Compound nominal predicate (SIS) consists of two parts:

a) auxiliary part - bunch(conjugated verb) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) the main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses the lexical meaning.

SIS = bunch + nominal part

Examples: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was sick ; He was sick; He was injured; He came first.

Types of linking verbs

Link type by value Typical verbs Examples of
1. Grammatical link - expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning. Verbs be, be... In the present tense, the ligament to be usually stands in zero form ("zero ligament"): the absence of a ligament indicates the present indicative mood.

He was a doctor.
He will be a doctor.
He is a doctor .
He was sick.
He will be sick.
He is sick .
He is sick.
Lyrics is the highest manifestation of art.
2. Semi-cognitive ligament - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that sense). a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become;
b) preservation of the feature: to stay;
c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be;
d) assessment of the feature from the point of view of reality: seem, seem, introduce, reckon, be famous;
e) the name of the feature: be called, be called, honored.

He became sick.
He remained sick.
He was sick every fall.
He turned out to be sick.
He considered sick.
He seemed sick.
He is sick.
He was known to be sick.
Their called sick.

3. A significant link is a verb with full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate). a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand;
b) verbs of movement: go, come, come back, wander;
c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.

She sat tired.
He left angry.
He returned upset.
He lived as a hermit.
He born happy.
He died a hero.

Verb to be can act as an independent simple verb predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possession:

He had three sons; He had a lot of money.

Verbs become, becomes, become etc. can also be independent simple verb predicates, but in a different meaning:

He found himself in the center of the city; He stood against the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant linkage, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf. He sat by the window). If the verb becomes a bundle, then its meaning turns out to be less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what he sat and not stood or lay).

For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

    a significant verb can be replaced by a grammatical link to be:

    He sat tired- He was tired; He born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was the first;

    the bundle can be made zero:

    He sat tired- He tired; He born happy- He happy; He came first- He first.

If the verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Methods of expressing the nominal part

The form Examples of
1. Noun
1.1. Noun in the nominative or instrumental case

He's my brother .
He was my brother.
1.2. Indirect noun with or without a preposition

The navigator was in oblivion.
I'm penniless.
This house is Meshkova.
1.3. A whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment)

Son-in-law was a silent breed.
This girl is tall.
2. Adjective name
2.1. Short adjective

He's cheerful.
He became cheerful.
2.2. Complete adjective in the nominative or instrumental case

He's funny.
He became cheerful.
2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective
3. Communion
3.1. Short participle

He's hurt.
The windows were broken.
3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental

The glass was broken.
The glass was broken.
4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun

All fish are yours.
it something new.

5. Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case

Their hut is the third from the edge.
Their hut was third from the edge.
6. Adverb

I was on my guard.
His daughter is married to my brother.

Note!

1) Even if a predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero link), it is always a compound nominal predicate;

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the predicate nominal part;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by an integral phrase in the same cases as the subject.

The most common mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate:

1. The short form of the adjective and especially the participle is mistaken for a verb, therefore the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. In order not to be mistaken, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -l appears in the verb, and the link was ( was, was, were).

For example:
He's sick(ASG). - He was sick;
He is sick(SIS). - He was ill ;
The city is taken(SIS). - Town He was taken .

2. A short adjective of the neuter gender (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with the adverb in -o. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the shape of the subject:

    if there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.

    Wed: The sea is calm;

    if the subject is an infinitive, a feminine noun, masculine, a plural noun, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:

    Living is good; Life is good; Children are good ;

    if the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of a short adjective will change; you can also replace a short adjective with a full one.

    Wed: The sea is calm(SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). - The river is calm a; The seas are calm NS; The sea is calm oh ).

3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the full adjective, participle, ordinal, is mistakenly disassembled as a secondary term - the definition. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the word from which the question is asked which? to the given name.

4. The nominative part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between subject and predicate if both terms are expressed in nominative forms.

To distinguish between subject and predicate, expressed by the forms of the nominative case, consider the following:

    the subject usually precedes the predicate:

    Moscow is the capital of Russia; The capital of Russia is Moscow.

    However, in Russian, the predicate can also precede the subject.

    Wed: A good man, Ivan Ivanovich;

    the demonstrative particle it stands or can be placed before the predicate:

    note that in sentences like: It's good ; This is my brother - this is is a subject, a demonstrative pronoun in the nominative;

    the subject can only be expressed by the nominative; the predicate has two main case forms - the nominative and the instrumental. If you put a bundle in the sentence to be in the past tense ( was, was, was, were) or a conjunction to appear, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the form of the instrumental, and for the subject it will remain the same.

