For the success of the orator's speech, the expressiveness of speech is essential, which is achieved by clear, clear pronunciation, correct intonation, skillfully placed pauses. Particular attention should be paid to the tempo of speech, the strength of the voice, the persuasiveness of the tone, as well as the requirements of oratory: posture, gestures, facial expressions. An important role is given to literary pronunciation and stress, which are studied in a special section of the science of language - in orthoepy.

Russian orthoepy (from the Greek: orthos- right, epos- speech) includes the rules for the pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, the rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms, words of foreign language origin, as well as stress setting.

The most important features of Russian literary pronunciation developed in the first half of the 18th century on the basis of the spoken language of the city of Moscow.

Pronunciation styles

Depending on the rate of speech, the styles of pronunciation are complete and incomplete. At a slow speech rate, the full style is characterized by a distinct pronunciation of sounds, careful articulation. In an incomplete style, less distinct pronunciation and a strong contraction or reduction of sounds are noted.

There are also differences between the high (academic) style of pronunciation, which is characterized by a special emotionality, and the colloquial style used in communication. The full pronunciation style can be observed by listening to the speech of radio and television announcers. The high style is distinguished by the speech of the actors reading the poetic text. A full and high style of pronunciation is an essential prerequisite for oratory.

Pronunciation of unstressed vowels

In unstressed syllables, the vowels undergo changes as a result of the weakening of articulation. Qualitative reduction is a change in the timbre of the sound of a vowel; quantitative reduction is a decrease in its longitude and strength. The vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable change slightly, the vowels of the remaining unstressed syllables are reduced to a greater extent.

In the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters a and o, a sound is pronounced [ a ] ... From being hit [ a ] it has a shorter duration. For example: tr [ a ] you [ a ] sleep.

a and O a short sound is pronounced, in between [ NS ] and [ a ] , denoted in transcription by the sign [ b ] ... For example: tr [ b ] vyanoy, s [ b ] lot, schools [ b ] , call [ b ] v.

At the beginning, the words are unstressed [ a ] and [ O ] pronounced like [ a ] , for example: [ a ] zot, [ a ] to enjoy.

After solid sibilants [ f ] and [ NS ] vowel [ a ] in the first pre-stressed syllable is pronounced as [ a ] , for example: f [ a ] rgon, w [ a ] gat. But before soft consonants, a sound is pronounced middle between [ NS ] and [ NS ] , for example: f [ NS NS ] fly, losh [ NS NS ] dey.

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters e and I am a sound is pronounced between [ and ] and [ NS ] , for example, in [ and NS ] sleep, h [ and NS ] sy.

In the rest of the unstressed syllables in place of the letters e and I am pronounced very short [ and ] , in transcription denoted by the sign [ b ] , for example, in [ b ] lycan, vyn [ b ] sti, p [ b ] wheelbarrow, vyt [ b ] whip.

In place of letter combinations aa, ao, oa, oo vowels are pronounced in pre-stressed syllables [ aa ] , for example: s [ aa ] falsify, s [ aa ] bottom, n [ aa ] English, in [ aa ] brace.

1. Pronunciation of loan words2

2. Stage pronunciation and its features3

3. Pronunciation of vowels and consonants 6

4. References8

Variants of Russian literary pronunciation.

Pronunciation of borrowed words.

In the Russian literary language, as in any literary language with a long history, there is a considerable number of words of foreign origin, often inaccurately called "foreign words." The borrowed word was rarely acquired by the Russian language in the form in which it existed in the source language. Differences in pronunciation between the Russian language and foreign ones led to the fact that the foreign word changed, adapted to Russian phonetic norms, sounds unusual for the Russian language disappeared in it. Now a significant part of such words in their pronunciation is no different from the words of the native Russian. But some of them - words from different fields of technology, science, culture, politics, and especially foreign proper names - stand out among other words of the Russian literary language with their pronunciation, breaking the rules. Some features of pronunciation of words of foreign language origin are described below.

Combinations [j], [dz] .

