Classification of waste

The production of production includes the remnants of multicomponent natural raw materials after extracting the target product, for example, an empty ore breed, an overvoligable rock of mountain development, slags and asges of thermal power plants, domain slags and burned waste of metallurgical production, metallic chips of machine-building enterprises, etc. In addition, it includes significant waste of forest, woodworking, textile and other industries, road construction industry and a modern agro-industrial complex.

In industrial ecology, under production, waste is understood by waste in a solid aggregate state. The same applies to waste consumption - industrial and domestic.

Waste consumption - products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical (material) or moral wear. Industrial consumption waste - machine, machine tools and other outdated equipment of enterprises.

Household waste - waste generated as a result of human life and removed by them as unwanted or useless.

A special category of waste (mainly industrial) is radioactive waste (RW), which are formed during the extraction, production and use of radioactive substances as a fuel for nuclear power plants, vehicles (for example, atomic submarines) and other purposes.

Toxic waste, including part of non-hazardous waste, which acquire toxic properties during storage, are greater danger to the environment.

Possible areas of use of production waste

It is fundamentally possible to use industrial waste in the following main directions:

1. Recultivation of landscapes, planning of the territories, dumping of roads, dams, etc., for which rocks are used, pebble, gravel, sand, domain slags and other types of solid industrial waste.

The implementation of this cost-effective direction of waste disposal is neverthelessly insignificant - about 10% of the amount of waste available for these purposes.

2. The use of waste as raw materials in the production of building materials: as porous fillers of concrete, construction ceramics, masonry solutions (empty rock, alert, sand); As raw materials for the production of white cement, construction lime and glass (breeds containing Mel Saco 3), Portland cement (clay shale), ceramisite (plastic clay), silicate and building bricks (zolothela waste TPP ...), etc.

Industry of building materials is the only industry, in a significant scale using multi-duct waste production.

3. Secondary use of waste as the feedstock, since some waste by their properties are close to natural raw materials to obtain a certain substance or raw materials to obtain new types of products.

In the first case, the principle of low-waste or waste-free production technology is being implemented (Fig. 1), for example, the production of graphite from graphite ores and the graphite sleeve formed.

In second case, it is possible, for example, to obtain sulfuric acid: when coal enriching the sulfur content in it, sulfur sulfur coles 2 is formed (for example, in "tails" of the enrichment of the coal coal basin of its reserves reach 60 million tons); Thermal treatment of the sulfur cochedane in conjunction with another large-tonnant waste - FESO 4 iron sulfate - allows to obtain sulfur dioxide:

FESO 4 + 3FES 2 + 8O 2 \u003d 7SO 2 + 2FE2O 3,

and in the future - sulfuric acid.

This direction of the use of waste is applicable in the processing of such industrial consumption waste, both black and non-ferrous scrap metal. When processing ferrous scrap metal, you can save up to 75% of the electricity required to obtain steel from iron ore. Re-obtaining aluminum from scrap saves up to 90% of the electricity required for its smelting from ore. Along the way, the contamination of the atmosphere and the amount of extracted primary raw materials are reduced, and consequently, the amount of empty ore breed.

Fig. 1. scheme of a waste-free process

4. The use of waste in agriculture as a fertilizer or amelioration agent.

For example, technological processes of obtaining from phosphogypsum of valuable chemical fertilizer - ammonium sulfate (NH 4) 2 SO 4, as well as lime for chemical amelioration of solubular soils. Lime Meliorants (absorbers) of acidic soils are also obtained from zolotochet waste of metallurgy, waste paper, leather and other industries.

The use of waste industry in agriculture has its own difficulties. This is due to the fact that heavier metals, arsenic, fluorine, selenium and other harmful elements may be in them depending on the initial raw material.

5. Use as fuel in industry and everyday life of forest and woodworking industries, some waste of agriculture.

Disposal of industrial waste

Waste, which are not used (or not to be used), are directed to the burial on the landfills.

