these are simply relabeled “hundreds”) remained on free sale.

The luminous flux from such a lamp does not exceed 1100-1200 lumens, which, according to the current sanitary standards (150 lm / m2), is enough to illuminate a residential area of \u200b\u200bonly 6-8 squares;
Modern fixtures do not like heat. They use plastics, plexiglass and vinyl insulation that do not tolerate high temperatures. Therefore, the maximum power consumption of one lamp is limited to 60 watts.

All in white and on a white horse

Energy-saving lamps solve both problems:

With a modest electrical power, they provide luminosity up to 3000 lumens, which is already enough for a 20-meter room;
At the same time, heat dissipation does not exceed 35-30 watts. Plastic diffusers and wires in the luminaire body remain safe: they are not threatened by overheating.

Definitions

An energy-saving lamp is a light source that provides at least the same luminous flux as incandescent lamps, with less power consumption. In the view of most readers, an economy light bulb is a very specific light source, a compact fluorescent lamp.

In fact, two more light sources fall into this category:

Image	Variety
	fluorescent, or fluorescent lamps. They have been widely used for several decades. Compact fluorescent light bulbs differ from them only in the form factor: the bulb with ionized gas glowing in a glowing electric discharge is curled with a spiral, and the electronic ballast (power converter that ignites the discharge) is placed in the base.
	LED. Light source - LEDs soldered on a flat or cylindrical platform, as an option - forming luminous threads (the so-called "filament" lamps). A compact switching power supply located in the base or in the lamp housing is responsible for their energy supply.

The switching power supply differs from the transformer one by converting alternating current into direct current with a high pulse frequency. This feature allows you to get the maximum power of the PSU with its minimum size.

Halogen lamps are not energy saving. They are valued primarily for their brightness and for their spectrum, which most closely matches the spectrum of daylight sunlight. Both qualities are achieved due to the high temperature of the spiral. Halogen vapors prevent the evaporation of tungsten, from which it is made, with strong heating.

Features of light sources

Luminescent

Form factor: for household lamps - a cylinder with contact pins on both ends. Ring lamps are produced for hanging lamps, for advertising purposes - light sources in the form of letters, numbers, etc.

Operating principle: the bulb of the lamp is filled with mercury vapours. An electrical discharge in it causes the ionized gas to radiate in the ultraviolet spectrum. UV radiation is converted into visible light by the phosphor coating of the bulb.

Light output: up to 70 lumens per watt.

Life time: up to 20 thousand hours.

Note that a conventional incandescent lamp has a typical lifespan of less than 1000 hours.

pros:

Diffused light that does not give shadows with sharp edges. This is very convenient if you work in a home workshop with small parts. Make-up artists and stylists also enjoy great success with fluorescent lamps: the uniformity of lighting allows you to avoid mistakes when applying makeup;

Variety of color temperatures. By changing the composition of the phosphor, you can get a lamp with warm, neutral or cold. Discotheques often use ultraviolet lamps to give a purple tint to white clothing illuminated by them.

Minuses:

Mercury vapor is toxic. If you accidentally break a fluorescent lamp, you need to call the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Yes, we usually neglect safety, and completely in vain: cases of mercury vapor poisoning are not uncommon;

The bulb of the lamp is glass and breaks when falling from a small height;
The phosphor produces light with a narrow spectral band (that is, 90% of the emitted color has a color temperature of 3000, 4000 or 6400K), which distorts the color reproduction;
The phosphor degrades over time, and the luminosity of the lamp decreases. At the same time, its energy consumption is preserved;
The lamp needs a ballast in the luminaire housing. Without it, the discharge simply will not light up.

CFL

A compact fluorescent lamp has all the key features of a conventional one - with a couple of amendments:

Form factor: CFLs are compatible with most types of cartridges. The largest selection of lamp models is in the E27 form factor, compatible with conventional incandescent lamps. Well, it is quite logical: CFLs are intended, first of all, to replace them in existing fixtures.