    Wed: Moscow was the capital Russia; Moscow is the capital Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good person; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

The plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate

  1. Specify the type of predicate.
  2. Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb stands.

Sample parsing

Life is good.

Good OK expressed in an adverb; grammatical link to be

I came first.

Came first- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part first expressed as an ordinal in the nominative case; significant bunch came expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

This guy is of average height.

Middle-height- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part middle-height expressed as an integral phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical link to be- in zero form; a zeroth link indicates the present indicative mood.

Compound verb predicate (SGS) consists of two parts:

a) auxiliary part
b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses the lexical meaning. composite verbal predicates are predicates expressed by the personal form of the verb and the adjoining infinitive. The material meaning and grammatical are presented in such a predicate dismembered. The infinitive, which contains the real meaning, can be combined with verbs denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action, as well as modal verbs denoting intention, expression of will, ability, predisposition, desire, etc. The first group includes verbs such as to begin, to begin, to become, to be accepted (in the meaning of "start"), to continue, to end, to stop, to quit ("in the meaning of" to finish "); to the second group - the verbs to want, to desire, to be able, to be able, to intend, to contrive, to unlearn, to be able, to prepare, to dream, to hope, to be afraid, etc. Examples: 1) Oganesyan began to call out the prisoners one by one (Cossack.); He rushed to discourage (Shol.); Parabukin did not eat (Fed.); 2) I wanted to go around the whole world (Gr.); Sometimes the head refused to think for two (Gonch.).

The predicates with a phraseological combination in place of a modal verb can also be attributed to compound verbs; in the second part of such a predicate, the infinitive is used. For example: to be burning with the desire to see, to have the intention to rest, to express consent to come, etc.

Instead of a modal verb, a predicative adjective can also be used in a compound verb predicate, to which the infinitive is adjacent. These are adjectives of the type: glad, much, intend, must, ready, capable, free. For example: He is willing to wait; The student is able to learn everything.

A compound verb predicate can be complicated by a third component. Such predicates, in principle, are not delimited from compound verbs and differ only in a certain increase in meaning. Most often these are predicates in which a verb in a personal form and two dependent infinitives are combined. Verbs in personal form (the same as in predicates) denote the beginning, continuation or end of an action, or have modal meanings. A predicative adjective can also be a component of such a predicate.



As a rule, in a three-term verb predicate, a modal verb and a verb indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action (one of them in the form of an infinitive) are combined, for example: I wanted (want) to start practicing; decided to start treatment, hoped to quit smoking; could (can) start singing; I wanted to rush to run, but I could not. In place of the verb in the personal form, there can be a predicative adjective: ready to start studying; glad to quit smoking, but cannot; I agree to stay and work. The assignment to composite predicates of the combination of verbs of the type decided to start learning, promised to stop looking for some linguists is questioned, it is proposed to dismember such a combination into two predicates: the main and the secondary infinitive type. However, such three-term verb combinations must be approached differentially, that is, take into account the degree of lexical significance of the verbs in these combinations. If the main meaning of the predicate is conveyed only by the last infinitive, and the first two verbs denote only the beginning, end, continuation of the action in combination with the meanings of will, possibility, impossibility of action, desirability or inclination, then such predicates should not be dismembered, since ultimately they denote one action or state: I want to start learning, I could not rush to run; if both infinitive verbs in a three-term combination denote independent, separately existing actions, then the first two verbs should be considered predicate, and the third as a minor member of the sentence (circumstance or addition).

a) auxiliary part - bunch(conjugated verb) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) the main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses the lexical meaning.

Named the predicate consists of a verb link in a personal form and a nominal part. The bundle can be of three types: 1) abstract - it is a verb to be in different forms of tense and mood; the bundle is called abstract because it has a purely grammatical meaning and is devoid of material content, for example: The voice of a stranger was heard less and less often (Paust.) 2) semi-distracted , or semi-descriptive, is a verb with a weakened lexical meaning; such a verb conveys grammatical meanings (tense, mood), connecting the predicate with the subject, in addition, this verb introduces into the predicate partially and the lexical meaning - naming, transition from one state to another, etc., for example: I have become the most peaceful now person (T.) ;; 3) significant , or material, is a verb that fully retains its lexical meaning, denoting a state, movement, etc., for example: Nobody is born a hero, soldiers grow up in battle.

Such full-valued verbs are included in the predicate along with the nominal forms and only for this reason are conditionally considered as bundles. In essence, however, these verbs, while fully retaining their lexical meaning, are not grammatical and express an independent feature of the subject. No wonder A. A. Shakhmatov considered predicates with such verbs to be double.