Polygon for storing solid industrial waste is usually blunting about 10 m and fencing in bulk to avoid rave and melt water from entering a plot of several to tens of hectares. To prevent groundwater pollution, the bottom of the storages are coated with an anti-filter screen (several layers of the polymer film). To control the operation of this screen and the quality of groundwater in the area of \u200b\u200bthe polygon, the wells are bludgefully in order to select water samples for chemical analysis. Polygon, as a rule, wallpace with trees and shrubs. Solid waste after their dehydration on factory sewage treatment plants is falling asleep in the repository by dump trucks from a special overpass or from the crest of the enclosing embankment. After filling the storage on the aligned surface, an anti-filter screen is installed and covered with a layer of sandy and soil and vegetable local soil. This mainly ends the recultivation of the repository of solid non-toxic industrial waste.

In Russia, 1112 places of organized disposal of industrial waste occupying in the territory of 14.5 thousand hectares of industrial waste, occupying the territory of 14.5 thousand hectares, 935 places (84%) responded to current waste disposal regulations.

Special attention to environmental monitoring pays to toxic production waste.

The report "On the State of the Environmental Environment of the Russian Federation in 1997" of the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Environmental Protection notes that 1431.7 million tons of toxic waste were accumulated at the beginning of 1997 at the enterprises of various industries. In 1997, 89.4 million tons of toxic waste were formed at the industrial enterprises of the Russian Federation, of which 39.1 million tons were used in their own production, 9.2 million tons are completely neutralized, i.e. Accordingly, about 44 and 10% of the total amount of waste formed over the year.

Toxic industrial waste should be placed in sealed metal containers (especially harmful - in cubes from hardened liquid glass) and grind in thickness. Sometimes empty geological generations (abandoned coal mines, salt cop or specially created cavities are used as polygons for storing such waste.

There is still practices for the export of industrial waste, including toxic, in the place of inorganized storage, which represents a special danger to the environment. The number of waste on unauthorized landfills is constantly growing. The main reasons for this are the overcrowding of existing polygons of the disposal of toxic waste and the lack of financing new construction. In addition, in the construction of new objects of disposal and disposal of waste, there is a serious problem - finding a balance between the interests of citizens living near the territory of the intended construction of this facility, and the solution of the environmental problems of the region as a whole.

Processing of industrial waste should be preceded by their burial on landfill polygons to ensure environmental safety when they are stored, reduced initial volumes.

At the same time, in the process of recycling from waste, you can extract valuable components or get new materials.

Despite the existing processing technologies (thermal, physicochemical, biotechnologies), it is subjected to in our country no more than 20% of the total amount of industrial waste, while official data show the continuous growth of non-industrial waste, not to mention unaccounted landfills, old burials, The inventory of which did not even start and where about 100 billion tons of waste were contained (of which about 2 billion tons - toxic).

To date, there are no industrial waste, which could not be recycled in one way or another. True, with the cost of energy and the cost of the unit of mass recycled waste. It is this that restrains the use of processing methods and at the same time stimulates the development of new environmentally and cost-effective technologies. It is predicted that the solution of this problem with the colossal amount of waste and with all tightening legislation in all countries in the field of environmental protection will lead to the creation of not only the new industry of the industry, but also to its rapid development - a kind of "Ecopromy industrial boom."

The essence of thermal technology consists in processing waste with high-temperature coolant, in particular, fuel combustion products, microwave heating, etc. High-temperature treatment occurs in oxidative or reducing mode with air, oxygen, hydrogen or other gases. This method has a certain versatility, allowing you to deteriorate inorganic and organic compounds. The main drawback of thermal technology is a large energy intensity per unit of recycled waste.

A type of thermal method is a plasma, in which high temperatures (above 3000 K) make it possible to neutralize a wide range of toxic and selection substances, among them various poisoning substances (including combat), pesticides, dioxins, etc.

Another promising direction of thermal technology is pyrolysis - waste decomposition under the action of high temperatures without air access. The advantages of this technology is the possibility of obtaining gas for technological and domestic purposes, and in some cases new products (oils, resins) suitable for use; a sharp reduction in the cost of the waste gas purification system by reducing their volumes (3-4 times); sufficient environmental purity and safety; Low power consumption per unit volume of the processed substance, especially in the case of the use of microwave heating.

As a result of physico-chemical processing technology, some waste is used as raw materials for the useful product.