Light output: up to 50-60 lumens per watt. The drop in luminous flux per unit of power consumption relative to full-sized fluorescent lamps is associated with a compact power converter: increased losses on it are the flip side of miniaturization and extreme simplification of circuitry.

Attention, comrades: most CFLs have limited compatibility with LED-lit switches. When the power is off, the lamp flashes every few seconds. The light is not too bright and is visible only in the dark, but the resource of the phosphor and the power converter is consumed.

LED

LED energy-saving lamps appeared later than CFLs and by now (early 2017) are close to being forced out of the market. The main reason for such an active expansion is the steadily falling price. Over the past two years, despite all the fluctuations in the exchange rate of the national currency, it has decreased by about half: now a lamp with a luminosity of 1000 lumens costs about 100 rubles.

Let's see how LED lamps look against the background of competing solutions.

Form factor: compatible with all existing cartridges.

Operating principle: the light source is LEDs soldered on a common board and equipped with a common switching power supply. Outside, a platform or a cylinder with LEDs is usually covered with a diffuser - a cap made of matte plastic.

Light output: up to 110 lumens per watt.

Note: light output is limited by the efficiency of the switching power supply. Modern LEDs give up to 170 lm/W.

Life time: up to 50 thousand hours.

Here it is worth making one caveat.

Manufacturers are often cunning, wishful thinking. LEDs are really capable of serving the coveted 50,000 hours (with a typical mode of operation of lighting in an apartment, this corresponds to 50 years of service).

Their life is reduced at high temperatures(over 50-65 °С). Meanwhile, high-power LED lamps can have a working temperature of up to 70-80 degrees. Especially if they are in a closed ceiling;

The lamp power converter often contains an electrolytic capacitor.. At high temperatures, it swells and loses its capacity after 2-3 years of operation. The lamp starts to turn off periodically during operation, and one day it just does not light up.

It is easy to solder the capacitor with your own hands by prying a plastic lamp diffuser glued to the case with a knife and unscrewing the board under it. To increase the life of a new capacitor, a simple instruction will help you: use a Low ESR electrolyte with an operating temperature of 105 ° C.

pros:

Cost-effectiveness unattainable for fluorescent lamps;
Long service life;

The number of on-off cycles does not affect the life of the LEDs. In this they compare favorably with fluorescent lamps, for which manufacturers guarantee no more than 2000 inclusions.

Absolute safety: the lamp does not contain harmful substances and can be disposed of along with other household waste;
Accurate color reproduction. White light (4000 K) in terms of spectral composition corresponds as closely as possible to daytime solar light;

Extremely cheap lamps from little-known manufacturers sin with poor color reproduction. They can distort colors, shifting them to the red side of the spectrum.

In lamps with a flat board, the beam of light is directional. This is very advantageous for downlights and spotlights.

Filament lamp shines in all directions during operation - just like a conventional incandescent lamp.

Minuses: connected, first of all, with the price race between producers. In attempts to reduce the cost of production suffer:

Heat sink. Instead of a full-fledged aluminum radiator, the heat is transferred to the plastic case. The result is the operation of LEDs and the power supply at elevated temperatures and their accelerated degradation;

Driver circuitry. The constant simplification of the power supply leads to a decrease in the operating voltage range. More recently, I came across a good example: when the voltage in the network drops below 190 volts, the LED energy-saving lamps produced two years ago continued to shine, and the light bulbs on LED filaments produced six months ago went out.

General properties

There are a couple of differences between incandescent and energy-saving lamps, common to all types of the latter.

Energy-saving lamps in the bulk are not dimmable. The reason is pretty obvious: they have their own PSU with their own voltage regulator. As long as the voltage at the input of the lamp driver does not go beyond the permissible limits, it shines at full power; as soon as the voltage drops below, the PSU will simply turn off;

Both fluorescent and LED light sources are sensitive to high humidity. Dampness causes a short circuit in a leaky PSU and lamp failure. An exception is protected IP 67 luminaires in housings impervious to water and dust.

How to choose

On what grounds and how to choose energy-saving lamps for the home?