In words of foreign origin, the combination [j] is often presented, corresponding to the phoneme [ž] of other languages, which is an affricate [z], but pronounced with a voice. In Russian, the combination j pronounced in the same way as the same combination in primordially Russian words, namely as [žzh]: [žzh] em, [žzh] emper, [žzh] igit, [žzh] entelmen.

In isolated cases, there is a combination [dz], corresponding to the sound [z]. This sound represents voiced [ts]. As well j, combination dz in Russian it is pronounced in the same way as the corresponding combination in native Russian words, namely as: muein.

Sound [ h ] .

In separate words of foreign language origin in place of the letter G an aspirated sound [h] is pronounced, for example, [h] abitus or bra, in which the pronunciation of [h] is possible along with [g]. Some of the foreign proper names can be pronounced with this sound, for example, Heine:.

The sound [o] in unstressed syllables .

Only in a few borrowed words in the 1st pre-stressed syllable is [o] preserved, and even then somewhat weakened: b [o] a, d [o] sie, b [o] rdo. It is preserved [o] in some complex words, for example, in the word communist party.

In the 2nd pre-stressed syllable, in the absence of vowel reduction, it is possible to pronounce [o] in words such as k [o] ns [o] me, m [o] derat [o], b [o] lero.

The number of words in which letters are in place is small. O pronounced vowel [o] in post-stressed syllables after consonants and vowels: vet [o], avid [o], cred [o], for [o], kaka [o], ha [o] s.

An unstressed vowel is often preserved in foreign proper names: B [o] dler, Z [o] la, V [o] lter, D [o] lores, R [o] den.

The pronunciation of the unstressed [o] has a stylistic meaning. When announcing the performance of a work by the composer, it is more appropriate to pronounce Sh [o] pen, and in everyday speech it is possible to pronounce Spen.

Consonants before e .

In foreign language non-Russified words, consonants before e do not soften, as in the primordially Russian. This applies primarily to dental consonants (except l) – t, d, s, z, n, r.

Solid [t] is pronounced in words such as atheism, atelier, stand, aesthetics... Persists solid [t] and in a foreign language prefix inter-: in [te] ryu; as well as in a number of geographical names and other proper names: Ams [te] rdam, Dan [te].

The sound [d] is not softened in words code, model, modern and others, as well as in such geographical names as Delhi, Rhodesia and surnames Descartes, Mendelssohn.

The sounds [z] and [s] are pronounced firmly in only a few words: [se] intention, mor [ze]. Also solid [z] and [s] are found in names and surnames, such as Joseph, Seneca.

The sound [n] also remains firm in names and surnames (Re [ne], [ne] lson). Most words are pronounced with a solid [n], but there are cases when [n] before e softens: neolithic, neologism.

But in most words of a foreign language origin, the consonants are before e are softened in accordance with the norms of Russian literary pronunciation, therefore, such pronunciation as pro [fe] quarrels, ag [re] quarrels, [bere] t, etc. is completely unacceptable.

Stage pronunciation and its features.

The theater has always been extremely interested in the presence of uniform pronunciation norms of the literary language and has played an outstanding role in the development of them. It was the theater that became the school of generally accepted orthoepic pronunciation and the keeper of orthoepic traditions. The generally accepted guardian of the purity of literary pronunciation in pre-October time was the Moscow Maly Theater.

The great actors of this theater are M.S. Shchepkin, P.M. Sadovsky, G.N. Fedotova, M.N. Ermakova, O.O. Sadovskaya, N.I. Musil and others have developed Russian stage pronunciation norms. Their tradition was continued by A.A. Yablokina, E.A. Gogoleva, E.M. Shatrova and many others. The great playwright A.N. Ostrovsky. For example, he worked directly with P.M. Sadovsky. M.F. Gorbunov wrote: “The colossal talent of P.M. Sadovsky, after his performance of the merchant Rusakov in Ostrovsky's "Don't get into your sleigh", grew up to the full. " Premieres of the plays by A.N. Ostrovsky finally polished the Russian stage pronunciation, which was adopted by the Russian theater in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other centers.