Linking verbs of the third group can be freely used as independent predicates: return, come, return, be born, leave, live, stand, lie, sit, die, work, stay.

As a result of the presence of the linking verb and the nominal part, the predicates are called constituent : the grammatical meanings of such a predicate are enclosed in a bundle (to be; to be called, to become, to become; to begin, to end, to seem, to come; to come, return, stand, live), and the real ones are in the nominal part.

If the predicate has the meaning of the present tense, the abstract link may be absent, the predicate in this case is called either a simple nominal or compound with a zero link, for example: The driver is a small daring. The role of the predicative connective can be played by pointing particles. This, that means, this means. The predicate can be attached to the subject with the help of comparative words as if, as if, exactly, as if.

A compound nominal predicate can be complicated by a third component - in this case, it consists of a predicative adjective, a link and a nominal part: You it should be our first playwright(Fed.)

All nominal parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral) can act as the nominal part of the predicate.

1. Noun in the role of the nominal part, it is usually used in the nominative or instrumental forms: Daughter Marina was high dark-skinned woman ( Kozhevn.). The instructive predicative is a developing, active form. This form is gradually replacing the nominative predicative. Both forms currently differ semantically and stylistically. The nominative signifies a constant, stable sign, usually it is used in a predicate without a ligament, thinkable in the present tense: Brother is a teacher, I am an engineer. When related to the plan of the past, such a nominative is perceived as archaic: Of course, we were friends(L.). A temporary, fickle sign is transmitted more often with the help of the instrumental case: ... Already in the Grove of Ogonyok becomes Fire(Cr.). The noun part can be expressed by a noun in the genitive form, for example: Philosopher Homa Brutus had a cheerful disposition(G.). The peculiarity of such a predicate is that the range of words that can act in this function in the form of the genitive case is limited and the predicate itself always has the meaning of either a qualitative characteristic or an internal state, and an adjective is necessarily used in the genitive name, which contains the indication for a qualitative attribute: Hands were plump, small, but impeccable form(Cossack.). The genitive case of a name can have the meaning of relationship or belonging (in this case, the adjective is optional with it): Whose stroller? My lord(L.). In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, the genitive case of the name with a preposition can also be used, for example: And they say - lilies without smell(Fed.).

2. The adjective in the role of the nominal part of the predicate is used in full and short forms, in forms of different degrees. For adjectives of the full form, both the nominative and instrumental cases are characteristic. For example: Mysterious and that's why lovely dark thickets of forests (Paust.) \

3. The nominative part can be expressed communion : short and complete, passive and real. For example: her eyebrows were shifted (T.); The tea stood untouched(Ven.) The full participle can also be in the instrumental case: Glasses of tea stand intact ( S. - Sch.).

4. In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, various pronouns : personal, possessive, interrogative-relative, indicative, attributive, negative and indefinite. Both nominative and instrumental forms are possible. For example: Is it you, you is it, Rudin? (T.); - She my! he said menacingly. Like nouns, pronouns can act as predicates in the forms of different cases with prepositions, representing free nominal combinations or combinations of phraseological type, for example: You can live with me while the house Behind me(Fed.).

5. The nominative part can be expressed numeral name or quantitative-nominal combination ... For example: It [building] it was two floors(G.), Twice two - four.

In a compound nominal predicate, the functions of the components are clearly separated: the main (nominal) component expresses only the material content of the predicate, and the auxiliary component (link) - only grammatical meanings. A link is a conjugated form of an incomplete verb. Its lexical meaning is grammatized, that is, it is used to express syntactic meaning. Formal indicators serve as a support for the grammatical meanings of mood, time, and also express the dependence of the predicate on the subject (Day was sunny) .

The lexical meaning of the linking verb, transformed into the predicate, serves to convey a modal assessment of the relationship of the attribute to the subject. This relationship can be assessed as actually existing (modal assertion value) - bundles be, be, remain and etc. [ His look remained naive and pure, like a dreamy boy(Paust.)]; how arising - ligaments become, become, become and etc. [ Brother became more incomprehensible (M. G.)]; As apparent, possible - ligaments seem to be and etc. [ After Yalta with its lush embankment Alushta seemed to me boring (Paust.)]. Several other modal meanings can be expressed.