First and foremost: our choice is LEDs. They have come close to CFLs in terms of cost and have long gone far ahead in terms of efficiency, durability and quality of lighting.

The color temperature of the light source and the perception of light.

Power consumption. The luminosity of the lamp depends on it, but not at all linearly: the luminosity is determined, in addition, by the efficiency of the power supply and (in the case of LED lamps) the generation of LEDs used;
Luminosity in lumens. You need to pay attention to the ratio of luminosity to power. It must be at least 50 lm / W for CFLs and 90 lm / W for LED bulbs.

If you have the opportunity to turn on the lamp, do a couple more tests:

Image	Test Description
	Color. A white sheet of paper in the light of a lamp with a color temperature of 4000K should be exactly white, and not give off red. For warm light lamps, a yellow tint is acceptable.
	pencil test(when you look at the lamp and quickly wave a pencil in front of your eyes) should not give a "strobe" effect. If you see such an effect, it means the LEDs are flickering at a low frequency. Eyes are noticeably tired of it, and it is better not to take such a lamp.

Conclusion

We will consider our acquaintance with modern light sources to have taken place. The video in this article will help you decide which energy-saving lamps are best for your home in your particular case. As always, I would appreciate your comments and additions. Good luck, comrades!

The importance of lighting in residential areas cannot be overestimated.

Luminescent lighting used to be used only in industrial enterprises, offices, shops. This is due to the size, cold blue glow, flickering and unpleasant buzz.

But recently, devices of compact sizes, various colors, and original designs have appeared, as they have found their rightful place in the loft style (see).

Design and principle of operation

The main feature and advantage of fluorescent lamps is the use of fluorescent lamps. They are inserted using special lamp holders (cartridges). Connection of cartridges with wires - bronze clamps.

Fluorescent lamps are glass tubes with soldered ends at both ends. The tube is filled with argon gas. The walls of the tube are coated with a layer of phosphor. In addition to argon, there is mercury inside the tube.

When power is applied between the electrodes at opposite ends of the tube, an arc discharge occurs. An electrical discharge causes a glow in ultraviolet light. This radiation is absorbed by the phosphor and converted into a visible glow perceived by the human eye.

The color of the glow depends on the composition of the phosphor.

The main elements are the body, reflector and diffuser (or grating). The grille is mirrored, matte or white. Lamps are produced with open light sources and with shades.

But one lamp and housing is not enough. For operation, special ballast equipment is required. Previously, the lamps were equipped with electromagnetic ballasts (choke), which during operation made an unpleasant sound and had large dimensions.

Modern devices do not have such a disadvantage. They are equipped with electronic ballasts (PRA).

Digital control gear implements the most original lighting projects, allows them to be used in an energy-saving “smart home” system.

Variety of species

Fluorescent lamps are used as ceiling and wall lighting. divided into overhead, built-in and suspended. Overlays are attached to the ceiling. can be used for suspended ceilings. Suspended are used for local lighting.

Devices can be single, double, etc. They use linear fluorescent lamps. The most widespread are linear devices with tubes:

T4 (with a diameter of 12.7 mm),
T5 (with a diameter of 15.9mm),
T8 (with a diameter of 25.4mm).

T4 and T5 tubes have a G5 base, T8 tubes have a G13 base. The numbers on the bases indicate the distance between the pins in millimeters. The length depends on the power for all types and manufacturers.

15W	18-20W	30W	36W	58W	70W
450mm	600mm	900mm	1200mm	1500mm	1500mm

Depending on the diffuser, devices can be direct, directional, diffused and reflected light.

They are divided according to the level of protection against moisture and dust. The level of protection is classified according to the IP system. This is the Ingress Protection code system. The higher the IP, the higher the moisture and dust protection.

The spectrum of the luminous flux depends on the temperature of the glow. As the color temperature increases, the light spectrum changes from red to blue.

Application area

Ceiling lamps are the main source of lighting in the house. For low ceilings in storage rooms, in corridors, in bathrooms, it is better to use overhead lighting fixtures, and for rooms with high ceilings, built-in ones are suitable.