In industrialized countries, this technology is used for processing:

The waste of the rubber industry (automotive tires, rubber hoses and sleeves, etc.) into a rubber crumb used in road construction (for example, a noise absorbing "whispering asphalt", which are covered by many Austrian highways);

Widely used polymeric materials (the new industry for processing such a type of waste provides them with 100% processing in raw materials for reuse);

Certain types of industrial waste in fertilizers, building materials.

When processing each type of waste, this method has to develop individual technology. In this regard, from the point of view of the ecologization of industrial production, when creating a new material, which is widely used, it is desirable to simultaneously develop and the technology of its disposal.

Theoretically, the most promising technology for processing industrial waste is biotechnology. The living matter of the planet during the evolution processed the oblique lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere, turning them into the biosphere. The energy potential of the biota is not comparable from any technical installation that performs the same function, however, the rate of flow of biological processes is small. In the laboratory, the technologies of extraction of Fe, Cu, Zn, CD, PB, NG, CO, AG, and other metals are carried out, including radioactive isotopes, some bacteria and mushrooms. In industrial environments, biotechnology is already used to produce protein products from waste industry waste industry.



During the work of enterprises producing various products, production waste is formed - residual material, which can be recycled in recycling or disposal. Production includes many areas, such as chemical or machine-building. Based on this, production waste may be different raw materials, differing in phase state (liquid, solid, gaseous), the degree of danger, further processing methods. On average, the proportion of production garbage is one tenth of the total volume of raw materials appearing in industrial production.

Waste is classified according to their further use. Return raw materials after processing is used in production for other purposes. These are mainly minor processes that do not require high-quality products.
Secondary raw materials are not used on the enterprise where it was originally applied. However, this raw material is not disposed of, since these waste production are used in other areas of production.

Recycled raw materials are substances that are not applicable in the future. Substances are divided into harmless or dangerous ecosystem. They are taken out from industrial plants on specially intended warehouses and polygons, where they subsequently go to disposal and burial.

In terms of the hazard class, the production garbage can relate to any category - from the first class, that is, extremely hazardous waste, irreversibly affecting the ecosystem and man, to the fifth - waste that does not cause significant harm.

Light industry waste


Waste formed at the light industry enterprises make up a quarter of all processed textiles, so they often act as return raw materials. It can be pieces of fabric, flap, yarn, confused fibers.

These technical waste are classified in several signs:

  • By natural origin of the fiber - it may be waste of cotton, wool, silk, synthetics or various plants.
  • According to the type of material and the technological method of its processing - tissue, knitted and nonwoven waste.
  • In the production stage - fibrous waste, tangled fibers, yarn, flap and tissue pieces.
  • Color - white, dark, multicolored materials.
  • Cleaning is divided into clean (including treated with cleansing agents) and dirty, respectively.

Waste non-ferrous metallurgy


In the production of non-ferrous metals, waste exceeds the amount of product obtained 10-200 times. They are distinguished by increased toxicity.

Classified according to the type of metal - copper, zinc, lead, nickel.

Also, the garbage is divided into type of raw materials - chips and sawdust, slags, sludge, ash, dust, izgami, catalysts and others.

The method of utilization of hazardous substances depends on various properties: their viscosity, federation, phase composition, structure, electrical conductivity.

Waste of ferrous metallurgy


In ferrous metallurgy, waste does not represent such a strong danger in terms of toxicity, but still immediately disposed of, since their volumes are comparable to waste in non-ferrous metallurgy.

Black metallurgy waste is separated by the methods of smelting raw materials. These are domain, electrollivile, combustible, steel-smelting and other industrial types of waste. By phase state are classified on liquid, solid and gaseous.

It may be dry or grilled scale, ceramics and other materials, also encountered in ferrous metallurgy.

Food waste


For the food industry, the garbage is 70-85% of the raw materials used, which is quite a lot. However, almost all production waste is used as a return or redemption due to the high content of significant substances in them.

Classified on liquid and solid, as well as possible division in the direction of production - meat, dairy, bread and so on.

Atmospheric emissions

Industrial production and processes used in this implies emissions to the atmosphere of gases, harmful, pollutants. In industry, they are defined as organized pollution.

Classified mainly in terms of the height of entering the atmosphere and the degree of toxicity.