Stage speech has a special relationship with all linguistic styles of our social everyday practice. The basis of stage pronunciation is the neutral pronunciation style of society. But although the latter has developed its own norms quite clearly, it has many variant elements. In addition, the norms of literary pronunciation are not fully codified, meanwhile the scene requires more stringent norms, in other words, their codification so that the stage speech can be easily and freely perceived by the audience, be beautiful and could serve as a model for them. Therefore, in the presence of pronunciation options, stage speech seeks to free itself from them, adopting only one of them, most often the one that is adopted in a strict variety of neutral style and which corresponds to the old Moscow norm.

Pronunciation in stage speech is not only its external form, but also an important expressive means of acting along with intonation, gesture, costume, make-up. Therefore, depending on the style of the play, the time and place of action, the character of the characters of the stage speech, one has to turn to all language styles that really exist in public practice, including those outside the literary language. But one cannot overestimate the role of pronunciation as an expressive means, the stylistic use of different types of pronunciation on the stage, their expressiveness greatly benefits in the presence of a high orthoepic culture in society.

The most important features of stage pronunciation.

1. Yekane, pronunciation in a pre-stressed syllable on the spot e and I am, and then h and SCH in place a sound like [e]: [in "e] sleep, [r" e] ka, [pr "e] du instead strand This is a feature of the older norm of both Moscow and Leningrad pronunciation. Subsequently, when the literary pronunciation was adopted by ikinye, the stage did not accept it.

2. With the explosive [g], the fricative sound [γ] is allowed as speech paint to a limited range of words of church origin: blah [γ] go, blah [γ] odat, bo [γ] a-th, bo [γ] mother.

3. To imitate the old Moscow pronunciation, as a speech paint on the spot To before voiceless [k], [n], [t] and voiced [g], [b], [d], respectively, [x] or [γ] can be pronounced: [x] -com, [x] -field, [ x] then, [x] -you, [γ] -town, [γ] -boy, [γ] de, co [γ] yes, [γ] -house.

4. In place SCH, and nt in the absence of a clearly articulated morphological junction, [w ":] is pronounced: [w":] uka, [w ":] from ( check). The same is in place nt,zh, zh at the junction of the root and the suffix: miscellaneous [w ":] ik, izvo [w":] ik, interbeat [w ":] ik.

5. The scene seeks to keep the old Moscow pronunciation [f ":] in place lj as well as in place zzh not at the junction of morphemes: in [f ":] and, zhu [f":] at, e [f ":] y, vi [f":] at.

6. According to the letter b at the end of the word after the letters of the labial, the scene adheres firmly to the Moscow pronunciation with soft labials: sti [n "], sy [n"], golu [n "] ( pigeon), se [m "], right [m"], cro [f "] ( blood), bro [f "] ( eyebrow).

7. Stage pronunciation tends to adhere to the old Moscow norms of assimilative softening of consonants wider than it is now in social practice: ] em, go [with "t"] and.

The sound [r] is pronounced softly in cases such as Pe [r "m"], ve [r "f"], ve [r "s"] ia, se [r "d"] itsya. But the old Moscow pronunciation of words army, party with soft [p "] is now used as speech paint.

8. Combination of consonants in place st with softness [in "] is pronounced entirely softly: solemn [with" t "in"] en, general [with "t" in "] en, birth [with" t "in"] en.

Combination of consonants [t] or [d] with a suffix -st- pronounced entirely softly, if the last consonant [v] is soft, while in place ds or mf pronounced [c "]: next [c" t "v"] no, be [c "t" v "] no, prepya [c" t "v"] no. In stage speech, preferably a soft [n] before -st-, if the consonant [in] is soft, as in the word feminine.

9. Stage speech accepts only [INTO] (what), as well as NS in place of the letter h in a number of words with chn: horse [shn] o, sku [shn] o, yai [shn "] itza and others, as well as in female patronymics on –Ichna: Fomini [shn] a.

10. Stage speech retains the old Moscow pronunciation of patronymics in combination with the names: Nikolai Alek [with "eich"], Sophia And [r "e] vna.