Fluorescent lamps are installed around the perimeter of the room in order to create a hidden backlight. To do this, use a modular system.

Multi-level ceiling, awnings, cornices in the rooms. All this looks only with the right lighting. They are used, in combination with, in kitchen sets to illuminate niches and tables. Devices with miniature lamps are used in furniture for local illumination. Wall used for paintings, panels.

Linear lamps for special purposes are used for plants and aquariums.

Their main difference is the red and blue regions of the luminescence spectrum. Such light is very useful for plants. It compensates for the lack of sunlight and improves photobiological processes in plants.

Advantages and disadvantages

The main advantage of fluorescent lamps is energy saving. Their efficiency is 5 times higher than the efficiency of devices with incandescent lamps, but inferior in efficiency.

Service life varies from 5 to 12 thousand hours. This creates additional convenience when used in hard-to-reach places.

Lamps emit a luminous flux over the entire surface. A variety of colors of the light flux allows you to choose the desired color.

The use of electronic ballasts (ballasts) instead of traditional electromagnetic ones improves the characteristics of fluorescent lamps - eliminates unpleasant hum, reduces flicker.

The main disadvantage is the presence of mercury. They require careful handling.

Another disadvantage is the dependence on external temperature. At too low and high temperatures, the luminous flux decreases. But for residential premises, this is not so true. But sensitivity to frequent switching on and off creates inconvenience.

Possible malfunctions and ways to eliminate them

Fluorescent lamps have a reliable design. Malfunctions are primarily associated with a malfunction of lamps, gear or electrical wiring. The lamp holder (cartridge) may also fail. But this happens very rarely.

Consider the problems that you may encounter during operation:

Dull orange glow at the ends. The reason is air getting into the tube. Impossible to fix - lamp needs to be replaced.
The device lights up, but then darkens and goes out. The reason - a malfunction of the ballast - needs to be replaced.
It goes out intermittently, then turns on by itself. The reason is a malfunction of the starter or lamp.
The device blinks, a glow from one end of the tube. The reason is a short circuit in the cartridge or wiring.
When turned on, the ends of the tube turn black. The reason is a mismatch between the device voltage and the mains voltage or a malfunction of the ballast resistance. If the voltage is OK, replace the ballast resistor.
Does not turn on. The reason is a broken wire or electrodes in the lamp, a malfunction of the starter, or problems with the supply voltage.

Manufacturers and models

When choosing fluorescent lamps, the question arises, which manufacturer's products should be preferred? There is a huge selection on the market: from well-known brands to cheap Chinese fakes.

SLV

One of the leaders in the European market is the German company SLV. The dealer network is spread all over the world. Innovative technologies, attractive price, design. All this makes SLV products attractive to buyers.

SLV 160831 Kuno outboard	SLV 160832 Kuno outboard	SLV 160773 Kuno ceiling

Shade material
Aluminum + white plastic	Aluminum + silver plastic	Aluminum + white plastic
reinforcement material
Aluminum white	Aluminum silver	Aluminum white
Lamp power
2х35W	2х35W	2х54W
Plinth type
2xG5	2xG5	2xG5
Number of lamps
2	2	2
The size
	L - 1490mm, H - 30mm, B - 135mm, 2.5 kg	L - 1490mm, H - 30mm, B - 135mm, 2.5 kg

Suspended models of the Kuno series are made in a modern style. Adjustable suspension up to one and a half meters. The luminaire is supplied without a base. Base with Tron cable clamp and lamps ordered separately.

Novotech

Another well-known brand is the Hungarian company Novotech. The company in its developments uses modern trends in lighting technology. Pays special attention to energy-saving fluorescent and.



Shade material
Transparent polycarbonate	Transparent polycarbonate	Transparent polycarbonate
reinforcement material
Aluminum white	Aluminum white	Aluminum white
Lamp power
1х18W	1х30W	1х13W
Plinth type
G13	G13	G13
Number of lamps
1	1	1
The size
L - 675mm, H - 65mm, B - 35mm, 0.065 kg	L - 950mm, H - 70mm, B - 48mm, 0.065 kg	L - 571mm, H - 42mm, B - 22mm, 0.065 kg

The table shows the models of the SIDE series. These are closed devices with a switch. Designed to illuminate furniture (kitchen tables).