According to the first classification, waste is divided into:

  • Low, which fall into the atmosphere through ventilation of the premises and accumulate at a low level.
  • Intermediates - rise by 15-20% higher zone of the aerodynamic shadow of buildings.
  • High - emerging through the pipes and exhausts and falling into the highest layers of the atmosphere.

In the second case, they are divided into classes: small-toxic, moderately toxic, highly toxic and deadly.

Sources of waste


Solid industrial waste is mainly characteristic of mining enterprises, metalworking and metallurgical factories, logging and timber processing enterprises, for food production factories and so on.

Liquid production waste is most of all from enterprises serving the city, oil producing and oil refineries.

Gases and air pollution are inherent in all types of production, especially metallurgical and chemical enterprises.

Methods of disposal and processing

Complete garbage processing is most often carried out by heat treatment or disposal. For burning garbage transport to special incinerate plants, where in high-temperature furnaces it is thermal processing - pyrolysis. This method destroys the substance not completely, so the remnants still have to bury. For this, the trash is pre-treated with high temperatures or chemicals, after which the burial is carried out.

Processing of garbage depends on its type, degree of danger, phase state.

Mainly use the following methods of processing:

  • Grinding in Schrostr.
  • Diffusion processing.
  • Chemical processing.
  • Heat processing and burning.
  • Hydrodynamic processing.
  • Bioconversion.

Requirements for utilization of industrial waste

For the best result, it is required to utilize the garbage immediately upon receipt of the initial raw material. If there is no such possibility, the main requirement is its proper storage. For the storage of industrial garbage, including radioactive, toxic and explosive, underground storage facilities formed during the operation of the mining industry are used. They should be protected from destruction and moisture getting into, and also be far from cities.

Disposal is carried out according to the following plan: Wastes are collected and sorted in special warehouses, exported on polygons or processing plants, are divided into purposes and disposed, after which it remains only to get rid of the remnants of disposal and debris, not to be recycled.

Safety in production Waste

Persons admitted to work should be older than 18 years, have experience and specialized education in the specialty. They must also pass a medical examination for health. Every 3 months they are required to go on safety instructions.

During operation, the working people must wear special clothing and shoes, apply personal protective equipment.

Do not:

  • Pill dirty and crude wastewater in soil, reservoirs and flows.
  • Eliminate industrial waste in reservoirs and groundwater.
  • Burn industrial waste not in the places intended for this.
  • Store and burn garbage on the territory of settlements and enterprises.
  • Use unfamiliar chemical reagents.
  • Bury waste related to the first danger classes.

Safety when working with hazardous waste

Since ordinary methods of processing are not suitable for the category of particularly dangerous waste, then technologies can neutralize such raw materials: cementing, fixation, microwave cleaning, sterilization, as well as combustion and disposal of increased efficiency.

Liquid substances may be incinerated in a sprayed form or disposal in special wells.

Responsibility for violation of hazardous waste management rules


Control of industrial waste violations is governed by certain standards, namely the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - Article 247.

With incorrect handling of hazardous waste and creating a threat to human health or the environment, the culprit can be punished with a fine of 100 to 300 thousand rubles, as well as imprisonment for up to 8 years, depending on the consequences to which these violations led.

Not everyone knows the rules for the disposal of garbage, well, or they do not want to fulfill them in accordance with the law for any reasons. However, in many cases it represents a considerable danger to nature and man. It is important to know and understand what dangerous properties have the used raw materials in a certain industry, as well as to have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe proper disposal of this raw material.

Dehydration of production waste (2 video)

Production waste (14 photos)


  • Schroeder Industrial Impaktor 250

The waste is called substances either objects formed during the production of any work or during consumption. They are disposed of, recycling or they are refined.

In the twentieth century, production or consumer waste increased at such a speed, which created an important problem in metropolis and in large industries. The garbage arises in cases where a person gets rid of things unnecessary to him or products, considerable territories as a result of garbage.

Classification of waste

In the Russian Federation there is a classification catalog of waste, where each of its appearance depending on the origin has an identification number.

Garbage with general features corresponding to the system of its classification is a type of waste. They are:

  • communal domestic;
  • military.

In its composition, they are represented by the following groups of substances:

  • biological;
  • technogenic.