The main component - the nominal part of the compound predicate - can be represented by a word or a phrase. The nominative part can be expressed in specialized forms - these are short qualitative adjectives, full adjectives, nouns in the nominative or instrumental case. The case form is dictated by the sheaf. In the case of a zero form of present tense, the bundles to be only the nominative case can be used; for example: Pine- wood; I AM- student; The night is dark; Street- my, at home- my(M.). Both the nominative and instrumental cases are used with the forms of the past and future tense of this bundle (cf. My father was a locksmith- My father was a locksmith; The day was sunny- The day was sunny). With all other conjunctions in modern Russian, only the instrumental case is used [ Room with a portrait of Garibaldi will seem dimly lit cabin, lost in the ocean of impenetrable night(Paust.)].

In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, there can be various prepositional-case forms of nouns. They retain the meanings that have formed in the phrase, where these forms perform a definitive function (cf. boat without sail- A boat found herself without a sail; House with mezzanine- House was with a mezzanine etc.).

The use of such prepositional-case forms in the predicate is expanding, which are borrowed from verb phrases and retain shades of object or adverbial meaning; for example: Shooting was on an invisible target ... (A. N. T.); My first notes were about forests (Paust.); - Look: all dramas, all novels- out of jealousy (M.G.).

Some prepositional case forms express predominantly a state: this is a prepositional case with a preposition v, as well as stable combinations with the meaning of the state; for example: A. A. Arapov was delighted (Kupr.); I was in a daze (Paust.); The revolution was just around the corner (Dan.); The whole city was on my feet (Paust.).

Finally, the main component can be expressed in immutable words - an adverb or an infinitive. However, this function is not characteristic of most adverbs, therefore, only a small group of adverbs with the meaning of state is used in the predicate (alert, tipsy, ready, wide open, soft-boiled, bulging and etc.); for example: Cavalry was also tipsy, but in a different form(L. T.); Since then, when meeting with Fedya, I was on my guard (Paust.).

The infinitive in a compound predicate expresses an estimated value due to the relationship with the subject, which has a certain semantics - "purpose" (goal, task, purpose etc.) or "activities" (business, occupation, work etc.); for example: A business artist- beget joy(Paust.).

Phrases in the role of the main component are functionally inseparable: the main word does not have the fullness of the real meaning, it expresses the relation to the bundle, and the dependent contains the real meaning of the predicate (Peter- happy boy). Phrases of various compositions and forms are used. (Man was tall; Girl was blue-eyed; The room ended up with three windows and etc.). Productive are the forms of the predicate, the main component of which contains a combination of a noun and an adjective, and the noun denotes a generic concept in relation to a species named in the subject [ Zaplatin was a sensible person (M.-S.)]. Phrases with the meaning of a state, formed by nouns, are also widely used in a compound predicate condition, position in the prepositional case with the preposition v and adjectives agreed with them [I then, can you imagine, was in a difficult condition (Paust.)].

Complicated forms of a compound nominal predicate are built on the basis of the main ones and differ from them in additional grammatical meanings. The auxiliary component (bundle) is complicated by conjugated phasic or modal verbs (or corresponding word combinations).

Phasic verbs indicate the beginning, continuation or termination of the possession of a trait; for example: At the end, the dream is to reach the front line started to seem them unrealizable (Sim.); Generally Rags for Privalov continued to be a mystery (M.-S).

Modal verbs add to the nominal predicate the additional value of evaluating the fact of possession of a trait; for example: ... Mockery of other people's suffering shouldn't be forgiven (Ch.); Privalov afraid to get biased even to the doctor(M.-S.). The predicate can be complicated by two modal verbs with different meanings [- After that, everyone can hope to be my son-in-law(T.)]. In this case, the link itself is used in the infinitive form; it does not express the grammatical meanings of tense and mood (they are contained in the complicating verb), but retains the modal assessment of the attribution of the attribute to the subject. Thus, in complicated forms, two modal meanings collide: the modal meaning of the link is an assessment emanating from the speaker, and the modal meaning of a complicating verb is the subject's attitude to the possession of a sign aimed at the link [ I have already was not afraid to be and seem sensitive (Ch.)].

Complicated forms retain the main structural features of the compound nominal predicate: the functional separation of the main and auxiliary components, the same means and forms of expression of the nominal binding part.

The classifications of two-part sentences according to the form of the subject and predicate mutually complement each other and make it possible to take into account all the main differences in the grammatical form of this type of simple sentences in modern Russian.

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Subject of syntax. Syntax objects and syntactic units proper, their relationship

Section i general concepts of syntax .. topic subject of syntax syntax objects and syntax proper ..