OMS

Lamps from the Slovak manufacturer OMS are widely used in Europe. The factory covers all market segments - from the most economical to the premium class thanks to the modern equipment of production lines.

FF02-12	FF02-25	FF02-26

Shade material
Opal resin with spacer	Matte polymer	Resin with anti-reflective grating
reinforcement material
Aluminum gray	Aluminum gray	Aluminum gray
Lamp power
2х35W	1х35W	1х35W
Plinth type
G5	G5	G5
Number of lamps
2	1	1
The size
L - 1510mm, H - 65mm, B - 260mm		L - 1480mm, H - 75mm, B - 100mm

Suspended models by OMS will satisfy the most demanding customer.

Almost all European manufacturers of lighting equipment are engaged in the production of fluorescent lamps. Cost-effectiveness, durability, a diverse light spectrum allow you to choose models for any room design.

Fluorescent lamps are well-deservedly popular due to the high quality of lighting: their light is bright, but at the same time uniform. The practicality, reliability and efficiency of light sources of this type allows them to be widely used in residential, office, commercial and industrial buildings.

Features of the device and design

In the lamp - an inert gaseous medium with mercury vapor. The inner surface is coated with a phosphor, which is a luminescent substance. At the edges of the lamp there are tungsten spirals treated with barium oxide. The cathodes are connected to pins that provide connection to an external power supply.

In order for the lamp to work properly, it must be completely sealed. If oxygen penetrates into it, the chemical composition of the device will change, and the lamp will lose its efficiency.

The figure below shows the structure of a fluorescent lamp.

The following figure shows how a compact fluorescent lighting fixture works.

Fluorescent bulbs can only provide daylight. However, such lighting is quite bright, and therefore blinds the eyes. To make the light more comfortable, the lamps are equipped with diffusers and reflectors. These devices help distribute light evenly throughout the room.

Applications

According to the place of application, fluorescent light bulbs are usually divided into two types - industrial and household.

Industrial

Are applied to the organization of illumination at the enterprises. The lamps built into the spotlights are capable of illuminating large areas with high ceilings. For hazardous operating conditions (we are talking about enterprises of the chemical and alcohol industries), explosion-proof lamps are produced.

household

For lighting a residential building, as well as for the office, household modifications of fluorescent light bulbs are used. Fluorescent lamps are often used to illuminate offices, kitchens and corridors. There are special lamps designed for operation in adverse conditions: they cope well with moisture and dust.

Construction types

According to the design features, it is customary to distinguish the following types of lamps:

Open ceiling products. To ensure safety, such lamps are sometimes equipped with protective grilles.
Built-in lamps. Such light sources are mounted under the ceiling covering.
Wall models. There are many modifications of such lamps. For example, the linear type of fixtures has an elongated shape and is used to illuminate extended objects. Overhead models are installed using anchors fixed in the wall.
Corner lamps. Such devices are mounted at the joints between the ceiling and walls. Externally, the design resembles a ceiling plinth. This type of lighting is often chosen for kitchens.
Hanging devices. Fixed to the ceiling structure with a cable. On one wire is placed from one to several light bulbs.
Closed lamps. Used in combination with stretch ceilings. Such models do not overheat, which ensures the safety of the ceiling material.
furniture models. Fluorescent lamps are used to illuminate furniture. Fluorescent lighting performs not only a utilitarian function, but also serves as a decoration for furniture.