By aggregate state:

  • firmly;
  • liquid;
  • gaseous.

The production and consumer trash is considered two large groups to which the entire formed garbage is divided.

Production Musor includes products that are not produced purposefully, but those resulting in the preparation of the final product.

Waste consumption

Substitution and materials and unnecessary people or their remnants that appeared in the urban activity system include consumer masterboards.

The most common varieties:

Household waste - solid raw materials, which are formed as a result of human household activities, is removed by the use of sewage.

Production garbage

Production waste is in solid form, gaseous and as a liquid. Owning due to chemical, mechanical thermocouples of substances of natural and anthropogenic origin.

The trash from certain products is the residual raw materials that cannot be used or the substance and energy that occurred during the technological processes that cannot be disposed of.

Return raw material

Some debris used in the same production is returned waste. They consist of residuals of raw materials and other types of materials generated during activities or when providing services. Since the return garbage loses most of its properties, they can be used in conditions with understated product requirements or increase their consumption.

Very often they are not applied for direct purpose, but only with utility production, as an example - machine waste oils used to lubricate not very important technical components. At the same time, the raw material, which remained, as well as materials transmitted according to technological processes into other units as a full raw material. Backway products that are obtained as a result of the operation of the technological process, the return raw material is not considered.

The garbage that is not possible to apply within the framework of the same production, but can be used in other industries, is considered secondary raw materials.

Recycling of raw materials

Types of production and consumption waste, which makes no sense to proceed at this stage of production development, form irretrievable losses. They are pre-neutralized, and if there is a danger, they bury on special polygons.

The cheapest way to get rid of garbage is its burial. This method is considered the easiest - throw something into a landfill, but it does not solve the problem.

Before burning such products, they are transported to the appointed place, where they are stored for an unlimited period, and where their dangerous impact does not affect people and nature.

Burning. This is the most common and cheapest disposal option. Carried out in several ways:

  • Chamber.
  • Layer.
  • In a boiling layer.

Due to this embodiment, the waste disposal is eliminated at a very high temperature that ensures full combustion of garbage. In this case, the method is partially absorbed by the poisonous components. The negative side of the method is that gases and smoke resulting from incineration poorly affect the air in the area. To date, industrial garbagers have a cleaning system. The ash, remaining after burning, is exported and buried. Pluses of the method:

  • small cash costs;
  • the heat obtained is used to generate electricity or for heating;
  • significantly decreases the volume of effluent.

The main and, possibly, the only drawback is toxicity, in connection with this, the method is not safe for nature. To eliminate this disadvantage, you should use a gas purification system that are allocated when incinerated waste.

WASTE PRODUCTION

Waste production of remnants of materials, raw materials, semi-finished products, formed in the process of manufacturing products and incurred fully or partly their useful or physical properties (products formed as a result of physical and chemical processing of raw materials, mining and enrichment of minerals, the production of which is not the purpose of this manufacturing process , Substances covered when cleaning waste gases and wastewater).

Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. - Chisinau: Home Editing Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Sampi. 1989.

WASTE PRODUCTION
residues of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products formed in the production of products or performance of work and incurred fully or partially source consumer properties; The newly formed in the production process of associated substances that are not applications. The production waste includes accommodating and revealing rocks formed during mining, side and passing products, waste of agriculture (temporary methodological recommendations for the inventory of disposal and waste storage sites in the Russian Federation. The letter of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia from 11.07.95 N 01 -11 / 29-2002.)

Edwart. Terms and definitions of environmental protection, environmental management and environmental safety. Vocabulary, 2010

Waste production

residues of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products formed in the production of products or performance of work and incurred fully or partially source consumer properties; The newly formed in the production process of associated substances that are not applications. The production waste includes accommodating and revealing rocks formed during mining, side and passing products, waste of agriculture (temporary methodological recommendations for the inventory of disposal and waste storage sites in the Russian Federation. The letter of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia from 11.07.95 N 01 -11 / 29-2002).