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3.1.1 Infinitive constructions with predicates of necessity and possibilityThe data of syntactic typology of languages ​​indicate that there are

Infinitive constructs without modal words
In the Russian language there are also a lot of various infinitive constructions, the meaning of which is associated with modal categories of necessity and impossibility, but which do not include

Reflective constructions
INABILITY TO DO WHAT WANTS Examples: She cannot sleep in a new bed (Pushkin). They no longer write about life here, I am already on my way (Tsvetaeva).

Russian as opposed to English
We have already seen that Russian grammar is replete with constructions in which the real world appears as opposed to human desires and volitional aspirations, or as, at least,

Irrationality "in syntax
The syntactic typology of the languages ​​of the world suggests that there are two different ways of looking at the real world, relative to which all natural languages ​​can be distributed. First by

Kalinin A.F. Infinitive sentences in the type system of a simple sentence
The problem of the status of infinitive sentences and their place in the system of types of one-part and two-part sentences can be successfully solved by analyzing in a structural (grammatical)

Types of one-part sentences
The grammatical center of one-part sentences is one independent main term, with the help of which predicativity is expressed. Differences in the shape of the main member serve as the basis

Verb one-part sentences
In verb one-part sentences, various verb forms are used as independent ones. The general property of all verbal one-part sentences is subjectlessness. Subject relativity

Definitely personal suggestions
The essence of the grammatical form of definite personal sentences lies in the fact that the independent action expressed in them is thought and affirmed as attributed to a certain agent and this one attributed

Uncertain personal suggestions
The main grammatical meaning of indefinite personal sentences is the expression of independent action, the agent is not lexically designated and grammatically presented as indefinite; nezav

Generalized personal suggestions
The main meaning of generalized personal sentences is the expression of an independent feature (action) attributed to a generalized figure, i.e., correlative, in principle, with any figure and attributed

Impersonal sentences
<…>The general grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the assertion of an independent feature not correlated with the doer; the feature is related to the moment of speech. This is grammatical

Infinitive sentences
The general grammatical meaning of infinitive sentences is the assertion of an independent action, not correlated with the agent, not attributed to the moment of speech. Specific grammatical meaning

Nominal one-part sentences
The general grammatical meaning of nominal one-part sentences includes the expression of beingness and predicativity (modal and temporal meanings). Expressing modal and temporary property values

Nominative proposals
The traditional theory of the nominative sentence, the foundations of which were developed by A. A. Shakhmatov and A. M. Peshkovsky, considers the noun in the nominative case to be the structural basis of this type;

Undivided nominative sentences
<…>A nominative sentence can have an additional grammatical meaning. In this case, it is especially important to take into account those values ​​that appear regularly and are expressed in material (f

Dismembered nominative sentences
The meanings of the determining secondary members in a certain way interact with the grammatical meanings of the main member - being and temporal. Determining minor terms in the calculation

Genius suggestions
The basis of the structure of genitive one-piece sentences is formed by the main term, expressed by the form of the genitive case of a noun, used independently, that is, not subordinate to any

Genius affirmative sentences
<…>The interpretation of sentences like Water! as impersonal (even with the addition of "incomplete") is unsuccessful and unconvincing. First, these sentences have no impersonal meaning.

Genitive negative sentences
The structural basis of genitive negative sentences is the main term, consisting of at least two components - the noun in the genitive case and the prepositive

Tarlanov ZK Are there generalized personal sentences in the Russian language? // Philological sciences
The question of generalized personal sentences continues to be controversial in Russian syntax.<…>Usually, speaking about the most important signs of a generalized personal

Complete and incomplete sentences
Comparing an incomplete sentence with the corresponding complete one, it is possible to specifically determine which term is missing (omitted, not named) in an incomplete sentence, what are its lexical and gram

Types of incomplete sentences
The types of incomplete sentences are distinguished taking into account the following factors: a) the scope of use (oral or written speech), b) the nature of communication (monologue or dialogue), c) the interaction of the sentence with the contact

Elliptical sentences
<…>The sentences I - home, etc., will be called elliptic. In linguistic literature, the term "elliptical sentences" is used in various meanings:

Sentences with the meaning of movement, displacement
This model is based on the direct correlation of an independent member, who names the actor, with words that indicate the direction, goal, and final point of movement. As an independent member

Sentences with the meaning of speech - thoughts
<…>For phrases with verbs of speech - thought, the presence of an object component in the prepositional case with the preposition o (about) or the accusative case with the preposition pro,

Phraseologized sentences
Phraseologized sentences (or clauses-clauses) are specific constructions of colloquial speech. They have the main feature of the sentence - predicative, but, unlike freedom

Learning the paradigm in syntax
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Paradigm as a hierarchically organized system of sentence modifications
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The paradigm of the proposal as a system of its forms
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A compound nominal predicate (grade 8), along with the subject, is one of the main members of the sentence. As you know, there are three types of predicates: a simple verb predicate, a compound verb predicate, a compound nominal predicate. A simple verb is expressed with one full-valued word or related phrase. A compound verb predicate includes two parts: the infinitive and the verb. What is a compound nominal predicate? To begin with, we note that it is studied in grade 8, and consists of two parts: a bundle and a nominal part.