In recent years, the production of economical models of fluorescent lamps has been gaining momentum. The technology is based on the use of a special gas - a phosphor. As a result of the interaction of gas and current, an ultraviolet glow is formed without heating the device.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of fluorescent light sources include their following characteristics:

High luminosity for excellent visibility. Fluorescent lighting is especially useful when performing small manipulations that require precise movements.
Long service life. Compared to incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps last longer.
Various modifications of lamps. Products are produced that are suitable for any interior.
The flasks do not overheat, which has a positive effect not only on the service life of the light source, but also on the finishing materials in the immediate vicinity (we are talking primarily about stretch ceilings).
Economy of electricity consumption.
Ease of cleaning the device from dirt or dust.

The disadvantages of fluorescent lamps include:

Lack of DC power supply.
Sensitivity to temperature conditions, which can reduce the light output of the device.
The presence of mercury inside the lamp, which creates a dangerous situation if the bulb is broken.

Important characteristics when choosing a luminaire

When buying a lamp, you should take into account its technical capabilities:

A significant plus of the product is the possibility of a cold start. In such lamps, the electrodes heat up gradually, as a result of which the light turns on with a slight delay. Soft start significantly increases the working life of the lamp.
It is recommended to take a closer look at the power ratio between the old incandescent lamp and the installed fluorescent lamp. The power of a fluorescent lamp of 12-15 watts is enough to replace a 60-watt incandescent light bulb. However, despite the difference in power, the characteristics of the luminous flux for different types of lamps should be approximately the same.
The color of the lamp is determined by the characteristics of the room. Cold light is preferred for an office or kitchen. This will increase the concentration of attention on the performance of any work. In the bedroom, living room or dining room, warm colors are more relevant. They do not irritate the eyes. For a bathroom or garage, you should choose devices with protection against moisture and dust.

Applications

Fluorescent light sources are used in many areas of human activity:

In medicine. Fluorescent lamps are often used in medical offices. The quality of light allows doctors to carry out diagnostic measures more carefully.
Luminescent devices are common in manufacturing. Features of the technology make it possible to cover large areas with high-quality concentrated lighting. Daylight is especially relevant when carrying out small precision operations (for example, when working on a lathe).
In the kitchens of catering establishments, as well as for cooking at home.
In scientific institutions and laboratories.
Libraries, educational institutions.
For organizing outdoor lighting. Fluorescent sources are used not only for lighting, but also as decorative light. Daylight lamps are often found on the canopy of garages and at building entrances.
Office rooms.
Trading establishments.
Living spaces.

Use in the interior

Fluorescent light sources are used in a variety of interior solutions, but they are most appropriate in modern styles:

High tech. In this style, long lamps are used, mounted at the junctions of ceilings and walls. Such lamps emphasize the geometry of the room. For hi-tech, cold tones are most often used.
Minimalism. Fluorescent lamps are made of plastic and are massive flat structures.
Ecological design. They are used in a frame of natural materials (wood or leather sheathing) and emit a warm light.
Loft style rooms. Such lamps, in their design and placement, should correspond to the general style of the room - a former industrial building converted into apartments.
Eclecticism. Economy lamps placed in a line are used.

Note! Cold light is suitable for living spaces with south-facing windows. Also, cold light dilutes too warm tones of finishing materials.

Installation of fluorescent lamps

If desired, fluorescent lamps are easy to install with your own hands. Installation of lighting devices is carried out on the basis of their design features. Devices are mounted to ceiling structures, on walls, in columns, etc. For fixing use dowels and mortgages.

Ceiling sockets are installed to connect the wiring of the lamp to the electrical network. They mask the hole from which the conductors are removed.

For wall lamps, sockets are mounted at a small distance from the light source. A cord comes out of the case, connected to the power supply through a plug.

When installing a mechanical switch, special attention should be paid to the reliability of the contacts. Otherwise, during operation, the contact surfaces may shift, due to which the lamp will stop working.

The wiring diagram of the device is also important. Most often on the market there are modifications equipped with chokes and starters. Such devices have dedicated sockets. One of the capacitors is connected in parallel and acts as a voltage stabilizer. The second capacitor is designed to extend the pulse time at the start. This connection is called electromagnetic balance. Its diagram is shown in the figure below.

All fluorescent lamps have a diagram. It is shown on the back of the device. The diagram contains sufficient information about the number of light bulbs, their power, as well as other significant characteristics of the device.