The development of pronunciation norms is associated with the formation of a national language, with the development of public speech, with the fact that oral speech begins to play a more significant role in the life of society. In different languages ​​and at different times, the degree of severity of orthoepic norms and their meaning are different. Orthoepic norms usually develop over a long period of time.

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language developed in the main features in the first half of the 17th century on the basis of Moscow dialects.

Before the formation of the national language, Russian literary pronunciation was not standardized. The era of feudal fragmentation influenced the development of dialects: Rostov-Suzdal, Novgorod, Tver, Ryazan, Smolensk and other dialects significantly differed from each other in phonetic features.

The annexation of other principalities to Moscow, the centralization of the Russian state attracted the attention of the speakers to the Moscow dialects. This is how the norms of the emerging national language begin to form.

The positive point was that the Moscow dialects are Middle Russian, they weakened the contradictions in the pronunciation of the northern and southern dialects.

But the dialects of Moscow were not uniform either. The population of the Moscow principality was represented by residents of different places, speakers of different dialects.

Until the 16th century in Moscow, a characteristic phonetic feature was okanie, the distinction of unstressed vowels of non-upper ascent, which was a feature of northern dialects. In the 16th century, under the influence of southern dialects, acane spread, the non-distinction of unstressed vowels of non-upper ascent.

In the second half of the 19th century, the system of orthoepic norms of the Russian national language was finally formed, but in some cases there were fluctuations.

The main differences in pronunciation were associated with the opposition of high style to low, book-poetical - colloquial. So, for example, the high style was characterized by okan, the absence of a transition [e '] in [o'] in front of a hard consonant, the presence of [γ], alternating in stunning positions with [x], a change in [ch'n] in [shn]: [ boja'ram] - [da'rom], [um'ersh'vl'e'nyi] - [n'ezabv'e'nyi], [nas't'i'h] - [sa'm'i ' x], [boring] - [simple-minded]. The writing of shn is constantly found in the books of that time: fly, tabash, kumash, brick, brown and many others.

In the 18th lawsuit, St. Petersburg became the capital, where the Moscow nobility moved, and therefore St. Petersburg pronunciation had almost no effect on literary pronunciation. But gradually, by the 20th century, on the basis of the interaction of the Moscow, Middle Great Russian, and St. Petersburg, North Great Russian, pronunciation, a special orthoepic system is formed.

The modern Leningrad (Petersburg) system is characterized by ekane, lack of assimilative softness of some consonants, hardening of soft labial at the end of a word, literal pronunciation of combinations [stn], [zdn], [ch't], [ch'n], absence of dissimilation of explosive posterior linguals before explosive back-lingual [kk], [k'k ']: [ch'e'stn], [pra'zdn'ik], [ch'to'], [kΛn'ech'n], [m'a'k' ], [l'o'kii].

With the parallel existence of the Moscow and Leningrad (Petersburg) pronunciation systems, the prevalence of Moscow as a system of the literary language and the smoothing out of the differences between Moscow and Leningrad (Petersburg) pronunciation is observed.

Orthoepic norms that existed before 1917 have largely survived. The changes are associated primarily with a decrease in the number of positions of assimilative softening of consonants, for example, dental before labial, with the approach of pronunciation to spelling.

In the development and preservation of orthoepic norms, a large role belongs to the theater, first of all to the Maly, which is the keeper of the traditions of the old Moscow pronunciation. Stage speech is still the basis of the orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language.

The importance of orthoepy increases with the development of cinema, television, and radio.

Andreichenko L.N. Russian language. Phonetics and Phonology. Orthoepy. Graphics and spelling. - M., 2003

Logical stress

Logical stress – this is the intonation highlighting of one of the words in a sentence in order to give it a b O of greater semantic meaning.

When pronouncing a simple sentence, logical stress usually emphasizes any one word, which for a given message is the most important in meaning. For example, in the question: "Did you meet Vasya yesterday?" different words can be distinguished intonationally. In this case, the meaning of the statement changes.

Orthoepy (Greek orthos is correct and epos speech) studies the pronunciation norms of Russian speech.

Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is essential. Spelling errors always interfere with perceiving the content of speech: the listener's attention is distracted by various pronunciation irregularities, and the statement in its entirety and with sufficient attention is not perceived. Pronunciation corresponding to orthoepic norms facilitates and speeds up the communication process. Therefore, the social role of correct pronunciation is very large, especially at the present time in our society, where oral speech has become a means of the widest possible communication at different levels.

What are the rules of literary pronunciation that must be adhered to in order not to go beyond the generally accepted, and, therefore, generally understood Russian literary language?

The basic law of pronunciation of vowel sounds - the law of reduction(weakened articulation) of all unstressed vowels.

In Russian speech, only stressed vowels are pronounced in full accordance with the phonetic norm. All unstressed vowels are pronounced with weakened articulation, less clearly and longer than stressed vowels, and sometimes even replaced by other vowels, also reduced. Let's look at some examples.

Vowels [ a] and [ o] at the beginning of a word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as: ravine a G- enemy, auton O mia- wed nomiya, milk O - mlko.

In the rest of the unstressed syllables, that is, in all unstressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed, in place of the letter O and a after solid consonants, a very short (reduced) indistinct sound is pronounced, which in different positions fluctuates from a pronunciation close to [ NS], to a pronunciation close to [ a]. Conventionally, this sound is denoted [ b]. For example: heads a- G[ b] fishing, parties a- Art [ b] ron a, st O mug -

side [ b] w.

After hard hissing [f] and [w], the vowel [a] in the first pre-stressed syllable is pronounced as [a] for example: zh [a] rgon, sh [a] gat. But before soft consonants, a sound is pronounced, middle between [s] and [e], for example: zh [s] fly, losh [s] dey.

Letters e and I am in a pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants denote a sound between [ e] and [ and]. Conventionally, this sound is denoted by the sign [and]: heel a k - n [and] so, spring a- in [and] sleep, hour NS- h [and] s.



In the rest of the unstressed syllables in place of the letters e and I am pronounced very short [and], in transcription denoted by the sign [b], for example: great a n - in [b] lycan, in NS carry - take out, patch O k - n [s] wheelbarrow.

Vowel [ and] after a strong consonant, preposition, or when the word is pronounced together with the previous one, it is pronounced as [s]: medical institute - honey [s] institute, from a spark - from [s] hidden, laughter and grief - laughter [s] grief. If there is a pause, [and] does not go to [s]: laughter and grief.

You should pay attention to the correct sound of the following words, in the pronunciation of which mistakes are most often made: midwife e p, af e ra, bl e f, bl e whip, be e, traveling e p, l e ska, man e vra, pronoun e nny, of the same name e nny, op e ka, sharp e, NS e cloe, let's lie e nny, tv e nearer.

Valid options: white e white and white e syy, bl e cool and bl e cool, bile and f e lie.

The lack of vowel reduction interferes with the normal perception of speech, since it reflects not the literary norm, but dialectal features. So, for example, the letter-by-letter (non-reduced) pronunciation of the word [milk] is perceived by us as a rounding dialect, and the replacement of unstressed vowels by [ a] without reduction - [malako] as a strong acanya.

Basic laws of consonant pronunciation – stunning and assimilation.

In Russian speech, there is a mandatory stunning voiced consonants at the end of a word... We pronounce bread [n] - bread, sa [t] - garden, smo [k] - smog, lyubo [f] - love. This stunning is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. It should be noted that the consonant [g] at the end of a word always turns into a dull sound [k] paired with it: le [k] - lay down, poro [k]. In this case, the sound [x] is unacceptable. The exception is the word the God- Bo [x].

Assimilation. In place of voiceless consonants, in front of voiced consonants (except for c), the corresponding voiced ones are pronounced, for example: run away - [h] run, discard - o [d] quit, station - into [g] hall.

In position in front of vowels, sonorant consonants and [in] the sound [g] is pronounced. as a voiced plosive consonant.

In some cases, consonants in front of soft consonants are pronounced softly, that is, consonants are likened. For example: here - [z'd '] is, if - e [s'l'] whether.