In contact with

Compound nominal predicate (8th grade)

Linkage in a compound nominal predicate

The bundle expresses modality and category of time... Most often the following verbs can act as a link:

  • The verb to be in all tense categories. Do not forget that this verb in the form of the present tense turns into a zero link;
  • verbs to become, to become, to become, etc .;
  • verbs with the categorical meaning of an action or a process: come, return, stand, leave, get there, swim, fly away, come, etc .;
  • Katerina is agitated and agitated by the unforeseen circumstances on her way home. I'll be the first just to be better than you. If you become a good boy, I might take you to the circus with me.
  • It was getting chilly outside, so we returned to the house. You turned out to be a two-faced person, because you wanted to embroil everyone. It becomes fun from those memories of bygone days.
  • It would be healthy to leave this doctor. The spouse will arrive tomorrow by plane via Moscow on a direct flight.

Types of ligaments

A compound nominal predicate has several types of ligaments that are noticeably different from each other:

In the forms of the past and future tense, the verb to be expressed clearly... Same context: she was a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition and she will be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition. Compound nominal predicates with the abstract link to be are highlighted in the sentences.

A few words about the form of the subjunctive mood, when it is used, a particle would be added to the abstract bundle. Suggestion: she would be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.

  • Semi-distracted ligament, represented by the verbs to appear, to seem, to appear, to appear, to become, etc. The peculiarity of semi-memorable connectives is that they carry not only a grammatical component, but also help in expressing the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate. Suggestion: She turned out to be a doctor with great experience but little ambition.
  • Significant bunch, expressed in words of action, movement, any process. For example, we include such verbs as sit, lie, hear, think, read, walk, breathe, run, swim, wash, undress, speak, etc. These bundles express specific lexical and grammatical meanings. Suggestions: The important geese walked in the yard, as if the owners of the whole courtyard. He served as a warrant officer at the border for many years.

Nominal part of a compound nominal predicate

The nominal part is played by:

  • Summer days are getting shorter. You look better today than you did yesterday. I'll be back later, you don't have to wait for me for dinner. (comparative adjective).
  • She is the decoration of this evening (noun in the form of the instrumental case).
  • Aunt Masha seemed very sad to me. Summer this year turned out to be unusually cold. The flowers you presented for the holiday were very beautiful. (noun is an adjective in a positive degree).
  • This child is sometimes completely unbearable. The man who lives on the floor above is unusually rich. The honey collected from my apiary is so sweet. (short adjective).
  • All the mistakes made when writing the dictation were mine (possessive pronoun).
  • I suddenly felt scared. It was pretty weird (adverb).

Sentences with a compound nominal predicate

Thus, a compound nominal predicate is studied in grade 8, along with other types of predicate: a simple verb and a compound verb. Its peculiarity is the presence of two parts: ligaments and nominal parts. The problem of modern school education is that sometimes students do not have time to fully understand the essence of the types of predicates in the classroom, as a consequence of the inability to find and determine one of the main members of the sentence. You can deal with this problem in different ways, for example, work with a tutor or watch affordable and simple video tutorials on the Internet.

Both components have various forms and particular meanings. With a similar lexico-semantic group of nouns, the link to acquire is combined, but it requires the form of the accusative case: The problem of training employees of institutions is now taking on special urgency from newspapers. significant absence as an indicator of the form of the indicative mood of the present tense: I am all in anxiety Goncharov. Some forms are typical for this function, predicative forms, others are atypical, formed in a phrase for performing ...


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Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate includes components that are different in morphological nature. The main component is represented by the forms of names or other categories of words that are similar in meaning to names; it denotes a passive feature in various particular manifestations (quality, state, etc.). The auxiliary component is represented by conjugated forms of verbs (or stable verb combinations) that lose their specific material content in this function. This component is called the binding, and the main component is called the named (binding) part. Both components have various forms and particular meanings.