Edwart. Dictionary of environmental terms and definitions, 2010


  • Waste consumption
  • Production and consumption waste

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Books

  • Solid waste. Disposal technologies, control methods, monitoring. Tutorial, M. D. Kharlamova, A. I. Kurbatova. The general principles of planning and organization of work on the processing of solid waste production and consumption, environmental and economic and technological aspects of their storage and principles are set out.
  • Solid waste: utilization technologies, control methods, monitoring 2nd ed., Act. and add. Tutorial for academic undergraduate, Anna Igorevna Kurbatova. This tutorial will help future specialists from environmental users to focus on planning and organizing work in the field of production of production waste and ...

Types of production waste

Depending on the aggregate state, waste is divided into solid and liquid, and as of education - on industrialgenerated in the production process biologicalformed in agriculture household, radioactive. In addition, waste is divided into combustible and non-combustible, pressed and unproved. Depending on toxicity, waste is divided into extremely dangerous, highly dangerous, moderately dangerous, low hazard, non-toxic.

Use and recycling production waste

Waste, which can be further used in production, belong to secondary material resources. For the full use of waste as secondary raw materials, their industrial classification has been developed, which allows you to significantly simplify and reduce their further processing by exclusion or reduction of expenditure on their separation.

The first stage of waste management is their collection. After collecting, waste is being recycled, storing or disposal.

Recycling - An important stage in ensuring environmental safety, promoting environmental protection against pollution and preserving natural resources. Processing such waste that can be useful.

Warning and disposal of production waste

Waste not to be recycled and further use as secondary resources (the processing of which is complex and is not economically profitable or in excess) are subjected to Storage or burial On landfills and polygons.

Polygons are different levels and classes: plant polygons, urban, regional. Polygons are equipped for environmental protection. In places of storage, waterproofing is carried out to eliminate pollution of pound waters. The nature of the equipment of the polygon depends on the type and class of toxicity of stored waste.

Before the burial at the landfill, waste with a high degree of humidity is dehydrated. Pressed waste is appropriate to be designed, and combustible - burn in order to reduce their volume and mass. When pressing, the volume of waste is reduced 2-10 times, and when burning - up to 50 times. The lack of burning is large costs, as well as the formation of gaseous toxic emissions. Rubber-fledged plants should be equipped with highly efficient dust and gas cleaning systems.

One of the most difficult problems are the collection, processing and disposal of radioactive waste.

Solid radioactive waste is pressed and combustion on special installations equipped with radiation sewn and highly efficient ventilation air purification system and exhaust gases. When burning 85-90% of radionuclides is localized in ashes, the rest are captured by the gas cleaning system.

Liquid radioactive waste to reduce their volume is evaporated, in which the bulk of radionuclides is localized in a sediment. Temporarily liquid radioactive waste is stored in specially equipped containers, and then sent to special polygons. In order to exclude or reduce the risk of groundwater pollution during the final disposal of liquid radioactive waste, their curing methods are used. Waste is cementing with the formation of cement stone, bituminous, isgested, including glazed waste into the metal matrix.

Cementing - The easiest method, however, the fixation of radionuclides in the cement stone is not reliable enough, the radionuclides are washed out, the stone can collapse over time. Bituminization Provides a reliable fixation of radionuclides, but with high waste activity, a large amount of heat of radioactive decay is distinguished, and the bitumen unit may melt (melting point of bitumen 130 ° C). Glazing -reliable, but also the most expensive method. Method for highly active waste inclusion of glazed waste into a metal matrix. For this, glass balls obtained on the basis of liquid radioactive waste are obtained with radionuclides fixed in them, they fall asleep them in the matrix together with a loss of lead based on lead, then the container is heated, the metal is melted, and the glass balls are fixed in the metal matrix.

The burial of radioactive waste is carried out in the burial grounds in geological formations. Mogilns can be equipped in surface layers of soil, rock salt arrays, crystalline rocks. They should be located in places not subject to villages, landslides, in seismically safe areas where there are no close soil waters.

The radical solution of problems is sewn from industrial waste is possible with a wide introduction of low-waste technologies - technologies in which all components of raw materials and energy are rationally use in a closed cycle, i.e. Minimize the use of natural resources and waste generated. Low-waste technologies involve the decrease in the material intensity of products; the use of closed water supply cycles of enterprises in which purified wastewater is again sent to production; The use of waste generated or caught gas purification substances to obtain other products and goods.