Note! A luminaire with fluorescent lamps is easy to convert to work with LEDs. Before replacing the lamp, the ballast must be removed from the circuit. Light diodes must receive voltage directly.

The best way to place luminescent devices is to hang them on the highway (lighting boxes such as KL-1 or KL-2). In conjunction with the boxes on sale there are all the necessary components for installing a fluorescent lamp.

Important! Before connecting the lamp, insulate the ends of the wires.

Possible breakdowns

There are several common causes of malfunctioning fluorescent devices:

Activation of the protective mechanism. This happens due to a short circuit in the electrical network (behind the machine) or disrupted operation of the capacitor at the input. This problem is especially common when replacing fluorescent lamps with LEDs. Correct the problem by replacing the capacitor. The contacts of the cartridges and the starter should also be tested for working condition. Light bulbs may need to be replaced.
The light does not turn on. The reason is insufficient voltage in the cartridge or its complete absence. The voltage is checked using an indicator screwdriver or a multitester. If the device does not turn on, but there is light at the ends of the tube, we are talking about a starter failure. In this case, the starter should be changed. The absence of glow indicates a malfunction of the throttle, starter or the lamp itself. If only one end lights up, there is an error in the circuit and it needs to be rechecked.
Continuous flicker. The problem occurs if the starter fails or if there is insufficient voltage in the mains. You also need to check the wiring diagram - there is probably an error.
Regularly turning on and off the light bulb indicates its failure. The lamp will need to be replaced.

Luminaire check

First, check the correct operation of the lamp using a multimeter or tester. There are certain nuances in four-lamp and two-lamp fixtures. For example, in an Armstrong electronic ballast for 4 lamps, in the event of a failure of one lamp, all four will not light. The same applies to devices with one starter for two tubes. In luminaires where each lamp has a dedicated starter, the luminaire will function without problems if other lamps fail.

If the power supply is connected, but the lamp does not turn on, check the voltage supply. They do this from the terminal block at the input.

The performance of luminescent light sources is evaluated by the integrity of their components that ensure the transport of current:

The throttle should not make any sounds.
The starter is tested by connecting it to an incandescent bulb and a socket.
Check the capacitance of the capacitor.

Diagnostics is carried out only on the device disconnected from the mains. The best measurement tools are a multimeter or an ohmmeter. To carry out the check, the starter is removed from the cartridge, the contacts are docked. The probes lead to the terminals of the lamp wires. As a result, the instrument will display the total resistance of the lamp.

Notable Manufacturers

In order for the fluorescent lamp to work for a long time, it is recommended to study the proposals of manufacturing companies in advance. There are dozens of products on the market. However, only a few brands have gained an impeccable reputation:

Philips. The products of the Dutch company are the standard of quality and technological excellence. The Philips range has a wide variety of fluorescent lamp modifications.
Ares. Products of the Italian company are known all over the world. The company produces lamps not only for indoor lighting, but also for decorative lighting.
Thorn Lighting (Austria). The company has established itself as a manufacturer of high-quality equipment for industrial and warehouse facilities. Also in the assortment of "Thorn Lighting" there are fluorescent spotlights.
Osram. The German manufacturer is one of the leaders in the global lighting equipment market.

Also on sale there are products of domestic companies:

The Navigator company offers economy lamps for residential and office premises, as well as for outdoor lighting. Products are equipped with moisture-proof and dust-proof fuses.
"New World". One of the leaders in the production of high-power fluorescent lamps, as well as searchlight technology.
Jazz way. The company manufactures a wide range of various lighting equipment, including fluorescent and LED devices.
"Xenon". This manufacturer specializes in lamps for industrial premises and large office facilities.
"Aton". Manufactures products for outdoor lighting.
"Leader Light". Manufacturer with a wide range of lighting equipment. The range includes products for road lighting.

In general, the products of Western manufacturers are considered to be of the highest quality. However, Russian companies offer fluorescent lamps at more affordable prices.