The link performs the following functions: it expresses the basic elements of predicative meaning - modality and time; connects the predicate with the subject, formally expresses its dependence on the subject; contains a modal assessment of the relationship between an object and a feature. So, in the sentence The spectacle became scary (Kuprin), the ligament became expresses the modal meaning of reality, the past tense, indicates dependence on the subject through agreement in the forms of number and gender, evaluates the feature as emerging. All functions of the ligament are grammatical. The link does not participate in the expression of the real meaning of the predicate. The lexical meaning of verbs and indivisible verb combinations in the link position changes significantly. Linking verbs and independently used verbs in the lexico-semantic plan diverge, forming, as a rule, rows of homonyms. Linking verbs lose the meaning of an action, a process; their lexical meaning is grammatized and adapted to express modal evaluations.

In a compound nominal predicate, the ligaments express the following main types of modal-evaluative values:

1) to be, to be, to remain, etc. - the possession of a sign (ascertaining meaning, neutral): A Volgawas without shine, dull, matte, cold by sight (Chekhov);

2) to become, to be done, etc. - the emergence of a feature, its assessment as changing: Coldbecame more tangible(Maksim Gorky);

3) turn out, get out, get out, etc. - detection of a sign: Dreams of gardens turned out to be very stupid (Bunin);

4) to seem, to be presented, etc. - assessment of the feature as supposed, apparent, imaginary: Youwill not seem strange and daring my request? (Chekhov);

The auxiliary component in the nominal predicate has a certain formal connection with the nominal part. This connection manifests itself in a different way than in the phrase, and cannot be interpreted as control or adherence. The form of the nominal part can, to a certain extent, be motivated by a ligament. At least the choice of some forms of the name is governed by the bunch. It also depends on the degree of grammatization of the ligaments. Some ligaments have reached a high degree of grammar, they have no restrictions either in their use or in combination with various forms of the name. These are specialized bundles of being, being, becoming, being, being, being, being, being, being considered, being, etc.

Other connectives allow the use of only certain forms of the nominal part, moreover, the lexico-semantic circle of names can be limited. These are non-specialized ligaments. Their lexical meaning has not been completely grammatical; it is more specific than the meaning of specialized ligaments.

So, the ligaments to be different, to stand out, to be famous allow the use of only nouns with a qualitative meaning, correlative with adjectives, and only in the form of the instrumental case: Public opinion is here was not particularly picky (Mamin-Serebryak). With a similar lexical-semantic group of nouns, the bundle acquire (acquire) is combined, but requires the accusative case: The problem of training employees of institutions now becomes especially acute (from newspapers). When connecting to represent, only nouns in the accusative form are used: Kolpakova's Housewas perfect ruin (Mamin-Serebryak).

The number of non-specialized connectives includes analytical verb-nominal combinations to have (wear) the form (character), acquire the form (character, position), etc. They have a holistic grammatical meaning, similar to the meaning of the ligaments to be, become, look, etc. The real component (usually adjective) formally agrees with the noun included in the bundle (type, character, etc.), but the sign indicated by it is correlated with the subject: The matter was much more complicated and was partly political and national character(Leskov). Non-specialized ligaments express the same basic modal-evaluative meanings as specialized ones, although these meanings are manifested and differentiated less clearly.

Predicates with specialized and non-specialized ligaments form a complete paradigm of modal-temporal forms. Of all the bundles, only to be in the paradigm has a zero form (i.e. significant absence) as an indicator of the form of the present tense indicative mood: I am all in alarm (Goncharov).

Controversial is the inclusion in the category of a composite nominal predicate of the type of lying in a swoon, returned rejuvenated. The conjugated verb partially performs the functions of a link, expressing modal-temporal meanings and dependence on the subject. However, the verb does not convey modal-evaluative meanings, it is not grammatical - it denotes an action: Vera Dmitrievnagot up sad, tear-stained(Veresaev). In such sentences, two predicative signs are simultaneously expressed - active and passive, therefore, the predicate can be qualified as "double" (AA Shakhmatov). In a different interpretation, these constructions are regarded as a complex predicate or as a combination of a simple verb predicate with a predicative definition. Undoubtedly, they do not represent a compound nominal predicate in the strict sense of the term, and the conjugated verb is not a link.

So, the auxiliary component of the compound nominal predicate - the linkage - has an abstract meaning, it does not participate in the expression of the material content of the predicate. The link certainly contains indicators of the conjugated verb forms (including the zero form of the link to be). The so-called bundles-particles (this is, like, exactly, as if, etc.) do not replace the verb bundle, but only combine with it (including the zero form) and reinforce certain of its functions: Punctuation marks - it is like musical notes (Paustovsky).

Nominal part.

1. Names are combined with a bunch in various forms. Some forms are typical for a given function (predicative forms), others are atypical, formed in a phrase for performing an attributive function (non-predicative forms).

Predicative forms include:

1) non-declining forms - short forms of the adjective and passive participle, which perform in a sentence only the function of the nominal part of the compound predicate;

2) inflected forms - nouns, full forms of adjectives, as well as numerals, pronouns, full forms of participles - in the form of the nominative or instrumental case; both case forms have the same meaning, they can replace one another for some connectives, restrictions on the choice of any of them depend on the connective (the nominative form is used mainly with the connective be, including its zero form). The nominative or instrumental case can have a nominal part, represented by a phrase;

3) the unchangeable form of the comparative degree of qualitative adjectives.

All forms of indirect cases of a noun or substantivized words, except for the instrumental predicative, are non-predicative. Various case and prepositional-case forms of nouns serve to convey the particular meanings of the nominal part of a compound predicate, but they are not indicators of a formal connection. These forms are not motivated by the verbal connective (except for some non-specialized connectives discussed above). Among non-predictive forms there are productive ones. First of all, this is the prepositional case with the preposition в, which expresses the state.

The meaning of many non-predicative forms depends on the preposition. So, nouns with a preposition without call a sign by the absence of a detail, a part; with the preposition s - according to the presence or excess of something; prepositions like, like, are akin to bringing in the meaning of comparison, from - source, material, etc. The predicate forms that have arisen under the influence of verb combinations or by analogy with them are becoming more and more common. The noun part in a non-predicative form can be represented by a phrase, since the material meaning of the predicate in this case cannot be conveyed only by a noun (she was with tear-stained eyes).

Non-predicative forms include stable prepositional-case combinations with a metaphorical meaning fixed in the language (on knives, on the side, on the nose, etc.), although they, as forms, have already diverged from the paradigm of the corresponding nouns.

2. The material meaning of a passive attribute can be conveyed in a compound nominal predicate by unchangeable words - an adverb, a gerunds, an infinitive. These are unproductive forms of the nominal part (this function is not typical for them). The absence of inflection makes it impossible to express their connection with the subject, with the sheaf. The semantics of these words are poorly suited to expressing the attribute of an object. Only a small group of adverbs with the meaning of a state or a qualitative characteristic of an object (tipsy, alert, ready, bulging, etc.) is used in a composite nominal predicate. The gerunds (cold, wet, etc.) are used in a compound nominal predicate only in common parlance and only with the meaning of a state. The meaning of a sign, a state is found in the perfect form of gerunds when the semantics of the action is weakened and when they are “isolated” from the verb. The coloration of non-literary in such predicate forms is strong and stable.

The infinitive in the compound nominal predicate does not lose the meaning of the action, but acts as a characteristic of the object (or other, independent action) named in the subject. The infinitive is combined only with the connectives to be, to mean, to mean.

So, the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is represented by an ordered system of various forms. Their predicative function (as opposed to the functions of definition, application, addition, circumstance) is manifested due to the combination with the bundle. The question of the volume and boundaries of the predicate is difficult, the question of which words in a particular sentence are included and which are not part of the predicate. Above, we have already noted the possibility of expressing the nominal part with a phrase. This occurs only if the noun does not have semantic sufficiency to denote a feature. It only indicates the general nature of the manifestation of the feature, and the specific name of the feature is given using an agreed word or a second noun. So, nouns in the form of a prepositional case with an abstract meaning of a state (in a state, in a position, in a mood, etc.) perform a predicative function exclusively in the phrase: Cornet at this time was in a very unpleasant situation(L. Tolstoy). Nouns in the form of the nominative case or the instrumental predicative are not sufficient to express a feature if they are semantically related to the subject as gender and species. The predicative attribute is indicated by the agreed word or second noun.

The auxiliary component can be complicated by a conjugated verb (or phraseological unit) with a phasic or modal meaning (the linking verb is used in the infinitive). In this way, complicated forms of a compound nominal predicate are created. Their real meaning does not change, and additional elements are added to the grammatical meaning. When using phasic verbs, the beginning, continuation or termination of the possession of a sign is expressed. Modal verbs bring in the same meanings that are expressed by them in the compound verb predicate (obligation, expression of will, etc.). The connective verb in the infinitive retains its modal-evaluative meaning. A complicated form may include analytical combinations (should have been, etc.) or two (or more) different complicating elements. The construction of the auxiliary component becomes more complicated, but only one of the verbs has a conjugated form, all the others, including the connective, are used in the infinitive: None can't do that all the time want to be loved(Lermontov).

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